Five years of “adaptative” research for upland DMC based ...open-library.cirad.fr/files/2/112__P3_CAMBODIA_Laos_112008_Uplan… · Low saturation rate by bases High degre of saturation

Five years of “adaptative” research for upland DMC based cropping systems creation in Cambodia

Stéphane BOULAKIA (CIRAD), KOU Phâlly, SAN Sona,LENG Vira and CHHIT Kimchhorn (MAFF)

Regional workshop on Conservation AgricultureRegional workshop on Conservation Agriculture

Investing in Sustainable Agriculture:The Case of Conservation Agriculture and Direct Seeding Mulch-

Based Cropping Systems

Agence Françaisede Développement

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery

Dept of Agronomy & Agricultural Land Improvement

Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le

Développement

28th October – 1st November 2008 - Phonsavan, Xieng Khouang, Lao PDR

Document obtenu sur le site http://Agroecologie.cirad.fr

11stst PARTPARTRapid highlights on climate and soils conditionsRapid highlights on climate and soils conditions

and reference plow based cropping systemsand reference plow based cropping systems

22ndnd PARTPARTProgressive design of diversified DMC basedProgressive design of diversified DMC based

cropping systemscropping systems

33rdrd PARTPARTFuture Evolutions in the next coming yearsFuture Evolutions in the next coming years

Plan

Five years of “adaptative” research for upland DMC based cropping systems creation in Cambodia


11stst PARTPART

Rapid highlightsRapid highlightson climate and soils conditionson climate and soils conditions

and reference plow based cropping systemsand reference plow based cropping systems


Climate of the Central plain

• Hot (average T° = 28°C) and sunny (> 2 400 hours)• 6-7 months rainy season (from + 4/15 to + 11/1 )

5-6 months dry season• abundant rainfalls (1200-1600 mm/year)

But 3 climatic hazards randomizes the rain repartition (irregularity and variable)

1st “hazard”Rains arrival

2nd “hazard”“Small dry season”

3rd “hazard”Last useful rain

1/ Rapid Highlights on climate and soil’s conditions …

1.1/ Main characteristic of the Cambodian central plain’s climate

Scattered rains Heavy-regular rains

DecDec..NovNov..OctobOctob..Sept.Sept.AoûtAoûtJuilletJuilletJuinJuinMaiMaiAvrilAvrilMarsMars DecDec..NovNov..OctobOctob..Sept.Sept.AoûtAoûtJuilletJuilletJuinJuinMaiMaiAvrilAvrilMarsMars


1.2/ Main location of Upland cultivation on Red and Black basaltic soils


80% CLAY

Medium to high C contain

Low to very low pHLow saturation rate by basesHigh degre of saturation by Al

Unbalanced saturation by bases : pronounced relative deficiencies in K and Ca compared to Mg

Low to high Pexch contain

Depth

% Sand% Silt% ClayC organicOrganic matterpH CaCl2H + AlAl exchangeableCa exchangeableMg exchangeableK exchangeableP exch.CTC at pH 7,0CTC effective

Sat. for bases (V) Sat. for Al (m)Sat. for CaSat. for MgSat. for K

cm 0-10 10-20 20-40 40-60 0-10 10-20 20-40 40-605,8 4,7 3,9 4,1 7,9 7,3 6,0 5,5

13,8 13,5 12,9 12,9 12,7 14,1 13,6 12,180,5 81,8 83,3 83,3 79,4 78,6 80,4 82,4

g/dm³ 26,4 20,9 16,8 13,9 16,3 14,7 11,8 8,2% 5,0 4,0 3,2 2,7 3,1 2,8 2,3 1,6

4,7 4,5 4,4 4,5 4,3 4,3 4,4 4,4cmolc/dm³ 7,11 7,36 6,95 6,59 9,12 9,32 8,34 7,88

cmolc/dm³ 0,41 0,60 0,73 0,64 1,67 1,66 1,42 1,42cmolc/dm³ 2,63 1,83 1,70 1,43 1,67 1,59 1,71 1,68

cmolc/dm³ 1,13 0,90 0,61 0,85 1,40 1,32 1,19 0,97cmolc/dm³ 0,35 0,26 0,15 0,16 0,08 0,05 0,03 0,03

mg/dm³ 7,2 5,4 4,4 6,5 27,3 26,8 31,7 37,5cmolc/dm³ 11,2 10,3 9,4 9,0 10,6 11,1 10,9 9,3cmolc/dm³ 4,5 3,6 3,2 3,1 4,8 4,6 4,4 4,1

% 36,5 28,8 25,3 25,5 53,3 43,1 27,2 54,3% 9,6 17,3 25,5 25,2 34,9 36,3 32,8 34,9

% 23,3 17,7 17,2 14,8 31,7 22,2 15,8 36,6% 10,1 8,7 6,5 9,1 20,4 20,0 11,1 16,9

% 3,1 2,5 1,6 1,6 1,2 0,8 0,3 0,8

1/ Rapid Highlights on climate and soil’s conditions …

1.3/ Key features of red basaltic oxysol (“ferralitique”)

Very high High Medium Low Very low

Low Ca containMedium to high Mg containV. low to v. high K contain

Soil 1 Soil 2


1/1/ SesameSesame SoybeanSoybean

2/2/ Cassava MonocultureCassava Monoculturedisc

discdisc

High technical and economical randomization + soil’s degradationirregular and decreasing profit margins

progressive shifting to perennial

1/ Rapid Highlights on …reference plow based systems

1.3/ Main Plow based cropping systems on Kampong Cham’s upland

1st “hazard”Rains arrival

2nd “hazard”“Small dry season”

3rd “hazard”Last useful rain

Scattered rains Heavy-regular rains

DecDec..NovNov..OctobOctob..Sept.Sept.AoûtAoûtJuilletJuilletJuinJuinMaiMaiAvrilAvrilMarsMars DecDec..NovNov..OctobOctob..Sept.Sept.AoûtAoûtJuilletJuilletJuinJuinMaiMaiAvrilAvrilMarsMars


22ndnd PARTPART

Progressive design ofProgressive design ofdiversified DMC based cropping systemsdiversified DMC based cropping systems


heavy rains"scattered" rains

AugustJulyJuneMayAprilMarch Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept.

Sesame Soybeandisc disc

Bio-pump sc Eleusine c.

Bio pump Eleusine c.

or Eleusine + Cajanus, Sorghum, Millet …

SoybeanRice …Maize + Stylo, Brach. …

2/ Progressive design of diversified DMC based systems

2.1/ First DMC based, using short term biomass production


The “bio pumps” The main crops

Sorgho pool preto at 65 DAS

Eleusine coracana

Mulch of Eleusine + Cajanus

Soja on Eleusine

Riz on Eleusine

Maize on Eleusine

Coton on Eleusine


2.1/ First DMC based, using short term biomass production (Photos)


heavy rains"scattered" rains

AugustJulyJuneMayAprilMarch Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept.

Maize + Bio-pump lc …Bio-pump sc

Maize + Stylosanthes


2.2/ The “second” generation, using long term biomass productionStep 1: association of Bio-pump lc with Maize

Bio-pump lc …Year 1

Year 2 Maize + (Brach. + Cajanus)Maize + Brachiaria…Bio-pump lc

StylosanthesBrach. + CajanusBrachiaria Maize or RiceSoybeanRice or Soybean


Year n: Soybean + Stylosanthes

Year n: Rice + Stylosanthes


2.2/ The “second” generation, using long term biomass productionStep 2: association of Bio-pump lc with Rice and Soybean

Stylosanthes is oversown by no till planter at # 40 DAS

Stylosanthes or Brachiaria is broadcast sown at first Soybean’s yellow leaves appearance

Year n: Soybean + Brachiaria

Year n + 1: Rice + Stylosanthes

Year n + 1: Maize + …

Year n + 1: Soybean + …

Year n + 1: Rice + StylosanthesYear n + 1: Maize + …


Bio-p. sc Maize + Brach.

