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FISHING

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Key TermsPelagic fish: such as salmon and tuna that

live and feed in the open ocean.Ground fish: such as cod and sole that live

and feed near the bottom of the sea.Shellfish: mollusks and crustaceans such

as oysters, shrimp, and lobstersBalance of trade: difference between

value of exports and value of imports.

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Key Terms

Surplus: if imports exceed exports, there is a trade deficit.

Continental shelf: gently sloping outer edge of a continent, that extends below the surface of the ocean to a max. depth of about 200m.

Fishing banks: shallow area on the continent shelf that provides a feeding and spawning ground for fish.

Plankton: microscopic plants and animals eaten by small fish and shellfish.

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Key TermsInshore fish: commercial fishing that takes

place within a few km’s of shore. Small boats go to sea and return each day.

Offshore fishery: uses boats longer than 25m. They stay at sea for several days before returning.

Sustained Yield Management: using a renewable resource at a rate that allows it to renew itself.

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Ocean fishing is

Canada’s oldest industry.

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Ocean Fishing

• The three different kinds of ocean fish

– Groundfish - fish that are bottom feeders

– Pelagic fish - fish that freely feed in open water

– Shellfish – ekto-skeletal

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Commercial Fishing

Commercial fishing occurs in three areas:• East Coast• West Coast• Freshwater - inland lakes

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The East Coast Fishery

• The East Coastal waters of Canada were the world’s greatest fishing grounds because...

• The Atlantic Ocean has a wide continental shelf, and…

• The shelf has a shallow area, called “fishing banks”.

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The East Coast Fishery

• Two types of fishing…

– Inshore: mostly along the shoreline and where small boats may only be gone for a few hours.

– Offshore: Fishing done in open water, using larger boats, and that stay at sea for many days.

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East Coast Fishery Collapse

• Fishing in the East Coast became a lifestyle for many.

• Some did fish for recreational purposes, but most fished to earn a living.

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The Collapse Of Fishery

There are five major reasons that people have suggested as the reasons for the collapse:

1) Overfishing

2) Improved Fishing Technology

3) Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing

4) Destructive Fishing Practices

5) Changes In Natural Conditions

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Overfishing

The catch allowed by the government each year, was apparently set too high. They believe the scientists overestimated the number of fish maturing each year, and more adult fish were caught then was considered acceptable.

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Improved Fishing Technology

• Technological developments, like satellite navigation systems, etc. helped fishers find schools of fish faster and more precisely..

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Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing• Countries such as

Russia and Japan were catching far more fish than would normally be allowed.

• Some countries have tried to reduce overfishing by limiting the size of the catch or restricting the amount of time boats spend on the water.

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Destructive Fishing Practices

• When people were trying to catch one specific kind of fish, they often caught other kinds.

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Changes In Natural Conditions

• Most people have held responsible the change in natural conditions for the fall of the fishing industry.

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Changes in Natural Conditions

Two specific changes have been recognized:

1) Water temperatures have dropped.– The fish may have to change their migration

routes to avoid these areas where these changes have occurred.

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2) Some people suggested that the refuse of the sealing industry in the late 1970s caused a raise in the seal population. – This reduced groundfish populations because

the seals ate large amounts of small fish called caplin, which is a major source for cod.

– Seals may also be eating large quantities of cod.

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The West Coast Fishery

• Even though salmon is found on both coasts, the West Coast catch is 400 times bigger than the East Coast catch.

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The Collapse of the West Coast Fishery

• The failure of the fish-management system in the Atlantic fishery caused scientists and politicians to re-evaluate the handling of the West Coast fishery.

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Collapse of the West Coast Fishery

• There are many possible reasons for the collapse of the West Coast salmon fishery such as:– Overfishing– Changes in the environment – Lack of a salmon fishing treaty

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Overfishing

• During 1990s, Canadian and American were catching over 800,00 tonnes of fish per year .

• The salmon stocks could not survive the massive yearly catch, which means that very few adult fish were able to reach the spawning rivers.

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Changes in the Environment

• Global warming appears to be effecting the temperature in the Pacific oceans, this could threaten the salmon’s habitat.

