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Mathieu Mathieu NgouajioNgouajioDept. HorticultureDept. Horticulture
Fitting bio-fumigant cover crops into intensive vegetable production
systems for integrated crop management
© Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Attract beneficial
insectsReduce soil compaction
Add organic matter
Enhance mycorrhiza
Add N(legume)
Enhance Microbialactivity
Suppressweeds
Suppressdiseases
Suppressnematodes
Reduceerosion
Increase waterinfiltration
Recyclenutrients
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Synthetic chemicalsSynthetic chemicalsMethyl bromideMethyl bromideMethyl iodideMethyl iodideTeloneTeloneVapamVapamVorlexVorlex
Plant residuePlant residueMainly plants that Mainly plants that produce produce glucosinolatesglucosinolates
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Secondary plant Secondary plant metabolitesmetabolitesProduced by 15 plant Produced by 15 plant familiesfamiliesMainly the Mainly the BrassicaBrassica (or (or mustard) family. mustard) family. >100 >100 glucosinolatesglucosinolateshave been identified have been identified ((≠≠R)R)
GlucoseSulfur
R=Side chain
R—CN—OSO3
-
S—C6H11O5
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
MyrosinaseMyrosinase enzymes are enzymes are responsible for the responsible for the degradation of degradation of glucosinolatesglucosinolatesBut But MyrosinasesMyrosinases and and glucosinolatesglucosinolates are are located in different located in different compartments in the cellcompartments in the cellTissue Damage triggers Tissue Damage triggers the reaction the reaction
Tissue Damage
Mat
hieu
Ngo
uajio
, Mic
higa
n St
ate
Uni
vers
ity
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hor
ticul
ture
IsothiocyanateIsothiocyanate is is the most the most important important breakdown breakdown product of product of glucosinolatesglucosinolatesUsed in Used in Commercial Commercial fumigantsfumigants
R—CN—OSO3
-
S—C6H11O5
R NSThiocyanate
Thiocyanate
C R SN
IsothiocyanateIsothiocyanateITCITC
C
Mathieu N
gouajio, Michigan State U
niversity D
epartment of H
orticulture
IsothiocyanateIsothiocyanatehas shown has shown activity on many activity on many plant pestsplant pests
IsothiocyanateIsothiocyanate
DiseasesDiseases
InsectsInsects
Nematodes
NematodesWeedsWeeds
R SN
C
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Brassica Species are called Biofumigantsbecause they release isothiocyanate upon damage of their tissues
The process of incorporating fresh residues of BrassicaSpecies in the soil is called Biofumigation
Mathieu N
gouajio, Michigan State U
niversity D
epartment of H
orticulture
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
11
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Species selectionSpecies selectionAppropriate seeding Appropriate seeding raterateSeeding time (tolerate Seeding time (tolerate freezing temperature freezing temperature down to 28 F)down to 28 F)Initial fertilizer if soil is Initial fertilizer if soil is poorpoorAllow the cover crop Allow the cover crop to grow up to to grow up to flowering stage (do flowering stage (do not allow seed set)not allow seed set) Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University
Department of Horticulture
OthersOthers••TurnipTurnip••RapeRape••BroccoliBroccoli••EtcEtc
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Cover CropCover Crop Range Rate UsedOilseed radishOilseed radish 10 to 2510 to 25 1515Oriental mustardOriental mustard 4 to 64 to 6 66Yellow mustardYellow mustard 10 to 1410 to 14 88Brown mustardBrown mustard 10 to 1410 to 14 88SudangrassSudangrass 40 to 8040 to 80 6060
Rate: Lbs/A
• Broadcast and incorporated• Large scale: Drilled
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
22
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Oct. 13, 2003Oct. 13, 2003
Mini tillerMini tiller
Mathieu N
gouajio, Michigan State U
niversity D
epartment of H
orticulture
Oct. 13, 2003Oct. 13, 2003
Mathieu N
gouajio, Michigan State U
niversity D
epartment of H
orticulture
Cover crops incorporated at flowering stageJune 23, 2006
About 45 Days after planting
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Use multiple Use multiple passes of a passes of a disc or a disc or a rototillerrototiller
