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The annual global production of fishmeal and fish oil is currently around five million tonnes of meal and one million tonnes of oil (Figure 1), except in years when the fishing in the South Pacific is disrupted by the warm waters of an El Niňo, most recently in 2010. Around 22 million tonnes of raw material is used, of which approximately 75 percent comes from whole fish and 25 percent from by-products of processing fish for human consumption (IFFO estimates).
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September | October 2012
Fishmeal & fish oil and its role in sustainable aquaculture
The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2012 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
The annual global production offishmeal and fish oil is currentlyaround fivemilliontonnesofmealand one million tonnes of oil
(Figure1),except inyearswhen the fishingintheSouthPacificisdisruptedbythewarmwatersofanElNiňo,mostrecentlyin2010.Around 22 million tonnes of raw materialis used,ofwhich approximately 75percentcomesfromwholefishand25percentfromby-products of processing fish for humanconsumption(IFFOestimates).
The majority of the whole fish used aresmallpelagicfishsuchasanchovy,menhaden,sardinesandsandeelsforwhichtherearelim-itedmarketsfordirecthumanconsumption.Inadditiontotheestimated11.5milliontonnesof smallpelagic fishused in fishmeal there isalsoanestimatedfivemilliontonnesofotherfish, the majority from mixed tropical trawlfisheriesinEastAsia.
Going forward The prospects for increasing the produc-
tionof fishmeal and fishoil are very limited,
sincemostoftheunderlyingfisheriesarenowbeingwellmanaged, using the precautionaryprinciplewithtightlysetandmonitoredquo-tas.Alsoincreasingly,marketsarebeingfoundforatleastaproportionofthecatchestogofordirecthumanconsumption.
Inaddition there isconcern that someofthemixedtropicaltrawlfisheriesarenotbeingwellmanagedandthatcatcheswillthereforedecreaseinthecomingyearsasthesebecomeseverelydepleted.Theprospectsforincreas-ingvolumesoffisheriesby-productsdohow-ever lookbetteras fishingbecomesconcen-tratedat fewer landingsitesandaquaculturalproductionalsobecomesmoreconcentrated.Thiswillbe furtherencouragedby the risingpriceoffishmealandstricterlawsagainstthedumpingofwastematerial.Soonbalancetheproductionofbothfishmealandfishoiloverthe next few years is likely to remain aboutwhereitisorpossiblydecreaseslightly,whichwillcertainlyhappeninElNiñoyears.
The lack of growth in the production ofmarineingredientshasledsometospeculatethatthegrowthofaquaculturewouldinturnbelimitedbytheshortageofsuchkeyingredi-
ents–theso-calledfishmealtrap.Itiscertainlytrue that during the 1990s and early 2000sasaquaculturegrew, itusedmoreandmorefishmeal,mostlybytakingvolumesthatinthepasthadgoneintopigandpoultryfeeds.
However, since around2005 aquaculturerequiringfeedhascontinueditsstrongannualgrowth of around seven percent but thevolumesoffishmealusedinaquaculturehaveremainedsteadyataround3.2milliontonnesand those of fish oil have even reducedto around 600,000 tonnes. (Figure 2). Thishas led the FAO to state in their recentlyreleasedreportontheStateofFisheriesandAquaculture(FAO2012):“Althoughthedis-cussionontheavailabilityanduseofaquafeedingredients often focuses on fishmeal andfish-oil resource, considering the past trendsand current predictions, the sustainability oftheaquaculturesectorwillprobablybecloselylinkedwiththesustainedsupplyofterrestrialanimal and plant proteins, oils and carbohy-dratesforaquafeeds.”
Becoming a strategic ingredientThis growth in aquaculture production,
Fishmeal & fish oil and its role in sustainable aquaculture
by Dr Andrew Jackson, Technical Director, IFFO, UK
Figure 1. The Global Production of fishmeal and fish oil from 1964-2011 (IFFO data)
Figure 2. The global production of fed aquaculture and the use in the associated diets of fishmeal and fish oil, millions of tonnes (FAO FishStat data and IFFO data and estimates)
18 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2012
FEATURE
September-October 2012 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 19
whilst not increasing the total amount offishmeal used, is coming through the partialreplacementoffishmealinthedietsofalmostall species (Taconet al2011,Figure3).Thisdrive to replace fishmeal is being driven bytheriseinthepriceoffishmealandimprovingnutritional knowledge, but also by concernabout the fluctuating supply due to ElNiño,etc. Of course the price of all commodi-
ties has risen steeply inrecent years and it isimportant to comparethe price of fishmealwiththealternatives.