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Lack of a Salmon Fishing Treaty

• A long debate between the United States and Canada concerning where salmon may be caught and how much may be taken in by each country.

.

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Challenges to the West Coast Fishery

• As the supply of salmon decreases, there is a difficulty of balancing a limited supply of fish with a growing demand.

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Challenges to the West Coast Fishery

• There are three competing demands for salmon in British Columbia.– Commercial fishing– Sport fishing– Fishing by First Nations

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Commercial Fishing

• The demand for salmon by the Aboriginal people is growing for two reasons:– a Supreme Court decision in 1990– The right to fish commercially is a focus of

many First Nations land claims in B.C.

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Sport Fishing

• Wanting a larger share of the available salmon.

• Salmon caught be recreational fishers are worth more than that of which you would catch commercially.

• About 4 million people in Canada fish for sport every year.

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Sport Fishing…continued.

• On average sport fishers spend 6.7 billion all together on things like boats, fishing equipment, accommodation, meals, guides, and licenses.

• About half the sport fishing by Canadians and about 2/3 of that by visitors is done in Ontario.

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Freshwater Fishery

• Canada’s freshwater fisheries are located in the great lakes, as well as about 600 or so smaller lakes.

• The major fish caught from these lakes are whitefish, perch, pickerel, and trout.

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Changes must be made to ensure the health of both fisheries, because they provide employment and are a part of our heritage.

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Questions

1) What are the three categories of fish?A) Salmon, Goldfish, Mollusks

B) Sharks, Shellfish, Lobster

C) Pollack, Redfish, Oyster

D) Groundfish, Pelagic, Shellfish

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2) What is the most important catch of the West Coast?A) Salmon

B) Lobster

C) Plankton

D) Sockeye

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3) What are Canada’s three types of fisheries?A) North Coast, Ocean Water, South Coast

B) Freshwater, East Coast, West Coast

C) North Coast, South Coast, Freshwater

D) West Coast, Ocean Water, East Coast

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4) What percentage of Canada’s catch is exported?A) 66%

B) More than 50%

C) Less than 30%

D) 91%

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Farming

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Key Terms

• Renewable Resource:

• Growing season:

• Intensive farming:

A resource that replaces itself.

Period which crops can grow.

Large amount of labour on a small farm.

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Key Terms

• Extensive farming:

• Mechanization:

• Land Capability:

Small amount of labor on a large farm.

When machinery takes over the work of humans.

Ability of land to be used for a certain purpose.

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Key Terms

• Agribusiness:

Vertical integration:

Agriculture business. Ex. distributing food.

When a company owns every process required to produce its product.

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Key Terms

• Non- renewable resource:

• Sustainable

agriculture:

A resource that can only be used once.

Approach to agriculture production without harming the environment.

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Facts

• Farming requires…– Great skill and effort.

– Enough money to purchase property and equipment.

– Luck, in terms of weather and market conditions.

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More Facts

• Agriculture and fish industries contribute more than 8% of Canada's GDP.

• Canadians rely on farmers to produce food that’s inexpensive.

• Canadians spend 11% of income on food.

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Land: The Basic Resource

• Land can be a renewable resource, and support new crops year after year.

• But could also be classified as a non-renewable resource, because of the limited amount that is available.

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Seven Classes of Land

Class 1: Deep soils, excellent for farming. Takes up 0.5% of land.

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Class 2: Very good farmland. Takes up 1.8% of land.

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Class 3: Good farmland but has some climatic limitations. Takes up 2.7% of land.

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Class 4: Land is at the “break-even” point because of short growing season and poor soil conditions. Takes up 2.7% of land.

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Class 5: Has serious limitations for agriculture. Land is used for grazing or producing hay. Takes up 3.7% of land.

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Class 6: More severe limitations for agriculture. Land used for rough grazing. Takes up 1.8% of land.

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Class 7: Has no capability for farming. Takes up 86.8% of land.

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Types Of Farming

• Intensive farming and extensive farming.

• Impacts of farming:

~ Cost of land.

~ Transportation cost.

~ Competition.

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The Business of Farming

• Increased mechanization has brought an increase in size of farms.

• The long hours and low incomes associated with farming have caused many people to leave farming.

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• The start-up costs for farming can be up to $1 million.

• In many parts of the world, farming is carried on increasingly by large agribusiness companies.

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Agribusiness

• Two types:

– Each farmer divides the costs for the equipment. E.g. a business.

– Farmers may own their own land but raise livestock or grow crops that belong to the company.

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Damaging the Land

Some things that damage the land include:– Erosion– Contamination

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Erosion

• Wearing away of the Earth’s surface followed by the movement to other locations of materials that have worn away.

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Contamination

• when soil is contaminated with salts, chemicals from spraying, or dangerous heavy metals as a result of pollution.

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Sustainable Agriculture

• agricultural production that can be maintained without harming the environment.

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Sustainable Agriculture

Some examples:

– Large, lightweight tires that don’t damage wet soil are available for tractors.

– Natural fertilizers have been developed for using.

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Loss of Farmland

• Most of Canada’s best farmland has been converted to urban uses.

• Replacing each hectare of the best land, means that farmers must use several hectares of poorer quality land to produce the same quantity of crops.

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Loss of Farmland

• When a city expands, the surrounding farmland becomes very valuable.

• Farmers must choose to either sell their land resulting in a great amount of money, or to keep running their low income business.

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Help Prevent Loss of Farmland

• Urban expansion has a harmful effect on surrounding farming communities.

• The impact could be lessened if the expansion were controlled.

– For example: by permitting building only on poorer quality farmland.

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Some Questions…

What factor/s cause people to leave farming?

A. Too expensive

B. Get bored

C. Good weather conditions

D. A and C

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Some Questions…

Why are chemicals used in agriculture?

A. To promote rain

B. To protect plants from excessive sunlight

C. To spray the soil for pests

D. All the above

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Questions

How good is Class 1 land for farming?

A. Very poor

B. Excellent

C. Good but, with some climatic limitations

D. Can only be used for rough grazing

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FOOD

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Definitions

۩ Malnutrition - A condition in which health is damaged by an unbalanced diet that includes too much or too little nutrients.

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Definitions

۩ Famine - temporary situation where a country/region lacks enough food to feed its population.

۩ Starvation - Extreme form of hunger in where suffering is from a serious/total lack of energy, essential vitamins and minerals.

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Definitions…

۞Green revolution - Development in the second half of the 20th C. of high yield wheat and rice. It lead to increased harvests, particularly in developing countries.

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Definitions

۞Productivity - Capacity to generate goods/services for economic value.

۞Selective breeding - Process of developing specific plant/animal species to increase yields, hardiness or improve resistance to pests.

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©High Yield Varieties (HYV) - Development of HYV’s (such as rice, corn and wheat) to provide for making breads and to replace lower yielding native crops.

©Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) - Changing the genetic structure of organisms to give them more desirable characteristics.

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Definitions

©Intensive Agriculture - Large amounts of labour, machinery and fertilizers are used on small farms.

©Extensive Farming - Small amounts of labour, machinery and fertilizers are used on large farms.

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Definitions

©Subsistence Farming - Growing crops and raising livestock on small holdings to meet immediate needs of one’s family.

©Cash-crop Farming - Specializing in producing only a few products - for sale in world and local markets.

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Biotechnology in food production

• If the food production could be increased by creating plants that would resist disease, or produce new crops that that would help prevent stuff like blindness. That is why we develop GMO’s (Genetically Modified Organisms). This allows someone to take genes from one plant or animal and put it into another.

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Benefits of GM crops

• It took scientists more than 10 years and $150 000 000 to create just two new varieties of genetically modified rice. One has more vitamin A and the other prevents deficiencies of iron in people that rely on rice as food.

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Climate

• The first natural system is climate. This contributes two variables to the success of farming. The first is the amount of solar energy (heat). The second is the moisture. Which is measured in terms of precipitation levels.

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Soil…

• The second system is the soil. This is a complex substance that includes minerals, living organic materials such as earthworms and bacteria. Also many decaying materials such as rotting plants, water and air.

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Topography

• If the area is too hilly, there is lots of erosion.

• If the surface area is too flat, the water will rise and fill the land.

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Biology

• The fourth system that affects agriculture is biological. Some organisms are highly beneficial to farming. E.g. earthworms.

