Fisheries and Marine Service

Technical Report 813

December 1978

BIENNAL REPORT FOR 1974-76

WESTERN REGION, FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE

Edited by

D. P. Scott

Western Regi on

Fisheries and Marine Service

Department of Fisheries and the Environment

Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6

This.is the 115th Technical Report

from the Western Region, Winnipeg

Canada. Department of Fisheries and the Environment.Service. Western Region. TECHNICAL REPORT 813, 1978.Report for 1974-76 ... )

ERRATA SHEET

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i i

EDITOR'S PREAMBLE

This is the first of two Biennial Reports which will cover activitiesand changes in the Western Region, Fisheries and Marine Service, for theperiods 1974-76 and 1976-78. Much of this time has been spent underconsiderable stress from reorganizations, restricted budgets and alteredmandates. These reports are presented to ensure that an accurate recordof the Region's activities is readily available when needed. Please notethat the Research component of the Region (the former Freshwater Instituteof the Fisheries Research Board of Canada) did not issue any annual reportsbetween 1966 and 1970, when it was incorporated into the regular Departmentstructure. This new Biennial Report pair covers what could be called theRegion1s "recent" period, beginning, as it does, in the year when the firststeps were taken to amal gamate Operati ons and Research Di rectorates intoone, cohesive whole. We have chosen to report on fiscal years, April 1 toMarch 31, rather than calendar years, as being more closely related to therealities of budgets and planning processes.

~ Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1978

Cat. no. Fs 97-6/813 ISSN 0701-7626

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

LIST OF TABLES

Table

FISHING AND INDUSTRY SERVICES 2Di rector's Summary . 2Fishing Services Branch. 3

Economic Intelligence Section 3Fishing Industry Section. 3Fishing Enterprises Section . ~ 4

Industry Services Branch 14Regional Inspection Section. '4Regional Vessel Programs Section . I 6Technical and Scientific Services Section 6Field Engineering and Industrial Development

Secti on . 7District Programs 7

Northwest Territories Management District 9

2 Statistical information related toWestern Region (including some OntarioRegion) vessel programs 6

3 Quality inspections in the centralregion for 1973 and 1974 8

4 1974 import summary - Central Region 8

5 Summary of quality analyses 1975 9

EDITOR'S PREAMBLE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABSTRACT .

LIST OF ACRONYMS

DIRECTOR-GENERAL'S OFFICESummary .Advi sory CouncilPublications Review CommitteeEnvironmental Secretariat

i i

iv

v

vi

11122

Chemical analyses undertaken by Inspec­ti on Chemi stry, April 1, 1974 -March 31, 1976

6 1975 import inspections - WesternRegion

7 Library acquisitions and crans act i ons ,1973 to 1975

5

10

21

RESEARCH AND RESOURCE SERVICES 9Director's Summary 9Fisheri es Resources Branch. . . . 11

Fish Populations and Production Section 11Fish Health Section 12Aquaculture Section 12Fisheries Management Section 13

Environmental Impact Branch 13Environmental Impact Assessment Section 13Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research

Project 1975-76 14LimnologyBranch . . . . . 15

Experimental Limnology Section 15Regional Limnology Section 16

Toxicology Branch. 17Biological Methodology Section 18Chemical Methodology Section 18Industrial Toxicology Section 19

MANAGEMENT SERVICES 20Director's Summary 20Financial and Administrative Branch 20

Material Management Section 20Support Services Section. 20Finance Services Section. 20

Technical Branch 21Facilities Management Services Section 21Library and Publications Services Section 21Computer Analysis Section 21Graphic Arts and Photography Section 22

STAFF LIST . 22

STAFF PUBLICATIONS - PAPERS 25

STAFF PUBLICATIONS - REPORTS 29

iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my thanks to all who contributed to this report,especially the following persons: Mr. F. J. O. Josephson, who gatheredmuch of the material for me; Drs. G. H. Lawler, R. D. Hamilton, andN. W. Falkner, who freely gave advice on the organization of the Report,and Miss M. Kays , who oversaw the actual production of the Report. Coverlayout was produced by Mr. L. Taite; translation from the original Englishversion was made by the Translation Bureau, Secretary of State's WinnipegOffice. Dr. L. C. Dugal translated the tables into French.

v

ABSTRACT

Scott, D. P. (ed.) 1978. Biennial report for 1974-76 Western Region,Fisheries and Marine Service. Can. Fish. Mar. Servo Tech. Rep. 813:vi + 33 p.

Thi s 'report is a record of the reorgani zati on of the Western Regi on,Fisheries andhar-i ne Service, in 1974-75, and also a record of the accom­plishments of Regional Programs during the period April 1, 1974 toMarch 31, 1976. It is the first of a pair of biennial reports of theRegion's activities.

Key words: Freshwater Institute.

AFTRCALURAOSERPCAN/OLECAN/SOlCCPUACHSEDOEE~

EDTAELAEPSFEARPFFMCFHMFISFMSFSBFVIPFWI100IHNIPNISBMFKMPNMSMSTNWTOCPPAHPCBPRCRRSRSCCRTGSCHSIL

WATDOCWNRB

vi

LIST OF ACRONYMS

Aquatic Fauna Technical Research CommitteeArctic Land Use ResearchAlberta Oil Sands Environmental Research ProjectCanadian On-Line EnquiryCanadian Selective Dissemination of InformationCanada Committee on Pesticide Use in AgricultureChinook Salmon EmbryoDepartment of the EnvironmentElectronic Data Processingethylenediamintetraacetic acidExperimental Lakes AreaEnvironmental Protection ServiceFederal Environmental Assessment and Revi~w ProcessFreshwater Fish Marketing CorporationFathead MinnowsFishing and Industry ServicesFisheries and Marine ServiceFishing Services BranchFishing Vessel Insurance PlanFreshwater InstituteIndustrial Development BoardInfectious Hematopoietic NecrosisInfectious Pancreatic NecrosisIndustry Services BranchMillipore Filter KitMost Probable NumberManagement ServicesMedian Survival TimesNorthwest TerritoriesOrganochlorine Pesticidespara-Amino Hippuric AcidPolychlorinated BiphenylPublications Review CommitteeResearch and Resources ServicesRegional Screening and Coordinating CommitteeRainbow Trout GonadSmall Craft HarboursSocietas Internationalis Limnologiae (Intern~tional Congress

of Limnology)Water Resources Document Reference CentreWestern and Northern Regional Board

DIRECTOR-GENERAL'S OFFICE

SU~1MARY

In 1944 the then Federal Department of Fish­eries established a system of whitefish inspec­tion in the prairie provinces under a jointarrangement between the federal authorities andthe three provinces. The system was set up witha view to overcoming certain difficulties inwhitefish marketing. Inspection of these ship­ments was directed by a federal officer known asthe chief inspector. From the beginning, by 1971the federal fisheries activities had grown to theOperations Directorate of the Fisheries Serviceand the organization had expanded to includeResource Management and Economics components inaddition to the Inspection Branch.

A somewhat parallel development was occur­ring in the fisheries research area. In answerto provincial governments' requests for federalgovernment participation in the program to im­prove the quality of whitefish produced for theexport market, the Central Fisheries ResearchStation was established in Winnipeg in May, 1944.The work of the station was almost entirely de­voted to whitefish and the incidence of parasites(Triaenophorus crassus). In 1957 the researchstation was relocated in London, Ontario, andundertook research studies in the Great Lakes aswell as continuing the program in the prairieprovinces and the Northwest Territories (NWT).In 1966 the London station was moved back toWinnipeg and formed the nucleus of the FreshwaterInstitute (FWI). This new institute attracted anumber of internationally recognized scientistsand quickly gained international prominence inthe fields of fisheries and aquatic research.With the creation of the Department of the Envi­ronment (DOE) in 1970, the FWI came under theumbrella of the Research and Development Direc­torate of the Fisheries and Marine Service (FMS).

Initially there was little communicationbetween the Winnipeg-based units of the two direc­tora tes; however, in 1972 the two di rectoratesmoved into a common facility on the campus of theUniversity of Manitoba - the FWI. A shared pro­gram services group was developed and the prox­imity of the various units led to increasing com­munication and cooperation. Otherwise the twodirectorates remained distinct, maintaining theirautonomy and meeting only at the Assistant DeputyMinister level in Ottawa. These parallel report­ing relationships at the regional level hinderedcooperation between the directorates and certain­ly did not enhance the effectiveness of the fish­eries program being carried out in the FWI.

In October, 1974, a regional committee wasdirected to design a management framework whichultimately resulted in an organizational fusionof research and operational units into one func­tional program service group. A Director-Generalfor the region was appointed and, subsequent tothe reorganization, the program activities weredivided into three directorates: Fishing andIndustry Servi ces (FIS), Research and ResourceServices (RRS), and Management Services (MS).The clear delineation between "research" and"operations" was removed. In addition, local oper­ations of Small Craft Harbours (SCH) were trans­ferred to the region. Now named the Western

Region, the area of responsibility for federaloperations encompassed the three prairie provincesand the three northwest territories. Final rati­fication of the new organizational structure tookplace in October, 1975.*

The next year of operation in the WesternRegion has demanded that the staff of FMS respondto the challenges of the rapidly industrializednorth, the ever-increasing risk of chemical haz­ards to fish and the aquatic environment and theultimate need for increased productivity of thefreshwater fishing industry. These are but afew of the major areas of concern to FMS.

It is through the efforts of all in the West­ern Region that major advances have been made inresponding to these issues. The following bien­nal report for 1974-75 and 1975-76 highlights thesignificant research findings, the innovativetechnological developments and the continuingregulatory programs required for the protection offish, fishing and fishermen.

ADVISORY COUNCIL

The Advisory Council reports to the Directorsand the Director-General of this region. It eval­uates the scientific research activities of theregion and reports its findings together with a nu­merical rating to senior management. It is speci­fically instructed to avoid resource allocationissues as far as'possible and to concentrate on thescientific merit of the research projects. It nor­mally meets once a year for 4-8 weeks but can beconvened to consider special questions as required.

Prior to October, 1975, members of the Advi­sory Council were appointed by the Director ofResearch. Since then, only the chairman is appoint­ed, whereas the four other members are elected byregional staff through a secret ballot so as torepresent four basic scientific disciplines. Elec­ted members serve for two years on the council. Toprovide continuity, only two members are electedeach year; the chairmanship is a continuing appoint­ment.

The project review process begins with receiptby the Council of detailed descriptions of eachscientific activity in the region. These descrip­tions are reviewed by the members of the Counciland external experts, if necessary. The Councilthen drafts its comments and assigns a rating.This confidential information is then sent only tothe scientist concerned, who is invited to meetwith Council to answer questions as well as todefend the project, if necessary. The draft com­ments and rating mayor may not be changed as aresult of this consultation process. The finalcomments are drafted and a final rating is assigned.All the comments are packaged and forwarded toregional management. A complete copy of all thedescriptions of scientific activities (with ratingdeleted) is placed in the library, thus providingaccess by anyone in the region and the public.

The ratings 'and general evaluation of theprojects are used by management as part of the in-

*For further details on changed responsibilities,see directorate sections of this report.

put to decision-making on program cuts, reduction,enhancements, etc. The merit of the research pro­jects, together with the evaluation of the perfor­mance and progress of the projects, permit moreefficient resource allocation by management.

In addition, the Advisory Council providesnot only advice to management but also peer reviewand direct feedback of that review to the scien­tific staff. Experience suggests that the twoactivities have equal value. One of the importantaspects of the peer review is that all the scien­tists involved in the review process of the totalactivity of the region have the opportunity todevelop a better perspective of their own roles inthe region, and a better understanding of themanagement-research interaction.

PUBLICATIONS REVIEW COMMITTEE

The Publications Review Committee (PRC) wascreated in October, 1975. Its basic mandate is toensure that all material from the region destinedfor publication in any forum undergoes thoroughinternal review prior to being submitted for pub­lication. The Committee consists of five members,including the Chairman, and a Secretary, and com­menced formal operation on January 1, 1976. Inits first three months of operation, the PRC pro­cessed 20 manuscripts, 11 for primary journalsand 9 for FMS technical reports. The PRC alsofurnishes some input to the deliberations of theAdvisory Council, regarding pUblication of resultsof scientific and technological investigations ofthe regi on.

ENVIRONMENTAL SECRETARIAT

The Environmental Secretariat was created inOctober, 1975, as part of the regional reorgani­zation. Its functions may be summarized as:

1. representi ng FMS on the Regi ona1Screening and Coordinating Committee (RSCC);

2. acting as a regional focal point onenvironmental issues for contact with headquartersand with other agencies, both in and outside thedepartment, and

3. provi di ng advice to the Di rector­General related to environmental programs andpriorities.

The unit consists of a Director, a Coordina­tor, and provision for the addition of a-BiologicalAdvisor at a later date.

The director was already chairman of theRSCC when the unit was formed and continued toperform in that role during the review period.This Committee plays a key role in the FederalEnvironmental Assessment and Review Process(FEARP) by providing advice to proponents and ini­tiating departments, assisting them in the identi­fication and assessment of impacts from proposeddevelopments. This is achieved by internal refer­ral to specialists within the relevant services ofthe department. In addition, it performs a co­ordinating and advisory function for the Westernand Northern Regional Board (WNRB) preparingpositions and/or submissions on regional issues

2

of significance. The coordinator plays a role bycollating advice from FMS staff and preparing Ser­vice positions where appropriate.

During these early days of the Secretariat'sexistence, service to the RSCC consumed a signifi­cant portion of the available time. In addition,effort was devoted to more clearly defining therole of the unit and establishing lines of communi­cation with the sections. Work was commenced on areview of potential industrial developments in theregion likely to have environmental impacts.

The Secretariat was selected to representFisheries Management on the Regional Ocean Dump­ing Advisory Committee. This committee was cre­ated to administer the Ocean Dumping Control Actin the region and reviews all proposals for dump­ing in Arctic waters. Initially, it was essentialto become familiar with the requirements of the newact and regulations, which became effective inDecember, 1975.

The Secretariat also contributed to the ef­forts of the region's Advisory Council during theperiod December, 1975 - March, 1976.

FISHING AND INDUSTRY SERVICES

DIRECTOR'S SUMMARY

A span of two fiscal years from April, 1974to March, 1976, saw the Central Region become in­volved in two departmental reviews which resultedin a major realignment of research and operationalorganization units followed by a formal geographicchange of Service responsibilities for inlandfreshwater fisheries programs.

In October, 1974, a regional committee wasdirected to design a management framework for thecombined Operations and Research components of theCentral Region, utilizing cybernetics as a tool toreview regional activities and efforts, to outlinegroups and agencies receiving services and to iden­tify client overlap situations. The work of the"cybernetics committee" resulted in an administra­tive fusion of research and operational units intoone functional program services group and, inOctober, 1975, a major shift of organization ratio­nale occurred. The Central Region was divided intotwo separate geographical divisions ..An OntarioRegion was created with the subsequent appointmentof a Director-General and a Director, Fishing andIndustry Services Directorate. A simultaneous re­organization occurred in what is now the WesternRegion (NWT, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba).The old operations Resource Managemenl' Branch com­ponents were dispersed into Research and ResourceService units except for the Northwest TerritoriesEnforcement Division which, based on geographicalrealities, was combined with the NWT Inspectioncomponent and remained as a separate entity. TheOperations Branch, which was already administeringadditional programs in Vessel Management, FisheriesDevelopment and a Technical and Scientific Servicesconcerned with the transfer of technology to pri­mary and secondary industry, changed its functionaltitle to the Industry Services Branch (ISB). AnAssociate Director for that branch was appointed inOctober, 1975. The Economics Intelligence andAnalysis Branch and Social Science Branch were

combined at that time into the Fishing ServicesBranch (FSB) and an Associate Director was appointed.

The Resource Management Branch completed, in1974, studies on the proposed Mackenzie Valleypipeline and initiated a major industry-governmentstudy on the impact of petroleum development inthe Beaufort Sea area. Such important fields ofstudy and other fisheries resource studies, andenforcement activities were continued by sectionswithin the revised management framework.

The FSB, in addition to the regulatory role,was also involved in numerous other activitiesprimarily associated with developmental and assis­tance programs on behalf of the industry. In May,1975, preliminary work was started on the develop­ment of product grade standards for freshwater fishin the Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation's areaof operations. By March, 1976, the participatingprovincial and federal agencies had accepted suchstandards as developed by the branch and dis­cussions were underway dealing with implementationproposals. Computerized data information systemswere developed for contaminants, parasites andquality inspection programs. In 1974 and 1975,the branch accepted responsibility for regionaladministration of national vessel programs in­cluding Vessel Inspection, Fishing Vessel Insuranceand Fishing Vessel Assistance plans. Work con­tinued in the Technical and Scientific ServicesSection and projects were carried out on the devel­opment of products utilizing lower value species,investigation on freezing processes and equipmentand biophysical engineering studies such as theuse of sonar in shallow inshore waters. The FieldEngineering and Fisheries Development Section pro­vided engineering support on plant design and con­struction requirements and carried out vessel gearand equipment studies under a joint federal­provincial project.

During 1974 and 1976 the FSB participated innumerous projects, including commercial fisheriesproduction flow methods from harvesting to market­ing, with alternative proposals using linear pro­gramming, to minimize transportation, handling,processing and marketing costs of fisheries pro­duction. A NWT recreational fishery study wascarried out to assess recreational valuation andresource use between recreation and other water­based activities. In addition, the FishingServices Branch carried out an economic analysisof fishing vessels in the Western Region to deter­mine vessel financial viability. An economicanalysis of rainbow trout farming was carried outto assess profitability and production/returns toinvestments.

FISHING SERVICES BRANCH

The activities of the FSB involve the appli­cation of economics to the management of fisheriesresources. Economics is concerned with the dis­tribution of scarce resources among alternativeuses to satisfy the desires or requirements ofsociety. From this point of view, the FSB isinterested in the public management of fisheriesfor commercial fisheries production and for theprovision of recreational benefits.

Many fisheries in the Western Region, partic­ularly remote northern fisheries, may be regarded

3

as economically nonviable. This problem is becom­ing so critical that the termination of fishingoperations in certain regions is regarded as apossibility. The low financial returns to commer­cial production, particularly in remote areas, andthe incidence of various federal and provincialincentive and assistance programs are regarded asevidence of the marginal economic viability at theprimary level of production and of the industry ingeneral.

Economic Intelligencee Section

The single desk arrangement for selling fish­eries production, which was created with the for­mation of the Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation(FFMC), puts the Western Region in a unique posi­tion to monitor the region's fishing industry. Theeconomic intelligence capability of the region haslargely come about through a cooperative arrange­ment with the FFMC to develop computerized statis­tical reporting systems. The abil ity to monitortrends in the commercial fisheries and to under­take economic analyses of the fisheries is contin­gent on an adequate database. Information current­ly available from the database includes fisheriesproduction (primary level of production and itslanded value); conversion of primary fisheriesproduction into intermediate and final product mix(secondary level of production), and marketing offisheries production (tertiary level of productionand its final value). This information system pro­vides a perspective of the flow and "value" offisheries production in the Western Region for useby the FFMC, fisheries management agencies, statis­tical reporting agencies, and economic analysesconducted by the FSB. Such analyses are essentialto the evolution of wise management policies.

In addition, the Economic Intelligence Sec­tion is responsible for the processing of salesof recreational fishing licenses in the NWT toprovide information for fisheries management inthe region.

Fishing Industry Section

The Fishing Industry Section provides thecapacity to analyse the economic structure andperformance of the fishing industry (commercialand recreational) from a macro or aggregate pointof view. This is illustrated by the develop-ment in the section of a model of the flow of com­mercial fisheries production from lake to market.This study provides an important management toolfor minimizing the costs of transportation, hand­ling, processing and marketing fisheries produc­tion in the operating area of the FFMC. Not onlyis the study designed to provide a contributionto efficiency in fisheries production, but it isdesigned to provide a model for assessing theimpact on the fisheries of changes in such vari­ables as markets, transportation costs, handlingcosts, and changes in the packing and processingcapacity of the industry.

In addition to the commercial fisheries, theFishing Industry Section is concerned with thecontribution of recreational fisheries to society.An understanding of the interrelationships be­tween the biological productive potential of theresource and the industries (commercial and recre­ational) that exploit it is essential to both bio­logical and economic management. Therefore, the

measurement of the contribution of the fisheriesresource in recreational use, involving the valua­tion of recreational fisheries, is also a contri­bution of the section to the allocation of theresource among alternative uses.

During 1974-76, the Fishing Industry Sec­tion was involved in two major projects:

1. The above-mentioned modelling ofcommercial fisheries production flow from lake tomarket, involving the development of a linear pro­gramming model. An analysis of alternative fish­eries product flows to minimize the cost of trans­porting, handling, processing and marketing offisheries production was part of the study.

2. Economic evaluation of the NorthwestTerritories recreational fishery, as an alterna­tivg use of the fisheries resource. This studywas designed to provide baseline economic andsocial information on the recreational fisheriesto permit management of the resource with respectto pricing, restricted access, recreational andother water-based activities.

Fishing Enterprises Section

Whereas the Fishing Industry Section is con­cerned with a macro view of the fishing industry,the Fishing Enterprises Section is concerned witha micro view, i.e., the section provides a capa­bility for the analysis of the economic perfor­mance of fishing enterprises (vessels, handlingand processing facilities, fish farming, etc.).This activity encompasses that body of economicanalysis deal ing with the "theory of the firm",and is concerned with the financial viability ofindividual enterprises. Given the current "weakand declining" condition of many commercial fish­eries in the Western Region, the Fishing Enter­prises Section is capable of providing a majorcontribution to fisheries management by assessingreturns to labour and capital currently engaged inthe fisheries, and by providing a perspective ofthe production required by fishing enterprises toachieve long-run viability. This work has impor­tant implications for public resource managementin controlling the aggregate level of fishingeffort on a given fisheries resource to permit areturn to labour and capital employed in exploit­ing the resource. Of equal importance are theimplications for public resource management toprovide a net return from the resource to thepublic sector.

The Fishing Enterprises Section was involvedin two major projects during the review period:

1. Economic analysis of fishing vessels:Many of the commercial fishing enterprises in theWestern Region are very unsophisticated with re­spect to measuring profitability. Further, manyenterprises do not generate a sufficient cash flowto achieve long-run viability which will permitreinvestment in gear and equipment. This studywas designed to provide a standard format bywhich the financial viability of fishing vesselscan be evaluated. The study permits evaluationof annual profitability, and also an assessmentof cash flows to measure long-run profitability.This work is regarded as essential in achievingan economically healthy fishing industry and iscurrently being used to assess public resource

4

management programs on Great Slave Lake and Lake~Iinnipeciosis commercial fisheries.