Themostcommonlyused alternative to fish-meal is thatofsoymeal.Figure4showsthatoverthelasttwentyyearsthepriceratiooffishmealtosoymeal has increasedsignificantly, which isindicative of the factthat fishmeal is beingreduced in less criticalareas such as growerfeeds, but remains inthe more critical andlessprice-sensitiveareasof hatchery and brood-stock feeds. Fishmeal isthereforebecomingless
of a commodity and more of a strategicingredient used in places where its uniquenutritionalpropertiescangivethebestresultsandwherepriceislesscritical.
Fish oil and its fatty acidsAshasbeenwelldocumented,duringthe
period1985-2005fishoilusagemovedfrombeing almost exclusively used to produce
hydrogenated margarines to being almostexclusivelyusedinaquaculture.Withinaqua-culturebyfarthebiggestuserwasinsalmonfeed, indeed it reached the point, in around2002, when over 60 percent of the world’sfishoilproductionwasbeingfedtosalmon.
The reason for this very high usage insalmonfeedswasthatsalmonwerefoundtoperform best on diets with in excess of 30percentfatandatthetimefishoilwasoneofthe cheapest oils on the market. In additionit also gave the finished salmon fillets a veryhighleveloflongchainOmega-3fattyacids,specificallyEPAandDHA.
During the last 10 years increasing evi-dencehasbeenpublishedontheveryimpor-tantrolethesetwofattyacidsplayinhumanhealth.EPAhasbeenshowntobecritical inthe health of the cardiovascular system andDHAintheproperfunctioningofthenervoussystem,mostnotablybrainfunction.
Thisgrowingawarenesswithinthemedicalprofession and the general public has led tomanygovernmentsproducingrecommendeddailyintakesforthesefattyacidsandcompa-nies launchinga largenumberofhealth sup-plements, including pharmaceutical products,withconcentratedEPA.
TheimportanceplacedonEPAandDHAin the human diet has had a number ofprofoundeffectsonthefishoilmarket.Firstlyoverthelasttenyearsasignificantmarkethas
Figure 3. The dietary inclusion of fishmeal (%) in aquaculture feeds over the period 1995-2010 (after Tacon et al 2011 )
18 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2012 September-October 2012 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 19
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whilst not increasing the total amount offishmeal used, is coming through the partialreplacementoffishmealinthedietsofalmostall species (Taconet al2011,Figure3).Thisdrive to replace fishmeal is being driven bytheriseinthepriceoffishmealandimprovingnutritional knowledge, but also by concernabout the fluctuating supply due to ElNiño,etc. Of course the price of all commodi-
ties has risen steeply inrecent years and it isimportant to comparethe price of fishmealwiththealternatives.
Themostcommonlyused alternative to fish-meal is thatofsoymeal.Figure4showsthatoverthelasttwentyyearsthepriceratiooffishmealtosoymeal has increasedsignificantly, which isindicative of the factthat fishmeal is beingreduced in less criticalareas such as growerfeeds, but remains inthe more critical andlessprice-sensitiveareasof hatchery and brood-stock feeds. Fishmeal isthereforebecomingless
of a commodity and more of a strategicingredient used in places where its uniquenutritionalpropertiescangivethebestresultsandwherepriceislesscritical.
Fish oil and its fatty acidsAshasbeenwelldocumented,duringthe
period1985-2005fishoilusagemovedfrombeing almost exclusively used to produce
hydrogenated margarines to being almostexclusivelyusedinaquaculture.Withinaqua-culturebyfarthebiggestuserwasinsalmonfeed, indeed it reached the point, in around2002, when over 60 percent of the world’sfishoilproductionwasbeingfedtosalmon.
The reason for this very high usage insalmonfeedswasthatsalmonwerefoundtoperform best on diets with in excess of 30percentfatandatthetimefishoilwasoneofthe cheapest oils on the market. In additionit also gave the finished salmon fillets a veryhighleveloflongchainOmega-3fattyacids,specificallyEPAandDHA.
During the last 10 years increasing evi-dencehasbeenpublishedontheveryimpor-tantrolethesetwofattyacidsplayinhumanhealth.EPAhasbeenshowntobecritical inthe health of the cardiovascular system andDHAintheproperfunctioningofthenervoussystem,mostnotablybrainfunction.
Thisgrowingawarenesswithinthemedicalprofession and the general public has led tomanygovernmentsproducingrecommendeddailyintakesforthesefattyacidsandcompa-nies launchinga largenumberofhealth sup-plements, including pharmaceutical products,withconcentratedEPA.
TheimportanceplacedonEPAandDHAin the human diet has had a number ofprofoundeffectsonthefishoilmarket.Firstlyoverthelasttenyearsasignificantmarkethas
Figure 3. The dietary inclusion of fishmeal (%) in aquaculture feeds over the period 1995-2010 (after Tacon et al 2011 )
18 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2012 September-October 2012 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 19
FEATURE
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ApplicationsopenforMScSustainableAquacultureSystemsatPlymouthUniversity
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Best-sellingauthorsofMegatrendsunveiledasguestspeakersattheWorldNutritionForum2012
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September-October 2012 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 3
Aqua News
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Culture of low-cost fresh-waterfish(carp,tilapiaorcatfish) israpidly expandingworldwide andprovides a tremendousopportu-nity toprovidehigh-quality animalprotein for feeding growingworldpopulations.Asproductionexpands,pricepressureshave increasedongrowers,demanding improvedeffi-ciencies.Tobe considered for theinternship,Novusaskforaproposalthatincludesthefollowing:
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developedforthesaleofcrudefishoilforitsrefinementandinclusionintocapsulesetc.
This has grown from almost nothing, tothe point where today around 25 percentof theworld’sproductionofcrude fishoil issold to this market. This has occurred at atimewhen thedemand for salmon feedhasgonefrom1.8milliontonnestonearlythreemilliontonnes.Theothercriticalfactoristhattoobtainfishoiloftherightquality(freshness,lackofoxidationproductsand levelsofEPAand DHA) the nutraceutical market pays apremiumof25-30percentoverthatforfeedoil (current price for feed-grade fish oil isapproximately$1,800/tonne).
In order to increase the production ofsalmonfeedin-linewiththemarket(aswell
as tryingtominimiseanypriceeffect) feedproducershavebeen increasinglysubstitut-ingfishoilwithvegetableoil.Thevegetableoil of choice is rapeseed (or canola) oil,which,while not having any EPAorDHA,doesatleasthaveshort-chainomega3fattyacids and fewer omega-6 fatty acids thanmost other commonly available vegetableoils such as soya oil. The point has nowbeen reached where over 50 percent ofthe added oil in salmon diets comes from
vegetable sources and this trend seemslikelytocontinue.
As salmon are poor converters of short-chained omega-3 fatty acids to long-chainfattyacidsthefattyacidprofileofthefinishedsalmon fillet is verymucha reflectionof thefattyacidprofileinthefeed.TheresultisthattheEPAandDHAcontentoffarmedsalmonis decreasing and the omega-6 content isincreasing.
This trend seems set to continue in theyearstocome.Itseemslikelythatthesalmonmarket will differentiate into ‘high EPA andDHA’ salmon demanding a price premiumandregularsalmon,which,whilestillcontain-ingsomeEPAandDHAwillhavelevelswellbelowthatfoundinwildsalmon.
Is it sustainable?One of the most often asked questions
about fishmeal and fish oil is whether ornotthepractice issustainable.This isahugetopicfordiscussionandonethatisnoteasilycovered in the last sectionofa shortarticle.Toanswer thequestiononehas togobackandlookatthesourceoftherawmaterialandlookatthematter,fisherybyfishery.Themostwidelyacceptedmeasureof sustainability fora fishery is theMarineStewardshipCouncil’s
standard. However, whilst this has beenadopted by a growing number of fisherieswhichcanbeeco-labelledatthepointofsale,therearecurrentlynosubstantialvolumesofwhole-fish fromMSCcertified fisheriesbeingmadeavailabletofishmealplants.
