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FREEZER User Manual ืžืงืคื™ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉFJ-FDF143W1

FJ-FDF143W1 - Fujicom

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FREEZERUser Manual

ืžืงืคื™ืืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ

FJ-FDF143W1

EN - 1 -

ContentsBEFORE USING THE APPLIANCE ......................................................... 2

General warnings ............................................................................................. 2Old and out-of-order fridges or freezer ............................................................. 4Safety warnings ................................................................................................ 4Installing and operating your freezer ................................................................ 5Before using your freezer ................................................................................. 5

THE VARIOUS FUNCTION AND POSSIBILITIES ................................... 6Thermostat setting ............................................................................................ 6Accessories ...................................................................................................... 6

Ice tray ..................................................................................................................... 6Plastic scraper .......................................................................................................... 6

Warnings for temperature settings ................................................................... 6ARRANGING FOOD IN THE APPLIANCE .............................................. 7CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE .......................................................... 10

Defrosting the Your Freezer ........................................................................... 11TRANSPORTATION AND CHANGING OF INSTALLATION POSITION 11

Repositioning the door .................................................................................... 12BEFORE CALLING YOUR AFTER SALES SERVICE ............................ 12

Tips for saving energy ..................................................................................... 13THE PARTS OF THE APPLIANCE AND THE COMPARTMENT ............ 13

Symbol ISO 7010 W021Warning; Risk of fire / flammable materials

EN - 2 -

CHAPTER .1 BEFORE USING THE APPLIANCE

General warningsWARNING: Keep the ventilation openings of the freezer clear from obstruction.WARNING: Do not use mechanical devices or other means to accelerate the defrosting process.WARNING: Do not use other electrical appliances inside the freezer.

WARNING: Do not damage the refrigerant circuit.

WARNING: When positioning the appliance, ensure the supply cord is not trapped or damaged.WARNING: Do not locate multiple portable socket-outlets or portable power supplies at the rear of the appliance.WARNING: To avoid personal injury or damage this appliance must be installed in accordance with the

manufacturer instructions.If your appliance uses R600a as a refrigerant (this information will be provided on the label of the cooler) you

should take care during transportation and installation to prevent the cooler elements from being damaged. R600a is an environmentally friendly and natural gas, but it is explosive. In the event of a leak due to damage of the cooler elements, move your freezer away from open flames or heat sources and ventilate the room where the appliance is located for a few minutes.

โ€ข While carrying and positioning the freezer, do not damage the cooler gas circuit.

โ€ข Do not store explosive substances such as aerosol cans

EN - 3 -

with a flammable propellant in this appliance.โ€ข This appliance is intended to be used in household and domestic applications such as: - staff kitchen areas in shops, offices and other working environments. - farm houses and by clients in hotels, motels and other residential type environments. - bed and breakfast type environments; - catering and similar non-retail applications.

โ€ข If the socket does not match the freezer plug, it must be replaced by the manufacturer, a service agent or similarly qualified persons in order to avoid a hazard.

โ€ข A specially grounded plug has been connected to the power cable of your freezer. This plug should be used with a specially grounded socket of 16 amperes. If there is no such socket in your house, please have one installed by an authorised electrician.

โ€ข This appliance can be used by children aged from 8 years and above and persons with reduced physical, sensory or mental capabilities or lack of experience and knowledge if they have been given supervision or instruction concerning use of the appliance in a safe way and understand the hazards involved. Children shall not play with the appliance. Cleaning and user maintenance shall not be made by children without supervision.

โ€ข If the supply cord is damaged, it must be replaced by the manufacturer, an authorised service agent or similar qualified persons, in order to avoid a hazard.

โ€ข This appliance is not intended for use at altitudes exceeding 2000 m.

EN - 4 -

Old and out-of-order fridges or freezerโ€ข If your old fridge has a lock, break or remove the lock before discarding it, because

children may get trapped inside it and may cause an accident.โ€ข Old fridges and freezers may contain isolation material and refrigerant with CFC or

HFC. Therefore, take care not to harm environment when you are discarding your old fridges.

โ€ข Please ask your municipal authority about the disposal of the WEEE reuse, recycle and recovery purposes.

Notes:โ€ข Please read the instruction manual carefully before installing and using your appliance.

We are not responsible for the damage occurred due to misuse.โ€ข Follow all instructions on your appliance and instruction manual, and keep this manual

in a safe place to resolve the problems that may occur in the future. โ€ข This appliance is produced to be used in homes and it can only be used in domestic

environments and for the specified purposes. It is not suitable for commercial or common use. Such use will cause the guarantee of the appliance to be cancelled and our company will not be responsible for losses incurred.

The above mark is in compliance with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive 2002/96/EC (WEEE). The mark indicates the requirement NOT to dispose the equipment including any spent or discarded batteries as unsorted municipal waste, but use the return and collection systems available. If the batteries or accumulators included with this equipment display the chemical

symbol Hg, Cd, or Pb, then it means that the battery has a heavy metal content of more than 0.0005% Mercury, or more than 0.002% Cadmium or more than, 0.004% Lead.

Safety warningsโ€ข Do not connect your freezer to the mains electricity supply using an extension lead.โ€ข Do not plug in damaged, torn or old plugs.โ€ข Do not pull, bend or damage the cord.

โ€ข This appliance is designed for use by adults, do not allow children to play with the appliance or let them hang off the door.

โ€ข Never touch the power cord/plug with wet hands as this could cause a short circuit or electric shock.

โ€ข Do not place glass bottles or beverage cans in the ice-making compartment as they can burst as the contents freeze.

โ€ข Do not place explosive or flammable material in your freezer. Place drinks with high alcohol content vertically in the freezer and make sure that their tops are tightly closed.

โ€ข When removing ice from the ice-making compartment, do not touch it. Ice may cause frost burns and/or cuts.

โ€ข Do not touch frozen goods with wet hands. Do not eat ice-cream or ice cubes immediately after you have taken them out of the ice-making compartment.

EN - 5 -

โ€ข Do not re-freeze frozen goods after they have melted. This may cause health issues such as food poisoning.

โ€ข Do not cover the body or top of freezer with lace. This affects the performance of your freezer.

โ€ข Secure any accessories in the freezer during transportation to prevent damage to the accessories.

Installing and operating your freezerBefore starting to use your freezer, you should pay attention to the following points:

โ€ข The operating voltage for your freezer is 220-240 V at 50Hz.โ€ข Do not use plug adapter.โ€ข We do not accept responsibility for any damages that occur due to ungrounded usage.โ€ข Place your freezer where it will not be exposed to direct sunlight.โ€ข Your appliance should be at least 50 cm away from stoves, gas ovens and heater cores,

and at least 5 cm away from electrical ovens.โ€ข Your freezer should never be used outdoors or exposed to rain.โ€ข When your freezer is placed next to a deep freezer, there should be at

least 2 cm between them to prevent humidity forming on the outer surface.โ€ข Do not place heavy items on the appliance.โ€ข Do not place anything on your freezer, and install your freezer in a suitable

place so that at least 15 cm of free space is available above it.โ€ข Use the adjustable front legs to make sure your appliance is level and stable. You can

adjust the legs by turning them in either direction. This should be done before placing food in the freezer.

โ€ข Before using your freezer, wipe all parts with a solution of warm water and a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate, then rinse with clean water and dry. Place all parts in the freezer after cleaning.

โ€ข Install the plastic distance guide (the part with black vanes at the rear) by turning it 90ยฐ (as shown in the figure) to prevent the condenser from touching the wall.

โ€ข The freezer should be placed against a wall with a free space not exceeding 75 mm.

Before using your freezerโ€ข When using your freezer for the first time, or after transportation, keep it

in an upright position for at least 3 hours before plugging into the mains. This allows efficient operation and prevents damage to the compressor.

โ€ข Your freezer may have a smell when it is operated for the first time. This is normal and the smell will fade away when your freezer starts to cool.

EN - 6 -

CHAPTER .2 THE VARIOUS FUNCTION AND POSSIBILITIES

Thermostat settingThe freezer thermostat automatically regulates the inside temperature of the compartments. By rotating the knob from position 1 to 3, colder temperatures can be obtained.Important note: Do not try to rotate knob beyond 1 position it will stop your appliance.

Freezer Thermostat Setting;1 : For short-term storage of food in the freezer compartment, you can set the knob between minimum and medium position.2 : For long-term storage of food in the freezer compartment, you can set knob to medium position.3 : Maximum cooling position. The appliance will work longer.

Note that: The ambient temperature, temperature of the freshly stored food and how often the door is opened, all affect the temperature in the freezer. If required, change the temperature setting.

AccessoriesIce tray

โ€ข Fill the ice tray with water and place in the freezer compartment.โ€ข After the water has completely turned into ice, you can twist the tray as shown below to

remove the ice cubes.

Plastic scraperAfter a period of time frost will build up in certain areas in the freezer compartment. The frost accumulated in the freezer should be removed periodically. Use the plastic scraper provided if necessary. Do not use sharp metal objects for this operation. They could puncture the refrigerator circuit and cause irreparable damage to the unit.

Warnings for temperature settingsโ€ข Do not pass to another adjustment before completing an adjustment.โ€ข The ambient temperature, temperature of the freshly stored food and how often the door

is opened, affects the temperature in the freezer. If required,change the temperature setting.

EN - 7 -

โ€ข It is not recommended that you operate your freezer in environments colder than 10ยฐC.โ€ข The temperature setting should be set by taking into consideration how often the freezer

door is opened and closed, how much food is stored in the freezer and the environment in which and the positioning of the appliance.

โ€ข We recommend that when first using the freezer it should be left running for 24 hours uninterrupted to ensure it is completely cooled. Do not open the freezer door, or put food inside for this period.

โ€ข Your freezer has a 5 minute built in delay function, designed to prevent damage to the compressor. When power is applied to your freezer, it will begin to operate normally after 5 minutes.

โ€ข Your freezer is designed to operate in the ambient temperature intervals stated in the standards, according to the climate class stated in the information label. It is not recommended that your freezer is operated in the environments which are out of the stated temperature intervals in terms of cooling efficiency.

โ€ข This appliance is designed for use at an ambient temperature within the 10ยฐC - 43ยฐC range.

Climate class Ambient (oC)T 16 to 43 (oC)

ST 16 to 38 (oC)N 16 to 32 (oC)

SN 10 to 32 (oC)

CHAPTER .3 ARRANGING FOOD IN THE APPLIANCEโ€ข The freezer compartment is used for freezing fresh food, for storing frozen foods for the

period of time indicated on packaging and for making ice cubes.โ€ข Do not put fresh and warm food next to frozen food as it can thaw the frozen food.โ€ข While freezing fresh foods (i.e. meat, fish and mincemeat) divide them in portions you

will use in a single serving.โ€ข For storing frozen foods, the instructions shown on frozen food packages should always

be followed carefully. If no information is provided, food should not be stored for more than 3 months from the purchased date.

โ€ข When buying frozen food ensure that these have been frozen at suitable temperatures and that the packing is intact.

โ€ข Frozen food should be transported in appropriate containers to maintain the quality of the food and should be returned to the freezing surfaces of the unit in the shortest possible time.

โ€ข If a package of frozen food shows the sign of humidity and abnormal swelling it is probable that it has been previously stored at an unsuitable temperature and that the contents have deteriorated.

โ€ข The storage life of frozen foods depends on the room temperature, thermostat setting, how often the door is opened, the type of food and the length of time required to transport the product from the shop to your home. Always follow the instructions printed on the packaging and never exceed the maximum storage life indicated.

โ€ข Use the fast freezing shelf to freeze home cooking (and any other food which needs to be frozen quickly) more quickly because of the freezing shelfโ€™s greater freezing power. Fast freezing shelves are the bottom drawers of the freezer compartment (see page 15).

โ€ข While freezing food use the bottom drawer.

EN - 8 -

Meat and fish PreparationMaximum

Storing time(month)

Steak Wrapping in a foil 6 - 8Lamb meat Wrapping in a foil 6 - 8Veal roast Wrapping in a foil 6 - 8Veal cubes In small pieces 6 - 8Lamb cubes In pieces 4 - 8Minced meat In packages without using spices 1 - 3Giblets (pieces) In pieces 1 - 3

Bologna sausage/salami Should be packaged even if it has membrane

Chicken and turkey Wrapping in a foil 4 - 6Goose and Duck Wrapping in a foil 4 - 6Deer, Rabbit, Wild Boar In 2.5 kg portions and as fillets 6 - 8Fresshwater fishes (Salmon, Carp, Crane, Siluroidea) After cleaning the bowels and

scales of the fish, wash and dry it; and if necessary, cut the tail and head.

2

Lean fish; bass, turbot, flounder 4

Fatty fishes (Tunny, Mackarel, bluefish, anchovy) 2 - 4

Shellfish Cleaned and in bags 4 - 6

Caviar In its package, aluminium or plastic container 2 - 3

Snail In salty water, aluminum or plastic container 3

Note: Frozen meat should be cooked as fresh meat after being thawed. If the meat is not cooked after being thawed, it should never be frozen again.

EN - 9 -

Vegetables and Fruits PreparationMaximum

Storing time (months)

String beans and beans Wash and cut to small pieces and boil in water 10 - 13

Beans Hull and wash and boil in water 12Cabbage Cleaned and boil in water 6 - 8

Carrot Clean and cut to slices and boil in water 12

Pepper Cut the stem, cut into two pieces and remove the core and boil in water 8 - 10

Spinach Washed and boil in water 6 - 9

Cauliflower Take the leaves apart, cut the heart into pieces, and leave it in water with a little

lemon juice for a while 10 - 12

Eggplant Cut to pieces of 2cm after washing 10 - 12

Corn Clean and pack with its stem or as sweet corn 12

Apple and pear Peel and slice 8 - 10Apricot and Peach Cut into two pieces and remove the stone 4 - 6Strawberry and Blackberry Wash and hull 8 - 12

Cooked fruits Adding 10 % of sugar in the container 12Plum, cherry, sourberry Wash and hull the stems 8 - 12

Dairy Products Preparation Maximum Storing time (months) Storing Conditions

Packet (Homogenize) Milk In its own packet 2 - 3 Pure Milk โ€“ In its own

packet

Cheese-excluding white cheese In slices 6 - 8

Original package may be used for short storing period. It should be wrapped in foil for longer periods.

Butter, margarine In its package 6

EN - 10 -

Maximum Storing time (months)

Thawing time in room temperature

(hours)

Thawing time in oven (minutes)

Bread 4 - 6 2 - 3 4-5 (220-225 ยฐC)Biscuits 3 - 6 1 - 1,5 5-8 (190-200 ยฐC)Pastry 1 - 3 2 - 3 5-10 (200-225 ยฐC)Pie 1 - 1,5 3 - 4 5-8 (190-200 ยฐC)Phyllo dough 2 - 3 1 - 1,5 5-8 (190-200 ยฐC)Pizza 2 - 3 2 - 4 15-20 (200 ยฐC)

CHAPTER .4 CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE

โ€ข Disconnect the unit from the power supply before cleaning.

โ€ข Do not clean the appliance by pouring water.

โ€ข Make sure that no water enters the lamp housing and other electrical components.

โ€ข The refrigerator should be cleaned periodically using a solution of bicarbonate of soda and lukewarm water.

โ€ข Clean the accessories separately with soap and water Do not clean them in the dishwasher.

โ€ข Do not use abrasive products, detergents or soaps. After washing, rinse with clean water and dry carefully. When you have finished cleaning, reconnect the plugto the mains supply with dry hands.

โ€ข Clean the condenser with a broom at least twice a year. This will help you to save on energy costs and increase productivity.

! The power supply must be disconnected.

EN - 11 -

Defrosting the Your Freezerโ€ข Small amounts of frost will accumulate inside the freezer, depending upon the length of

time for which the door is left open or the amount of moisture introduced. It is essential to ensure that no frost or ice is allowed to form in places where it will affect the close fitting of the door seal. This might allow air to penetrate the cabinet, encouraging continuous running of the compressor. Thin frost formation is quite soft and can be removed with a brush or plastic scraper. Do not use metal or sharp scrapers, mechanical devices or other means to accelerate the defrosting process. Remove all dislodged frost from the cabinet floor. It is not necessary to switch off the appliance for the removal of thin frost.

โ€ข For the removal of heavy ice deposits, disconnect the appliance from the mains supply and empty the contents into cardboard boxes and wrap in thick blankets or layers of paper to keep cold. Defrosting will be most effective if carried out when the freezer is nearly empty and should be carried out as quickly as possible to prevent undue increase in temperature of the contents.

โ€ข Do not use metal or sharp scrapers, mechanical devices or other means to accelerate the defrosting process. An increase in temperature of frozen food during defrosting will shorten the storage life. If the contents are well wrapped and placed in a cool area they should keep for several hours.

โ€ข Dry the inside of the compartment with a sponge or a clean cloth.

โ€ข To accelerate the defrosting process, place one or more bowls of warm water in the freezer compartment.

โ€ข Examine the contents when replacing them in the freezer and if some of the packages have thawed out they should be eaten within 24hours, or be cooked and re-frozen.

โ€ข After defrosting has finished, clean the inside of the appliance with a solution of warm water with a little bicarbonate of soda and then dry thoroughly. Wash all removable parts in the same way and reassemble. Reconnect the appliance to the mains supply and leave for 2 to 3 hours on setting number 3 before introducing the food back into the freezer.

CHAPTER .5 TRANSPORTATION AND CHANGING OF INSTALLATION POSITION

Transportation and changing of Installation positionโ€ข The original packages and foamed polystyrene (PS) can be retained if required.โ€ข During transportation, the appliance should be secured with a wide string or a strong

rope. The instructions written on the corrugated box must be followed while transporting.โ€ข Before transporting or changing the installation position,

all the moving objects (ie, drawer, Ice trays, โ€ฆ) should be taken out or fixed with bands in order to prevent them from getting damaged.

! Carry your freezer in the upright position.

EN - 12 -

Repositioning the doorโ€ข It is not possible to change the opening direction of your freezer door, if the door handle

on your freezer is installed from the front surface of the door.โ€ข It is possible to change the opening direction of the door on models without any handles.โ€ข If the door opening direction of your freezer may be changed, you should contact the

nearest Authorised Service to have the opening direction changed.

CHAPTER .6 BEFORE CALLING YOUR AFTER SALES SERVICEIf your refrigerator is not operating as expected, check the solutions listed below before calling an electrician or the after sales service.. What to do if your appliance does not operate: Check that:

โ€ข Your freezer is plugged in and switched on, โ€ข The mains switch in your home is not switched off,โ€ข The thermostat setting is in the โ€œโ€ขโ€ position,โ€ข The socket is no longer functioning. To check this, plug in an appliance that you know

is working into the same socket.What to do if your appliance performs poorly:Check that:

โ€ข You have not overloaded the appliance,โ€ข The freezer thermostat setting is in the โ€œ1โ€ position (if so set the thermostat dial to a

suitable value), โ€ข The door is closed properly,โ€ข There is no dust on the condenser,โ€ข There is enough space for air circulation at the rear and side of the appliance.

If there is noise;The cooling gas which circulates in the cooling circuit may make a slight noise (bubbling sound) even when the compressor is not running. This is normal. If these sounds are different check that:

โ€ข The appliance is well levelled,โ€ข Nothing is touching the rear,โ€ข Nothing on or in the appliance is vibrating.

Recommendationsโ€ข If the appliance is not used for long time (for example during holidays) defrost and clean

the refrigerator, leaving the door open to prevent the formation of midew and smell.โ€ข To stop the appliance completely, unplug it at the mains socket (for cleaning and when

the doors are left open).โ€ข If the problem persists after you have followed all the instructions above, please consult

the nearest Authorised Service.โ€ข The appliance you have purchased is designed for home type use and can be used only

at home and for the stated purposes. It is not suitable for commercial or common use. If the consumer use the appliance in a way that does not comply with these features, we emphasise that the producer and the dealer shall not be responsible for any repair or failure within the guarantee period.

EN - 13 -

Tips for saving energy1. Install the appliance in a cool, well ventilated room , but not in direct sunlight and not near

a heat source (radiator, cooker.. etc). Otherwise use an insulating plate.2. Allow warm food and drinks to cool down outside the appliance.3. Cover drinks or other liquids when placing them in the appliance Otherwise humidity

increases in the appliance. Therefore, the working time gets longer. Also covering drinks and other liquids helps to preserve smell and taste.

4. Try to avoid keeping the doors open for long periods or opening the doors too frequently as warm air will enter the cabinet and cause the compressor to switch on unnecessarily often.

5. Keep the covers of the different temperature compartments (crisper, chiller ...etc ) closed 6. Door gasket must be clean and pliable. Replace gaskets if worn.7. It is possible to store more food by removing freezer shelf. Energy consumption is declared

with maximum load and without freezer shelf.

CHAPTER .7 THE PARTS OF THE APPLIANCE AND THE COMPARTMENT

Thermostat knob

Ice tray

Plastic ice blade

Freezer upper flap / Freezer upper drawer

Freezer compartment drawers

Levelling feet

This presentation is only for information about the parts of the appliance.Parts may vary according to the appliance model.

About freezer glass shelves: When the freezer is unpacked, both two of the freezer glass shelves may be in the lower freezer shelf position. In this situation, remove the bigger shelf and place it on the upper shelf position.

Freezer glass shelves

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 15

ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ืคืจืง 7

ืœื•ื— ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื

ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืงืจื—

ื›ืœื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื“ ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง

ื”ื›ื ืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื / ื”ืžื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื

ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื ื”ื”ืงืคืื”

ืจื’ืœื™ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ

ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ืขื“ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืชืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื•. ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ื’ื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.

ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื: ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ืžื”ืืจื™ื–ื”, ืฉื ื™ ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ื”ืกืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืฃ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื ื—

ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.

ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 14

ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”ื—ื•ื . 1 ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืžืฉ ืœืœื ืืš ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ืงืจื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงืŸ

)ืจื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจ, ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'(. ืื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“.ื”ื ื— ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.. 2ื›ืกื” ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืื• ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืกื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช . 3

ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ, ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืืจื›ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืกื” ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื— ื•ื”ื˜ืขื.

ื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ืžืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™, . 4ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื“ื—ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš.

ื”ืฉืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช )ืžื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ืžื’ื™ืจืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ . 5ื‘ืืคืก ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'...( ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื

ืื˜ื ื”ื“ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื™ ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ. ื”ื—ืœืฃ ืื˜ื ืื ื”ืชื‘ืœื•.. 6ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื ื”ืกืจืช ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื. ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืก ืžืจื‘ื™ ืœืœื . 7

ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื.

ื•ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื•. ื”ื•ื ื•ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื• ืืš ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืชื™, ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืงื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืื• ื”ืžื•ื ื™. ืื ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”, ืื ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื•ื”ืžืคื™ืฅ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื• ืœืชืงืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช

ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 13

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืงืจื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืคืจืง 6

ื•ื›ืกืฃ, ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืœื”, ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืื ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืงืจื ืœื—ืฉืžืœืื™.

ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“: ื•ื“ื ืื:

ืื™ืŸ ืืกืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชืš ืžื ื•ืชืง, ื”ืฉืงืข ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื–ืืช, ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืชื• ืฉืงืข ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืงื™ืŸ.

ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื:ื•ื“ื ืื:

ืœื ื”ืขืžืกืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”, ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืœ "1". ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื—ืก, ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™.

ืื ื™ืฉ ืจืขืฉ:ื’ื– ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืจืขืฉ ืงืœ )ืฆืœื™ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืข( ื’ื ืื ื”ืžื“ื—ืก ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ืื’ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืคืขื”

ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ืื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื“ื ืฉ:ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื.

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช:ืœืื—ืจ ืื• ืงืจื™ืกื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื—ืก ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื”

ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื– ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ืฆื‘ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 5 ื“ืงื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ืื’ื”.

ืื ืœื ืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš )ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ(, ื ืชืง ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ. ื ืงื” ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ืœืง 4 ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื—ื•ืช.

ืื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคืขืœืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ, ืคื ื” ืœื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจืฉื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ืš.

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื“ืœืชืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืื ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื‘ืžืงืจืจ ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ืชืงื ื•

ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืœืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขืœื™ืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืฉืœืš, ืืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืื

ื”ืžื•ืจืฉื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ืš ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”.

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 12

ื”ืคืฉืจืช ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ื™ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืงืคื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื“ืœืช ื ืฉืืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”

ืื• ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืœื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงืจื— ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืคืจื™ืขื• ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื˜ื ื”ื“ืœืช. ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงืจื— ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื›ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื

ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื—ืก. ื”ืงืจื— ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื“ืง ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืจื• ื‘ืžื‘ืจืฉืช ืื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื“ ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื“ ืžืชื›ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืืฆืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš

ื”ื”ืคืฉืจื”. ื”ืกืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื— ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืžืงื•ืžื• ืžืจืฆืคืช ื”ืืจื•ื ื™ืช. ืœื”ืกืจืช ืงืจื— ื“ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.

ืœื”ืกืจืช ืžืฉืงืขื™ ืงืจื— ืขื‘ื™ื, ื ืชืง ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ืชื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื”ืคืฉืจื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืื ืชืชื‘ืฆืข ื›ืฉื”ืžืงืคื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจื™ืง, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช

ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื”.ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื“ ืžืชื›ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืืฆืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš

ื”ื”ืคืฉืจื”. ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืคื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืคืฉืจื” ืชืงืฆืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ. ืื ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ืขื˜ื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืจ, ื”ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื”

ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช. ื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื‘ืกืคื•ื’ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืžื˜ืœื™ืช

ื ืงื™ื™ื”.ืœื”ืืฆืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืคืฉืจื”, ื”ื ื— ืงืขืจื” ืื—ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื ื”ืžืงืคื™ื.ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืœืžืงืคื™ื, ื•ืื ื—ืœืง

ืžื”ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื™ืจื•, ื™ืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ืื• ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืงืคื™ืื• ืฉื•ื‘.ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืฉืจื”, ื ืงื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืชืžื™ืกืช ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืกื•ื“ื” ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ

ื™ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœืคื™ื ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 2 ืขื“ 3 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžืกืคืจ 5 ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžื–ื•ืŸ

ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืงืคื™ื.

ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื ืคืจืง 5ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื™ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื )ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื”(. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ืง ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื” ืขื‘ื”, ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืื• ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”

ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื.ื”ืกืจ ืืช ื”ืœืงื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื )ืžื“ืคื™ื, ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื, ืžื›ืœื™ ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ื•ื›ื•'(,

ืื• ืงื‘ืข ืื•ืชื ืœืžืงืจืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืคื ื™ ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”.

ืฉื ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื ื›ื™.

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 11

ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืคืจืง 4

ื”ืงืคื“ ืœื ืชืง ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.

ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืงืช ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.

ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื’ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืœื™ืช ืœื—ื” ืื• ื‘ืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื™ ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ืžื™ื.

ื•ื ืงื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ ืกื‘ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื— ื”ืกืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื›ืœื™ื.

ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ืœื™ืง, ื ืคื™ืฅ ืื• ืžืฉืชืš, ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืœืœ, ื’ื– ืื• ื—ื•ืžืฆื”.

ืขืœื™ืš ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ื—ืก ื‘ืžื˜ืื˜ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื.

ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžืงืจืจ ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื™.

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 10

ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ืชื ืื™ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ)ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื(

ื—ืœื‘ ื ืงื™ โ€“ ื‘ืืจื™ื–ืชื•2 - 3ื‘ืืจื™ื–ืชื•ื—ืœื‘ )ืื—ื™ื“( ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื”

ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” - ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ 6 - 8ื‘ืคืจื•ืกื•ืชื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื”

ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœืขื˜ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืจ. ื–ืžืŸ ืคืจืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืฆืžื“ ืœืคืจืงื™

ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

6ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸื—ืžืื”, ืžืจื’ืจื™ื ื”

ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ )ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื(

ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ

)ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช(

ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืฉืจื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ )ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช(

)Cยฐ 220-225( 24-5 - 43 - 6ืœื—ื)Cยฐ 190-200( 15-8 - 31.5 - 6ื‘ื™ืกืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื

)Cยฐ 200-225( 25-10 - 13 - 3ืชื•ืคื™ื ื™ื )Cยฐ 190-200( 35-8 - 14 - 1.5ืขื•ื’ืช ืคืื™)Cยฐ 190-200( 15-8 - 21.5 - 3ื‘ืฆืง ืคื™ืœื•

)Cยฐ 200( 215-20 - 24 - 3ืคื™ืฆื”

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 9

ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืชืžืจื‘ื™ )ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื(

10 - 13ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ื—ืชื•ืš ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืชื— ื‘ืžื™ืืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื•ืช12ืงืœืฃ, ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืจืชื— ื‘ืžื™ืืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช

6 - 8ื ืงื” ื•ื”ืจืชื— ื‘ืžื™ืื›ืจื•ื‘12ื ืงื”, ืคืจื•ืก ื•ื”ืจืชื— ื‘ืžื™ืื’ื–ืจ

ื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื•ื˜ืจืช, ื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคืœืคืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ืคืœืคืœ8 - 10ื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ื”ืกืจ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืจืชื— ื‘ืžื™ื

6 - 9ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืจืชื— ื‘ืžื™ืืชืจื“

ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื, ื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ืฅ

ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ 12 - 10

10 - 12ื—ืชื•ืš ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 2 ืก"ืž ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืคื”ื—ืฆื™ืœ12ื ืงื” ื•ืืจื•ื– ืขื ื”ืงืœื—ื™ื ืื• ื›ืชื™ืจืก ืžืชื•ืงืชื™ืจืก

8 - 10ืงืœืฃ ื•ืคืจื•ืกืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืื’ืกื™ื4 - 6ื—ืชื•ืš ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ื”ืกืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืจืฆืŸืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื•ืืคืจืกืงื™ื8 - 12ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ืงืœืฃืชื•ืช ืฉื“ื” ื•ืื•ื›ืžื ื™ื•ืช

12ื”ื•ืกืคืช 10% ืกื•ื›ืจ ืœืžื›ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ืืฉื–ื™ืคื™ื, ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืช

8 - 12ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ืงืœืฃ ืืช ืคื˜ื•ื˜ืจืชื™ืขื“ ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 8

ื”ื›ื ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื’ื™ืื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™

)ื—ื•ื“ืฉ(6 - 8ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืฆืžื“ืื•ืžืฆื”

6 - 8ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืฆืžื“ื‘ืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืฉ6 - 8ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืฆืžื“ืฆืœื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื’ืœ

6 - 8ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืชืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื’ืœ4 - 8ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืชืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื˜ืœื”

1 - 3ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืœืœื ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ืื‘ืฉืจ ืงืฆื•ืฅ1 - 3ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืชืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื )ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช(

ื™ืฉ ืœืืจื•ื– ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืงืจื•ืžื™ืื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืฉื ืช / ื ืงื ื™ืง ืกืœืืžื™4 - 6ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืฆืžื“ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•

4 - 6ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืฆืžื“ืื•ื•ื– ื•ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–6 - 8ื‘ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ 2.5 ืง"ื’ ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื”ืื™ื™ืœ, ืืจื ื‘, ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืจ

ื“ื’ื™ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื )ืกืœืžื•ืŸ, ืงืจืคื™ื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ื“ืงืŸ(

ื”ื“ื’, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื’; ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื•ืืช

ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื•.

2

ื“ื’ื™ื ืจื–ื™ื: ืื•ืงื•ื ื•ืก, ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื”, 4ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช

ื“ื’ื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ )ื˜ื•ื ื”, ืžืงืจืœ, 2 - 4ื“ื’ ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ืื ืฉื•ื‘ื™(

4 - 6ืœื ืงื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืฉืงื™ื•ืชืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช2 - 3ื‘ืืจื™ื–ืชืŸ, ืžื›ืœ ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืงื‘ื™ืฆื™ ื“ื’ื™ื

ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื, ืžื›ืœ ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื• ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ3ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง

ื”ืขืจื”: ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืงืคื•ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื˜ืจื™, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืฉืจ. ืื ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืฉืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืคื™ืื• ืฉื•ื‘.

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 7

ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ืืžื’ืฉ ื”ืงืจื—

ืžืœื ืืช ืžื’ืฉ ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื ื”ื”ืงืคืื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืงืจื—, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื“ื’ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื—.

ืžื’ืจื“ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืงืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ื›ืคื•ืจ ื™ื™ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื ื”ืžืงืคื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื”ื›ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืœืžืงืจืจ, ื‘ืžื’ืจื“ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืคืช ืœืขืช. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืžืขืช ื‘ืชื ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”. ืืœื” ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ ืืช

ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื ื–ืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ืš.

ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ื’ื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.

ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืคืจืง 3ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืคื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืคืื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืคื•ื ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื•ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื—. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืขืœ ืžื“ืคื™ ื“ืœืช ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ ืื• ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืงืคืื”. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืืš ื•ืจืง

ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืคื•ื.ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ ื•ื—ืžื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืคื•ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืคืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ

ื”ืงืคื•ื.ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืคืืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ )ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืฉืจ, ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืจ ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ(, ื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ

ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“.ืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื•ืื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืงืคื•ื: ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ

ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืคื™ื ืžืขืœ 3 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื”.ื‘ืขืช ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืคื•ื ื•ื“ื ืฉืžื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืงืคื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื”ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืœื ื ืคื’ืžื•. ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื ืข ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืคื•ื ื‘ืžื›ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืงืคืื”

ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.ื•ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ื’ื”, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืœื—ื•ืช ืื ื‘ืืจื™ื–ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืคื•ื

ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ืœืžืช ื•ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ืœื”.ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืคื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืชืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜, ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช

ื”ื“ืœืช, ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืžื”ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ืคืขืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืจื™ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœ ืชื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื

ืขืœ ื”ืืจื™ื–ื”.ืœื”ืงืคื™ื( ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื )ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืคืื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืฃ

ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ืงืคืื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืงืคืื” ื–ื”. ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ื”ืงืคืื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื”ื”ืงืคืื” )ืจืื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ 13(.

ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืคืืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”.

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 6

ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜ ื”ืžืงืจืจืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื•ืกืช ื˜ืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜ ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื”ืชื. ืข"ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืž โ€“ 1 ืœ โ€“ 3, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืืช ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืงืจื”, ื‘ืขื•ื ื”

ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.ื”ืขืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”: ืื ืชื ืกื” ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ 1, ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ

ื™ื›ื‘ื”.ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื, ื‘ืชื ืงืฆืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ืื—ืกื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ

ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ 1 .ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืกื ื” ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืชื ื”ืžืงืคื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2. ืžืฆื‘ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืžืจื‘ื™. ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ 3 .

ืฉื™ื ืœื‘: ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืื•ื—ืกืŸ ื•ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงืคื™ื. ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš, ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.

ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืคืจืง 2

ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”ืืœ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืฉืœื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื“ืœืช, ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืกื ืช ื‘ืžืงืคื™ื

ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื.ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ืขื“ 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจ

ืœื—ืฉืžืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืœื™ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”

ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื—ื•ื™ ื‘-5 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ื–ืง ืœืžื“ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช

ื”ืฉืงืข ืžื”ืชืงืข ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉืงืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื• ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ. ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 5 ื“ืงื•ืช.

ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ, ืœื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช

ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื.ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—

.43ยฐC 10ยฐ ืœื‘ื™ืŸC ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืืงืœื™ืžื™

)oC( 43 ื‘ื™ืŸ 16 ืœ T)oC( 38 ื‘ื™ืŸ 16 ืœ ST)oC( 32 ื‘ื™ืŸ 16 ืœ N)oC( 32 ื‘ื™ืŸ 10 ืœ SN

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 5

ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืจื” ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืื• ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœืจืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืงืจืจ.

ืงื‘ืข ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ืฉื‘ืžืงืจืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื’ืจื™ืžืช ื ื–ืง ืœืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืชืื ืฉืงืข. ื”ืชืงื ืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื•ื”ืคืขืœืชื•

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจืจ, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:ืžืชื— ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื”ื•ื 220-240 ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื‘-50 ื”ืจืฅ. ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืœื ื”ืืจืงื”. ื”ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื™ืฉื™ืจื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 50 ืก"ืž ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื, ืชื ื•ืจื™ ื’ื–, ืชื ื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ื,

ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช 5 ืก"ืž ืžืชื ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื’ืฉื. ืฉืœ ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื‘ื”ืงืคืื” ืžืงืคื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืงืจืจ

ืœืคื—ื•ืช 2 ืก"ืž, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.ืฉืœ ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืžืขืœื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืชืื™ื, ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจืจ. ื”ืชืงืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื™ืŸ

ืœืคื—ื•ืช 15 ืก"ืž.ืชื•ื›ืœ ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘. ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ

ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืžืงืจืจ.ืกื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ืคื™ืช ื—ืžื™ื ืžื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืžื™ืกื” ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื›ืœ ืืช ืœื ื’ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจืจ, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืคื ื™

ื›ืœ ืืช ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื•ืœื™ื™ื‘ืฉื. ื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจืจ.

ื”ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื‘ื• )ื”ื—ืœืง ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ( ืขืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘-90 ืžืขืœื•ืช )ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืื™ื•ืจ(,

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื“ื—ืก ื™ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืงื™ืจ.ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 75 ืž"ืž.

ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจืจ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”, ื”ืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื ื›ื™ืช

ื‘ืžืฉืš 3 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืฉืžืœ. ื‘ื›ืš ืชืืคืฉืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื•ืชืžื ืข ื ื–ืง ืœืžื“ื—ืก.

ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงืจืจ ื™ืคื™ืฅ ืจื™ื— ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ืจื™ื— ื™ืชื ื“ืฃ ื›ืฉื”ืžืงืจืจ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจืจ.

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 4

ืžืงืจืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืœืงืœื™ืืื ื‘ืžืงืจืจ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉ ืžื ืขื•ืœ, ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื”ืกืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืกืœืง ืื•ืชื• ืœืืฉืคื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื

ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ืชืื•ื ื”.ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžืงืคื™ืื™ื ืžืงืจืจื™ื

ื ื–ืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื”ืงืคื“ ืœื›ืŸ, .)HFC( ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืื• )CFC( ื›ืœื•ืจื•-ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืกืœืง ืœืืฉืคื” ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืš.

ื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืš ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื )WEEE( ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ.

ื”ืขืจื•ืช:ืงืจื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืชืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•. ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื ื–ืง

ื”ื ื’ืจื ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืงื•ื™.ืคืขืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื

ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช

ื‘ื•. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืื• ื”ืžื•ื ื™. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื”ืคืกื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื™ื’ืจื.

ืื™ื ื• ืื• ืœืื—ืกื•ื ื•. ื”ื•ื ืœืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืจืง ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืืš ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื–ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•/ืื• ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืื• ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืื™ื

ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืื•ื™.

ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืงืข ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื‘ืœ ืžืืจื™ืš. ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืชืงืข ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ืง, ืชืงืข ืฉื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื• ืงืจื•ืขื™ื ืื• ืชืงืข ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื• ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ื ื–ืง.

ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ืชืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืช.

ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื›ื‘ืœ/ืชืงืข ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงืฆืจ ืื• ืœื”ืชื—ืฉืžืœื•ืช.

ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืชื ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืงืจื— ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืื• ืคื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื›ืฉืชื›ื•ืœืชื ืงื•ืคืืช.

ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืžืงืจืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคื™ืฅ ืื• ื“ืœื™ืง. ืืœ ืชื™ื’ืข ื‘ืงืจื— ื‘ืขืช ื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืžื”ืชื ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืงืจื—. ื”ืงืจื— ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจ ื•/ืื• ืœื—ืชื›ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืคื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ืื• ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื— ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืชื ืžื”ืชื

ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืงืจื—.ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงืคื ืฉื”ื•ืคืฉืจ. ืฉื›ืŸ, ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืขืœืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ.

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 3

ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืœืฉืงืข ืžืชืื™ื ืื™ื ื• ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืข ืื ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ, ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื›ื ื”.

ืชืงืข ืžื•ืืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืงืข ื“ืื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉืงืข ืื 16 ืืžืคืจ. ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื•ืืจืง ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืงืข

ืฉื—ืฉืžืœืื™ ืžื•ืกืžืš ื™ืชืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.ืื• ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื” 8 ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื

ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืื• ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื. ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ. ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืื—ื–ืงื”

ืœืœื ื”ืฉื’ื—ื”.ืื ื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœื›ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื—ืœืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ, ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•

ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืกื›ื ื”.ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 2000 ืž'.

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 2

ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืชืื–ื”ืจื”: ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ืคืชื—ื™ ื”ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ื‘ื—ืœืง

ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื”.ืื–ื”ืจื”: ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื

ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืœื”ืืฆืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืคืฉืจื”.ืื–ื”ืจื”: ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ

ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจืจ.

ืื–ื”ืจื”: ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.ืื–ื”ืจื”: ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ืื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ืข

ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

ืื–ื”ืจื”: ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ, ื•ื“ื ืฉื›ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื ื ืชืงืข ืื• ื ื™ื–ื•ืง.ืื–ื”ืจื”: ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžืชืื ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืงืขื™ื ืื• ืกืคืงื™ ื›ื•ื— ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™

ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.ื‘ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื–ื” )ืžื™ื“ืข R600a ื’ื– ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœืš

ื”ืžืงืจืจ(, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ื–ืง ืœื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ. R600a ื”ื•ื ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื ืคื™ืฅ. ืœื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ, ื”ืจื—ืง ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืžืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื ื–ืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœื™ืคื” ืขืงื‘ ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืืช ื•ืื•ื•ืจืจ ื—ื•ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื• ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช

ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช. ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื– ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื ื–ืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืชื•, ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื ืฉื™ืืช ื‘ืขืช

ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.ืื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ืคื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ ื“ืœื™ืง. ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืชื™, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื•: ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืชื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื•ืŸ, ืื›ืกื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื

ืื—ืจื•ืช.ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ื— ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ื ื” ื•ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ; ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืกืขื“ื” ืื• ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ื™ื.

ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืคืจืง 1

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 1

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.......................................................................... 22 ............................................................................................... ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช4 ................................................................................. ืžืงืจืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืœืงืœื™ื4 .............................................................................................. ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช5 ....................................................................................... ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจืจ

ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ...................................................................................... 6ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜ ื”ืžืงืจืจ...................................................................................... 6ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”........................................................................ 6ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื......................................................................................................... 7ืžื’ืฉ ื”ืงืจื—................................................................................................ 7ืžื’ืจื“ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.......................................................................................... 7

ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ............................................................................ 7

ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”..................................................................................... 11

12 ............................................................................. ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ืืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื“ืœืช........................................................................................... 13

13 ................................................... ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืงืจื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”14 .................................................................................... ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”

15 .......................................................................... ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื•

ISO 7010 W021 ืกืžืœืื–ื”ืจื”: ืกื›ื ืช ืฉืจื™ืคื” / ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ืœื™ืงื™ื

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 2

ืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืกืจื™ ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื•ืฆื™ื™ืชื• !!ืงืจืื•

!!!ืกื›ื ื”

ื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืงื™ืจืื•ืชื•ื ืชืงื•, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจืœืคื ื™ ืžื”ืฉืงืข ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืชืงืข ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืื•, ืžืจืฉืชื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืืช ื”ืž, ื ืชืงื• ืืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืงื• .ื›ืฉื™ืจืื•

ืœืžืฆื‘: ื”ืขืจื” ื”ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื›OFFื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืืช ืžื ืชืงืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืจืื™ื ื” !!ืžืœืžื–ืจื

ื›ืœืฉื”ื™: ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื ืคื’ืข ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื™ืฉ! ื—ืœืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžื ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืžืš !ืฉื™ืจื•ืช

ืืฉ: ืื–ื”ืจื” ืคืจื™ืฆืช ืžืคื ื™ ืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื›, ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืื• ืืช, ืฉื™ืจื”ืชื—ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆืขื•ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช :ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžื›โ€ข ืืช ืชื ืชืงื• ืืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœืฉื™ืจืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืœ ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื ื™ืชื•ืง.ืžืจืฉืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืชืงืข .ืื—ื–ื•

ื™ืชืจโ€ข ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชื—ืฉืžืœื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืื• ืืฉ ื›ื‘ืœ, ื”ืชืœืงื—ื•ืช ืืช ืชืืจื™ื›ื• ื•ืืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ืืœ.ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ

ื”ืžื›โ€ข ืืช ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืชื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœืฉื™ืจื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืœ ื™ืคื’ืข ืœื‘ืœ .ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจื•

ื‘ื“ืœืงโ€ข ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื•ืืœ ืชืื—ืกื ื• ื”ืžื›ื ื•ื–ืœื™, ืืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื–ื™ื .ืฉื™ืจื

ื”ืžื›โ€ข ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืœื•ืช ืื• ืœื˜ืคืก ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืชืืคืฉืจื• ื”ื“ืœืชืฉื™ืจืืœ ืœืžื›. ืื• ืœื ื–ืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื”ืฉื™ืจื”ื ืื•ื—ืžื•ืจื” .ืขืฆืžื™ืช

ื”ืฆื•ืจืšโ€ข ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื™ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืœืืคืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืขืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ .ืชืงืข

ื”ืชื—ืฉืžืœื•ืชโ€ข ื”ืžื›, ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืืจืงื”ืฉื™ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ืชื™ืงื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื•. ืชื™ืงื ื™ืชืœืฉืงืข ื‘ืฉืงืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉืœื”ืชื—ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืžื•ืกืžืš. ืžื•ืืจืง ื—ืฉืžืœืื™ ืขื ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืกืคืง ืฉืœ ืืช. ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ

ื“ืœืฃืฉื™ืจื”ืžื› ื–ืจื ื‘ืžืคืกืง ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืคื—ืช(ืœืฉืงืข ืฉืœ) ืžืคืกืง ื“ืœืฃ ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ืชื—ืฉืžืœื•ืช 30ื ื’ื“ mA.

ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸโ€ข ื–ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื”ืฉื™ืจื”ืžื›. ืงืจืื• ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ .ืžื™ื•ืขื“

ืืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžืจื•

ืขื‘ืจื™ืช - 1

ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื !ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช

ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชืื ื• ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื ืขืœ ืœื›ื ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ื .ื™ืงื•ื'ืคื•ื’ืฉืžื—ื™ื

ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื›ืื™ืงื•ื'ืคื•ื’ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืขื ืงื• ืžื ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื•ืชื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ื”ืงืคื“ื”, ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”ืชื•ืš ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ืขืœ .ืžืจื‘ื™ืช

ื‘ื›ืื™ืงื•ื'ื‘ืคื•ื’ืื ื• ื•ืฉื•ืงื“ื™ื, ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชโ€“ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืจืฃ, ืืช ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื, ืœืœื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง.ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ื™ื

ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื›ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืจื›ืฉืชื, ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ .ื ื•ื—

ื‘ื—ื•, ืื ื ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืชืงืจืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื™ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื•ืคืขืœื• ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื˜ืจื ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจื›ื” .ื‘ืจืช

ืจื›ืฉืชื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื ืื” ืชืคื™ืงื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื .ืื ื•

!!!ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช

ื” ืืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืื™ืกื•ืจ .ืœื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจืžื›ืฉื™ืจื—ืœ

ื” ืืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืขืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ืฉ ืจืฉืช ืœื–ืจื ื•ืจืง ืืš

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช

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