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F.I.T.

ASSIGNMENTName = Amritpal Singh Panesar

Class = BCA Ist year

Enrollment No. = 01714402011


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Generations of Computer

The First generation

The Second Generation

The Third Generation

The Fourth Generation

The Fifth Generation


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The First Generation

1951-1958

Vacuum Tube Heat Burnout

Machine language

Magnetic corememory

Storage Punched cards Tape (1957)

Characteristics of 1st Generation ComputersComputers big and clumsy

Electricity consumption is high Electric failure occurred regularly - computers notvery reliable Large air conditioners was necessary because thecomputers generated heat

Batch processing


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1951, UNIVAC

Eckert and Mauchly completed the first

commercial computer in the USA theUNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

First computer built for business

Short Code - A set of instructions called

Short Code is developed for the UNIVAC.Programmers


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1951, SAGE - Semi Automatic Ground Environment wasdeveloped.

IBM built the SAGE computers and became leaders in

real-time applications and used the technology ofWhirlwind.

SAGE computers were used in an early U.S. air defensesystem. They were fully deployed in 1963, that consistedof 27 centers throughout North America, each with aduplexed AN/FSQ-7 computer system containing over50,000 vacuum tubes, weighing 250 tons and occupyingan acre of floor space.

SAGE was the first large computer network to provideman-machine interaction in real time.


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1952, EDVAC-

Electronic DiscreetVariable Computer

John Von Neumann,designed with a centralcontrol unit which wouldcalculate and output allmathematical and logicalproblems and a memorywhich could be written toand read. (RAM inmodern terms) whichwould store programsand data.


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1953, IBM 701

The 701 was formally announcedon May 21, 1952. It was the unit ofthe overall 701 Data ProcessingSystem in which actual

calculations were performed. Thatactivity involved 274 assembliesexecuting all the system'scomputing and control functionsby means of electronic pulsesemitted at speeds ranging up toone million a second.

1953, The Whirlwind Whirlwind was a large scale,

general purpose digital computerbegun at the ServomechanismsLaboratory of the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology in 1946.


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1959-1964

Transistor Smaller

No warm-up time Less energy Less heat Faster

More reliable

Storage Removable disk pack

(1954) Magnetic tape

Programming languages Assembly language FORTRAN (1954) COBOL(1959)

Used primarily by business,university, government


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Computers became smaller

Generate less heat

Electricity consumption lower

More reliable and faster

Core memory developed

Magnetic tapes and disks used

First operating systems developed A new processing method was needed.

Time-sharing (processing technique)


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1963, Mini-computer: PDP-8 Digital introduces the first successful

minicomputer the PDP-8. It wasabout as large as a fridge and usedtransistors and magnetic core

memory.

1964 Real-time reservationsystem IBM developed a real-time computerised ticketreservation system for AmericanAirways. It was smaller than SAGE and was

called SABRE (Semi-AutomaticBusiness-Related Environment).


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1964, IBMs System 360 It consisted of 6

processors and 40peripheral units.

More than 100computers permonth were ordered.

1964, BASIC(programminglanguage) A programming language

was necessary that couldbe used in a time-sharingenvironment and thatcould serve as a traininglanguage.


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1965-1970

Integrated Circuit Electronic circuit on

small silicon chip Reliability Compactness Low cost Inexpensive mass-

produced

1. Computers smaller,faster and more

reliable2. Power consumption

lower3. High-level

languages appeared


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1965, Gordon Moore

The semi-conductor pioneer, Gordon Moore (founderof Intel), predicted that the number of transistors that

occurred on a microchip would double every year. Itbecame known as Moores Law and is still valid

today.

Burroughs used integrated circuits in parts of

two computers - the B2500 and the B3500. Control Data and NCR made two computers

using only integrated circuits - the CDC 7600and the Century series respectively.


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1968, Intel was founded (INTegrated Electronics).

They developed more sophisticated memory chips.

1968, Magnetic core memory was replaced by a

microchip. The first 256 bit RAM microchips, and later the first 1Kb

RAM (1024 byte) chips, caused the disappearance ofMagnetic Core Memory that was used since the mid1950's.

1969, IBM System/370 replaced their System/360with the System/370 that only used integratedcircuits.


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1971-Present

Microprocessor

General-purposeprocessor on a chip

Explosive growth Digital watches Pocket calculators Personal computers

Cars Copy machines Television sets

Integrated circuits, smallerand faster

Micro computer seriessuch as IBM and APPLEdeveloped

Portable computersdeveloped

Great development in data

communication Different types of

secondary memory withhigh storage capacity and

fast access developed


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1971,Microprocessor

Intel developed thefirst microprocessor - a

CPU on a microchip. It was called the 4004

and consisted of 2-250transistors capable ofprocessing 4 bits at a

rate of 60,000 transac-tions/second.

1971, Pascal (programminglanguage) Early programminglanguages

Niklaus Wirth - a Swedishcomputer scientist - developed

the Pascal language in 1971.This language was specificallydesigned to teach the conceptsof structured programming.Pascal remains the mostpopular language for learning

the basic principles of goodprogramming.

1972, 8008

Intel released the 8008 - an 8bit processor powerful enoughto be used as the CPU of aminicomputer


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1972, CP/M (Operatingsystem) The first operating

system formicrocomputers was

developed by GaryKildall and JohnTorode.

Torode developedhardware to connect adiskette (floppy disk) to

the CPU. 1974

8080 Microprocessor,was released - it madethe development of the

microcomputer possible.