Back in 2008 IFFO became aware thatthe fishmeal and fish oil industry needed anindependently set, third-party audited stand-ard, which could be used by a factory todemonstratetheresponsiblesourcingofrawmaterial and the responsible manufacture ofmarine ingredients. IFFO convened a multi-stakeholdertaskforceincludingfeedproduc-ers,fishfarmers,fishprocessors,retailersandenvironmentalNGOswhooverthenext18months complied the standard which waslaunchedlate2009.
The IFFO RS standard has been quicklyadopted by the industry and the point hasnowbeen reachedwhereoverone thirdofthe world production comes from certifiedfactories. The standard requires that anywhole fish must come from fisheries thataremanagedaccordingtotheFAOCodeofConductforResponsibleFisheries.Thestand-ardalsodemandsthatthefactorycandemon-strate good manufacturing practice includingfulltraceabilityfromintaketofinishedproduct.
Therearenowaround100certifiedfacto-riesinninedifferentcountriesproducingIFFORS fishmealand fishoil.Manyof theworld’smajor feed fisherieshavebeenapproved foruse,althoughsomehaveyettoproducesuf-ficientevidencetoconvincetheauditors.Fulldetails of certified plants and approved rawmaterialscanbefoundontheIFFOwebsite,www.iffo.net.
A continuing area of concern is Asiawhere,asdiscussedearlier,thereareconsid-erable volumes of fishmeal produced fromtrawledmixed species. IFFO isworkingwitha number of different organisations includ-ing the FAO and the Sustainable FisheriesPartnershiptoinvestigatehowtobringaboutfisheriesimprovementinthiscriticalarea.Asia
Figure 4. The ratio of the price of Peruvian fishmeal and Brazilian soymeal based on weekly prices for the period 1993-2012 and the calculated trend line (IFFO data)
20 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2012
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September-October 2012 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 21
is the region where aquaculture is growingfastestandtheneedforresponsiblyproducedfishmealishighest.
ConclusionsFishmealandfishoilproductionisexpect-
ed to remain around current levels, but thisisunlikely to limit thegrowthofaquaculturewhichwillcontinuetohavereducinginclusionlevels of marine ingredients in the diets ofmost farmed fish. Fishmeal will increasinglybecomeastrategic ingredientusedatcritical
stages of the life-cycle when optimum per-formanceisrequired.
ThegrowingimportanceofEPAandDHAin human health will ensure that there is astrong demand for fish oil, either for directhumanconsumptionorvia farmedfish,suchassalmon.
There is a growing need for fish feedproducers and farmers to demonstrate thatall the raw materials in their feeds are beingresponsibly sourced. This is best achieved byusing an internationally recognised certificationstandard.Increasingvolumesofcertifiedmarineingredients are now coming onto the marketwhich will allow fish farmers to demonstratetheircommitmenttoresponsibleaquaculture.
References
FAO(2012).Thestateoftheworldfisheriesandaquaculture2012.Rome:FAO.
Tacon,A.G.J.,Hasan,M.R.,andMetian,M.(2011).Demandandsupplyoffeedingredientsforfarmedfishandcrustaceans-Trendsandprospects.In:FAOfisheriestechnicalpaper,Vol.564.Rome:FAO.
More inforMation:Website: www.iffo.net
"Fishmeal and fish oil
production is expected to
remain around current levels,
but this is unlikely to limit
the growth of aquaculture
which will continue to have
reducing inclusion levels of
marine ingredients in the
diets of most farmed fish"
20 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2012 September-October 2012 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 21
FEATURE
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Volume 15 I s sue 5 2 012
the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
The use of algae in fish feeds as alternatives to fishmeal
Gustor Aqua and Ecobiol Aqua:– enhancing digestion in a different manner
Fishmeal & fish oil– and its role in sustainable
aquaculture
Options and challenges of alternative protein and energy
resources for aquafeed
EXPERT TOPIC– Shrimp
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