2. Economic analysis of rainbow trout fishfarming: In 1968, the Freshwater Institute ini­tiated an aquaculture research program in prairie"pot-hole" lakes in the Western Region. Coinci­dent with the development of the research program,the infrastructure of an "infant" fish farming in­dustry has emerged. Between 1970 and 1975, thenumber of licenses and permits issued to individ­uals engaged in fish farming in Alberta, Saskatch­ewan and Manitoba increased from approximately400 to 3,800. The variability in recovering ratesof stocked fingerlings that has been exhibited byindividual lakes poses some serious questionsabout the economic feasibility of investing in afish farming enterprise. Reports of financiallosses among individual fish farmers requiresthat the financial requirements and prospectivereturns to labour and capital be completely under­stood before aquaculture is promoted. This studyis designed to analyse annual profitability,annual production required to cover fixed andvariable costs of production, and the prospectivereturns to investments in aquaculture over a ten­year investment period. The results of the studywill provide a perspective of the economic pros­pects for the development of a fish farmingindustry.

INDUSTRY SERVICES BRANCH

The federal government administers the FishInspection Act and regulations regarding the im­port and export of fish and fish products. Inaddition, FMS administers various national assis­tance programs for the primary fisheries indust.rysuch as the Vessel Subsidy and Vessel Insuranceprograms. In the Western Region, these responsi­bilities are carried out by the ISB. The Branchalso has a products and process development andengineering group involved in developmental workon behalf of the primary and secondary freshwaterfishing industry. The Branch is the functionalsuccessor to the former Operations Directorate'sInspection Branch, with several additional re­sponsibil ities.

RegionaZ Inspection Section

Inspection chemistry: During the review peri­od, the regional chemistry laboratory carried outthe analyses shown in Table 1, a total of nearly33,000 tests. Many of these were carried out atthe request of outside agencies such as theCanadian Wildlife Service, Environmental Protec­tion Service, Federal Department of Consumer andCorporate Affairs, Province of Ontario, Provinceof Manitoba, etc. The laboratory participated ina number of collaborative studies. Three sepa­rate mercury studies were coordinated by the Lab­oratory in 1974-75 and another, involving 20 par­ticipating laboratories in Canada and the U.S.A.to check precision of analytical methods, wasconducted in 1975-76. The pesticide laboratorycollaborated with thirteen others in Canada intwo polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) studies co­ordinated by Michelle Holdrinet, Ontario Ministryof Agriculture and Food. The laboratory alsoanalyzed samples distributed under the CanadaCommittee on Pesticide Use in Agriculture (CCPUA)Check Sample Program and the International Codex

5

Table i. Chemi ca1 analyses undertaken by Inspection Chemistry, April 1, 1974 - March 31, 1976..=',=.,::-'-:::-.::.;:;;:;; :..=--=.=~:.=::-=--=::;-:.~:: ;.=.":::;; ':--=...:; :::,':;.::: ;:.-..:..; ;..; _ ..:: •

A N A L Y S E SSample SampleSource Material Hg Cu Cd Fe Pb Zn Mn Cr Ni Al As Se V Mg Na K Ca OCP PCB

Interna1-Winnipeg Fish Tissue 4190 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700-Toronto 1500 400 400-Wheatley 200

Seal Organs 46

CWS-Ottawa Whole Fish 165 39 39-Winnipeg 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

Provo of Fish Tissue 5770 770 770 70 700 770 70 70 770 700 30 30Ontario Effl uent 8

EPS-NWT Fish Organs 245 245 245 245 245 245 245

U. of Man.Hair 134 28

Consumer &CorporateAffai rs Fish Tissue 100 electrophoretic analyses

Provo ofManitoba Fish Liver 12 12 12 12 12 12

AOSERP Whole Fish 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 6.0 60

Collaborative Studies. Finally, the laboratory co­ordinated one study involving 15 participating lab­oratories in the analysis of two fish meal samplesand a multi-element standard.

Inspection Microbiology : In September, 1974, at aNational Microbiologists' Workshop in Ottawa, a re­vised draft was prepared of the Confidential Admin­istrative Directive for Bacteriological Guidelinesfor Fresh, Frozen or Processed Fish. In November,1974, the Inspection Microbiology Section (nowRegional Microbiology) was given responsibilityfor enforcement, on a national basis, of the Sal­monidae Import Program. A project was set up toinvestigate uniform Salmonella screening proceduresin fish meal products, examining pre-enrichment,selective agar comparisons and sample amounts. Astudy was completed on Vibrio parahemolyticus inimported fresh shucked oysters and other domesticand imported raw marine products.

Millipore Filter techniques involving portablefield kits (MFK) were investigated in early 1975.The results of such laboratory and field work re­vealed a satisfactory degree of reproducibility inrelatively pure water, more rapid results of largersample volumes and acceptable results from use ofthe kit by Primary Product Inspectors with a mini­mum of training. A sufficient number of kits werepurchased for district use to compare MFK versusMost Probable Number (MPN) methods.

During the winter of 1975, a project was car­ried out to compare the use of ice versus snow forpacking fish during winter operations. Resultsindicated quality and microbiological factors werenot significantly altered with snow, provided cer­tain sanitary factors were kept in mind.

In July, 1975, official microbiological me­thods were drafted which dealt with examination ofwater, fish and fishery products for Salmonella­Shigella spp., coliform, fecal coliforms and

Escherichia coli. Such methods were to be pub­lished in Part 1 of the Canada Gazette in responseto conern over food standards in general.

In the Western Region, during the calendaryear 1974, a total of 6712 bacteriological sampleswere analyzed, including 3399 domestic, 1716 waterand ice and 1597 imported samples.

Products Services: The Regional Product Service~

programs are designed to organize, coordinate andmonitor district inspection activities to ensurethat all fish and fish products involved in inter­provincial, export and import trade comply to allapplicable requirements of the Food and Drug, FishInspection, Consumer Packaging and Labelling andthe Net Weights and Measures Acts and regulations.

Data are analyzed to ensure that regionalgoals are achieved to evaluate the efficiency andadequacy of inspections, and to ra~iona1ize theinspection programs by directing them to concen­trate on the apparent problem lakes and areas.

Inspection procedures are arranged for ship­ments intended for export to countries with dif­ferent health standards and regulatory requirementsand which may require special documentation andcertifi cation.

In accordance with federal-provincial agree­ments, all contaminants data were provided to theappropriate provincial fish management authoritiesand joint actions were taken in controlling pro­duction from problem areas.

a. Field inspection programs: (l) developeda procedural manual for field inspectors to be usedin conjunction with the lake classifications; (2)arranged for lake survey samples to obtain accuratebaseline contaminant data (a major program surveyedLake St. Clair fish in 1974-75); (3) reviewed in­spection activities to ensure adequate detention,

6

Fishing Vessel Assistance Plan (includes OntarioRegion)

15,10229,378

74138

VesselsPassed

Premiums

Subsidy

67,323131,653

1,005466

Const.Cost

VesselsFa il ed

192,354376.439

g12

1,709604

216 1,535,500256 1,983,345

No. VesselsApproved

No. VesselsInspected

Statistical information related to West­ern Region (including some Ontario Region)vessel programs.

19751976

Vessel Certification Program

Fiscal Year

Fiscal Year

Fishing Vessel Insurance Plan (Western Region)

No. of InsuredPolicies Value

1974/751975/76

CalendarYear

Table 2.

1974/751975/76

through the plan.

3. The Vessel Certification Program involvesan ongoing voluntary vessel inspection program toupgrade construction and operating met~ods onboardvessels. This aims at ensuring that f1Sh arestored and handled in such a way that there is aminimum loss of quality.

Table 2 shows the various statistics for thereview period; of necessity, some statistics referto the calendar year rather than the fiscal year.

Technical and Scientific Services Section

Fish products and process development: ~o~k.has

continued on the development of products ut1l1z1nglower valued species. Most of the effort went intoimprovi ng the fl avor and the texture of mi ncedmullet (sucker) by altering additives and changingsome processing steps. Evaluation by food brokersshowed good market potential for the product. An­other development was that of an institutionalproduct from burbot (freshwater cod), based on the"V" cut fillet, in collaboration with the ManitobaGovernment. This new type of product also showsgood potential but it could not be processed atthe FFMC plant in Transcona due to kosher lawrequirements.

Minced flesh of fish is known to have a short­er shelf life in frozen storage than either filletsor whole fish. No data were available on the shelflife of mullet. Since antioxidants can sometimesimprove the shelf life, a study was made of theshelf life of minced mullet with and without anti­oxidants. This showed that a stabilizer such asethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in comb~na­

tion with ascorbic acid can extend the shelf llfeto a marked degree.

A previous experiment to reduce the muddyflavor in some rainbow trout produced in local

Regional Vessel Programs Section

Section activities for the review period wereas follows:

1. The Fishing Vessel Insurance Plan(FVIP) provides vessel insurance to fisher~an inthe Western Region at a reasonable cost wh1leattempting to have the plan self-sustaining.

2. The FVIP is designed to improve thefishing fleet in the Western Region in order todevelop a better and more productive fishery,and encourage the use of new fishing technology.Also, the use of better lifesaving.equipment andnavigational aids onboard vessels 1S encouraged

control and disposition of problem products andshipments; (4) initiated a label and net weightsinspection program, and (5) participated in collab­orative federal-provincial projects, especially inregard to contaminant surveys and one experimentalfishery (Saskatchewan River).

A new control system for lakes with border­line mercury contamination levels was initiatedby detention of frozen processed production asopposed to sampling fresh whole fish. Reject~on

rates were lowered enough to make many operat10nspreviously closed because of mercury rejectionsfinancially feasible.

b. Data information systems: (1) the sec­tion developed a lake classification system fromdata files for whitefish infestation and contami­nants inspection which rated lake~ and sp~cies

according to the inspectton. acttVlty r~gU1req toensure compliance with regulatory requ1rements;(2) developed edit mainte~ance systems o~ ~a~afiles to bring the primat1ve EDP system 1n1t1allyused up to higher standards, and to ensure thatall programs run to provide data to the provincesas required by federal-provincial agreements wereaccurate and reliable, and (3) maintained recordsof approximatelY 5D,DOO domestic and import qual­ity inspections representing inspection of242,000,000 pounds of fish and fish products,16,000 domestic contaminant analyses, and 30,000lake survey contaminant analyses for the periodunder revi ew.

Plant inspection: During the years 1974-75 and1975-76, the plant registration program was en­forced under authority of the Fish Inspection Actand Regulations to ensure fish were processedunder sanitary conditions.

Technical expertise and information were pro­vided to industry, provincial and other federalagencies on improved.plant proc~ssing fa~il~ties,

quality control and 1nterpretat10n of eX1st1ngand proposed legislation dealing with fish pro­cessing plants.

Team surveys, consisting of region and dis­trict personnel were maintained; this resulted ina uniform approach to certification of plants.During the period under review 30 surv~ys weredone in Ontario, 41 in Manitoba, none 1nSaskatchewan, none in Alberta and three in theNorthwest Territories.

During this period 147 certificates of regis­tration were issued to processing plants.

prairie pot-holes consisted of transferringthe live fish from a pot-hole to holding tank atthe Institute in City of Winnipeg water; the re­sults were not clear since even after two weekssome panelists could readily distinguish betweenthe standard and the cleared fish. The standardhad not been held in tanks. In a new experiment,fish from a pot-hole known to produce muddy tast­ing trout were transferred to cages in a pot-holefree of muddy odours; the standard was fish alsoheld in cages, obtained from a third lake knownto be clear of muddy odour. The muddy flavourtaste appeared to be reduced to such an extentin 16 days that only a few panelists could stilldetect a slight muddy taste after that time.

Public relations were promoted by means ofa CBC TV presentation on barbecuing and smokingof fish outdoors.

Technical assistance in the field of process­ing was given to private industry, the FFMC, theprovincial governments and the Government of theNorthwest Territories.

The influence of brine dips of different con­centrations on the flavour of frozen whitefish wasdetermined. The salt treatment improved theflavour and the texture of the product. The onlylimitation was that the products should not bemade too salty.

A study of different Canadian types of treeswas carried out to determine the species with thebest characteristics for smoking whitefish.

A study was made of the smoking process forgoldeye. Controlled humidity and temperature inthe smokehouse resulted in products of uniformquality, generally superior to that of productsavailable commercially.

Freezing processes and equipment: In collabo­ration with the Fish and Ecosystem ToxicologyBranch, RRS, the section developed a fish holdingsystem capable of maintaining strictly controlledtemperature and water quality conditions, for thestudy of response of fish to toxicants at sub­lethal levels.

At the request of the old Resource Manage­ment Section, the section developed an integratedsystem for cooling industrial effluent samplesand maintaining them under controlled cooling con­ditions for use in bioassay work. The main prob­lem was to .cool effluent received in bulk at atemperature about 20° higher than desired. Thiswas done without increasing the capacity of thecompressors by utilizing them to cool a largemass of coolant fluid which could then take careof large temperature change requirements.

A vertical freezer was designed and built tostudy heat transfer problems of fish products overa wide range of air velocities and temperatures.

A pilot plant installation was set up tostudy various biological filtration systems foruse in water recirculation systems designed forholding live fish in captivity.

Biophysical engineering: The feasibility ofusing ultrasonics for the detection, discrimina­tion and abundance estimation of biological

7

organisms in shallow lakes such as pot-holes wasinvestigated. Reverberation from the surface wasfound to be a problem. The maximum range for auseful instrument was determined as 330 feet. Inshallow water, since the beams are horizontal,some beams reach the surface creating excessivelyhigh reverberation. Under calm ~onditions orunder ice cover it was possible to monitor fishmovement to a certain extent.

Approval was obtained from the Department ofCommunications for the manufacture and use of anelectronic instrument developed for the purpose oflocating fishermen's jiggers under the ice. Theinstrument is now being tested in the field incollaboration with an Industrial Development Board(IDB) program.

The feasibility of using ultrasonics for de­termining the fat content of fish flesh withoutremoval or destruction of any flesh tissue wasinvestigated. Preliminary results indicated thatthe method has good potential for fish like cohosalmon that have a fat content between two andsix percent.

Field Engineering and Industrial DevelopmentSection

In 1974-76 this section provided fieldengineering support to ensure that fish plant con­struction or modification, process equipment, re­frigeration, etc. complied with the Fish Inspec­tion Regulations.

It assisted industry in arriving at a satis­factory design and equipment specifications andmaintained responsibility for industrial develop­ment of the primary and secondary fish industry.

It provided technical assistance to otherregional programs such as Vessel Subsidy, lab­oratory services, and Economic Intelligence.

A prototype aluminum vessel was constructedfor the small skiff fishery for economic testingand demonstration in the future. The vessel in­corporates the features required under the volun­tary inspection program.

The Fish Chilling Assistance Program wasconducted. Two hundred and ten applications werereceived. One hundred and seventy-five wereapproved with total grants amounting to $772,000.A monitoring and audit program was put in placefor the five-year life of the program. Approxi­mately 400 tonnes of machine ice per 24 hourswere added to the fishery.

Approximately 100 cold storage facilitieswere surveyed to ascertain their physical capa­bilities under the Fish Inspection Regulations.

District Programs

Field inspection programs: All domestic andimported fish and fish products which enteredinter-provincial and export trade were inspectedto ensure consumer protection on labelling, qual­ity, bacteria of public health significance,parasites, toxins and contaminants, as part ofthe national inspection program.

All fish processing plants involved in ex-

8

Table 3. quality inspections in the central re9ion for 1973 and 1974•

. O· U A G E

N. W. T. Alberta Saskatchewan

OOMESTIC qUALITY INSPECTION

Pounds Produced 1972-73* 3,469,600 2,302,500 10,771,1001973 inspections 1,957,786 1,772,485 8.799.2141973 rejections 1,363 54,970 108.8961973 % insp. & rej. 0.08 4,79 1.24

Pounds Produced .1973-74* 3,240.400 2.575.100 10,318.7001974 inspections 434,850 1.206.761 7.145,4121974 rejections 0 1,757 308.5871974 % insp. & rej. 0.00 0.15 4.33

IMPORT qUALITY INSPECTION

Manitoba Ontario TOTAL

25.022.800 52,676.960 94,242.96013.329.399 8.446,581 34.305,465

398.699 18.733 582.6612.99 0.22 1. 70

22,603.000 52,218.000 90,955,20013,917,198 5,031,626 27,735,847

403.648 11.163 726,1552.90 0.22 3.33

1973 inspections1973 rejections1973 % insp. & rej.

1974 inspections1974 rejections1974 % insp. & rej.

* Preliminary production fi9ures.

Table 4. 1974 import summary - Central Re9ion.

307,128

871.99217.015

0.68

435.050

2,508,01944.711

1. 78

26,043,642

25.861.406219,953

0.85

26,785,820

29,241,4172.816.679

0.96

Laboratory

CANNEO SHIPMENTS

No. Ship. Total Pound No. Rej. Pounds Rej.Reinspections.

Passed RejectedNo. Lbs, No, lbs.

Toronto

Winnipe9

Edmonton

TOTAL

PACKAGED SHIPMENTS

1,634

260

98

1,992

12,474,409

602,046

297.770

13.374,225

27

4

32

52.945

9,640

5,005

67,590

2

2

59.036

59,036

956

956

Toronto

Toronto - Bulk

Winnipe9

Edmonton

Wheatl ey

TOTAL

1,386 6,165,063 26 81,980

4,076 6.774.038 75 80.528

1,148 1,905,973 21 35.071

130 574.222 12,010

202 447.896 2 4,500

6,942 15,867.192 126 214,089

2

2

42,390

42,390

35,000

35,000

9

Table 5. Summary of quality analyses 1975.

Inspections % Total Rejections % TotalDistrict Product Inspections Rejections

TypeNo. Ibs. No. Ibs. No. lbs. No. Ibs.

District 1 Bulk 2,131 4,503,934 17.11 9.54 14 3,313 5.00 1.08Packaged 365 266,013 60.23 7.85 1 750 6.67 0.87

TOTAL 2,496 4,769,947 18.96 9.43 15 4,067 4.92 1.01

District 2 Bulk 6,193 31,871,443 49.37 67.51 168 151,548 60.00 49.48Packaged 83 1,114,233 13.70 32.90 1 1,023 6.67 1. 8Canned 16 15,290 100.00 100.00 10 9,258 100.00 100.00

TOTAL 6,292 33,000,966 47.79 65.21 179 161,829 58.69 40.24

District 3 Bulk 3,876 8,711,585 31.13 18.45 98 151,418 35.00 49.44Packaged 142 1,962,161 23.43 57.94 13 84,804 86.67 97.95

TOTAL 4,018 10,673,746 30.52 21.09 111 236,222 36.39 58.75

District 4 Bulk 253 2,119,603 2.03 4.49 0 0 0.00 0.00Packaged 16 44,176 2.64 1.30 0 0 0.00 0.00

TOTAL 269 2,163,779 2.04 4.28 0 0 0.00 0.00

TOTAL - ALLDISTRICTS

Bul kPackagedCanned

TOTAL

12,45360616

13,165

47,206,5653,386,583

15,290

50,608,438

2801510

305

306,27986,5779,258

402,114

porting fish were inspected and were issued Certi­ficates of Registration in accordance with theFish Inspection Regulations. Tables 3-6 summarizethe district inspection program for the calendaryears, 1974 and 1975.

FieZd vesseZ programs: In 1974, the field in­spection staff first became involved in the in­spection of fishing vessels to upgrade construc­tion and operating methods onboard; the VesselInsurance Plan involves appraising vessels forinsurance purposes and investigation of claimsfor indemnity. Field officers also check con­struction progress of vessels being built underthe Vessel Assistance Plan and recommend pro­gress payments while vessels are under construc­tion. Yearly audits are carried out on thesevessels for a five-year period in accordance withthe Vessel Assistance Regulations.

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES MANAGEMENT DISTRICT

The NWT Management District resulted fromthe amalgamation of the Operations NWT Enforce­ment Division with the NWT Inspection componentin October, 1975. Under a District Manager, itis responsible for most of the law enforcementrelated to the Fisheries Act and/or regulations

in the NWT. During the review period, 82 prosecu­tions took place for various offences. In addi­tion, changes in management of Great Slave Lakefisheries in 1975 opened the way for year-roundcommercial fishing, although few fisherman tookadvantage of the new open season periods. Respon­sibility for sports fishing licences was trans­ferred to the Government of the NWT in early 1976.New regulations regarding narwhal came into effectin 1975.

RESEARCH AND RESOURCE SERVICES

DIRECTOR'S SUMMARY

The period under review was a period ofchange. Not only was a major reorganization ex­perienced but attitudes, generally towards therole that scientists and science play in reachingnational decisions were. undergoing alteration.

These variables caused scientists and associ­ated professionals to question their roles andtheir utility - indeed, it was a traumatic periodfor all so trained.

It is to the credit of this group that the

Table 6. 1975 import :inspections - Western· Region.

Type No. %of Type %of % % % % lbs.of Lab Shipments Ibs. of Product No. Shipments No. Warnings No. Infractions Rejections Rejected Rejected

Product Imported Imported of total. Insp. Inspected Warnings of No. Infrac- of of No. of lbs.Ibs. Insp. tions Inspections No. lbs. Insp. Imported

Canned Toronto 1,473 10,123,139 94.80 379 25.73 29 7.65 48 12.66 11 63,118 2.90 0.62Winnipe9 129 233,016 2.18 126 97.67 30 23.81 10 7.94 4 1.645 2.61 0.71Edmonton 96 322,549 3.02 59 61.05 14 23.73 5 8.47 8 2,444 13.56 0.76

TOTAL 1,698 10,678,704 564 33.22 73 12.94 63 11.17 23 67,207 4.08 0.63

Packaged Toronto 2,293 8,188,652 64.92 403 17.85 125 31.02 57 14.14 60 367,933 14.89 4.49Wheatley 307 565,029 8.69 164 53.42 30 18.29 0 0.00 8 23,294 4.88 4.12Winnipeg 798 2;441,782 22.50 173 21.68 55 31. 79 6 3.47 29 39,788 16.67 1. 63Prince Albert 13 15,'661 0.37 9 69.23 5 55.56 1 11.11 0 0 0.00 0.00Edmonton 121 391,991 3.43 71 58.56 25 35.21 18 25.35 0 0 0.00 0.00

TOTAL 3,532 11,603,115 820 23.22 240 29.27 82 10.00 97 431,015 11.83 3.71......0

Bulk Toronto 5,948 7,782,418 99.92 129 2.17 0 0.0q.. 0 0.00 51 84,040 0.86 1.08Edmon t01 5 26,810 o 08 2 40.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 25,000 20..00 93.25

TOTAL 5,95'3 7,809,228 131 2.20 0 0..00 0 0.00 52 109,040 0.87 1.40

All Toronto 9,714 26,094,209 86.72 911 9.38 154 16.90 105 11.53 122 515,091 13.39 1.97Wheatley 307 565,029 1.88 164 53.42 30 18.29 0 0.00 8 23,294 4.88 4.12Winnipeg 927 2,674,798 6.89 299 32.25 85 28.43 16 5.35 33 41,433 11.04 1. 55Prince Albert 13 15,661 0.05 9 69.23 5 55.56 1 11.11 0 0 0.00 0.00Edmonton 222 741.350 2.46 132 59.46 39 29.55 23 17.42 9 27,440 6.82 3.70

TOTAL 11,183 30,091,047 1,515 13.55 313 20.66 145 9.57 172 607,258 11.35 2.02

productivity never wavered. Indeed, if measuredby any normal standards of productivity, itsteadily increased. This is attributable to agenuine desire on the part of the group to remaincurrent, to deal with pertinent problems and tocontribute the data necessary to the decision­making process in our society.