MARK-8 Johnathan Titus(a chemist with an interestin electronics) ordered an8008 processor from Intel.

He built a computer withsix(6) circuit boardswhich had 256 bytes RAM.

Motorolas 6800processor developed aprocessor the 6800. which could

perform all the functions ofthe 8080.


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1975 - January Altair 8800- Popular

Mechanics published anarticle which announced thedevelopment of a truepersonal computer

Developed by MITS (MicroInstrumentation andTelemetry Systems). It usedthe 8-bit Intel 8080microprocessor and wasmade available in acomplete kit, including all

components and assemblyinstructions. 256 bytes of RAM was

available. 16 slots were leftopen to include more RAMwhen necessary.

Apple- Steve Wozniak andSteve Jobs founded the AppleCompany . They built a micro-

computer motherboard thatused a 8-bit processor.

The motherboard was asingle circuit board andheld 4 Kb RAM.

1976, MOS 6502 processor MOS technologies

announced the develop-

ment of the 6502processor, an 8-bitprocessor with very fewregisters and 16-bitaddress bus.

It was used in the designof the Apple II


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1977. Apple II Wozniakand Jobs released theApple II. It was cheap,had 16 Kb RAM and was

ideal for playing videogames.

It was sold with akeyboard, a power supplyand included 8 slots for

peripherals. It couldtherefore be used with awider variety ofperipherals andprograms.

1978 Intels 8086processor that con-tained 16-bit registersand used segmented

memory addressing. All x86 processors had to

be compatible with theset of instructions, firstused in this processor.

1979, Motorolas 68000processor which was usedin the Apple Lisa andMacintosh computers.


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First spreadsheet : VisiCalcDan Bricklin and

Bob Frankston of theSoftware Arts Companydeveloped the firstspreadsheet program for

use on microcomputers,namely VisiCalc. It wasdistributed by PersonalSoftware for use on allApple computers.Wordprocessor

WordStar The word processing

program WordStar wasdeveloped by SeymourRubenstein's firmMicroProand became thebest seller in the CP/Moperating environment.

1981, IBM PCIBMannounced it's firstPersonal Computer -the IBM PC - an Intel

8088 processor 1982, Intels 286

processor. Intelannounced the 80286microprocessor.

This was used in the IBMPC AT (AdvancedTechnology).


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4th Generation

1983, Apples Lisa Apple announced the Lisa, a computer that used a mouse to

move a cursor on the screen in order to select commands.The Lisa was the first commercial computer to use aGraphical User Interface (GUI)

1983, IBM announced the PC XT(eXtendedTechnology).Memory was expanded to 640 Kb and it featured: 4,77 MHz processor speed Double floppy disks MS DOS version 3.3 Later versions also had 10 or 20 Mb hard disk drives

available.

1990, Windows 3.0 (operating system) Microsoft released Windows 3.0.


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The Fifth Generation

Mid 1990s

Intelligentcomputers

Artificial

intelligence Expert

systems

Naturallanguage

Applications for 5th Gen computers

Intelligent robots that could see theirenvironment (visual input - e.g. a videocamera) and could be programmed tocarry out certain tasks and should be able

to decide for itself how the task should beaccomplished, based on the observationsit made of its environment.

Intelligent systems that could control theroute of a missile and defence-systems

that could fend off attacks. Word processors that could be controlled

by means of speech recognition.

Programs that could translate documentsfrom one language to another.


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5th Generation

Some technological developments that could makethe development of fifth-generation computerspossible, include:

Parallel-processing - many processors are grouped tofunction as one large group processor.

Superconductors - a superconductor is a conductor throughwhich electricity can travel without any resistance resulting infaster transfer of information between the components of acomputer.

Expert Systems helps doctors to reach a diagnosis byfollowing the logical steps of problem solving just as if thedoctor would have done it himself.

Speech recognition systems, capable of recognising dictationand entering the text into a word processor, are alreadyavailable.


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The Fifth GenerationAI Artificial Intelligence

How computers can be used for tasks thatrequired human characteristics


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Problem Solving by Search

An important aspect of intelligence is goal-basedproblem solving.The solution of many problems (e.g. noughts and crosses,timetabling, chess) can be described by finding a sequence ofactions that lead to a desirable goal. Each action changes the stateand the aim is to find the sequence of actions and states that leadfrom the initial (start) state to a final (goal) state.

A well-defined problem can be described by:1. Initial state2. Operator or successor function - for any state x returns

s(x), the set of states reachable from x with one action3. State space - all states reachable from initial by any

sequence of actions4. Path - sequence through state space5. Path cost - function that assigns a cost to a path. Cost of a

path is the sum of costs of individual actions along the path6. Goal test - test to determine if at goal state


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The Fifth GenerationExpert Systems

Software used with anextensive set of organized

data that presents thecomputer as an expert on aparticular topic


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The Fifth GenerationNatural Language

Humans communicatewith computers in thelanguage they use on adaily basis


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The Fifth GenerationRobotics

Computer-controlleddevice that canphysically manipulate itssurroundings

THOR on display and demonstration circa 1981

Robot development firmSpeecys Corp. of Tokyodeveloped a small

humanoid robot, poweredentirely by easy-to-replace,environmentally friendlyfuel-cell batteries.


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The Fifth GenerationVR Virtual Reality

Engage a user in acomputer-createdenvironment

User physically interacts

with computer-createdenvironment


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