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Questions

Farmers who grow crops and raise livestock usually on small holdings to meet their needs?

A) Biology

B) Agriculture

C) Soil

D) Subsistence Farmers D) Subsistence Farmers

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Questions

Type of farming in which small amounts of labor machinery and fertilizers are used on large farms.

A) A) Extensive FarmingExtensive Farming

B) Irradiated Farming

C) Organic Farming

D) All of the above

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FISHING

By Jon

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Fish

Fish are a renewable resource

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Key Terms

• Sustained Yield Management– Allowing the population to re-establish itself,

avoiding a collapse

• Overfishing– Catching more than the number of fish that

reach maturity

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History

• During the early 1500’s, fishermen from around the globe fished around Newfoundland

• Fishing was a large part of the economy

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East Coast Fishery

• Shallow water, plenty of plankton and underwater growth makes the Cod population thrive

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West Coast Fishery

• The west coast contains mainly Salmon

• Salmon hatch in rivers, and head out into the ocean when they reach maturity

• In 1994, the West Coast Fishery was brought into attention, as salmon numbers were drastically low

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Collapse of the Fisheries

• In 1992, the Cod fishery collapsed, and later, the Salmon fishery due to overfishing and destructive practices

• Fishers did not take the Sustained Yield Management concept into consideration

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Why did the Fisheries “Collapse”?

Overfishing– More fish were caught than the population

could put out

Improved Fishing Technology– Technology made mass fishing easier (ex-

drag nets—destroying the sea life below)

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“Collapse”

Unmonitored Foreign Fishing– Foreign fishing companies weren’t held

accountable for their fishing habits

Destructive Fishing

– Fishers had no respect for the fish habitat and ended up killing a lot of fish they didn’t use

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“Collapse”

Natural Conditions Changed– Nature changed, causing negative affects on

the fish population

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Now-A-Days

• To this date, fishing makes up for less than 1% of our economy

• Canada is the leading exporter of fish– Our exports outweigh our imports,

creating a well balanced economy

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Now-A-Days

The main buyers of our fish are:

– The USA

–Pacific Countries

–European Countries

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Question

What is “over-fishing”?

a.a. Catching more fish than the number that reach Catching more fish than the number that reach maturitymaturity

b. Catching many fish, but only keeping the mature ones

c. Killing off the fish that aren’t what you were trying to catch

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Question

What is “Sustained Yield Management”?

a. Being able to keep a fish population alive on board a ship

b. Keeping the demand for Canadian fish high

c.c. Allowing the population to re-establish Allowing the population to re-establish itself, avoiding a collapseitself, avoiding a collapse

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Question

What percentage of our economy does fishing account for?

a. 15%

b. 20%

c. 3.5%

d.d. 1%1%

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Question

Who are the main buyers of Canada’s fish?a. USA, China, and Europe

b.b. USA, Pacific countries, and European USA, Pacific countries, and European countriescountries

c. USA, Netherlands, and Africa

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Fishing: An Industry at the Crossroads

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Overfishing during 1990s • Canadian and

American salmon boats caught over 800 000 tons of fish per year.

• There were over 100

major fish processing plants in B.C.

• Now there are fewer than 10.

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Global warming

• There is evidence that Global Warming is increasing the temperature of the Pacific.

• This could threaten salmon habitat

• Salmon prefer water below 7 degrees

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• In 1997 Canadians were not allowed to fish but Alaskan fisher could catch as much as they wanted.

• In the 1980s and early 1990s the commercial fleet caught 94% while other groups accounted for about 3%

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Sport fishing

For most people going fishing is simply a pleasant way to spend the summer day. They do not realize that sport fishing is a major industry

– One million people spend about $6.7 billion on thing like boats, equipment, meals, fishing guides and licenses

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IN CLOSING

• Our problems are part of a global trend that began in the 1970s and coasts.

• According to a study by the world wildlife fund 70% of the worlds 200 most valuable fish stocks are either depleted or overfished.

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Canadian and American salmon boats caught over __________ tons of fish per year.

a. 100 000

b. 300 000

c. 400 000

d.d. 800 000800 000

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The Nature of Agriculture

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Fewer than 4 percent of Canadian workers are farmers

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Climate

• There are 2 variables to the success of farming.