It is difficult to pick a few samples toillustrate the many contributions but a few high­1ights follow:

1. Aquaculture of trout in prairie pot­hole lakes progressed from a research project toa cottage industry. Attendant research beganfocussing on the problems that to date had pre­vented it from becoming yet another agriculturalbusiness.

2. Experimental Limnology, having con­tributed to the resolution of cultural eutrophic­ation (ac~elerated ageing of lakes due to man),began focussing on new problems - acidificationof lakes, heavy metal poisoning and radionuclidecontamination.

3. ,Regional Limnology was conducting thefirst extensive study of a North American impound­ment. We seem intent upon damming our majorrivers for their hydroelectric potential, but wehave seldom, if ever, considered other implica­tions and are only beginning to approximate theRussian example in these matters.

4. Environmental Impact began attackingthe problem posed by major industrial developments.Prior to their efforts the approach was piecemealin nature. While one never has adequate resourceswith which to address such inherently novel issues,this group set its priorities in a logical way anddealt with the developments posing major fisheryconsequences.

5. The health of fish became a majorissue during this period. In particular, thediseases of salmonid species were our particularproblem because of their serious consequences inintensive aquaculture in the Western Region. Amajor diagnostic effort to certify hatcheries wasbegun during this period and it, plus associatedresearch, continues.

6. The Toxicology group not only contin­ued to deal with the mercury problem but contin­ued to pursue the problems facing us regardingour continued and increasing use of toxic chemi­cals. In sum, so many chemicals are being pro­duced that Canada faces a decision twice a monthregarding only those compounds that could reason­ably be perceived as aquatic environmental hazards.The group is concentrating upon ways of makingsuch decisions easier and more accurate.

FISHERIES RESOURCES BRANCH

During this period the responsibilities ofthe branch changed. Prior to October 6, 1975,the four major sections included under the aus­pices of this branch were:

1. Fish Popul ati ons and ProductionSection;

11

2. Fish Health Section;

3. Aquaculture Section, and

4. Fish Products and Engineering Section.

Following reorganization, activities andstaff of the Fish Products and Engineering Sectionwere transferred to the Fishing and Industry Ser­vices Directorate; a summary of their activitiesis contained in the Industry Services section ofthis r~port. Activities of the Fishery Manage­ment Division, previously a component of theformer Resource Management Branch, OperationsDirectorate, were transferred to the FisheriesResources Branch. Briefly, the activities conduc­ted with each section during the review periodwere as follows:

Fish PopuZations and Produation Seation

Fish PopuZation ExpZoitation studies: Duringthe period under review emphasis was placed uponthe lake whitefish, Coregonus aZupeaformisJ spec­ifically those populations in the Great SlaveLake area of the Northwest Territories. Researchwas concentrated in this way in order to providea basi5 for discussion of alternative managementschemes for the ailing Great Slave Lake fishery.

Fish BioahemiaaZ Genetias: Activities in­volved four investigations of the genetics offish stocks with a view to improving existingmanagement and aquaculture techniques.

Until relatively recently, most geneticstudies dealt with changes or indices that werevisible to the eye. However, it is now clearthat other changes occur and other parameters canbe assayed. In this study the absence or presenceof certain specific enzyme systems was explored.

These studies offer an opportunity to ex­plore the genetics of discrete subpopulations offish in a nondestructive manner. There is noneed to physically tag the animals and a greatdeal more information becomes available thanwould be the case in classical studies.

Specifically a class of enzymes .cal l ed de­hydrogenases were explored in purposely matedwhitefish, in distinct walleye populations andin crossbred saZveZinus species. The existenceof such subpopulations and the ability to dis­tinguish them has significant implications forfishery management. To this end, samples ofwalleye from West Blue Lake, Manitoba, lakewhitefish from South Indian Lake and Lake Winni­peg, Manitoba, the Yukon and Northwest Territorieswere analyzed for various enzyme characters.

Aratia ahar studies: Because of increasedutilization, information on the biology and pro­ductive capacity of Arctic char was needed sothat a satisfactory management policy may beestablished for char populations in the Arctic.To collect this information a project to inves­tigatea population of Arctic char in the NWT wasbegun. The objectives of this study were: toinvestigate factors which control biology and'production of unexploited populations of Arcticchar; to carry out control harvesting to ascer­tain the potential yield; to study the effect ofthe parasite load on the Arctic char population;

to investigate the lake trout - Arctic char inter­action in the Nauyuk Lake system; to investigatethe energetics of Mesidothea entomon in theNauyuk Lake system (the main food source for troutand Arctic char in these lakes), and to conductlaboratory experiments on the effects of tempera­ture, salinity and photoperiod on the energeticsof Arctic char to provide insight into the pro­ductive processes and to yield a basis for thepotential culture of the species.

Fish HeaZth Section

Fish diseases are a very serious issue inboth the hatchery production of juvenile salmonidsand in the shipment of dead trout for sale as food.During the review period this was acknowledged inthat prior experience in other countries was rec­ognized and specific regulations promulgated forCanada.

Many of the diseases of concern are viral innature, difficult to diagnose, and their charac­teristics of transmissibility are unknown (what isa carrier, latency period, cross infectivity be­tween fish species, etc. ?). In sum, we face asituation not unlike that which faced health of­ficials in the early 1900's with respect to ty­phoid fever. Carriers (sometimes nicknamed"Typhoid Mary") were known to exist, but .the meansof identification of each person was extremelyprimitive and unreliable. The result was, ofcourse, severe epidemics of the disease with lit­tle or no capability of containing a particularoutbreak.

The following studies were carried out:

Certified pathogen-free fish: Research wasconducted into the development of latency, thecarrier state, and trans-species infectivity offish diseases with a view to producing and identi­fying stocks and sources of fish free of patho­genic agents.

ViroZogy - tissue cuZture studies: The basicresearch objectives of this subproject were: toimprove existing dlagnostic methodology throughdevelopment and application of new techniques; toinvestigate specific infectious disease problemsunique to Western Canada, and to explore andevaluate cellular antiviral defense mechanismsof fish. Activities have involved comparison ofthe sensivity of fish cell lines (tissue cultures)to salmonid viruses, using virus titration meth­ods; the evaluation of methods of enhancing cellu­lar susceptibility to viruses; investigation oflymphocystis disease in walleye from Cream Lake,Saskatchewan, and determination of the role ofinterferon as a fish antiviral defense mechanism.

Specific research studies involved: a) theresponse of fathead minnow (FHM) cells, rainbowtrout gonad (RTG-2) cells and chinook salmonembryo (CHSE-214) cells to infection by strainsof infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus andinfectious hematopietic necrosis (IHN) virus usingstandard titration methodology; b) presumed lym­phocystis disease in walleye from Cream Lake. Itwas found actually to be two distinct virus-asso­ciated diseases (walleye dermal sarcoma and lym­phocystis). Examination of lesion histopathologyreadily differentiated the two conditions. Afibroblastic cell ~train was derived from a wall-

12

eye dermal sarcoma and is being propagated in thelaboratory, and c) basic tissue culture studiesof the interaction of a high molecular weightsynthetic double-stranded polynucleotide inducer"with FHM cells.

Diagnostic and extension services: A basicdiagnostic laboratory was developed and was usedfor developmental research on problems associatedwith disease diagnosis. In addition, diagnosticservices are provided to various agencies (e.g.provincial governments) to identify sources ofspecific pathogen-free fishes.

AquacuZture Seation

The aquaculture efforts of this region begansome time ago and relate to providing an alterna­tive cash crop (with minimum capital outlay) forprairie farmers while also providing an alterna­tive to their gradual erosion of wetlands. Duringthis period the following studies were undertaken.

E~tenBive euZture: In extensive culture fishare allowed to range freely in areas (i.e. smalllakes) where no control is exerted upon the envi­ronment. Normally, supplementary food is notprovided. Two serious problems, poor recoveryrate and muddy flavour, have been encountered inthis type of aquaculture. Identification of theseproblems and potential solutions to the problemsconstitute the main research effort.

Intensive cuZture: During intensive culturefish are reared in areas (e.g. cages) where theenvironment is controlled to varying degrees.Studies have been aimed at (a) developing improvedtechniques for rearing fish in cages and (b) ex­amining the feasibility of overwintering fish incages and thereby harvesting the two-year-oldtrout. Present results indicate that it may befeasible to rear trout to market size in threeseasons but more work is required.

Fish genetics: Research in fish genetics isdesigned to identify qualitative characteristicsof rainbow trout. Growth rate, survival andfeeding habits represent a few of the character­istics being examined. Based in this research,selective breeding of rainbow trout will be car­ried out to provide fish best suited for aquacul­ture in Central Canada.

Fish nutrition: Studies in fish nutrition aredirected toward the development of low-cost fishfood for use in intensive culture and determiningnutrient value of natural food in pot-hole lakeswhere extensive culture is conducted. The suit­ability of rapeseed meal as a low-cost substitutefor high-cost marine-fish-meal protein in form­ulated trout foods is being examined in coopera­tion with Agriculture Canada. In identifying thenutrient value of natural food in pot-hole lakes,lipid and moisture content have been determinedfor a variety of organisms and fatty acids, aminoacids, protein content, ash and crude fiber anal­yses of additional organisms are presently beingconducted.

Rockwood Bxperimential: Hatchery: The RockwoodExperimental Hatchery was constructed in 1970-71to provide the necessary facilities for aquacul­ture and other fisheries research and developmentprograms. It is situated approximately 60 km

north of Winnipeg. On the site is a large (70 mx 30 m) hatchery building, a smaller (15 m x 15 m)broods tack building and earthen ponds as well asresidence and small service buildings.

The hatchery has been used for projects onselective breeding of trout, development of arti­ficial diets for trout that use prairie oilseedmeals, fish culture techniques and energy-savingwater reuse techniques. It has produced fish forprairie pot-hole trout farming studies, waterpollution studies, fish disease studies as wellas for groups outside the Freshwater Institutesuch as Environmental Protection Service,Canadian Wildlife Service and Parks Canada.

Fisheries Management Seotion

The Fisheries Management Section was respon­sible for the development, operation and mainte­nance of a management program for the fish andmarine mammal resources of the NWT. Activitieswere primarily directed toward fishery studies ofa monitoring, assessment and inventory nature.Information from these studies culminate in theimplementation function of the section, which in­volves formulating, recommending and implementingmanagement controls for the exploitation of theresource based upon the biological data collected.The results of these studies done by the FishPopulation and Production personnel also havedirect influence on the fishery management program.

Specific activities of the section were:

1. Monitoring (determining what is beingremoved from a particular stock in terms of ex­ploitation).

2. Assessment (determining the parame­ters of population size in numerical terms; deter­mination of genetic life history patterns, timingof migration, maturation cycle; determination ofhomogenity of stocks; prediction of sustainableyields).

3. Inventory (cataloguing of informationpertaining to the resourc~. The activities haveinvolved:

- monitoring and assessment of the Great SlaveLake commercial fishery;

- studies on summer and fall spawning populationof lake whitefish in streams adjacent to GreatSlave Lake;

- monitoring and assessment of the commercialwalleye fishery in the NWT;

- monitoring and assessment of sports fisheriesin the NWT;

- monitoring and assessment of sports fisheriesin the NWT including lake trout fishery ofGreat Bear and Great Slave lakes, the Arcticchar fishery at Tree River and Albert EdwardBay, the Arctic grayling and northern pikefishery in the west Great Slave Lake area;

- monitoring of the commercial Arctic char fish­eries at Cambridge and Pelly bays, in the Kee­watin district, at Nettilling Lake, NWT and

13

- assessment of the anadromous Arctic char popula­tions of the Keewatin coast, NWT.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT BRANCH

, Prior to the reorganization of the WesternRegion, environmental impact activities were dis­charged by two projects within the Resource Man­agement Branch, Operations Directorate, namely,Resource Impact Studies and Environmental ImpactStudies. These projects involved activities di­rected at ensuring the protection of regionalliving aquatic resources from physical and chemi­cal disturbances caused by proposed and existingmajor industrial developments. Major undertakingsincluded environmental impact assessments and re­views for proposed hydrocarbon exploration (Beau­fort Sea, Hecla) and transmission (MackenzieValley Pipeline), hydroelectric developments(Great Bear River) and mining (Nanisivik, Syn­crude). Also, advice was provided on a number offishways (De Rocher).

After reorganization, the two projects wereconsolidated into a single group, the Environ­mental Impact Assessment Section. In addition,Western Region involvement in the Alberta OilSands Environmental Research Project (AOSERP),created under a federal-provincial agreement, cameunder the purview of this branch. Specific objec­tives of the branch are:

1. To perform assessments and reviews onproposed industrial developments that may impactregional living aquatic resources, and

2. To generate predictive impact datathat can be used to provide assessors with morepredictive and scientifically valid tools bywhich assessments/reviews can be made.

EnvironmentaZ Impact Assessment Seotion

During the review period, some of the sectionactivities were as follows:

1974-75: One activity involved the ensurancethat physical barriers in watercourses did notprevent fish passage. This was accomplished byprovision of advice on fishway design. Assistancewas provided on the Bow River fishway (Calgary),De Rocher channel fishway (Peace-Athabasca Delta)and the Fairford Dam fishway (Manitoba).

Another major activity was involvement inthe Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Study. Field workassociated with the assessment phase was comple­ted as was the report "Fish Resources of theMackenzie River Valley". The section also par­ticipated in various inter/intra-departmental re­view exercises as well as DOE legal council(among others) for the Berger hearings.

Field studies were conducted on coastalfisheries resources in the Beaufort Sea in orderthat the government could better assess the im­pact of offshore exploratory drilling in theBeaufort Sea.

Plans were brought forward on hydroelectricdevelopments in the NWT: the section participa­ted in the preparation of "Guidelines for Environ­mental Assessments of Hydroelectric Developments".

recommendations for the Snare Forks Hydro Devel­opment were completed and a fisheries resourcestudy of the Great Bear River was initiated.

Considerable interest was expressed in hydro­carbon exploration in the NWT. The section par­ticipated in reviews of environmental impactassessment for six proposals for exploratory dril­ling (Hecla, Northlands, Jackson Bay, PullenIsland, etc.). One of the concerns associatedwith drilling was the effects of drilling wasteson biota; a lab and field study showed that therewas little real concern in this matter.

Another source of major chemical disturban­ces was mining wastes. The section participatedin an aquatic resource study in the vicinity ofthe proposed Nanisivik Mine (Baffin Island, North­west Territories). Several staff members alsowere deeply involved in review of the water li­cense application by the mine, in development ofan environmental research program for the mineand in review of the initial impact assessment.

In addition to the above accomplishments in1974-75, there were a number of other inputs pro­vided by project staff: participation in theSyncrude environmental impact assessment, plan­ning of the AOSERP program,pl anning or: studt esassociated with the Mackenzie Highway and theArctic Islands Pipeline Program.

1975-76: With respect to proposed hydro­electric schemes in the Northwest Territories,three issues were dealt with in 1975-76: UpperSnare River - planning of field studies for1976-77 and review of initial impact assessmentsmade by the Northern Canada Power Commi ss ion; LaMartre River - completion of field study ofaquatic resources in area; Great Bear River ­completion of data analysis plus follow-upspring grayl ing tagging operation.

Another sub-project was the Mackenzie High­way Monitoring Study. The pre-development moni­toring phase was conducted for three experimentalsites. Plans were made for the next three yearsof this study intended to monitor the effects onlocal fisheries resources of highway crossings.This sub-project was externally funded.

The first year of a three year study of theaquatic resources along the Arctic Island Pipe­line route was completed. Some of the islands(Somerset, Cornwallis and Prince of Wales) ofthe Arctic archipelago were surveyed for fish­eries resources. In addition, detailed limno­logical studies were initiated at Stanwell­Fletcher Lake to generate baseline comparativedata on polar lakes.

The second year of the Nanisivik Mine Studywas completed with considerable information onmarine mammals, fish and benthos and backgroundmetal levels in the food chain being collected.In addition, considerable effort was expended ina government review of the method of waste dis­posal of tailings for this mine. Especiallyuseful to this exercise was the data on narwhalmovements. Some preliminary work was done atanother proposed high Arctic mine - Arvik(Little Cornwallis Island). In addition, con­siderable time and effort was expended providingFMS advice on wat~r use licence applications by

14

a number of other mines in the NWT.

This project had for some years been provid­ing advice on fishway design to ensure passagearound man-made obstacles. Unfortunately, most ofthe bioengineering data pertains to salmon and notspecies of regional interest - walleye, whitefish,char. A preliminary study was completed on thisproblem and it became apparent that experimentalwork with local species would be required. Aspart of the experimental approach, baffles wereinstalled in a stream crossing at the RedknifeRiver (Northwest Territories) to determine effec­tiveness in permitting fish passage through apreviously impassable culvert. This study wascontinued into 1976-77.

A fishery resource survey connected with theArcti c Land Use Research (ALUR) Program was con­ducted for the area between Great Bear Lake andthe Arctic coast. All data was furnished to ALURfor final drafting of maps.

Other major accomplishments in 1975-76 weresubstantial testimony to the Berger hearings onthe fisheries resources of the Mackenzie River,development and contribution to AOSERP, completionof Beaufort Sea report, significant influence onthe decision made to prohibit direct marine dis­charge of tailings from Nanisivik Mine. Otheractivities include initiation of case historystudies on streams and stream crossings along theMackenzie Highway, and initiation of aquatic re­source studies along the Arctic Islands pipelineroute.

Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Project1975-76

A five-year Canada-Alberta agreement (withfive years renewable) established AOSERP. Branchinvolvement related to the aquatic fauna objective"to assess the impact of the Athabasca oil sandsdevelopment on aquatic systems nearby and to pre­dict and mitigate the possible impacts". Stafffrom FMS Western Region were seconded or agreedto supervise specific research activities defined.

Sub-projects included:

Fish toxicology inventory: Work proceeded tothe point where final plans were being made forsite studies on Great Canadian Oil Sands Companyeffluents. The sUb-project was being expandedinto a wider program of toxicity studies.

Saline waters Literature review: A contractwas awarded to Aquatic Environments Limited toconduct a review on the effects of such effluentson aquatic biota.

Synoptic contaminant survey: The contract toRenewable Resources Limited for collection ofaquatic biota and sediment from the AOSERP studyarea was completed. The samples were analyzedfor many contaminants at the FWI.

Macroinvertebrate study (FWI): The identifi­cation of macroinvertebrates collected from theAthabasca River progressed as planned.

Background information for aquatic fauna: Thecontract to Renewable Resources was completed.The two final reports entitled "A synopsis of the

Physical and Biological Limnology and Fishery Pro­grams within the Alberta Oil Sands Area - RevisedEdition", and "A Synopsis of Information Relatingto Aquatic Ecosystem Toxicology within the AlbertaOil Sands Area - Revised Edition" were reviewedand accepted by the Aquatic Fauna Technical Re­search Committee (AFTRC).

Fisheries monitoring Athabasca Delta: Thisproject is now complete. A final report has beenreceived from LGL Limited entitled "Walleye andGoldeye Fisheries Investigations in the Peace­Athabasca Delta - 1975" and is published.

Apparatus development sonic fish tags: Workproceeded on development and testing of the sonictags.

Preliminary studies on fall spawning: Thisproject proceeded to the point where equipment andpersonnel were obtained during the review period.

Expert Advisory Group: This group submittedits final report to the AFTRC and has, therefore,completed its tasks.

LIMNOLOGY BRANCH

The Limnology Branch carried out research onstructure (e.g. species composition, trophicorganization) and function (e.g. energy flow, geo­chemical cycling) of the freshwater environment.In particular, the studies conducted were con­cerned with the impact of man's culture on thenatural freshwater environment and provided abasis for sound freshwater management practices.Such management is fundamental also to soundfisheries management.

Prior to reorganization, the branch wascalled the Limnology-Eutrophication Section, andconsisted of four subsections. These were con­solidated into two new sections upon reorganiza­tion, reflecting two fundamentally differentapproaches to investigation of limnological prob­lems. The Experimental Limnology Section useswhole ecosystem experimental manipulation as itsprime investigative tool in the Experimental LakeArea (ELA) near Kenora, Ontario. On the otherhand, the Regional Limnology Section's approachis a comparative one; comparative analyses areused in both time and space to explore the re­sponses of the natural ecosystem to man's impact.

Experimental Limnology Section

In 1974-76, the largest part of the Experi­mental Limnology Section's work continued to bedirected toward eutrophication. The results ofthese studies played a major role in the decisionto ban phosphate detergents and focus Canadianeutrophication management on phosphorus control.Results presented at the 19th InternationalCongress of Limnology (SIL) caused attendingscientists to endorse phosphorus control as aglobal strategy for eutrophication control. Re­sults have also furnished key evidence for phos­phorus control legislation in several U.S. states.Preliminary experiments on lake acidification andon the fate of radionuclides in the aquatic envi­ronment were begun in 1975, and future emphasiswill be on these topics. Some of the highlightsof the section's ac.tivities for the review periodfollow.