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Simultaneous flail mowing and incorporation
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Flail mowing + incorporationFlail mowing + incorporation
RototillerRototiller
DiscDisc
No killing no incorporationNo killing no incorporation
Mat
hieu
Ngo
uajio
, Mic
higa
n St
ate
Uni
vers
ity
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hor
ticul
ture
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
11
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Cucumbers
Cucumbers
Cucumbers
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Cucumbers
Cucumbers
Cucumbers
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Snap bean
Onions
Onions
Carrots
The cover crop should be scheduled in the rotation system and planted in fall of the year before onions
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
Oilseedradish
Orientalmustard
Yellowmustard
Brownmustard
Sudangrass Control
# pe
r 10
0 cm
3 so
il
MSU Plant Diagnostic LabMSU Plant Diagnostic Lab
Muck research farm 2005: OnionMuck research farm 2005: OnionMore beneficial microorganisms More beneficial microorganisms in the cover crop plotsin the cover crop plots
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
Oilseedradish
Orientalmustard
Yellowmustard
Brownmustard
Sudangrass Control
Plan
ts/ 2
5 ft
a abc ab ab bc c
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
22
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Cover crop
Celery
Celery growing seasonCelery growing seasonMathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Cover crop
Celery
Celery growing seasonCelery growing seasonMathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
The Brassica species improved celery yield in 2004 & 2005
2005 Hamilton yield
0
5
10
15
20
25
BT AT
Yiel
d (k
g/pl
ot)
Cereal ryeOilseed radishOriental mustardYellow mustardControl
b a a ab b b a a a b
Mat
hieu
Ngo
uajio
, Mic
higa
n St
ate
Uni
vers
ity
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hor
ticul
ture
Plant Parasitic Nematodes
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Control OrientalMustard
OilseedRadish
Rye Yellowmustard
Cover Crop
Nem
atod
es/1
00 c
m3
Hamilton 2004Hamilton 2004CeleryCelery
Fewer nematodes Fewer nematodes in the oilseed in the oilseed radish and yellow radish and yellow mustard plotsmustard plots
MSU Plant Diagnostic LabMSU Plant Diagnostic Lab
DecaturDecatur•• 5 Cover Crops5 Cover Crops•• ControlControl••Seeding April 14 Seeding April 14 & 28 & 28
HamiltonHamilton•• 7 Cover Crops7 Cover Crops•• ControlControl•• seeding April 5 seeding April 5 Collaborationwith Dr. Bird Lab
Mathieu N
gouajio, Michigan State U
niversity D
epartment of H
orticulture
Hamilton siteAbout 3 acres
Decatur siteAbout 7 acres
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Control plots have lowest yield
Marketable Yield: Hamilton
15171921232527293133
Brownmustard
Orientalmustard
Oilseedradish
Yellowmustard
Control
Brassica cover crop
Yiel
d (L
b/20
plts
)
a a aa b
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Control plots have lowest yield
Marketable Yield: Decatur
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
Brownmustard
Orientalmustard
Oilseedradish
Yellowmustard
Defenderradish
Mustard mix Control
Brassica cover crop
Yiel
d (L
b/20
plts
)
ab ab aa bab ab
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
EXPO. Dec 2007
33
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Cover crop
Eggplant
Eggplant growing seasonEggplant growing seasonMathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Methylbromide
Oilseedradish
Orientalmustard
Yellowmustard
SoilBuilder® Control
Treatment
Yiel
d (b
ushe
ls/A
)2007
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
The The biofumigantsbiofumigants improved various improved various vegetable production systemsvegetable production systems
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
They should be used in combination with They should be used in combination with other management tools.other management tools.They should be considered as a cover They should be considered as a cover crops first and any crops first and any biofumigationbiofumigation effect effect should be a plus. should be a plus.
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture
Mathieu Ngouajio, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture