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Fishery management:Wild and farmed fish
Frank Asche
IRIS, 01.06.12
Norwegian Fisheries
• Norway is the world’s 12th largest seafood producer when measured by quantity produced, Brazil is 19th
• Norway is the world’s 2nd largest exporter of seafood, while Brazil is 51st
• The structure of the fisheries and management system has changed dramatically since the 1970s– Aquaculture
Real production value, harvest and aquaculture(2009=1)
And Brazil is not too dissomilar
We like to think of fishing as traditional and romantic,
But the fleet structure is varied
• Different regulations are required to address specific needs
• Norway did regulate access to fisheries in the 1930s, but did not try to protect stocks until 1972
• Fisher´s opportunities and behavior varies with the regulatory system
Better regulation allows better handling: Total Norwegian landings and share used for
reduction to fishmeal/oil
Norwegian landings and prices by use for spring spawning herring
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
NO
K/kg
Consumptionq Reductionq
Norwegain Mackerel landings
Chilean Jack Mackerel
Wasteful organization implies losses in more dimensions
• Overcapacity is one problem
• Rent dissipation due to foregone market opportunities is probably larger than rent dissipation due to over-capacity
• Good management is necessary to protect stocks and exploit economic opportunity
The world’s ocans covers 2/3 of the planet…
…and the world’s waterways and oceans is a great underutilized resource
• Increasingly, land-based technologies are adopted to use this resource
• Aquaculture is the “food production” arm– Aquaculture is farming while fisheries is our last large
hunting industry
• Aquaculture is an old technology, but a revolution took place in the 1970s as one started to use knowledge from agro-sciences to domesticate, breed and feed fish
World aquaculture productionAquaculture is the world´s fastest growing
food production technology
Million tonnes
World fishery production
Million tonnes
Conditions favouring increased aquaculture production
• Population growth and economic growth lead to increased aggregate demand for food
• Stagnating global catches of fish reduce the competitiveness of wild fish
• Globalization has reduced the cost of shipping products and increased trade
• The growth of retail chains favour supply chains with sufficient control to enable efficient logistics
Conditions favouring increased aquaculture production
• Population growth and economic growth lead to increased aggregate demand for food
• Stagnating global catches of fish reduce the competitiveness of wild fish
• Globalization has reduced the cost of shipping products and increased trade
• The growth of retail chains favour supply chains with sufficient control to enable efficient logistics
• To exploit these conditions, one must be competitive
Aquaculture is competitive
• Aquaculture is the result of systematic R&D and innovation in water based food production systems
• Expansion of aquaculture production is profitable because of lower production cost due to technical innovations– Productivity growth– Demand growth
• This is a necessary development if the world’s oceans and waterways are to be significant sources of food
Innovations in aquaculture are leading to rapid technological progress
Specialiced suppliers increase productivity with their own R&D work
Innovations increase scale – a pen from 1980 and one from 2010
5 m 50 m
Improved logistics
Air freight
Truck carries chilled fish
Distribution terminals
Product innovation increase demand
Branded salmon
Pre-prepared meals
Better cuts
The product is not only the physical seafood product…
…but also a set of services for the industrial buyers related to:
• Volume• Timing and frequency• Flexibility• Cost efficiency in distribution• Food safety• etc.
Norwegian export price and production cost for salmon 1985-2010 (2010=1)
Norwegian export price and production cost for salmon 1985-2010 (2010=1)
Norwegian export price and production cost for salmon 1985-2010 (2010=1)
There will be environmental challenges, but these can be solved:Use of antibiotics in the Norwegian salmon farming industry
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Kil
o
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1000
to
nn
es
Antibiotics
Salmon production
Shrimp production and real unit price(2008=1)
Channel catfish – Decline of USA and rise of China
Source: FAO, USDA
US imports of frozen whitefish, 1990-2008(tonnes product weight)
Annual growth rate Aquaculture vs agriculture
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
2000-2009 Meat
Milk
Eggs
Cereals
Fruit
Vegetables
Aquaculture
%
Governance• Not only the government, but also the industry
itself is responsible for good governance
• The influence of other stakeholders on governance has increased over time– Competing economic interests, environmental concerns,
food safety concerns
• In a successful industry, governance cannot be too light, not too heavy handed
• Governance should recognize structural changes in the industry– And not prevent innovations and sustainable technological
developments
It can take time to find a good governance system:Norwegian landings of mackerel
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
1,0
00
to
nn
es
It can take time to find a good governance system: Shrimp production, Thailand
0
100
200
300
400
500
6001
,00
0 t
on
nes
Source: FAO
One may never get there because governance is lax:Shrimp production, Taiwan
0102030405060708090
1001
,00
0 t
on
nes
Or because governance prevents innovation and new technologies:
Salmon production, USA
0
5
10
15
20
251
,00
0 t
on
nes
Brazil has success stories as well as challenges
Conclusions
• The seafood sector is very much separated into two different parts – harvesting and farming
• Harvesting industries need well protected stocks and management that allow economic opportunities to be exploited
Conclusions
• Aquaculture production will continue to increase– Because one have just started to adopt technology
from agriculture, and there is a tremendous scope for further productivity growth
• As for all biological production processes, this creates environmental challenges– Can be solved
• North-America and EU lags behind