15

Fertilization of the hypolimnion of Lake 302N,begun in 197.2; .wascontinued· during' 1,974 -end1975. It showed that nutrients disposed in thehypolimnion are sedimented and removed withoutcausing epilimnetic blooms. In 1975, the experi­mental design regarding Lake 227, (fertilizedsince 1969), was changed. The nitrogen:phosphorusratio in fertilizer was cut from 15:1 to 5:1 byweight to attempt to stimulate nitrogen-fixingblue-green algae. Reduction in nitrogen loadcaused appearance of Aphanizomenon and increasednitrogen-fixation, as hyphothesized. Estimateswere made of the return of phosphorus, nitrogenand carbon from sediments and the hypolimnion aswell as depth of mixing in sediments. Lake 304was rendered eutrophic by fertilization with phos­phorus, nitrogen and carbon in 1971-72. In 1973.addition of phosphorus was terminated while fer­tilization with nitrogen and carbon continued.By 1974, the second year after fertilization withphosphorus loading was terminated, Lake 304 hadmade a complete recovery. The southwest basin ofLake 226 was fertilized to determine long-termeffects of loading with nitrogen and carbon butnot phosphorus. Nitrogen, carbon and phosphoruswere added to the northeast basin. However, theratio of nitrogen:phosphorus and carbon:phosphoruswere kept below the ratios normally required byphytoplankton in order to evaluate the magnitudeof possible compensation by nitrogen fixation. Inthe northeast basin, n~trogen fixation increasedcompared to pre-fertilization levels; increasedgrowth and recruitment of young whitefish wasobserved and chironomid emergence increased atshallow depths but decreased in deeper regionsdue to oxygen depletion. In 1975, Lakes 303 and304 were loaded with phosphorus at rates of 0.2and 1.0 g phosphorus/m2/year. The results werecoupled with those from ongoing experiments inLakes 226 NE, 227 and 304 better to quantify re­lationships between phosphorus loading, phosphorusconcentration, standing crop and primary produc­tion. In conjunction with the studies above,studies of special patterns in chlorophyll dis­tribution and primary production led to the dis­covery of narrow bands «1 m thickness) of highconcentrations of algae in the regions of 1%light transmittance.

In 1975, experiments were performed in tubesin Lake 303 to study the interaction of organicmatter, nutrients, arsenic and phytoplankton.These experiments complemented studies of theinteractions of sewage and arsenic in lake watersand sediments of lakes in the Yellowknife area toassist the City of Yellowknife and DOE in deci­sions concerning sewage and mine waste disposal.Arsenic and nutrient budgets for Kam Lake (arse­nic polluted) and control lakes were completedfor the period 1972-75. Sedimentation rates wereobtained and laboratory experiments were done toestimate the flux of arsenic from Kam Lake sedi­ments.

Comparative studies begun in 1973 wlth Cana­dian Forestry Service continued in order to forma basis for sound forest management practices inthe Canadian shield area. Effects of clear­cutting, scarification and road building were.examined. In 1973, a severe windstorm blew down50-100% of the forest cover in some ELA basins.In 1974, a forest fire burned many of the samewatersheds. Preliminary results indicate thatboth catastrophes caused increases in flows (x2)

of nitrogen, carbon, silicon, potassium and sever­al other chemical species from soils to the lakes.However, such flows were small compared to long­term inputs and the soil reservoir, so that nolong-term adverse effects on either forest re­growth or water quality were anticipated.

Because of the economic and ecological impor­tance of the contamination of natural aquaticenvironments (including their fish) by heavymetals and radionuclides, and the probabilitythat production of such contaminants will in­crease, it was decided to make such contaminantsmajor areas of investigation at ELA in the future.In 1975, preliminary experiments were carried outto obtain information on the fate of food chaineffects of heavy metals and nuclear reactor prod­ucts in the aquatic environment. Experimentswere done in I-meter diameter tubes to determinethe effects of adding metal isotopes in the fol­lowing forms: ionic, chelated to humic and ful­vic acids; chelated to EDTA; with carrier metals,and under acidic conditions. Movements into"water, sediments and biota were monitored. Theradioisotopes used were 65Zn, 137CS, 60Co, l03Hgand o9Fe. Acidification of lakes by industrialpollutants, particularly sulfur dioxide, is be­coming recognized as a major Canadian and inter­national problem. In 1975, a study was begun todocument changes in fish populations (growth,fitness and physiology), benthos and plankton,nutrients and heavy metal chemistry during acid­ification. Background data for plankton, benthosand chemistry were collected and initial estimatesmade of lake trout populations in Lake 223. In1976, Lake 223 will be acidified at a rate of 0.5pH units per year with sulfuric acid.

RegionaZ LimnoZogy Section

Studies of likely impacts on the aquaticecosystem as a result of construction and opera­tion of pipelines in the Mackenzie and PorcupineRiver watersheds were concluded in 1975. Finalresults, conclusions and recommendations werepublished in a series of 15 FMS technical reports.The prime focus of the Regional Limnology Sectionbecame that of determining impacts resulting fromdiversion of the Churchill River and impoundmentof Southern Indian Lake as a result of hydro­electric development. Some of the highlights ofthe section's activities in the review periodfollow.

Major impacts identified in the Mackenzie­Porcupine River studies were:

1. Increased inputs of sediments tostreams resulting from terrain disturbance duringconstruction, and

2. Oil spills: It was found that water­shed area, forest cover, relief and precipitationaccounted for over 97% of the differences inerosion rates among watersheds. Based on theimportance of watershed area and forest cover incontrolling erosion, it appeared likely that in­creases in sediment supply to streams and riverscaused by terrain disturbance will be proportion­al to the land area disturbed by technologicalactivities. Small streams and rivers would bemore affected by a given disturbance (comparedto larger watersheds) since a right-of-way clear­ing (such as for a pipeline) would constitute a

16

much larger percentage of the drainage area thanwould a similar disturbance in a larger watershed.A series of experimental sediment additions to asmall tributary of the Mackenzie River showed sig­nificant increases in the number of zoobenthosdrifting during the disturbance. Depletion of 50%of the zoobenthos crop was estimated to take from7 hours to 18 days. Based on these studies, thefollowing conclusions or recommendations were made:

1. Attempts to set a priori tolerancelevels for controlling the amount of sediment un­naturally added to systems with sediment transportrates as diverse as those in the Mackenzie andPorcupine Rivers watersheds are not feasible;

2. Sediment additions to rivers in­capable of removing an increased sediment supplyresulting from technological disturbance should bereduced as much as possible, and verificationshould be sought that annual maximum dischargecan remove added sediment from the particularstream substrate;

3. Addition of sediment to a river whosemaximum annual discharge cannot remove it, shouldbe avoided or else long-term changes in biota willresult, and

4. Open-water construction likely toyield sediment additions should be done duringsummer rather than spring or fall unless riverdischarges at the time is insufficient to trans­port added sediment.

Experimental studies showed that crude oilcan have drastic effects on aquatic biota, forexample, catastrophic drift of zoobenthos instreams, reduction of emerging and surface-dwell­ing invertebrates in lakes, changes in zoobenthicfauna in the littoral of lakes, and a eutrophica­tion-like response by algae and certain taxa ofperiphytic invertebrates. Three species ofChironomidae were designated as potential indica­tors of low levels of oil contamination. Al­though certain population of algae and inverte­brates increased as a result of oil addition, ingeneral, possible toxic effects of oil, develop­ment of nuisance algae, and unavailability ofalgal-dwelling Chironomidae to feeding fish de­tract from the possible use of oil in increasingproduction of fish food.

The Southern Indian Lake study is the firstcomprehensive case study of the impact of hydro­electric development in Canada and one of the fewin the world to follow the ecosystem changes fromthe natural state to the new, modified form. Ob­servation. methods and hypotheses developed fromthe Southern Indian Lake study can be applied toand tested on other proposed and constructed im­poundments and diversions in northern Canada.The study grew out of the federal-provincial LakeWinnipeg, Churchill and Nelson Rivers Study, con­ducted in 1972-73, the results of which were pub­lished in 1975, FWI staff contributed 15 appen­dices to the report. The Southern Indian Lakestudy may be outlined as follows:

Relative density, size and condition of themajor fish species (whitefish, walleye, pike andcisco) were determined to provide pre-impoundmentbaseline data for quantification of the effectsof the hydroelectric development. The dynamics

of two spawning populations of walleye were deter­mined in order to describe the hydrometrically andbiologically common features of present succesSfulspawning locations, and to document changes andpredict spawning success as impoundment and diver­sion occur. From morphological measurements,there appear to be at least two subpopulations ofwhitefish in the lake. An attempt is being madeto determine whether biochemical differences be­tween these subpopulations exist since such dif­ferences could serve as "tags" to foll ow redi stri­bution after river diversion and impoundment ofthe lake. In conjunction with the University ofManitoba, a study of pre-impoundment levels ofparasite infestation of fish (in particular,whitefish) is being conducted. Such baselineinformation is essential to the measurement ofany changes in levels caused by impoundment.Physical and chemical variables likely to be af­fected during the changes are being monitored.For example, the importance of nutrients fromflooded land is being evaluated relative to thenatural loading of the system and will be relatedto changes in primary production. The utility ofLANDSAT-satellite imagery to estimate relativequantities of suspended sediment in SouthernIndian Lake is being evaluated. If proven feasi­ble, the capability will be applied to follow andperhaps quantify the increase in sediment load andits redistribution after impoundment and diversionof the Churchill River.

Among other studies by the section, analysesof plankton samples from numerous Canadian lakescontinued in order to characterize the speciescomposition and abundance of planktonic crusta­ceans. These are being related to ecologicalfactors such as basin geology, climate, hydrology,lake morphology, eutrophication and pollution. Astudy was completed on zooplankton geographicaldistribution in the Great Lakes. Studies alsocontinued toward the development of" a detailedunderstanding of relationships between zoobenthicpopulations and environmental parameters in fresh­water ecosystems. The first Nearctic lists ofzoobenthic indicator species communities for usein lake typology have been prepared.

In the Erickson-Elphinstone fish farmingarea, the seasonal succession and species distri­bution of phytoplankton were determined as partof the continuing study to assess the contributionof phytoplankton and protozoa to the tropho-dynam­ics of lake communities. The nutrient status ofthe characteristic Aphanizomenon blooms in theprairie pot-hole was followed through the summerof 1974 using a suite of physiological variablesdeveloped in the laboratory as indicators of nu­trient deficiency. Strong phosphorus deficiencypreceded bloom collapses in the lakes studies butnot all the blooms which showed deficiency suf­fered a collapse. Laboratory work on indicatorsof algal nutrient status continued using chemo­stats.

Although there has been 30 years of activelimnological interest in Lake Tanganyika, the pri­mary production of the lake is still unknown.This parameter is crucial to management since thecommercial fishery has a pelagic base. In 1975,two whole-lake cruises were undertaken by three ofthe Limnology Section staff in order to estimateannual primary production of Lake Tanganyika. Thestudy was carried out under a cooperative agree-

17

ment contract to the U.N.F.A.O. fisheries projectson the lake.

Concurrent with the Limnology Branch's re­search activities has been the development of ex­perimental methodology used to elucidate complexphysical, chemical and biological processes inlakes. Much of this technical development resultsfrom original research. both within the sectionand in collaboration with Lamont-Doherty Geologi­cal Observatory of Columbia University and theUniversity of Manitoba. Most of this work hasbeen published in appropriate journals and hasmade a significant contribution to the science oflimnology.

Radio tracer techniques have been developedand used to elucidate lake processes such as ratesof gas transport across the air-water interface,rates of vertical and horizontal diffusion of gas­es and ions in lakes and rates of heavy metal up­take by seston and sediments.

Specialized sampling devices have been devel­oped to measure: concentration gradients of ionsand gases across the sediment-water interface, thegradient of dissolved methane across the aerobic­anaerobic interface and other micro stratificationsin the water column.

Instrumentation and experimental techniqueshave been developed to measure: rates of methaneproduction and oxidation, nitrogen fixation anduptake of sub-ppb levels of orthophosphate, inlakes of widely varying trophic status.

Several novel automated analytical methodshave been developed to measure low level dissolvedinorganic and organic carbon and total dissolvednitrogen.

Advances have been made in the use of con­trolled light and temperature incubators to esti­mate primary production of phytoplankton and peri­phyton ,

The development of a reliable design forlarge diameter plastic walled lake water enclo­sures has provided a valuable experimental toolintermediate between laboratory experimentationand whole-lake manipulation. An isolated columnof water 10 m in diameter can now be experimental­ly manipulated with results used to more effective­ly design whole-lake experiments. This is a veryimportant step in that it limits the experimentsthat must be conducted on lakes and, therefore,limits the number of lakes that must be employedin such studies.

TOXICOLOGY BRANCH

The three general responsibilities of theToxicology Branch (known as the Fish and EcosystemToxicology Section prior to reorganization) wereas follows during the review period:

1. To advise on aquatic toxic chemicalproblems and policy.

2. To conduct interdisciplinary fundamen­tal and applied research on the harmful effects ofchemicals on fish, other aquatic species and wholeecosystems, with the emphasis on bioassay develop-

ment for environmental contaminants.

3. To conduct fundamental and applied re­search into analytical methods for heavy metals,pesticides and other toxic compounds in aquaticsystems, including aquatic animals and plants.

These responsibilities were originally met bythe six project units within the branch: Ecosys­tem Toxicology, Chemical Methodology, Fish Toxi­cology, Industrial Effluents and Toxicology Ad­ministration. After reorganization, these pro­jects were grouped into three functional sections,namely, Biological Methodology Section, ChemicalMethodology Section and Industrial Toxicology Sec­tion. The basic responsibilities and accomplish­ments of the sections follow.

BioZogicaZ MethodoZogy Section

The major role of this section is research,both fundamental and applied, in the fields ofmicrobiology, animal physiology, behavior, toxi­cology, biochemistry and ecology. The sectionhas three fundamental responsibilities within thisrole:

1. To perform research in the disciplinesoutlined above, research which is directed towardsunderstandi ng the effects of toxi cants on organ­isms and ecosystems.

2. To develop means of measuring and ~­dicting the effects of toxicants upon aquatic re­sources, and, where possible, to implement, testand refine the assays to the point that they maybe successfully used by non-research professionals.

3. To communicate the assay methods, thepredictions from the methods and/or the measure­ments from the methods, not only to the scientif­ic community, but especially to those personscharged with managing, protecting and enhancingthe aquatic resource.

One of the major problems facing the environ~

mental scientist concerned with toxic chemicals isthe lack of test ipecies. The medical toxicolo­gist has it relatively easy for there is only onetarget species - man. The environmentalist mustdeal with the myriad components of ecosystems, andeven worse with the ecosystem themselves. In theearly 1970's most decisions regarding the possibleimpact of toxic chemicals on freshwater aquaticenvironments were made using acute lethalitystudies on rainbow trout. Consequently, prior tothe review period and during it, a major thrustwas concerned with obtaining aquatic species thatcould be held in the laboratory and tested fortheir lethal and sublethal responses to toxicchemicals. During the review period significantadvances were made concerning the culture of themidge Chironomus tentans and the mass culture ofanother midge Paratanytarsus. Moreover, methodswere developed for the culture of the crustaceanHyaZ~ZZa asbeca. and the clam Sphaerium striatum.A literature review of invertebrate culture meth­ods went into its second edition and requests forcopies exhausted our supply very quickly.

Other members of the group were involved indeveloping methods for assessing sublethal changesin the physiology of fish exposed to toxicants.One study, called clinical biochemistry, concen-

18

trated on changes in blood biochemistry - for ex­ample, changes in calcium metabolism in fish sub­jected to acidification of their lakes due to S02transport and subsequent acid rains. Members fromthis group and from the invertebrate group wereinvolved in field studies of the impact of feni­trothion spraying for spruce budworm in SpruceWoods Provincial Park, Manitoba and of the larvi­ciding (with methoxychlor) of portions of theAthabasca River in Alberta. In the latter case,effects on nontarget species were detected morethan 100 km downstream.

Many fish depend upon their olfactory recep­tors for chemical clues regarding migratory, feed­ing and reproduction behavior. Interference fromtoxicants could mean serious interruptions inthese integral behavior patterns. Consequently,a very active program in this regard has existedat the Institute for some time. During the reviewperiod efforts were concentrated on establishingthe effect of mercury, copper and the pesticidesfenitrothion and acephate.

Several fish behavior assays were developedprior to and during the review period. Suchassays, although largely conducted in the labora­tory, have the distinct advantage of using the"whole animal". Emphasis was placed upon assess­ing the effect of mercury in food upon the re­sponse of walleye to light levels and upon theavoidance/preference behavior of fish to feni­trothion and oil drilling fluids.

Laboratory microbe based food chain systemswere established preparatory to their use fortesting toxicants. Prior experience suggests thatthe sensitivity of such systems may be greaterthan that of the individual components. Otherwork in the field of microbes dealt with carboncycling in lakes (methane oxidation) and with thedevelopment of strict methods for the assessmentof nitrogen fixation in aquatic environments. 'Both these studies have resulted in methodologynow accepted on a world-wide basis and can be usedto assess the impact of toxicants on systems rang­ing from the microbial to whole lake levels.

During this period a study was begun and par­tially completed regarding the impact of heavymetal fallout from smelting operations on wholefish populations in northern Manitoba. The re­sults of these studies should have a major impacton the attitudes of FMS towards effluent regula­tions as they concern our freshwater resources.

ChemicaZ MethodoZogy Section

The major role of this section is researchin the two fields of environmental chemistry andanalytical methodology. It has, in addition, animportant service and advisory function relatedto the chemistry requirements of the entire re­gion.

Research in environmental chemistry is,first, that in'which the chemistry and chemicaldata form the main interest, and second, that inwhich they are complementary to biological stUdies.In the first category, research programs areplanned by members of the group who will be re­sponsible for direction, interpretation and re­porti ng of results. In the second category, wherebiological investigations by other scientists also

require chemical understanding, special knowledgeand assistance, a research input from the groupand the fullest collaboration with the otherscientists are sought and developed. During thereview period, the section was involved, in one wayor another, with almost the entire program of thebranch.

In its role in analytical methodology, thesection is involved in development and/or refine­ment of chemical analyses for use not only withinthe section but also by others within the region.Publication of the results of these developmentsis a valuable service to aquatic scientists farbeyond the bounds Of FMS; some of the techniqueswere presented at the 1974 Congress of the SIL.

Specific projects within the section duringthe review period were: metals survey in ClearLake; mercury surveys in Clay and Ball l akes; ,studies on fish contaminants in the Upper GreatLakes; investigations into the use of gas chroma­tography - mass spectrometry; impacts of herbicidesin aquatic ecosystems; stunies of humic substancesin aquatic ecosystems and studies of arsenic distri­bution in lakes in the area of Yellowknife, NWT.

IndustriaZ TOxicoZogy Section

The section has three major terms of refer­ence:

1. To provide FMS input to the Environmen­tal Protection Service (EPS) for the NationalEffluent Regulations Program. Such input rangedfrom only the provision of expert opinion at meet­ings through the carrying out of routine bioassaysto establish regulations, to cases where researchinput was needed to solve problems before routinebioassays could be used.

2. To contribute in a major way to theWestern Region's response to specific problemareas (e.g. the Garrison Diversion Scheme, theAlberta Oil Sands project, etc.) which require theadvice of toxicologists.

3. When not engaged in externalities, thesection, like others within the branch, conductedresearch in aquatic environmental toxicology. Amajor thrust undertaken attempted to assess therelationships between laboratory assays and re­sults observed in the field.

A National Effluent Regulations Program wasdeveloped by EPS to develop regulations for thepurposes of water pollution control. The philos­ophy behind this program was to control water pol­lution from industrial effluents by writing regu­lations that relate the permissible deposits ofdeleterious substance to best practicable wastetreatment technology, ensuring that Canadian in­dustry would conform to certain standards ofwaste treatment.

FMS had a responsibility for developing andstating the requirements for protecting fish andaquatic ecosystems. It also had a responsibi1 ityfor resource surveillance to ensure adequacy oflegislation enacted to protect the aquatic re­source. With respect to the National EffluentRegulations Program, Fisheries and Marine Servicehad a responsibility to develop scientific crite-

19

ria for these regulations.

To date we have had input in the followingcompleted regulations: pulp and paper, metal min­ing and petroleum refining. In addition to thoseregulations/guidelines which have been completed,we are becoming involved in the following regula­tion/guideline development exercises: alkali andassociated products, petrochemical, metal finish­ing, textile, municipal wastes, oil and gas explo­ration and production, meat processing and potatoprocessing. A considerable number of publicationsresulted from these activities.

During the review period this group also hada major input into the planning for' the' toxicologystudies for AOSERP, into research programs of theChemical Control Research Institute (forest spray­ing) and into the establishment of water qualitycriteria for the Yukon and NWT.

With regard to research into toxicology, thegoal of one project was to provide a series oftests based on the different life stages of fish.Consequently, effort was directed into developingbioassays using reproducing adults, developingembryos, fingerlings, and adult fish. These bio­assays had as an essential criterion, a relativelysimple technical component, so as to be readilyused by others. A long-range goal was to introduceseveral types or classes of chemicals through thisseries of tests. For each of these chemicals, theobjective was to investigate the most sensitivelife stage, the type of toxicity produced and therelevance to the fingerling 96-h LC s o , the stan­dard test now used in enforcement and regulation.

Cardiovascular parameters, such as bloodpressure and electrocardiogram, and respiratoryparameters, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide contentand pH, of venous and arterial blood were obtainedfrom rainbow trout. Preliminary attempts to obtainthese parameters were not successful in whitefishor walleye because of anatomical dissimilarities totrout. Preliminary investigations on the transportof i nulin and PAH across gi11 membranes were a1 soaccomplished.

An acute, sublethal bioassay on cardiovascu­lar/respiratory function of adult rainbow troutwas developed. After a fish was anesthetized,electrocardiogram electrodes and respiratory can­nulae were surgically implanted. These proceduresrequired less than 30 minutes. Three hours wereallowed for recovery and then the fish were moni­tored at periodic intervals for 24 hours in theabsence or presence of toxicant.

The adaptation of a computerized program forthe log-probit method of determining the 96 LC s ofrom the acute lethality data was an importantadvance in this sub-project. The method of ex­trapolating median survival times (MST values) to96 hours, which had been used previously, wasfound to be unreliable with phenol and copper.

Survivors of acute lethality experiments areusually discarded at the end of an experiment.These discarded fish represent a considerable .lossof information, since they could be used to obtaindata on the "sublethal" toxicity of the chemicalin question. Preliminary studies were initiated

20

to obtain sublethal "biochemical" data, such asliver and skeletal muscle glycogen, kidney ascor­bic acid, and pseudobranch carbonic anhydrase ac­tivity, from fish exposed to sublethal concentra­tion of phenol and sodium azide.