• The amount of solar energy (heat)

• The amount of moisture

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Soil

– Soil includes minerals, living organic materials like earthworms and bacteria, and decaying materials such as rotting plants, water and air.

– If there is too much moisture, there will be less crops, and if there is not enough moisture, then there will be fewer crops.

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Topography

The best land to farm is flat land. If the land is too hilly there is a potential loss for topsoil and if the land is very low then it would be too wet and moist for the plants to grow.

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Biology

• Earthworms are good for plants because they improve the movement of air through the soil.

• Weeds are a very big problem.

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Biotechnology

• Swiss scientists spent more than 10 years and 150 million dollars to create 2 new varieties of genetically modified rice.

• They took 2 genes from a daffodil and one from a bacterium.

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G.M. Animals

• Scientists have created better and healthier animals for us.

• Transgenic cows produce more milk on less food

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G.M. Animals

• Transgenic pigs produce leaner meat

• Pigs and sheep can even be modified to produce human proteins like insulin in their milk.

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Question

• What percentage of Canadians farm?

a. 2%

b.b. 4%4%

c. 6%

d. 8%

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Question

What land is best for farming?

a. Hilly

b. Sand

c. Low

d.d. FlatFlat

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Agricultural Patterns

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The Controversy Surrounding GMO’s

• Supporters of the divided line of the plants feel that they can create a safer situation because the type of a gene(s) and transferring them from one plant to another.

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• A major concern in north America is that people may not know that they are eating genetically modified food.

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• Those who don’t believe the GMO’s also feel that not enough research is being done to prove that the altered genes of the food products.

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• Farming is a skillful and takes a lot of effort, and enough money to buy land and equipment.

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Basic Resources

• Canada is the second largest country in the world of agriculture

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Seven Categories ofAgricultural Land

• Class 1 - excellent for farming

• Classes 1 to 6 - land used for some form of agriculture

• Classes 1 to 3 - considered to be good farmland

• Canada has a total land area of approximately 921 500 000 ha - Yet only 13% of this is good for farming.

• Class 7 - has no capability/capacity for farming.

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Amounts/Types of Canadian Farmland

Total land area of Canada 921 500 000

Unsuitable - Class 7 799 950

Fair/Poor - Classes 4-6 76 100 000

Good - Classes 2 & 3 41 300 00

Excellent - Class 1 4 150 000

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Types of Farming

• Growing season - the fertility of the soil and the amount of precipitation

• Intensive farming - is common in densely populated areas where the land values are high

• Extensive farming - is where the population is lower and the land is plentiful and less expensive

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Types of Farming

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In the 1880s, about 80% of Canadian families farmed the land, today the number stands at less than 3%

The long, irregular hours and low incomes associated with farming have caused many people to leave farming

Hundred years ago, farmers used their own muscle power and horses so they were able to manage a small farm of about 50 ha in size

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Today, farmers can manage over 200 ha with the help of modern equipment

Increasingly, farmers children do not take up farming, thus, more than ½ of Canada’s farmers are over 45 years of age

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• The start-up costs are very high –from $500 000 to more than $1 million

• That’s why most of farmers borrow money from banks

• If the prices for their farm products do not increase faster than their cost of production, debt or bankruptcy may result

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Agribusiness

Several farmers may form a cooperative, where each farmer owns shares and receives benefits.

Another type involves producing food by large companies, often multinational corporations. The farmers may own their own land but raise livestock that belongs to the company

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Soil

It’s the most important agricultural resource

It’s the top portionIf used properly it’s a renewable resourceMuch of our soil has been damaged by

poor farming practices

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o The repeated use of heavy equipment can compact soil so that it loses it’s ability to hold the water and air needed for plant growth

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No-till cropping

is one effective

soil conservation

method that is

being used

across Canada

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Sustainable Agriculture

• Something can be done without harming the environment:

–Large, lightweight tires that do not damage wet soil

–Farming methods that use natural fertilizers and avoid chemicals for controlling weeds and pests

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Loss of Farmland• Some of the crop land can’t be replaced

because of the climate conditions!

• There are people that are moving into the country who need land!