Year 1

Brach. Soybean + Stylo. Stylo.


2.2/ The “second” generation, using long term biomass production“LEGOLAND”, an unlimited possibility for permanent cropping

heavy rains"scattered" rainsAug.JulyJuneMayAprilMar. Dec.Nov.Octo.Sept. Jan. Fev.


Year 2

Bio-p. sc Maize + Stylo. Stylo. Rice + Stylo. Stylo.

Bio-p. sc Maize + Stylo. Stylo. Maize + Stylo. Stylo.

Maize + Stylo. Stylo. Maize + Stylo. Stylo.

Rice + Stylo. Stylo. Rice + Stylo. Stylo.Stylo.

Soyb. + Brach. Brach. Soyb. + Brach. Brach.Brach.

Stylo.


Soybean and maize in biSoybean and maize in bi--annual rotationannual rotation


Maize monoMaize mono--cropping with DMC technologies : cropping with DMC technologies : «« Maize + Maize + StylosanthesStylosanthes // Maize + // Maize + StylosanthesStylosanthes »»


Upland rice based cropping systemsUpland rice based cropping systems……..


SEBOTA 68 on red soils, Bos khnor, 2007


Maize Soybean Maize DMC

Activity incomes ($/ha) 5,5 T/ha 2,5 T/ha 6,5 T/ha

Sale price Maize : 200$/T ; Soybean : 450 $/T 1100 1125 1300 Activity outcomes

Labour Ploughing 25 0 0

Roller 0 0 25 Sowing 40 44 40

Weeding 100 10 10 Fertilisation 30 20 30

Harvest 40 46 50 Threshing 55 75 65

Inputs Seeds 65 95 65

Fertilizers 220 134 220 Herbicides 0 12 12 Insecticides 0 30 0

Total costs ($/ha) 575 466 517 Gross profit margin ($/ha) 525 659 783

Evolution of the GPM ($/ha) according to the cropping system (DMC/ploughing)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10

GM

($/h

a)

"Sesame/soybean"

"Maize + Brachiaria // Soybean"

Maize5,5T/ha

Soybean2,5T/ha

Soybean2,7T/ha

Maize6,5T/ha

Soybean3T/ha

Maize 7T/haSoybean3,2T/ha

Foreseen difference after 10 years : > 500 USD/ha/y i


2.3/ Economical comparison between DMC Maize // Soybean rotation and Plow based Sesame / Soybean succession


CassavaCassava veryvery attractive attractive priceprice in 2006/07 and 2007/08 (in 2006/07 and 2007/08 (likelylikely lessless in 2008/09)in 2008/09)

FarmersFarmers wishwish to continue to continue monocroppingmonocropping despitedespite fastfast soilsoil’’ss degradationdegradationDMC DMC basedbased CassavaCassava monocroppingmonocropping ??

Year 1


2.4/ The case of Cassava



Year 2

Cassava + Stylo. Stylo. Stylo.

(in french: “le cas cassava” !)

Cassava + Stylo.

Cassava + Stylo. Stylo. Stylo.Maize + Stylo.

Cassava + Stylo. Stylo. Stylo.Rice + Stylo.

Cassava + Brach. Brach. Stylo.Soyb. + Stylo.

due to shade, dry soil’s conditions at Cassava’s harvest and early replanting in Year 2

Reduced growth of the Stylo.

Active growth of the Bio-pump lc


Other attempt under assessment:Other attempt under assessment:alive cover of alive cover of StylosanthesStylosanthes guinanensisguinanensis


Comparison of the yields obtained with DMC and ploughing (PHF, data 2007)

12 850

13 950

14 400

12 25012 450

13 150

11 000

11 500

12 000

12 500

13 000

13 500

14 000

14 500

15 000

F0 F1 F2 Level of fertiliser

Yiel

d (K

g/ha

) DMCPLOW

F0 : 23-0-0F1 : 69-32-60F2 : 92-90-90

Evolution of the GPM ($/ha) according to the yield

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

2400

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

14000

15000

16000

17000

18000 Yield

(Kg/ha)

MB

($/h

a)

Cassava x PlowCassava + Stylo

Evolution of the GPM ($/ha) according to the DMC management years

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1 2 3 4 Years

GPM

($/h

a)

PloughingDMC

1 4 6-8 10

Foreseen difference after 10 years : > 1000 USD/ha/y i

14 T/ha

12 T/ha

10 T/ha

6 T/ha

4 T/ha

After IFA World fertilizer Use manualAfter IFA World fertilizer Use manual


2.4/ The case of CassavaEconomical comparison between DMC Cassava and Plow Cassava


33rdrd PARTPART

Future orientations ofFuture orientations ofthe cropping systemsthe cropping systems’’ designdesign


Year 1

3/ Future orientations of the cropping systems’ design

3.1/ The 2 cycles temptation



Year 2

Sesame Maize + Stylo. Stylo.Stylo.

V. radiata Maize + Brach Brach.Brach.

Stylo.

Brach.

Sesame

V. radiata

Maize + Stylo.

Maize + Brach

2nd “hazard”small dry season

3rd “hazard”last useful rain

ReRe--introduction of a high climatic riskintroduction of a high climatic risk

Dependence on Dependence on uncertain rainfalluncertain rainfall

SecurisationSecurisation by by soilsoil’’s water reserves water reservei.e. vs


Year 1


3.2/ Other technical evolutions



Year 2

Soybean sc Sorgho + Stylo Brach.Brach. Stylo. Maize + Brach.

1/ Safrinhas 2/ Livestock association

Soybean mc

Sorgho + Stylo

Brach.Brach. Stylo. Maize + Brach.

Rice sc Mil. + Stylo Stylo.Stylo. Stylo. Maize + Stylo.

Stylo. Maize + Brach. Brach. Soybean + Stylo. Stylo.


Year 1


3.3/ Medium term agronomical evolutions



Year 2

Soybean sc Sorgho + mix sp. Mix sp.Mix sp. Mix sp. regrowth Maize + mix sp.

Back to annual crops as Bio-pump sc

Soybean mc

Sorgho + mix sp.

Mix sp.Mix sp. Mix sp. regrowth Maize + mix sp.

Increase the sp.Increase the sp.--diversity in the cropping systems diversity in the cropping systems Integrate Integrate

““functionalitiesfunctionalities””((ecological engineeringecological engineering))

Work toward agroWork toward agro--chemicals reductionchemicals reduction

in order to &


Conclusion

Parallel between DMC Creation and DMC Adoption sequences

STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3

CR

EA

TIO

NA

DO

PTIO

N

BioBio--pump scpump scWeak & uncertain C inputWeak & uncertain C inputSimple managementSimple management

BioBio--pump pump lclcHigh & secured C inputHigh & secured C inputWeak diversity in the rotationWeak diversity in the rotationSimple managementSimple management

Mix annual sp.Mix annual sp.High & secured C inputHigh & secured C inputEcological Ecological engeneeringengeneeringAgroAgro--chemical reductionchemical reduction

Year 1Year 1 Year 2 to # 5Year 2 to # 5 Year 6 Year 6 ……

Transition to No TillageTransition to No Tillage

Entrance in DMCEntrance in DMCSimple management (learning)Simple management (learning)Rapid improvement of soilRapid improvement of soil’’s s condition (weeds, physical, condition (weeds, physical, chemchem))

DMC farmerDMC farmerDiversified & flexible Diversified & flexible managementmanagementHigh quality product in fully High quality product in fully protected environmentprotected environment

Limited choice of technical proposal to farmers


Thank you for your attention


Documents

Five years of “adaptative” research for upland DMC based ...open-library.cirad.fr/files/2/112__P3_CAMBODIA_Laos_112008_Uplan… · Low saturation rate by bases High degre of saturation