To examine the effects of sulfuric acid onzebrafish reproduction, a method was developed tomaintain and monitor pH values of 4.5, 5.5, 6.5and 7.5 in an intermittent flow-through system.This methodology was applied to some ecosystemtoxicology sub-projects and may be applied to in­vestigate the effects of low pH on the acutelethality of reference toxicants in collaborationwith other studies. To examine the effects ofsodium azide and low oxygen levels on walleye eggdevelopment, methods were developed to control .dissolved oxygen, to incubate the eggs, and todeliver sodium azide.

scientific gear, only one preclslon machinist ison staff. A prototype of a piece of gear is de­veloped by this individual and once completed andproven, other units are contracted out to industry.

Unlike several other regions, where the De­partment of Public Works provides space and paysfor utility costs, the full cost of operating theFreshwater Institute is incorporated in ·the re­gion's budget. As a result, continuing increasedcosts for utilities have a significant effect onthe region's operating budget.

FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCH

Material. Management Section

The Material Management Section provided thefollowing services to programs of the region dur­ing the review period:

Vehicle administration 63 vehicles*

Support Services Section

*per year

The Support Services Section provided thefollowing services to the region:

100,000 items handled*

125,000 calls*

8,600 purchase orders*

Switchboard andreceptionist services

Acquisition of goodsand services

Building security

Occupational health andsafety administration

Central registryoperation

Application of TreasuryBoard of departmentalregulations and direc­tives

Receipt, distributionand warehousing ofsupplies and equipment $2.6 million

Maintenance of inventoryrecords 900 line items*

Processing of suppliersaccounts for payment 11,000 cheques issued*

Provision of financialreports

The Finance Services Section provided finan­cial services for all regional programs and forthe area personnel office. These services include:

Budgetary control $11.5 million*

To provide financial reports, the FinanceSection, in cooperation with the region's Computer

Finance Services Section

MANAGEMENT SERVICES

DIRECTOR'S SUMMARY

The design and operating philosophy of tech­nical services is such that an optimum utiliza­tion of "make or buy" principles is in operation.For example, in the design and fabrication of

Prior to December, 1972, the provlslon ofFinancial and Administrative Support Services toregional programs was the responsibility of twoseparate organizations. The unit. providing admin­istrative support services to fisheries researchactivities was located in the Food Science Build­ing on the campus of the University of Manitoba.The unit providing support services to FisheriesInspection, Economics and Resource Managementprograms was located in downtown. Winnipeg at 114Garry Street.

In December, 1972, with the opening of thenew Freshwater Institute, staff involved in allfisheries programs in the region were brought to­gether under one roof. As a result, a decisionwas made to integrate the two separate supportservice organizations into one cohesive unit.This decision was looked at with some apprehen­sion as historically fisheries programs had al­ways maintained a clear organizational separa­tion between Research and Operations (Inspec­tion, Resource Management and Economics). How­ever, the decision made at that time has provento be right as this organizational concept ofsupport services has been used as a model forother regions and headquarters.

In the Western Region, the support servicesdirectorate known as Management Services afterOctober, 1975, is basically divided into two ma­jor branches: these are (1) the financial andadministrative branch, and (2) the technicalbranch. Under the financial and administrativebanner are found such functions as registry, mail,purchasing, stores, communications, receiving andshipping, payment of accounts, budgeting, etc.Under technical services are found such functionsas library, publications, graphics, photography,computer services, electronics maintenance facil~

ities operations, shops, design and fabrication ofequipment, fish-holding (wet lab) operations andfacilities operations and management.

Analysis Section, has developed a financial manage­ment i nformati on system.

TECHNICAL BRANCH

Facilities Management Services Section

During the period 1974-76, a waste treatmentplant for the Freshwater Institute was found to benecessary as a federal facility. This project wasfunded by the department's EPS "clean-up-fund".The design contract was awarded to W. L. Wardropand Associates, Consultant Engineers. Contructioncommenced late in 1974 and was virtually completedby March, 1976.

Also constructed during the period was a fieldstation on Southern Indian Lake to accommodate thenew biological and limnological monitoring programto assess the impact of the Nelson-Churchill Diver­sion Project of Manitoba Hydro.

A decision to proceed with development of aspecialized bioassay laboratory was made early inthe review period. Existing laboratory facilitieswithin the present Freshwater Institute were fullyutilized and, hence, the bioassay laboratory is tobe a separate building, connected to the Instituteby a tunnel. Preliminary design studies, centredaround the programs planned by both EnvironmentalImpact and Toxicology branches, were completedwithin the review period.

Library and Publications Services Section

Table 7 shows some of the library activitiesduring the period under review; years marked are

'calendar years rather than fiscal years, since themajority of the library records on cataloguing,subscription renewals, etc. are in this form. Thefigures for 1973 are included for comparison. Adecline in the number of requests from staff formaterial not held in the library is shown. Thisis interpreted as indicating that the library isnow able to meet a larger proportion of the de­mands for documents needed by staff, rather than areal reduction in this need.

Table 7. Library acquisitions and transactions,1973 to 1975.

1973 1974 1975

Books added to the library 1133 1092 1040

Staff xerox requests 703 576 516

Staff loan requests 80 197 173

Staff total requests 783 773 689

Outside library xerox requests 557 731 704

Outside 1ibrary loan requests 123 109 100

Outside 1i brary total requests 678 840 804

21

usual in a special 1ibrary. Quite a hi qh propor­tion of these requests were from local libraries(University of Manitoba, Agriculture Canada, andprovincial government departmental libraries). Al­most one third of our own requests are satisfiedlocally, the University of I~anitobalibraries beingthe major suppliers.

During 1974, a survey of the use of currentperiodicals by readers in the library was carriedout. As a result, it was found that 12 periodicalswere no longer needed, and subscriptions to themwere not renewed. The total number of periodicalsubscriptions is about 1000, about 33% of which arereceived by gift Or exchange.

Ten literature search profiles continued to berun for staff on the Canadian Selective Dissemina­tion of Information Service (CAN/SOl); modificationsto some of these were made from time to time as theusers' interests and needs changed.

In April, 1974, access to the computerizedbibliographic data bases on the QL Systems Ltd.service became available for on-line searching fromthe Institute through installation of an IBM 2741terminal and telephone modem in the library. Amongthe data bases available was our deparment's data­base commonly known as WATDOC (Water Resources Docu­ment Reference Centre). In 1975, access to theCanadian On-Line Enquiry (CAN/OLE) system was ob­tained. As with many innovations, demand for thistype of service was small initially but a slow butsteady increase in demand emerged as the value andspeed of the searches performed spread among staffby word of mouth. Limitations in the facilitiesavailable did not encourage widespread use. Therecan be no doubt, however, about the savings insearch time and efficiency provided by the system.

In 1975, the final issues of the former Cen­tral Region Operations Directorate CEN/T (Central/Technical) and CEN/D (Central/Data) Report serieswere published. Indexes to these reports and tothe other publications by staff were published asTechnical Report No. 505 (to 1973) and No. 620(1974-75). (This latter report was published inDecember, 1976.)

Computer Analysis Section

There was an increased interest and use ofdata processing methods and facilities by researchscientists, operating groups and administrativestaff at the Institute. A high speed remote jobentry terminal and four keypunch machines were in­stalled and a small complement of staff was added.Several new major projects were undertaken; someof these were:

1. Freshwater fish landings statistics;

2. Heavy metals and pesticides contami­nants reports, and

3. A system to find the solutions toequations representing equilibria among chemicalspecies in experimental lakes.

It is interesting to note also that the numberof requests for material .f'rom our library exceededthe number of requests. which we made. This is un-

Grand totals 1461 1613 1493 Data processing services were extended to theFreshwater Fish Marketing Corporation on a shared­cost basis. Commercial fish landings and processedfish product sales statistical reports were pro­vided to the Corporation in return for access to

their records for economics studies (see detailsunder Fishing Services, Fishing and IndustryServices Directorate).

Graphic Arts and ~otography Section

The Graphic Arts and Photography Division at

22

the FWI performed numerous services in conjunc­tion with the operations and programs in theregion. These services consist of drafting, il­lustrating, photography, reproduction and displayswhich served to document scientific and technicalreports, visual presentations for lectures, semi­nars and displays, etc.

Director-General 's Office:Director-GeneralEnvironmental Secretariat, Director

Co-ordi natorRegional Program Planning Co-ordinatorRegional Science AdvisorSecretary

Fishing and Industry Services:Di rectorEmergency Planning OfficerSecretary

STAFF LIST

G. H. LawlerR. J. PatersonD. G. WrightF. J. O. JosephsonD. P. ScottS. Thomas

G. R. DouglasE. W. GarrettP. Finnen

Fishing Services Branch:Associate DirectorEconomic Analysis

D. Topolniski

Industry Services Branch:Associate DirectorBranch Secretary

P. Thompson M. Sloboda

D. M. Cauvin

S. K. LawM. Chin

Regional Inspection SectionInspection Chemistry

M. HendzelA. Ri egerB. Hauser

Inspection MicrobiologyProduct Services

- Manager

P. E. WorobeyJ. TisdaleA. R. Beal

T. E. Walker

VacantG. McGregor

W. E. Beggs

Regional. Vessel Programs - Manager

Technical and Scientific Services - HeadM. Freese W. L. DilkK. Scott D. G. Iredale

Ontario District - ManagerM. Molland M. HigginsL. Teeter D. ChapmanS. Durzi N. SherwoodP. Skalski E. LeesH. F. Fineberg F. BoileauA. G. Ryder R. Crewe

Manitoba District - ManagerM. Kaban D. OlsonV. Hindle E. BurkeC. D. Barrett J. MorphyJ. Cullen R. SchindleC. Maki

H. Ballon

G. GreyC. JoyceP. CalwayR. R. FeeroM. BokhautP. LeBlanc

R. 1. GarnettR. Lewandiwsky1. StubbingtonT. Gregg

A. Walters

L. C. Dugal

D. Moulton

W. C. Kozak

Saskatchewan District - ManagerP. NelsonR. ThompsonC. M. Oliver

J. W. LovettR. SemchukJ. G. Pryznyk

L. A. YaremkoH. A. Nordlund

/

Alberta District - ManagerG. A. Parrott

23

E. L. Ball J. LloydVacant

NWT Management DistrictManagerSecretaryAdministrative Officer

H. GreenInspection

M. HoweP. Bobi nski

EnforcementW. J. HuntD. DowlerD. Green·

Research and Resource Services:Di rectorScientific AdvisorSecretary

Fisheries Resources Branch:HeadSecretary

Fish Populations and ProductionJ. W. ClaytonL. Johnson

Fish Health - HeadB. SouterM. Campbell

Aquaculture - HeadJ. BaricaJ. A. MathiasM. YurkowskiD. BernardL. Gibson

Fisheries Management - HeadR. W. MoshenkoD. V. GillmanG. Low

Environmental Impact Branch:HeadSecretary

R. V. Grimsrud

R. Studney J. K. Hunt

K. Roberts W. RalfV. MacRoberts T. TurnbullJ. W. Caudron G. Bogden

J. S. Campbell K. RowesD. N. Treti ak

H. R. Mi 11er K. Kni ght

J. Lark R. OlsonG. Curry D. J. GerberR. Hanson J. MartinD. Spriggs J.-A. L. TabachekM. Foster

L. W. Dahlke D. Barnes.D. K. McGowanG. Carder

H. R. TrudeauJ. GillesA. P. Demeule

A. L. Hami 1tonJ. R. VallentyneG. Porth

W. FalknerM. Smith

R. K. Kelly

G. B. Ayles

R. F. Peet

J. LochB. Cohen

Environmental Impact Assessment ­C. KatapodisK. Chang-Kue .M. Lawrence

Impact Research - HeadB. G. E. de MarchL. de March

Limnology Branch:Head

Experimental Limnology - LeaderE. J. FeeG. J. BrunskillJ. ShearerM. StaintonM. J. Capel

HeadB. Fall isS. HarbichtG. McKinnon

W. EddyG. P. McRae

B. W. HauserR. SchadeH. ValiantR. BarnesJ. Prokopowich

B. G. Sutherland

R. R. Wa 11 ace

D. Findlay1. J. DaviesB. Graham

J. N. Stein

H. E. Wel ch

P. Campbell

D. W. Schindler

Regional Limnology - LeaderK. PatalasO. A. SaetherF. P. HealeyD. M. RosenbergR. W. Newbury

Toxicology Branch:HeadSecretary

Biological Methodology - LeaderT. J. HaraE. SchererW. G. FranzinS. G. LawrenceB. M. Thompson

Chemical Methodology - LeaderR. WagemannD. PovoledoD. A. J. ~1urray

Industrial Toxicology - LeaderW. A. MacdonaldS. E. HarrisonR. V. ClarkW. R. Lillie

Management Services:Di rector

24

A. SalkiL. HendzelA. WiensH. Kl ingK. Beaty

S. NowakM. P. McLeanJ. F. FlannaganG. A. McFarlaneD. A. Metner

N. GriftA. LutzM. Pitze

B. R. HobdenH. S. MajewskiR. EvansH. D. Maciorowski

H. A. AylesS. GuildfordR. HarperC. Anema

J. SolomonB. E. TownsendS. L. LeonhardM. K. FriesenA. Furutani

K. C. TamR. HuntA. Yakuntschak

D. G. AlexanderD. HodginsR. Danell

R. E. Hecky

R. D. Hamil tonG. Decterow

W. L. Lockhart

F. A. J. Armstrong

J. F. Klaverkamp

S. E. Schick

Financial and Administrative Branch - Head

Regi ona1 Administrative ServicesH. E. GoshlakC. EcclesM. Blais

- ChiefJ. A. 01 ivierJ. ReimerL. Miller

B. MacdonellR. Raimondi

E. Ray

W. H. McKay

Regional Financial ServiceN. Moran

Purchas tnsR. 1. Taite

Technical Services - HeadSecretary

Facilities Management, Fabrication- Supervisor

W. 'Cox-Maintenance-- Chief

1. ReimerF. RoacheO. Thorwaldson

Fish Culture (Wet Lab)L. Allard

C. Rybczuk

A. Belanger

W. Chisholm

J. OppeboenP. HarropR. Skaritko

J. Czwarno

G. Laing

B. Conley

W. Burton

E. WoodsB. van 'der Veen

A. Rybak

W. J. NicholsonO. Pelser

C. Jones

M. Zacharkiw

J. Kinash

Library and Publications Services - HeadM. Kays

Computer Analysis - Head. D. Abrams

Graphic Arts and Photography - HeadC. Royal

K. E. Marshall

D. Costin

S. T. Zettler

25

BEAL, A.R. 1975 Selenium determination on fishtissue. J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 32(2): 249-252.

BEAMISH, R.J., W.L. LOCKHART, J.C. VAN LOON, andH.H. HARVEY 1975 Long-term acidification ofa lake and resulting effects on fishes. Ambio4(2): 98-102.

AYLES, G.B. 1976 Comments on the current statusof aquaculture in heated effluents in NorthAmerica, p. 59-75. In B. Gay, M.J.B. LaCroix and I.L. Ophel (ed.) Low-grade heat; aresource in cold climates;·proceedjogs ofaworkshop held at thaEhal k River NuclearLaboratories, October 6 to 10, 1975. (AECL­5322/1) Vol.l.

AYLES, H. 1974 Environmental impact assessment,biological perspective, p. 22-29. In Nation­al conference on environmental impact assess­ment: philosophy and methodology, proceedingsof a conference held on November 15-16, 1973.Agass i z Center for Water Studies, Universityof Manitoba, Winnipeg.

BARICA, J. 1974 Some observations on internal re­cycling, regeneration and oscillation of dis­solved nitrogen and phosphorus in shallowself-contained lakes. Arch. Hydrobiol . 73(3):334-360.

BARICA, J. 1975 Electrochemical detection ofNH4+-NH 3 systems in water, p. 20-24. In Waterquality parameters, a symposium ... Burlington,Ontario ... 19-21 November 1973. ASTM Spec.Tech.Publ. 573.

BARICA, J. 1975 Summerkill risk in prairie pondsand possibilities of its prediction. J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 32(8): 1283-1288.

BARICA, J. 1975 Collapses of algal blooms inprairie pothole lakes: their mechanism andecological impact. Int.Ver.theor.angew.Lim~

nol.Verh. 19(1): 606-615.

BRUNSKILL, G.J. 1974 Rates of supply of nitrogenand phosphorus to Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, inrelation to the diversion of Missouri waterinto the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, p. 01­015. In W.G. Leitch and J.J. Keleher (ed.)Garrison Diversion Project presentations.Manitoba Environmental Council, Study No.2.

BRUNSKILL, G.J., P. CAMPBELL, S. ELLIOTT, B.W.GRAHAM, and G.W. MORDEN 1975 Rates of trans­port of total phosphorus and total nitrogen inMackenzie and Yukon River watersheds, N.W.T.and Y.T., Canada. Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh. 19(4): 3199-3203.

BURTON, W. 1974 A semiautomatic release gear forgrabs and corers. J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 31(7):1244-1246.

CAPEL, M.J. 1974 Modifications to the TechniconAutoAnalyzer n sampler. Lab.Pract. 23(5):253.

FEE,

CAUVIN, D.M. 1976 Commentary on keynote paper byF.W. Gorbet: Economics and the question of low­grade heat, p. 433-442. In B. Gay, M.J.B. LaCroix and I.L. Ophel (ed.) Low-grade heat: aresource in cold climates; proceedings of aworkshop held at the Chalk River Nuclear Lab­oratori es , October 6 to 10, 1975. (AECL-5322/2)Vol. 2.

CLAYTON, J.W., D.N. TRETIAK, B.N. BILLECK, and P.IHSSEN 1975 Genetics of multiple supernatantand mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase isozymesin rainbow trout (SaZmo gairdneri) , p. 433-448.In C.L. Markert (ed.) Isozymes. Vol.4. Geneticsand evolution. Academic Press, N.Y.

DAVIES, I.J. 1975 Selective feeding in some arcticChironomidae. Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh.19(4): 3149-3154.

E.J. 1975 The importance of diurnal variationof photosynthesis vs. light curves to estimatesof integral primary production. Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh. 19(1): 39-46.

FINDLAY, G.M., G.J. HOWE, and W.L. LOCKHART 1975Impact of fenitrothion upon Japanese quail(Coturnix aoturnix japoniaa) in a forest eco­system. Manit.Entomol. 8: 10-15, 1974.

DE MARCH, L. 1975 Nutrient budgets for a high arc­tic lake (Char Lake, N.W.T.). Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh. 19(1): 496-503.

FLANNAGAN, J.F. 1974 Field and laboratory studiesof the effect of exposure to fenitrothion onfreshwater aquatic invertebrates. Manit.Ento­mol. 7: 15-25, 1973.

FLETT, R.J., R.D. HAMILTON, and N.E.R. CAMPBELL1975 Nitrogen fixation in aquatic environ­ments - a critical study of the acetylene re­duction assay. Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh.19(4): 2664-2668.

FLETT, R.J., R.D. HAMILTON, and N.E.R. CAMPBELL1976 Aquatic acetylene-reduction techniques:solutions to several problems. Can.J.Microbiol.22(1): 43-5l.

FLETT, R.J., J.W.M. RUDD, and R.D. HAMILTON 1975Acetylene reduction assays for nitrogen fixation

fluctuations in waterfish kill lakes: effectWater Res. 8(11):

BARICA, J. 1974 Extremequality of eutrophicof sediment mixing.881-888.

STAFF PUBLICATIONS - PAPERS

ARMSTRONG, F.A.J., and D.P. SCOTT 1974 Photochem­ical dechlorination of water supply for fishtanks, with commercial water sterilizers.J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 31(12): 1881-1885.

ARMSTRONG, F.A.J. 1975 Spectrophotometric deter­mination of sulfide in water, p. 14-19. InWater quality parameters, a symposium ...Burlington, Ontario ... November 1973.ASTM Spec.Tech.Publ. 573.

AYLES, G.B. 1974 Relative importance of additivegenetic and maternal sources of variation inearly survival of young splake hybrids (SaZve­Zinus fontinaZis x S. namayaush). J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 31(9): 1499-1502.

AYLES, G.B. 1975 Influence of the genotype andthe environment on growth and survival ofrainbow trout (SaZmo gairdneri) in centralCanadian aquaculture lakes. Aquaculture6(2): 181-188.

26

in freshwaters: a note of caution. Appl.Micro­biol. 29(5): 580-583.

FREESE, M. 1975 Comparison of near- and far-fieldmeasurements of diffuse ultrasonic tissue vol­ume backscatter, p. 33-36. In 1975 UltrasonicsSymposium Proceedings. IEEE Cat.#75 CHO 994­4SU.

FREESE, M., and H.A.K. HAMID 1974 Lipid contentdetermination in whole fish using ultrasonicpulse backscatter, p. 69-76. In 1974 IEEEUltrasonics Symposium Proceedings, Nov.11-14,1974. IEEE Cat.#74 CHO 896-1SU.

GILLESPIE, D.C., T.P.T. EVELYN, C. FRANTSI, R.M.MacKELVIE, and N. NEUFELD 1974 Methods forthe detection of certain pathogens of salmonidfishes. Methodes de detection de certainsagents pathogenes chez les salmonides. Can.Fish.Mar.Serv.Misc.Spec.Publ. 23:19(Eng.) +21(Fr.) p.

GRIFT, N., and W.L. LOCKHART 1974 Gas-liquid chro­matographic determination of fenitrothion infish, water, and sediment. J.Assoc.Off.Anal.Chem. 57(6): 1282-1284.

GUTHRIE, J.E., D.R. PROWSE, and D.P. SCOTT 1975An assessment of nuclear power plant waste heatutilization for freshwater fish farming. ChalkRiver, Atomic Energy of Canada, AECL-4924, 47 p.

HAMILTON, A.L. 1974 Organizational impediments toeffective environmental impact research, p. 391­403. In Allocative conflicts in water-resourcemanagement. Agassiz Center for Water Studies,University of Manitoba.

HARA, T.J. 1974 Is morpholine an effective olfac­tory stimulant in fish? J.Fish.Res.Board Can.31(9): 1547-1550.

HARA, T. 1975 Molecular structure and stimulatoryeffectiveness of amino acids in fish olfaction,p. 223-225. In D.A. Denton and J.P.. Coghlan(ed.). Olfaction and taste V. Proceedings ofthe fifth international symposium ... Melbourne,Australia, October 1974. Academic Press, N.Y.

HARA, T. 1975 Olfaction in fish. Progr.Neurobiol.5(4): 271-335.

HARA, T.J. 1976 Structure-activity relationshipsof amino acids in fish olfaction. Comp.Biochem.Physiol. 54A(l): 31-36.

HARA, T.J. 1976 Effects of pH on the olfactoryresponses to amino acids in rainbow trout,SaZmo gairdneri. Comp.Biochem.Physiol. 54A(l):37-39.

HARA, T.J., and S. MacDONALD 1975 Morpholine asolfactory stimulus in fish. Science 187(4171):81-82.

HARA, T.J., and S. MacDONALD 1976 Olfactory res­ponses to skin mucous substances in rainbowtrout, SaZmo gairdneri. Comp.Biochem.Physiol.54A(l): 41-44.

HEALEY, F.P., and L.L. HENDZEL 1975 Effect ofphosphorus deficiency on two algae growing inchemostats. J.Phycol. 11(3): 303-309.

HEALEY, F.P., and L.L. HENDZEL 1976 Physiologicalchanges during the course of blooms of AZpha­nizomenon flos-aquae. J.Fish.Res.Board Can.31 (l): 36-41.

HEALEY, M.C. 1975 Dynamics of exploited whitefishpopulations and their management, with specialreference to the Northwest Territories. J.Fish.Res.Hoard Can. 32(3): 427-448.

HEALEY, M.C., and C.W. NICOL 1975 Fecundity compar­isons for various stocks of lake whitefish,Coregonus aZupeaformis. J.Fish.Res.Board Can.32(3): 404-407.

HECKY, R.E. 1975 The phytoplankton and primary pro­ductivity of Southern Indian Lake (Manitoba), ahigh latitude, riverine lake. Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh. 19(1): 599-605.

IREDALE, D.G. 1974 Problems in the utilization offreshwater fish, p. 267-269. In R. Kreuzer ted.)Fishery products [Papers and dtscusstons'ut F.A.O.Conference, Tokyo, December 1973J. Fishing News(Books), West Byfleet.

IREDALE, D.G., and R.K. YORK 1976 Purging a mUddy­earthy flavor taint from rainbow trout (SaZmogairdneri) by transferring to artificial andnatural holding environments. J.Fish.Res.BoardCan. 31(1): 160-166.

JACKSON, T.A., and D.W. SCHINDLER 1975 The biogeo­chemistry of phosphorus in an experimental lakeenvironment: evidence for the formation of humic­metal-phosphate complexes. Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh. 19(1): 211-221.

JOHNSON, L. 1975 Physical and chemical characteris­ti cs of Great Bear Lake, Northwest Terri todes.J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 32(11): 1971-1987.

JOHNSON, L. 1975 Distribution of fish species inGreat Bear Lake, Northwest Territories, withreference to zooplankton, benthic invertebrates,and environmental conditions. J.Fish.Res.HoardCan. 32(11): 1989-2004.

JOHNSON, L. 1975 The Great Bear Lake: its place inhistory. Arctic 28(4): 231-244.

KALFF, J., H.J. KLING, S.H. HOLMGREN, and H.E. WELCH1975 Phytoplankton, phytoplankton growth andbiomass cycles in an unpolluted and in a pollutedpolar lake. Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh.19(1): 487'-495.

KLAVERKAMP, J.F. 1975 Effects of pH on cholinergicvascular receptors of rainbow trout, SaZmo gaird­neri. Gen.Pharmacol. 6(1): 9-14.

KLAVERKAMP. J.F., B.R. HOBDEN, and S.E. HARRISON 1975Acute lethality and in vitro brain cholinesteraseinhibition of acephate and fenitrothion in rain­bow trout. Proc.West.Pharmacol.Soc. '18: 358-361.

LAWLER, G.H., L.A. SUNDE, and J. WHITAKER 1974 Troutproduction in prairie ponds. J.Fish.Res.BoardCan. 31(5): 929-936.

LEONHARD, S.L. 1975 Uptake of fenitrothion by cagedcrayfish, Oraoneates viriZis, in Pine Creek,Manitoba, 1973. Manit.Entomol. 8: 16-18, 1974.

27

LEVENICK, C.K., P.A. KONDRA, and M. FREESE 1975Exposure of eggs to ultrasound during incuba­tion and its effect on hatchability and growth.Poult.Sci. 54: 369-373.

LOCKHART, W.L., D.A. METNER, and N. GRIFT 1974Biochemical and residue studies on rainbowtrout (SaZmo gairdneri) following field andlaboratory exposures to fenitrothion. Manit.Entomol. 7: 26-36, 1973.

LOCKHART, W.L., R. WAGEMANN, J.W. CLAYTON, B.GRAHAM, and D. MURRAY 1975 Chronic toxicityof a synthetic tri-aryl phosphate oil to fish.Environ.Physiol.Biochem. 5(4): 361-369.

MARSHALL, K.E. 1975 State of the art review [ininformation science]: Manitoba. Proc.Annu.­Meet.Am.Soc.Inform.Sci.W.Can.Chap. 7: 107-114.

MARSHALL, K.E., and M. PARE (ed.) 1975 Proceed­ings, third open conference on informationscience in Canada: organizational patterns ininformation science in Canada. Comptes rendus,troisieme conference publique sur les sciencesde 1 'information au Canada: les sciences de1 'information au Canada, leur mode d'organisa­tion. Quebec, May 8-10, mai, 1975. CanadianAssociation for Information Science, Ottawaix+253p.

MURRAY, D.A.J. 1975 Trace analysis of phenols inwater by gas chromatography. J.Fish.Res.BoardCan. 32(2): 292-294.

MURRAY, D.A.J. 1975 Analysis of triaryl phosphateesters of IMOL S-140 in fish tissue and watersamples by gas chromatography. J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 32(4): 457-460.

MURRAY, D.A.J., D. POVOLEDO, and R.V. SCHMIDT 1975Field analysis of dissolved gases in lakewaters by gas chromatography, p. 391-397. InWater quality parameters, a symposium ... Bur­lington, Ontario .,. 19-21 November 1973. ASTMSpec.Tech.Publ. 573.

MURRAY, D.A.J., and B. VAN DER VEEN 1975 Portablefield gas chromatograph for gas analyses inlake waters, p. 312-325. In W.A. Adams (ed.)Chemistry and physics of aqueous gas solutions.Electrochemical Society, Princeton, N.S.

NALEWAJKO, C., and D.W. SCHINDLER 1976 Primaryproduction, extracellular release, and heter­otrophy in two lakes in the ELA, northwesternOntario. J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 33(2): 219­226.

PATALAS, K. 1975 The crustacean plankton communi­ties of fourteen North American great lakes.Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh. 19(1): 504­511.

PATALAS, K. 1976 Commentary on keynote paper byU. Grimas: Some aspects on cooling water dis­charges and environmental enhancement, p. 161­171. In B. Gay, M.J.B. La Croix and I.L. Ophel(ed.) Low-grade heat: a resource in cold cli­mates; proceedings of a workshop held at ChalkRiver Nuclear Laboratories, October 6 to 10,1975. (AECL-5322/1) Vol. 1.

PROVOLEDO, D., and·H.L. GOLTERMAN (ed.) 1975 Humic

substances: their structure and function in thebiosphere; proceedings of an international meet­ing held at Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands,May 29-31, 1972. Centre for Agricultural Pub­lishing and Documentation, Wageningen. 368 p.

PROVOLEDO, D., D. MURRAY, and M. PITZE 1975 Pig­ments and lipids in the humic acids of someCanadian lake sediments, p. 233-258. In D.Povoledo and H.L. Golterman (ed.) Humic sub­stances: their structure and function in thebiosphere; proceedings of an internationalmeeting held at Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands,May 29-31, 1972. Centre for Agricultural Pub­lishing and Documentation, Wageningen.

RUDD, J.W.M., and R.D. HAMILTON 1975 Factors con­trolling rates of methane oxidation and thedistribution of the methane oxidizers in asmall stratified lake. Arch.Hydrobiol. 75(4):522-538.

RUDD, J.W.M., and R.D. HAMILTON 1975 Two samplersfor monitoring dissolved gases in lake waterand sediments. Limnol.Oceanogr. 20(5): 902­906.

RUDD, J.W.M., and R.D. HAMILTON 1975 Methane oxi­dation in a eutrophic Canadian Shield lake.InLVertheor.angew.Limnol.Verh. 19(4): 2669­2673.

RUDD, J.W.M., R.D. HAMILTON, and N.E.R. CAMPBELL1974 Measurement of microbial oxidation ofmethane in lake water. Limnol.Oceanogr.19(3): 519-524.

ROSENBERG, D.M. 1974 The use of Chironomidae asindicators of macroinvertebrate diversity in astudy of pesticide pollution. Ent.Tidskr. 95(Suppl.): 212-215.

ROSENBERG, D.M. 1975 Fate of dieldrin in sediment,water, vegetation, and invertebrates of aslough in central Alberta, Canada. Quaest.Entomol. 11: 69-96.

ROSENBERG, D.M. 1975 Food chain concentration ofchlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in inverte­brate communities: are-evaluation. Quaest.Entomol. 11: 97-110.

ROSENBERG, D.M., and N.B. SNOW 1975 Effect ofcrude oil on zoobenthos colonization of arti­ficial substrates in subarctic ecosystems.Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh. 19(3): 2172­2177 .

ROSENBERG, D.M., and A.P. WIENS 1975 Experimentalsediment addition studies on the Harris River,N.W.T., Canada: the effect on macroinvertebratedrift. Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh. 19(2):1568-1574.

SAETHER, O.A. 1974 Morphology and terminology offemale genitalia in Chironomidae (Diptera).Ent.Tidskr. 95(Suppl.): 216-223.

SAETHER, O.A. 1975 Two new species of Hetero­tanytarsus Sparck, with keys to nearctic andpalaearctic males and pupae of the genus(Diptera: Chironomidae). J.Fish.Res.Board Can.32(2): 259-270.

28

SAETHER, O.A. 1975 Two new species of ProtanypusKieffer, with keys to nearctic and palaearcticspecies of the genus (Oiptera: Chironomidae).J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 32(3): 367-388.

SAETHER, O.A. 1975 Nearctic and palaearctic Hetero­trissocZadius (Diptera: Chironomidae). Fish.Res.Board Can.Bull. 193: 67 p.

SAETHER, O.A. 1975 Twelve new species of Limno­phyes Eaton, with keys to Nearctic males ofthe genus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Can.Entomol.107(10): 1029-1056.

SAETHER, O.A. 1975 Nearctic chironomids as indica­tors of lake typology. Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh. 19(4): 3127-3133.

SCHERER. E. 1975 Avoidance of fenitrothion by gold­fish (Carassius auratus). Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 13(4): 492-496.

SCHERER, E. 1976 Overhead-light intensity andvertical positioning of the walleye. stizo­stedion vitreum vitreum. J.Fish.Res.Board Can.33(2): 289-292.

SCHINDLER. D.W. 1974 Eutrophication and recoveryin experimental lakes: implications for lakemanagement. Science 184(4139): 897-899.

SCHINDLER, D.W. 1974 Eutrophication, p. 255-267.In Allocati ve confl i cts in water-resource man­agement. Agassiz Center for Water Studies,University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.

SCHINDLER, D.W. 1975 Factors affecting gas ex­change in natural waters. Limnol.Oceangr.20(6): 1053-1055.

SCHINDLER. D.W. 1975 Whole-lake eutrophicationexperiments with phosphorus, nitrogen and car­bon. Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh. 19(4):3221-3231.

SCHINDLER, D.W., and E.J. FEE 1974 ExperimentalLakes Area: whole-lake experiments in eutrophi­cation. J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 31(5): 937-953.

SCHINDLER, D.W., and E.J. FEE 1974 Primary pro­duction in freshwater, p. 155-158. In Proceed­ings of the First International Congress ofEcology; structure, functioning and managementof ecosystems. The Hague, The Netherlands,September 8-14, 1974. Centre for AgriculturalPublishing and Documentation, Wageningen.

SCHINDLER, D.W., and E.J. FEE 1975 The roles ofnutrient cycling and radiant energy in aquaticcommunities, p. 323-343. In J.P. Cooper (ed.)Photosynthesis and productivity in differentenvironments, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge. (International Biological Programme,3).

SCHINDLER, D.W., J. KALFF, H.E. WELCH, G.J. BRUNSKILL,H. KLING, and N. KRITSCH 1974 Eutrophicationin the high arctic - Meretta Lake, CornwallisIsland (75°N lat.). J.Fish.Res.Board Can.31(5): 647-662.

SCHINDLER, D.W., and D.R.S. LEAN 1974 Biologicaland chemical mechanisms in eutrophication offreshwater lakes. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 250:129-135.

SCHINDLER, D.W., D.R.S. LEAN, and E.J. FEE 1975Nutrient cycling in freshwater ecosystems,p. 96-105. In Productivity of world eco­systems; Proceedings of a symposium, August 31 ­September 1, 1972, Seattle, Washington,National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C,

SCHINDLER, D.W., H.E. WELCH, J. KALFF, G.J.BRUNSKILL, and N. KRITSCH 1974 Physical andchemical limnology of Char Lake, CornwallisIsland (75°N lat.). J.Fish.Res.Board Can.31(5): 585-607.

SCOTT, D.P. 1974 Mercury concentration of whitemuscle in relation to age, growth, and condi­tion in four species of fishes from Clay Lake,Ontario. J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 31(11): 1723­1729.

SCOTT, K.R. 1975 Electronic temperature controlfor environmental rooms. ASHRAE J. 17(10):43-45.

SIKSTROM, C.B., D.A. METNER, and W.L. LOCKHART 1975Hermaphroditism in a white sucker (Catostomuscommersoni) from the Athabasca River, Alberta.Trans.Am.Fish.Soc. 104(2): 413.

SMITH, A.L., R.H. GREEN, and A. LUTZ 1975 Uptakeof mercury by freshwater clams (family Union­idae). J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 32(8): 1297-1303.

SMITH, T.G., and F.A.J. ARMSTRONG 1974 Mercury inseals, terrestrial carnivores, and principalfood items of the Inuit, from Holman, N.W.T.J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 32(6): 795-801.

SOLOMON, J., and J.F. UTHE 1974 The determinationof chlorine in organic materials by combustionand microcoulometry. Anal.Chim.Acta 73: 149­155.

SNOW, N.B., and P. CHANG 1975 Aspects of zooben­thos ecology of the Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T.Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh. 19(2): 1562­1567.

SNOW, N.B., and B.F. SCOTT 1975 The effect andfate of crude oil spilt on two arctic lakes,p. 527-534. In 1975 Conference on Preventionand Control of Oil Pollution, Proceedings,March 25-27, 1975, San Francisco, California.American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.

STAINTON, M.P. 1974 An automated method for deter­mination of chloride and sulfate in freshwaterusing cation exchange and measurement of elec­trical conductance. Limnol.Oceanogr. 19(4):707-711.

STAINTON, M.P. 1974 Simple, efficient reductioncolumn for use in the automated determinationof nitrate in water. Anal.Chem. 46(11): 1616.

STAINTON, M.P., M.J. CAPEL, and F.A.J. ARMSTRONG1974 The chemical analysis of fresh water.Can.Fish.Mar.Serv.Misc.Spec.Publ. 25: 120 p.

TABACHEK, J.-A.L., and M. YURKOWSKI 1976 Isolationand identification of blue-green algae produc­ing muddy odor metabolites, geosmin and2-methylisoborneol, in saline lakes in Manitoba.J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 31(1): 25-35.

STAFF PUBLICATIONS - REPORTS

AYLES, H., S. BROWN, K. MACHNIAK, and J. SIGURDSON1974 The fisheries of the Lower Churchilllakes, the Rat-Burntwood lakes and the UpperNelson lakes: present conditions and the impli­cations of hydroelectric development. L.Winni­peg, Churchill and Nelson R.Study Bd, 1971-75,Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.2 Report I: 100 p.

AYLES, H.A., and G.D. KOSHINSKY 1974 The fisheriesof Southern Indian Lake - present conditionsand implications of hydroelectric development.L.Winnipeg, Churchill and Nelson R.Study Bd,1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.1 Report H:118 p.

BARICA, J. 1975 Geochemistry and nutrient regimeof saline eutrophic lakes in the Erickson­Elphinstone district of south-western Manitoba.Technical Report 511: 82 p.

BEAL, A.R. 1974 A study of selenium levels infreshwater fishes of Canada's Central Region.Technical Report CEN./T-74-6: 14 p.

BEAMISH, R.J., G.A. McFARLANE, J.C. VAN LOON, andJ. LICHWA 1975 An examination of the possi­ble effects of Sudbury nickel mining and smelt­ing operations on fishes and the water chemis­try of lakes within the Whitefish Lake IndianReserve. Technical Report 579: 52 p.

BOND, W.A. 1974 The Great Slave Lake commercialfishery, summer, 1973. Technical ReportCEN/T -74-8: 38p.

TAM, K.C.' 1974 Arsenic in water by flamelessatomic absorption spectrophotometry. Envi­ron.Sci.Technol. 8(8): 734-736.

THOMPSON, B., and R.D. HAMILTON 1974 Some prob­lems with heterotrophic-uptake methodology,p. 566-575. In R.R. Colwell and R.Y. Morita(ed.) Effect of the ocean environment on micro­bial activities. University Park Press,Baltimore.

THOMPSON, P.C. 1974 Institutional constraints infisheries management. J.Fish.Res.Board Can.31(12): 1965-1981.

UTHE, J.F., and F.A.J. ARMSTRONG 1974 The micro­determination of mercury and organomercurycompounds in environmental materials. Toxicol.Environ.Chem.Rev. 2: 45-77.

VALLENTYNE, J.R. 1974 Limnology and education inthe next decade. J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 31(5):513-519.

VALLENTYNE, J.R. (ed.) 1974 The way ahead. Theproceedings of a symposium held at the Fresh­water Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, onOctober 25, 1973, as part of the 75th anniver­sary celebration of the Fisheries ResearchBoard of Canada. J.Fish.Res.Board Can. 31(7):1269-1332.

VALLENTYNE, J.R. 1974 The algal bowl - lakes andman. Can.Fish.Mar.Serv.Misc.Spec.Publ. 22:185 p.

VALLENTYNE, J.R. 1975 Responsible statehood: theneed for a population policy, p. G1-G8. InK.B. Richmond and J.J. Keleher (ed.) Manitoba2000: population size and distribution. Mani­toba Environmental Council, Study 5..

29

AYLES, H.A.of theNelson5, V.2

1974 The fisheries of the East ChannelNelson River. L.Winnipeg, Churchill andR.Study Bd, 1971-75, Tech.Rep. AppendixReport B: 21 p,

WAGEMANN, R. 1975 Some environmental and toxi­cological aspects of a tri-aryl phosphate syn­thetic oil. Int.Ver.theor.angew.Limnol.Verh.19(3): 2178-2184.

WAGEMANN, R., and G.J. BRUNSKILL 1975 The effectof filter pore-size on analytical concentra­tion of some trace elements in filtrates ofnatural water. InLJ.Environ.Anal.Chem. 4(1):75-84.

WAGEMANN, R., and B. GRAHM~ 1974 Membrane andglass fibre filter contamination in chemicalanalysis of fresh water. Water Res. 8(7):407-412.

WIENS, A.P., D.M. ROSENBERG, and K.W. EVANS 1975SymbiocZadius equitans (Diptera: Chironomidae),an ectoparasite of Ephemeroptera in the MartinRiver, Northwest Territories, Canada. Entomol.German. 2(2): 113-120.

YURKOWSKI, M., and J.-A.L. TABACHEK 1974 Identi­fication, analysis, and removal of geosminfrom muddy-flavored trout. J.Fish.Res.BoardCan. 31(12): 1851-1858.

BOND, W.A. 1974 The commercial fishery at SandyPoint, District of Keewatin, N.W.T., in 1972.Data Report CEN/D~74-2: 16 p.

BOND, W.A. 1974 Data on ciscoes, burbot and long­nose suckers from Great Slave Lake, NorthwestTerritories, 1973. Data Report CEN/D-74-3:44 p,

BOND, W.A. 1975 Data on the biology of lake white­fish and lake trout from Kaminuriak Lake, Dis­tri ct of Keewati n , NWT. Data Report CEN/D':'75­4: 27 p.

BOND, W.A. 1975 Commercial fishery data from GreatSlave Lake, NWT, 1974. Data Report CEN/D -75-5:24 p.

BOND, W.A. 1975 Results of an experimental gillnetting program at the west end of Great SlaveLake, N.W.T., during summer, 1974. Data Re­politCEN/D":75-7: 83 p.

BROWN, S.B. 1974 The morphometry of Rat-Burntwooddiversion route and Lower Churchill Riverlakes: present conditions and post regulation

30

conditions. L. Winnipeg, Churchill and NelsonR.Study Bd, 1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.2.Report 0: 51 p ,

BRUNSKILL, G.J., P. CAMPBELL, S.E.M. ELLIOTT, B.W.GRAHAM, W.J. DENTRY, and Ro WAGEMANN 1975The chemistry, mineralogy, and rates of trans­port of sediments in the Mackenzie and Porcu­pine River watersheds, N.W.T. and Yukon, 1971­73. Technical Report 546: 69 p.

CAMPBELL, P., J. DENTRY, G.W. MORDEN, S. ELLIOTT,G.J. BRUNSKILL, R. WAGEMANN, and B.W. GRAHAM1975 General physical and chemical data forwater and sediment of the Mackenzie and Porcu­pine watersheds and rates of transport of dis­solved and suspended elements at selectedstations in the Mackenzie and Porcupine water­sheds, 1971-74. Technical Report 556: 396 p.[in two parts].

CAMPBELL, P., and S. ELLIOTT 1975 Assessment ofcentrifugation and filtration as methods fordetermining low concentrations of suspendedsediment in natural waters. Technical Report545: 18 p ,

CHANG, P.S. 1975 Emergence of insects from ShellLake and Explosive Lake, Mackenzie Delta,N.W.T. Technical Report 554: 14 p.

CLARKE, R.McV. 1974 The effects of effluents frommetal mines on aquatic ecosystems in Canada ­a literature review. Technical Report 488:150 p.

CLARKE, R.McV. 1975 A summary of toxicity infor­mation for major effluent components from inor­ganic chemical industries. Technical ReportCEN/T~74-9: 27 p.

CLARKE, R.McV. 1975 Effects of an oxygen deficientwater mass on the fishes and benthos of the RedRiver at Winnipeg, April 1975. A preliminaryreport. Technical Report CEN/T-75-4: 11 p.

CLEUGH, T.R. 1974 The hydrography of SouthernIndian Lake: present conditions and implica­tions of hydroelectric development. L.Winnipeg,Churchill and Nelson R.Study Bd, 1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.1 Report C: 195 p.

CLEUGH, T.R. 1974 Hydrographic survey of lakes onthe Lower Churchill and Rat-Burntwood Riversand reservoirs and lakes on the Nelson River.L.Winnipeg, Churchill and Nelson R.Study Bd,1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.2 Report E:230 p.

CLEUGH, T.R., H. AYLES, and W. BAXTER 1974 Themorphometry of Southern Indian Lake: presentconditions and implications of hydroelectricdevelopment. L.Winnipeg, Churchill and NelsonR.Study Bd, 1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.1Report B: 15 p.

DE MARCH, B., J.F. FLANNAGAN, M. FRIESEN, A.FURUTANI, R.D. HAMILTON, S.G. LAWRENCE, S.L.LEONHARD, and B.E. TOWNSEND 1975 A compila­tion of literature pertaining to the culture ofaquatic invertebrates, algae and macrophytes.Vol. II. Technical Report 576: 32 p,

DIDIUK, A., and D.G. WRIGHT 1975 The effect of a

drilling waste on the survival and emergenceof the chironomid Chironomus tentans (Fabri­cius). Technical Report 586: 18 p.

DRYDEN, R.L., and C.S. JESSOP 1974 Impact analysisof the Dempster Highway culvert on the physicalenvironment and fish resources of Frog Creek.Technical Report CEN/T-74-5: 59 po

DRYDEN, R.L., and J.N. STEIN 1975 Guidelines forprotection of the fish resources of the North­west Territories during highway constructionand operation. Technical Report CEN/T-75-1:32 p.

DURZI, S.S. 1975 Effects of chlortetracycline andoxytetracycline treatment on the bacterial floraof lake perch (Perea f1aveseens) fillets. Tech­nical Report CEN/T-75-5: 18 p.

DURZI, S.S. 1975 A comparative study of API andPathotec rapid diagnostic systems and conven­tional diagnostic methods for members of En­terobacteriaceae. Technical Report CEN/T~75-7:

22 p.

FALK, M.R., and L.W. DAHLKE 1975 Creel and bio­logical data from streams along the south shoreof Great Slave Lake, 1971-74. Data ReportCEN/D-75-8: 87 p.

FALK, M.R., and D.V. GILLMAN 1974 Impact of asport fishery on arctic grayling in the BrabantIsland area, Northwest Territories. TechnicalReport CEN/T:'74-7: 2l p ,

FALK, M.R., and D.V. GILLMAN 1975 Mortality datafor angled arctic grayling and northern pikefrom the Great Slave Lake area, NorthwestTerritories. Data Report CEN/D~75-1: 24 p.

FALK, M.R., and D.V. GILLMAN 1975 Data on the lakeand round whitefish, lake cisco, northern 'ptke ,arctic grayling and longnose sucker from theeast arm on Great Slave Lake, N.W.T., 1971-74.Data Report CEN/D-75-2: 95 p.

FALK, M.R., D.V. GILLMAN, and LoW. DAHLKE 1974Data on the biology of lake trout from GreatBear and Great Slave Lakes, Northwest Territo­ri es , 1973. Data Report CEN/D -74-4: 39 p.

FALK, M.R., D.V. GILLMAN, and L.W. DAHLKE 19741973 creel census data from sport fishinglodges on Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes,Northwest Territories. Data Report CEN/D~74-5:

28 p.

FALK, M.R., D.V. GILLMAN, and L.W. DAHLKE 19751974 creel census data from sport fishinglodges on Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes,Northwest Territories. Data Report CEN/D~75-3:

26 p.

FINDLAY, D.L., and H.J. KLING 1975 Seasonal suc­cessions of phytoplankton in seven lake basinsin the Experimental Lakes Area, NorthwesternOntario, following artificial eutrophication.Technical Report 513: 53 p.

GLAZIER, G., and H. TRUDEAU (ed.) 1975 Offshoreseismic seminar, Yellowknife, N.W.T. May 12-12,1975, [Proceedings]. [Winnipeg], Fisheriesand Marine Service, Central Region, Resource

31

Management Branch, Enforcement Section. [var­ious 'paginations].

GREGORY, L. 1974 The effect of effluent componentsfrom chlor-alkali plants on aquatic organisms ­a literature review. Technical Report 228:94 p.

HAMILTON, A.L. 1974 Zoobenthos survey of SouthernIndian Lake. L.Winnipeg, Churchill and NelsonR.Study Bd, 1971-75, Tech. Rep. Appendix 5, V.1Report G: 32 p.

HAMILTON, A.L., and G.P. McRAE 1974 Zoobenthossurvey of the Lower Churchill River and diver­sion route lakes. L.Winnipeg, Churchill andNelson R.Study Bd, 1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix5, V.2 Report H: 28 p.

HARRISON, S.E. 1975 Factors influencing the acutetoxicity of copper sulphate to rainbow trout.Technical Report 573: 6 p.

HARRISON, S.E., W.R. LILLIE, E. PESSAH, J. LOCH,J.C. MacLEOD, and J.F. KLAVERKAMP 1975 Amodular system for toxicity studies. TechnicalReport 592: 15 p.

HEALEY, F.P. 1975 Physiological indicators of nu­trient deficiency in algae. Technical Report585: 30 p.

HEALEY, H.C., and H.J. KLING 1975 Experimentalcropping of lakes. 3. Phytoplankton and zoo­plankton. Technical Report 533: 27 p.

HECKY, R.E. 1974 Southern Indian Lake: sedimen­tary environments, recent basin history andimplications of inundation and diversion.L.Winnipeg, Churchill and Nelson R.Study Bd,1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.1 Report D:60 p. .

HECKY, R.E., and H.A. AYLES 1974 Summary of fish­eries-limnology investigations on SouthernIndian Lake. L.Winnipeg, Churchill and NelsonR.Study Bd, 1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.1Report A: [31] p.

HECKY, R.E., and H.A. AYLES 1974 Summary of fish­eries-limnology investigations on the LowerChurchill lakes and on the Rat-Burntwood lakes.L.Winnipeg, Churchill and Nelson R.Study Bd.1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.2 Report C:25 p..

HECKY, R.E., and R.J. HARPER 1974 Phytoplanktonand primary productivity of the Lower Church­ill lakes, the Rat-Burntwood lakes, and theNelson River lakes and reservoirs. L.Winnipeg,Churchill and Nelson R.Study Bd, 1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.2 Report F: 39 p.

HECKY, R., R. HARPER, and H. KLING 1974 Phytoplank­ton and primary production in Southern IndianLake. L.Winnipeg, Churchill and Nelson R.StudyBd, 1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.1 Re-port E: 90 p.

HUNKA, D.C. 1974 The effects of effluents from theCanadian plastics industry on aquatic organisms ­a literature review. Technical Report 473:64 p.

IREDALE, D.G., K.J. SHAYKEWICH, and R.K. RASTOGI1974 An approach to the development of a for­mulated breaded product from mechanically de­boned freshwater fish. Technical Report 463:14 p.

IREDALE, D.G., and R.K. YORK 1975 Modified pro­cessing system and pilot plant application ofan improved formulated product from mechani­cally deboned freshwater fish. TechnicalReport 574: 17 p.

JESSOP, C.S., and J.W. LILLEY 1975 An evaluationof the fish resources of the Mackenzie RiverValley, based on 1974 data. Technical ReportCEN/T/75-6: 97 p.

KLING, H. 1975 Phytoplankton successions andspecies distribution in prairie ponds of theErickson-Elphinstone district, southwesternManitoba. Technical Report 512: 31 p.

KOSHINSKY, G.D. 1973 The limnology-fisheries ofthe outlet lakes area ~~present conditions' andimplications of hydroelectric development.L.Winnipeg, Churchill and Nelson R.StudY Bd,1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.2 Report A:156 p.

KOSHINSKY, G.D. et al. 1974 Fisheries and sportfish potentials of the Okanagan Basin. Canada­British Columbia Okanagan Basin AgreementFinal Report, Technical Supplement IX: 1-225.

KOSHINSKY, G.D. 1974 Preliminary evaluation ofmainstem water quantity alternatives on fresh­water sport fisheries. Appendix G-1, p. 232­237. In Planning, administration and Institu­tional considerations. Canada-British ColumbiaOkanagan Basin Agreement, Final Report, Techni­cal Supplement XII.

LAND, B. 1974 The toxicity of drilling fluidcomponents to aquatic biological systems - aliterature review. Technical Report 487: 33 p.

LAWRENCE, M., and E. SCHERER 1974 Behavioural re­sponses of whitefish and rainbow trout todrilling fluids. Technical Report 502: 47 p.

LILLEY, J.W. 1975 Aquatic resources data summaryfor Willowlake River, River Between Two Moun­tains. Hare Indian, Travaillant and RenglengRi vers, NWT. Data Report CEN/D.-75-6: 29 p.

LILLIE, W.R., B.R. HOBDEN, B.A. EVERTS, and J.F.KLAVERKAMP 1975 A rapid counting techniquefor zebrafish eggs. Technical Report 583: 5 p.

MACHNIAK, K. 1975 The effects of hydroelectricdevelopment on the biology of northern fishes(reproduction and population dynamics).l. Lake whitefish, Coregonus cZupeaformis(Mitchill). A literature review and biblio­graphy. Technical Report 527: 67 p.

MACHNIAK, K. 1975 The effects of hydroelectricdevelopment on the biology of northern fishes(reproduction and population dynamics). ·II.Northern pike, Esox Zucius (Linnaeus). Aliterature review and bibliography. TechnicalReport 528: 82 p.

32

MACHNIAK, K. 1975 The effects of hydroelectricdevelopment on the biology of northern fishes(reproduction and population dynamics). III.Yellow walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum(Mitchill). A literature review and biblio­graphy. Technical Report 529: 68 p.

MACHNIAK, K. 1975 The effects of hydroelectricdevelopment on the biology of northern fishes(reproduction and population dynamics). IV.Lake Trout, SaZveZinus namayaush (Walbaum).A literature review and bibliography. Tech­nical Report 530: 52 p.

MACIOROWSKI, H.D. 1975 Comparison of the lethal­ity of selected industrial effluents usingvarious aquatic invertebrates under laboratoryconditions. Technical Report CEN/T-75-3: 13 p.

MACIOROWSKI, H.D., and P.M. KONDRA 1975 Flow­through apparatus for acute toxicity bio­assays with aquatic invertebrates. TechnicalReport CEN/T-75-2: 13 p.

MARSHALL, K.E. 1975 An index to the publicationsof the staff of the Freshwater Institute,Winnipeg; the Biological Station and Techno­logical Unit, London; and the Central Biolog­ical Station, Winnipeg; 1944-1973. TechnicalReport 505: 94 p.

NOWAK, S.H. 1974 A solid state temperature con­troller with heating and cooling control.Technical Report 495: 16 p.

PATALAS, K., O.A. SAETHER, J.G. STOCKNER, M.P.McLEAN, A. SALKI et al. 1974 The limnologyof the major Okanagan Basin lakes. Canada­British Columbia Okanagan Basin Agreement,Final Report, Technical Supplement V: 261 p.

PATALAS, K, and A. SALKI 1974 Zooplankton studyin Southern Indian Lake. L.Winnipeg, Church­ill and Nelson R.Study Bd, 1971-75, Tech.Rep.Appendix 5, V.1 Report F: 11 p.

PATALAS, K., and A. SALKI 1974 Crustacean planktonof lakes on the Lower Churchill River and Rat­Burntwood River systems. L.Winnipeg, Churchilland Nelson R.Study Bd, 1971-75, Tech.Rep.Appendix 5, V.2 Report G: 22 p.

PERCY, R., W. EDDY, and D. MUNRO 1974 Anadromousand freshwater fish of the outer MackenzieDelta. Interim Report, Beaufort Sea Project,Study B2: 51 p ,

PORTER, T.R., D.M. ROSENBERG, and D.K. McGOWAN1974 Winter studies on the effects of a high­way crossing on the fish and benthos of theMartin River, N.W.T. Technical Report GEN/T­74-3: 50 p.

REID, R.A., D.W. SCHINDLER, and R.V. SCHMIDT 1975Light measurements in the Experimental LakesArea, 1969-73. Technical Report 559: 167 p.

REID, R.A., D.W. SCHINDLER, and R.V. SCHMIDT 1975Phytoplankton production in the ExperimentalLakes Area, 1969-1972. Technical Report 560:164 p,

ROEDER, D.R., G.H. CRUM, D.M. ROSENBERG, and N.B.SNOW 1975 Effects of Norman Wells crude oil

on periphyton in selected lakes and rivers inthe Northwest Territories. Technical Report552: 31 p ,

ROSENBERG, D.M., and N.B. SNOW 1975 Ecologicalstudies of aquatic organisms in the Mackenzieand Porcupine drainages in relation to sedi­mentation. Technical Report 547: 86 p.

SHAY, J.F., J. THIE, C. TARNOCAI, G. MILLS, H. AYLES,G. ADAMS, and J. STEWART 1974 Long term eco­logical monitoring of the Lake Winnipeg,Churchill and Nelson Rivers impact areas. L.Winnipeg, Churchill and Nelson R.Study Bd,1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 1 Report P: 14 p.

SCHERER, E., F.A.J. ARMSTRONG, and S.H. NOWAK 1975Effect of mercury-contaminated diet upon wall­eyes, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchi11).Technical Report 597: 21 p.

SHEARER, J.A., and E.J. FEE 1974 Phytoplanktonprimary production in the Experimental LakesArea using an incubator technique - 1973 data.Technical Report 474: 110 p.

SMITH, A.L. 1974 The effects of effluents from theCanadian petrochemical industry on aquatic or­ganisms - a literature review. Technical Re­port 472: 6B p ,

SNOW, N.B~, and G.J. BRUNSKILL 1975 Crude oil andnutrient enrichment studies in a MackenzieDelta lake. Technical Report 553: 7 p.

SNOW, N.B., and D.M. ROSENBERG 1975 Experimentaloil spills on Mackenzie Delta lakes. I. Ef­fect of Norman Wells crude oil on Lake 4.Technical Report 548: 44 p.

SNOW, N.B., and D.M. ROSENBERG 1975 Experimentaloil spills on Mackenzie Delta lakes. II. Ef­fect of two types of crude oil on Lakes 4C and8. Technical Report 549: 19 p.

SNOW, N.B., and D.M. ROSENBERG 1975 The effectsof crude oil on the colonization of artificialsubstrates by zoobenthos organisms. TechnicalReport 551: 35 p ,

SNOW, N.B., D.M. ROSENBERG, and J. MOENIG 1975The effects of Norman Wells crude oil on thezoobenthos of a northern Yukon stream one yearafter an experimental spill. Technical Report550: 8 p.

SUNDE, L.A., and J. BARICA 1975 Geography and lakemorphometry of the Aquaculture Study Area inthe Erickson-E1phinstone district southwesternManitoba. Technical Report 510: 35 p.

THOMPSON, B. 1974 The effects of effluent from theCanadian textile industry on aquatic organisms ­a literature review. Technical Report 489: 99 p.

TOWNSEND, B.E., B. VAN DER VEEN, and J.F. FLANNAGAN1975 Electronic systems for the continualmonitoring of temperature, pH, conductivityand dissolved oxygen. Technical Report 517:15 p.

WAGEMANN, R. 1975 Reliability of trace metal de­termination in fresh water by f1ame1ess atomicabsorption (graphite tube atomization) in

33

comparison with other chemical and physicalmethods. Technical Report 555: 20 p.

WAGEMANN, R., B. GRAHAM, and W.L. LOCKHART 1974Studies on chemical degradation and fish toxi­city of a synthetic triaryl-phosphate lubrica­tion oil. IMOL S-140. Technical Report 486:30 p.

WALLACE, R.R. 1975 Arsenic: a bibliography ofrecent literature. Department of the Environ­ment, Environ.Prot.Serv.Rep. EPS 3-NW-75-2:134 p.

WALLACE, R.R., and M.J. HARDIN 1975 Chemical andbiological characteristics of seepages fromtailings areas at Cominco Con Mine into KamLake, Northwest Territories, in 1974. Environ.Prot.Serv.Rep. EPS 5-NW-75-3: 23 p.

WEAGLE, K.V. 1974 The fisheries of the LowerChurchill River and diversion route lakes: ex­ploitation and reproduction. L.Winnipeg,Churchill and Nelson R.Study Bd. 1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.2 Report J: 38 p.

WEAGLE, K.V., and R.A. CAMERON 1974 The impact ofthe Strutt Lake hydro project on the Snare River.N.W.T. Technical Report CEN/T~74-4: 32 p.

WEAGLE, K.V., and W. BAXTER 1973 The fisheries ofSouthern Indian Lake - exploitation and repro­duction. L. Winnipeg, Churchill and Nelson R.Study Bd, 1971-75, Tech.Rep. Appendix 5, V.1Report I: 163 p. + Appendix VII. D.E. TOPOL­NISKI: Revenue-expenditure analysis for select­ed fishing operation on Southern Indian Lake.32 p.

WHITAKER, J., and J. MARTIN 1974 The cage rearingof rainbow trout in Precambrian lakes. Tech­nical Report 446: 13 p.

WIENS, A.P., D.M. ROSENBERG, and N.B. SNOW 1975Species list of aquatic plants and animals col­lected from the Mackenzie and Porcupine Riverwatersheds from 1971 to 1973. Technical Report557: 39 p.

Service des peches et de 1a mer

Rapport techni que nO 813

decembre 1978

RAPPORT BIENNAL, 1974-76

REGION DE L'OUEST, SERVICE DES PECHES ET DE LA MER

Prepare par

D.P. Scott

Region de 1·Ouest

Service des peches et de 1a mer

Ministere des Peches et de 11Environnement

Winnipeg (Manitoba) R3T 2N6

11 s'agit du lISe rapport technique. ..

de 1a region de 1IOuest, Winnipeg

p. vi:p. 1:p. 14:

Canada. Ministere des Peches et de l'Environnement. Service des peches et dela Mer. Region de , 'Ouest. RAPPORT TECHNIQUE 813, 1978. (Scott, D.P. Rapportbiennal, 1974-76 ... )

FEUILLE"D'ERRATA

EDTA - lire acide ethylenediaminetetraaceticCol. 2, line 9: effacez le deuxieme troisCol. 1, line 13, para. 1: Crean LakeCol. 1, line 13, para. 2: Crean Lake

p. 18: Col. 2, para. 4,pointe # 2 lire2. Deversements accidentels d'huile.

(Nouveau paragraphe) On a constateque les bassinsp, 20: Col. 2, line 2, para. 6: ... par les cing sous

/

i i

PREAMBULE DU REDACTEUR

11 s'agit ici du premier de deux rapports biennaux traitant desactivites et des changements qui ont eu lieu dans la region de l'Ouest,Service des peches et de la mer, au cours des peri odes 1974-1976 et1976-1978. La plupart du temps le Service slest acquitte de ses fonctionsdans des conditions fort stressantes dues a des reorganisations; desrestrictions budgetaires et des remaniements de mandats. Ces rapportssont presentes afin qu1au besoin un recit precis des realisations de laRegion soit facilement accessible. Veuillez noter que le groupe regionalaffecte a la recherche (l'ancien 1nstitut des eaux douces du Conseil derecherches sur les pecheries du Canada) n'a pas publie de rapports annuelsentre 1966 et 1970, peri ode au cours de laquelle il a ete incorpore dansla structure etablie du Ministere. Ces deux nouveaux rapports biennauxembrassent ce qu10n pourrait appeler la periode "recente" de la Region 9

commen~ant, comme ils le font, 1 lannee ou les premieres demarches furententreprises pour fusionner les directions generales des Operations et desRecherches en un tout coherent. Nous avons choisi de les presenterdapres les annees f tnanc ieres (du 1 avril au 31 mars) plut6t que lesannees civiles pour suivre de plus pres les operations de budgetisationet de planification.

~ Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1978

Cat. no. Fs 97-6/813 1SSN 0701-7626

TABLE DES MATIERES

PREAMBULE DU REDACTEUR

REMERCIEMENTS

RESUME

LISTE DES SIGLES

ii

iv

v

vi

iii

TABLE DES MATIERES (cont'd)

LISTE DU PERSONNEL .

PUBLICATIONS DU PERSONNEL - PAPIERS (enanglais seulement - voir au verso)

PUBLICATIONS DU PERSONNEL - RAPPORTS (enanglais·seulement - voir au verso)

Page

25

25

29

BUREAU DU DI~ECTEUR GENERAL 1Resume 1Conseil consultatif . 1Comite d'etude des publications 2Secretari at de l' envi ronnement 2

SERVICES DES PECHES ET SERVICES A L'INDUSTRIE 2Resume du directeur 2Direction des services des peches 3

Section des renseignements economiques 3Section de 1 'industrie des peches . 4Section des entreprises de peches . 4

Direction des services a l'industrie 5Section regionale de 1 'inspection . 5Section regionale des programmes relatifs

aux bateaux de ~eche 7Section des services techniques et

sci entifi ques 7Section du genie sur le terrain et de

1 'expansion industrielle 8Programmes de district 8

District de gestion de Territoires duNord-Ouest . 9

SERVICES DES RECHERCHES ET DES RESSOURCES 9Resume du directeur 9Direction des ressources de la peche 9

Section sur les populations et laproduction du poisson 13

Section de la sante du poisson . 13Secti on de l' aquaculture . 14Section de la gestion des peches 14

Direction des incidences environnementales 15Sec~ion de 1'evaluation des incidences

environnementales 15Projet de recherches environnementales sur

les sables petroliferes de 1 'Alberta1975-1976 . 16

Direction de la limnologie . . 17Section de la limnologie experimentale 17Section regionale de la limnologie 18

Direction de la toxicologie 20Section de la methodologie biologique 20Section de la methodologie chimique 21Section de la toxicologie industrielle 22

SERVICES DE GESTION 23Resume du directeur 23Direction des services administratifs et

fi nanciers . 23Section de la gestion du material 23Section des services de soutien 23Section des services financiers 23

Direction Technique 24Section des services de la gestion des

etab 1i ssements 24Section des services de publications et

et de bi b1i otheque . . . . 24Section de 1'analyse informatique 25Section de la photographie et des arts

graphiques . 25

LISTE DES TABLEAUX

Tableau Page

1 Analyses chimiques du secteur chimiede 1 'Inspection, avril!, 1974 -mars 31, 1976 6

2 Information statistique des programmesappliques aux navires de la RegionOuest (y compris une partie de1 'Ontario) 7

3 Inspection de la qualite dans laRegion centrale en 1973 et 1974 10

4 Sommaires des importations - Regioncentra1e . 10

5 Sommaires des analyses de la qualiteen 1975 11

6 Inspections a 1 'importation en 1975 -Region Ouest 12

7 Acquisitions et transactions de labi b1ictheque , 1973 a ~975 24

iv

REMERCIEMENTS

Mes sinceres remerciements s'adressent a tous ceux qui ont collaborea la preparation de ce rapport et en particulier a M. F. J. O. Josephsonqui a dO recueillir presque tout le materiel, aux Drs. G. H. Lawler,R.D. Hamilton et N. W. Falkner pour leurs conseils sur la fagon destructurer le rapport, et a Mlle M. Kays qui a dirige la production. Lacouverture est 1loeuvre de M. L. Taite; le Bureau des Traductions duSecretariat d'Etat, succursale de Winnipeg, est responsable de la traduc­tion du texte original. La traduction des tabl~aux par Dr. L. C. Dugal.

v

RESUME

Scott, D. P. (redacteur) 1978. Rapport biennal - 1974-76 Region del'ouest, Services des p@ches et de la mer. Can. Fish. Mar. ServoTech. Rep. 813: vi + 28 p.

Le present rapport decrit la reorganisation de la Region de 1lOuest,Services des peches et de la mer, en 1974-75, et aussi un expose desrealisations accomplies par les Programmes Regionaux durant la periodedu 1 avril 1974 au 31 mars 1976. t1est le premier d'une paire derapports biennaux se rapportant aux activites de la Region.

Mots-cles: Institut des eaux douces.

BPCCAN/OLECAN/SOlCCEAACEICEPCHSE-214CRCSCRTFADPPBDSIDSMDSPEDTAFHMlEDIHNIPNMENPPOCPEDORONPAHPOCPRESPA

RLERTG-2RUTA

SGSILSPESPMSPSISRRTEDTfMTN-OWATDOC

vi

LISTE DES SIGLES

Biphenyles PolychloresSysteme de liaisons informatiques directes au CanadaDiffusion selective de 1 'information canadienneComite Canadien de 1 'Emploi des Antiparasitaires en AgricultureConseil de 1 'Expansion IndustrielleComite d'Etude des PublicationsEmbryon du Saumon ChinookComite Regional de Coordination et de SelectionComite de Recherches Techniques sur la Faune AquatiqueDirection des Ports pour Petits BateauxDirection des Services a 1 'IndustrieDurees de Survie MedianesDirection des Services des Pechesacide ethylenediamintetraaceticTete-de-BouleInstitut des Eaux DoucesNecrose Hematopoietique InfectieuseNecrose Pancreatique InfectieuseMinistere de 1 'EnvironnementNombre le Plus ProbableOffice de Commercialisation du Poisson d'Eau DouceOffice Regionaux de 1 'Ouest et du Nordacide para-Amino HippuricPesticides OrganochloresProjet de Recherches Environnementales sur les Sables

Petroliferes de l'AlbertaRegion des Lacs ExperimentauxGonads de la Truite Arc-en-CielProgramme de Recherches sur 1 'Utilisation des Terres de

1 'ArctiqueServices de GestionCongres international de limnologieService de la Protection de 1 'EnvironnementService des Peches et de la MerServices des Peches et Services a l'lndustrieServices des Recherches et des RessourcesTraitement electronique des donneesTechniques de Filtrage MilliporeTerritoires du Nord-OuestCentre de references documentaires sur les ressources des eaux

BUREAU DU DIRECTEUR GENERAL

RESUME

En 1944 le ministere federal des Peches de1 'epoque avait etabli, en vertu d'une entente con­jointe des autorites federales et des trois prov­inces des Prairies, des procedes d'inspection ducoregone. Ces procedes visaient a surmonter cer­taines difficultes relatives a la commercialisationde ce poisson. L'inspection des livraisons etaitdirigee par un fonctionnaire federal connu sous letitre d'inspecteur en chef. En 1971, les activt tesdes peches du ministere federal s 'etaient accruesau point 00 l'on constitua la Direction generaledes operations du Service des peches. Puis1 'organ i sati on se deve lappa pour inc 1ure 1es sec­tions de la Gestion des ressources et de l' Econom­ique, et la Direction de 1 'inspection.

On notait egalement une evolution semblabledans le secteur de la recherche sur les pecheries.Pour repondre aux gouvernements provinciaux quisollicitaient la participation du gouvernementfederal au programme visant a ameliorer la qualitedu coregone destine au marche d'exportation, laStation centrale de recherches sur les pecheriesfut etablie a Winnipeg en mai 1944. Les activitesde la Station portaient surtout sur 1'etude ducoregone et de la frequence des parasitestTriaenophorus crassus). En 1957, la Station futreinstallee a London (Ontario) et, tout en pour­suivant son programme dans les provinces desPrairies et les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, elleentreprit des recherches sur les Great Lakes. En1966 la station fut installee de nouveau aWinnipeg et constitua le noyau de 1'Institut deseaux douces (lED). Ce nouvel Institut attira unbon nombre de scientifiques de renommee inter­nationale et acquit rapidement une reputation mon­diale dans les domaines des peches et des recher­ches aquatiques. Avec la creation du ministerede 1'Environnement (ME) en 1970, 1 'lED commen~a

a relever de la Direction generale des rechercheset du developpement du Service des peches et de lamer (SPM).

Au debut, il ~ avait peu de communicationentre les deux Directions generales, toutes deuxsituees a Winnipeg; cependant, en 1972, elles de­menagerent sur le campus de 1 'universite duManitoba, partagerent les memes installations etdevinrent 1'lED. Elles mirent sur pied un pro­gramme de services partages et la proximite desdiverses sous-sections entra1na plus de communica­tion et de collaboration. Les deux Directions de­meuraient quand meme fort distinctes, conservantleur autonomie et ne se rencontrant qu'aU niveaudu sous-ministre adjoint a Ottawa. Des relationsn'existant qu'au niveau regional et dans le do­maine de rapports semblables nuisaient a la col­laboration entre les deux Directions generales etn'ajoutaient certes rien a 1'efficacite du pro­gramme des peches en voie d'execution a l'IED.

En octobre 1974, un comite regional re~ut lemandat de mettre sur pied un cadre de gestion quientra1na finalement le fusionnement des sectionsde recherche et d'operations afin de regrouperles services et offrir un programme plus fonction­nel. On nomma un directeur general pour la regionet, apres la reorganisation, les activites du pro­gramme furent groupees sous trois directions ~­

generales: Services des peches et services a

1

1'industries (SPSI), Services des recherches etdes res sources (SRR), Services de gestion (SG).On fit disparaTtre la distinction entre "recher­ches" et "operations". En outre, les operationslocales de la Direction des ports pour petitsbateaux furent confiees a la region. Desormais etsous le nom de region de 1 'Ouest, le champ d'acti­vites pour les operations federales s'etendait auxtrois provinces des Prairies et aux trois Terri­toires du Nord-Ouest. On approuva definitivementles nouvelles structures en octobre 1975.*

Au cours de 1'annee suivante, le personnel duSPM, region de 1'Ouest, se vit aux prises avec lesdifficultes provenant d'un territoire septentrionalqui s'industrialisait tres rapidement et les dan­gers d'intoxication toujours plus nombreux quefaisaient courir les substances chimiques au poissonet au milieu aquatique. 11 dut surtout viser aaccroTtre la production de 1 'industrie des peches eneau douce. Ce ne sont la que quelques-uns des defisincombe au SPM de relever.

Grace aux efforts de taus les membres du per­sonnel de la region de 1 'Ouest, des progres remarq­uables furent realises dans ces domaines. Le pres­ent rapport biennal pour 1974-1976 met en evidenceles decouvertes de la recherche, les developpementstechnologiques innovateurs et la poursuite des pro­grammes de reglementation necessaires pour protegerle poisson, l'industrie de la peche et les pecheurs.

CONSEIL CONSULTATIF

Le Conseil consultatif releve des directeurset du directeur general de la region de 1 'Quest.11 evalue le travail de recherche des scientifiquesde la region, en rend compte aux cadres superieurset assigne une cote numerique aux divers projets.On lui demande expressement d'eviter, dans lamesure du possible, de discuter des questions derepartition des ressources, mais de s'appliquer asouligner la valeur scientifique des projets derecherche. Habituellement, les membres du Conseilse rencontrent annuellement durant une peri ode de4 a 8 semaines, mais on peut les convoquer aubesoin pour etudier des problemes particuliers.

Jusqu'en octobre 1975, le Directeur desrecherches nommait les membres du Conseil con­sultatif. Depuis, ce n'est que le president quiest nomme et c'est le personnel de la region quielit les quatre autres membres par scrutin secret:chaque membre elu doit representer une disciplinescientifique fondamentale differente. Le mandatdes membres elus est de deux ans et, dans le butd'assurer le continuite, seulement deux membressont elus chaque annee; la presidence est unenomination permanente.

Voici comment le Conseil procede a 1 'etuded'un projet. Le Conseil re~oit d'abord des de­scriptions detail lees de chaque activite sci en­tifique de la region. Les membres du Conseil, etdes specialistes de 1'exterieur au besoin,examinent ces descriptions. Le Conseil redige en­suite ses observations et assigne une cote au

*Pour de plus amples renseignements concernant leschangements dans les attributions, voir lesarticles sur les directions generales contenusdans le present rapport.

projet. On fait ensuite parvenir ces renseigne­ments, de nature confidentielle, au scientifiquequi est 1 'auteur de l'activitt:! et qu'on invite aubesoin a rencontrer le Conseil tant pour rt:!pondreaux questions que pour dt:!fendre les merites de sonprojet. 11 est possible que 1es commentaires et1a cote soient modifies a 1a suite de cette con­sultation. Le texte final des observations estredige, une cote definitive est attribuee pour 1etravail et 1e tout est envoye au bureau regionalde 1a gestion. Afin que ces projets soient acces­sibles a tous ceux de 1a region et au public, onremet a 1a bib1iotheque un exemp1aire de toutes1es descriptions (apres y avoir supprime 1a cote)des recherches scientifiques.

Le personnel gestionnaire s'appuie en partiesur 1es cotes et 1'evaluation gent:!ra1e des projetspour prendre des decisions concernant 1es pro­grammes a e1iminer, a diminuer ou a mettre envaleur. Le mt:!rite des projets, ainsi que 1 't:!va1ua­tion de leur rendement et de leur dt:!ve1oppement,permettent a 1 'administration de mieux repartir1es ressources.

En plus de conseil1er 1es cadres de 1a gestion.1e Conseil consultatif recueille 1 'opinion desscientifiques sur 1es travaux de leurs co11egues etcommunique ces renseignements a tout 1e personnelscientifique. L'experience montre que 1es deuxactivites sont d'egale valeur. Un des grandsavantages de cet examen du rendement des pairs con­siste a aider 1es scientifiques qui sont ainsi misau courant de 1 't:!valuation de 1 'ensemble des activ­ites rt:!giona1es a mieux percevoir leur propre roledans 1a regi on et de mi eux comprendre 1 'i nteracti ongestion-recherche.

COMITE D'ETUDE DES PUBLICATIDNS

Le Corni te d'etude des publications (CEP) aete cree en octobre 1975. 11 a comme mandat par­ticu1ier de reviser attentivement tout materiel,sous que1que forme qu'i1 soit, provenant de 1aregion et destine a etre pub1ie avant de 1esoumettre pour fins de publication. Le Comite estcompose de cinq membres, y compris 1e president et1e s~rretaire, et fonctionne officie11ement d~puis

le 1 janvier 1976. Au cours des trois premlersmois, le CEP a examine 20 manuscrits, dont 11 pourpublication dans des revues de base et 9 rapportstechniques du SPM. Le CEP participe ega1ement auxdeliberations du Consei1 consu1tatif lorsqu'i1s'agit de 1a publication des resu1tats d'enquetestechno1ogiques et scientifiques menees dans laregion.

SECRETARIAT DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT

Le Secretariat de 1 'environnement a ete creeen octobre 1975, lorsqu'on a reorganise 1es ser­vices regionaux. Ses principa1es fonctions sont1es suivantes:

1. representer 1e SPM au Comite regionalde coordination et de selection (CRCS);

2. sur toute question relative a l'envi­ronnement, agir comme point de contact avec 1 'ad­ministration centrale et d'autres agences, tant al'interieur qu'a l'exterieur du Ministere, et

3. agir a titre de consei11er auDirecteur general en matiere de priorites et de

2

programmes re1atifs a 1 'envi ronnement.

Le Secretariat est compose d'un directeur etd 'un coordonnateur et l'on a prsvu leur adjoindreplus tard un conseiller bio1ogique.

Lors de la formation du Secrt:!tariat, ledirecteur etait dt:!ja president du CRCS, poste qu'i1conti nua a occuper pendant 1a peri ode consi dereedans ce rapport. Ce Comite joue un role importantau sein de 1a Commission des t:!va1uations environne­mentales en consei1lant 1es auteurs des projets etles ministeres qui prennent 1 'initiative de real iserces derniers et en aidant a trouver et a evaluer 1eseffets sur l'environnement qu 'auront 1es deve l oppe­ments propost:!s. Pour ce faire, 1e CRCS met les in­tt:!resses e~ contact avec des spt:!cia1istes des ser­vices approprit:!s du Ministere. En outre, i1 remp1itdes fonctions de coordination et de consultationpour les Offices regionaux de 1 'Ouest et du Nord(ORON) en preparant des points de vue et(ou) despresentations sur des questions regionales d'impor­tance. 11 incombe au coordonnateur de reunir con­seils et renseignements provenant du personnel duSPM et, 1e cas echeant, d'exposer sa position.

Le Secretariat a consacre 1es quelques joursqui sui vi rent sa formation a fournir des servicessurtout au CRCS, tout en cherchant a definir plusc1airement son role et d'etab1ir des 1ignes decommunication avec 1es sections. On a commence1 'etude des programmes industri e1s prevus pour 1aregion, 1es programmes susceptib1es d'avoir un im­pact sur 1 'envi ronnement.

Le Secretariat a ete choisi pour representer1a Gestion des peches au Comite regional sur1 'immersion des dechets en mer. Ce Comite estcharge d'appliquer la Loi sur 1 'immersion de dechetsen mer et d'examiner tout projet de dechargementdans 1es eaux de 1 'Arctique. Au debut, i1 incombaitau Secretariat de se fami1iariser avec 1es disposi­tions de 1a nouvelle Loi et des reg1ements, qui'sontentres en vigueur en decembre 1975.

Le Secretariat a egalement participe aux tra­vaux du Consei1 consultatif regional durant laperiode a11ant de decembre 1975 a mars 1976.

SERVICES DES PECHES ET SERVICES A L'INDUSTRIE

~ESUME DU DIRECTEUR

Au cours des deux annees financieres, avril1976, 1a Region centrale a fait 1 'pbjetde deux etudes. 11 en est resu1te des modificationsdans 1 'organisation des sous-sections de 1a recher­che et des operations ainsi qu'un changement geo­graphique officie1 dans 1es attributions des ser­vices concernant 1es programmes des peches en eaudouce.

En octobre 1974, on mit sur pied un comiteregional qui devait preparer un cadre gestionnairepour les sections fusionnees de la Recherche et desOperations, region centrale. Pour ce faire, 1ecomite devait recourir a 1a cybernetique comme ­moyen d'ana1yser 1es activites et 1es efforts,d'enumerer les groupements et 1es organismes quibeneficiaient de services et de determiner les sit­uations de chevauchement parmi la clientele. Letravail de ce "comi ts cybernetique" conduit au

fusionnement, au niveau administratif, des sous­sections de la recherche et des operations afin deregrouper les services et offrir un programme plusfonctionnel; en octobre 1975, on adopta des prin­cipes d'organisation tout 11 fait differents. Laregion centrale fut separee en deux divisions geo­graphiques. La region de 1 'Ontario fut creee eton nomma un directeur general et un directeur pourla Direction generale des services des peches etdes services a l'industrie. En meme temps, on re­organisa ce qui constitue maintenant la region de1 'Ouest (TN-O, Alberta, Saskatchewan et Manitoba).Les directions: Operations et gestion des res­sources, furent reparties (sauf la division de1 'Executi on des Terri toi res du Nord-Ouest)en sous-sections'de ·Services des rechercheset des ressources. Pour des moti fs .d 'ordregeographique, la division de 1 'Execution fut jointe11 la section de l' Inspection des TN-O et continuade former une entite separee. La Direction desoperations, qui dirigeait deja des programmes sup­plementaires en gestion des bateaux, en developpe­ment des peches ainsi qu'une section de servicesscientifiques et technologiques veillant a assurerde 1'aide technique aux industries primaire et sec­ondaire, prit un titre plus approprie a ses fonc­tions, celui de Direction des services 11 1 'indus­trie (OS!). En octobre 1975, on nomma un di recteuradjoint pour cette Direction. Les Directions:Renseignements et analyse economiques, et Sciencessociales, furent fusionnees 11 cette epoque pourformer la Direction des services des peches et onnomma un directeur adjoint.

En 1974, la Direction de la gestion des re~­

source? . terminait: des etudes sur le projet depipeline de la vallee Mackenzie et entreprenait,au profit de l'industrie et du gouvernement, uneetude importante sur les effets du devaloppementde l'industrie pet rol iere dans la region de laBeaufort Sea. Les sections poursuivirent a'impor­tantes etudes dans des domaines de ce genre etdans celui des res sources en peches et s'acquit­terent de la mise en vigueur des reglements selonl'organigramme revise de la gestion.

En plus de son role de reglementation, laDSI participait 11 de nombreuses autres activitesliees surtout aux programmes d'aide et de developpe­ment en faveur de l'industrie. En mai 1975, onentreprit, dans le secteur des operations del'Office de commercialisation du poisson d 'eaudouce, un travail preliminaire sur 1 'elaborationdes normes de qualite des produits. En mars 1976,les agences provinciales et federales interesseesavaient accepte les normes etablies par la DSI etcelle-ci conmenca l'etude des propositions rela­tives 11 leur application. Puis elle elabora dessystemes informatiques de donnees mecanographiquespour les contaminants, les parasites et les pro­grammes de contrale de la qualite. En 1974, et1975, la Direction accepta d 'administrer 11 l'echelleregionale, des programmes nationaux relatifs auxbateaux, y compris "inspection des bateaux, l'as­surance sur les bateaux de peche et des regimes desubventions pour les proprietaires de bateaux depeche. Le travail se poursuivit dans la Sectiondes services techniques et scientifiques; en seservant d'especes de poissons de valeur inferieure,on se livra 11 des experiences visant 11 ameliorerles produits, on mena des enquetes sur les procedeset 1 'equipment utilises pour la congelation et onfit des etudes en ingenierie biophysique, notammentsur 1 'emploi du sonar dans les eaux catieres peu

3

profondes. Aux termes d'un projet federal-provin­cial, la Section regionale de l'ingenierie et dudeveloppement des peches fournit des services tech­niques dans la conception d'usines et les conditionsde construction et mena des etudes sur les engins et1 'equipement de bateaux.

De 1974 a 1976, la Direction des services despeches (DSP) collabora a de nombreaux programmes,y compris 1 'etude des methodes d'acheminement dela production des peches commerciales a partir dela peche elle-meme jusqu'1I la commercialisation desproduits, et elle proposa des solutions de rechangeau moyen d'une programmation lineaire, en vue dediminuer les coats de transport, de manutention, deconditionnement et de commercialisation des produitsde la peche. La DSP a aussi mene une etude sur lapeche sportive dans les TN-O afin d'evaluer, d'unepart, 1 'aspect recreatif de la peche sportive et sonutilisation des ressources et, d'autre part, l'as­pect recreatif des autres activites nautiques. Enoutre, la Direction a procede 11 une analyse econom­ique sur les bateaux de peche dans la region del'Ouest en vue de determiner leur viabil ite finan­ciere. Une analyse economique de la pisciculturede la truite arc-en-ciel visait 11 evaluer le pro­duction et le taux de rentabilite de ce genred'entreprise.

DIRECTION DES SERVICES DES PECHES

Le travail de la DSP consiste a appliquer lesprincipes de science economique a la gestion despeches. L'economique s'interesse 11 repartir 1 'usagedes res sources rares de fac;on 11 repondre aux besoinsde la societe. La DSP s'interesse done 11 la gestionpubligue des peches tant commerciale que sportive.

De nombreuses pecheries de la region de 1 'Ouest,surtout celles qui sont les plus eloignees au nord,peuvent etre considerees comme entreprises nonviables economiquement. Le probleme est devenu siseri eux que, dans certaines regi ons, l' on etudi e 1apossibilite de mettre fin aux operations de peche.Les faibles revenus de la peche commerciale, sur­tout dans les regions les plus eloignees, et lanecessite de recourir frequemment aux programmesd'aide financiere des gouvernements federals etprovinciaux prouvent que tant l'industrie primaireque 1 'industrie de la peche en general sont econom­iquement marginales.

Seation des renseignements eaonomiques

Le pupitre de commande (communication parordinateur), etabli en meme temps que la creationde l'Office de commercial isation du poisson d 'eaudouce (OCPED), est utilise pour la vente des pro­duits de peche. Il permet 11 1a regi on de 1 'Oues tde surveiller d'une fac;on. exceptionnelle son in­dustrie de la peche. Si la region possede 1 'avan­tage d'obtenir des renseignements economiques,c 'est en grande partie parce qu 'elle a aide l'OCPED11 elaborer des systemes de rapports statistiquesinformatises. La capacite de surveiller les ten­dances dans les peches commerciales et d'entre­prendre des analyses economiques depend d'une basede donnees suffisantes. A 1 'heure actuelle, 11est possible d'obtenir les renseignements suivantsde la base de donnees: la production des peches(niveau primaire et sa valeur au debarquement), laconversion de la production (niveau primaire) acelle du niveau intermediaire et final des produits

(niveau secondaire), et la commercialisation desproduits de peche (troisieme niveau de productionet sa valeur finale). Gr~ce a ce systeme de ren­seignements, on peut obtenir une perspective duflux et de la "valeur" des produits des peches dans1a regi on de l' Ouest, qui s 'avere uti 1e a 1 'OCPEDaux agences de gestion des peches, aux organismesde rapports statistiques et a la DSP, laquelle s 'ensert pour preparer ses analyses economiques. Cesdernieres sont indispensables pour 1 'elaborationde politiques eclairees de gestion.

De plus, la Section des renseignements econom­iques est chargee de la vente des permis de pechesportive dans les TN-O et elle est chargee derendre compte de cette activite pour faciliter lagestion des peches dans la region.

&ction de Z'industrie des peches

La Section de 1 'industrie des peches est char­gee d'analyser la structure economique et le ren­dement de l' i ndustri e des peches (commerci ale etsportive) selon un macro-programme ou d'un pointde vue d'ensemble tres vaste. Pour ce faire, on areproduit dans la Section une maquette representantle flux des produits des peches commerciales apartir du lac jusqu'au marche. L'etude fournit unoutil de gestion important permettant au secteurdes operations de 1'OCPED de diminuer les couts detransport, de manutention, de conditionnement etde commercialisation des produits de la peche.E11e vise non seulement a accroltre l'efficacitede l'industrie de la psche, mais aussi a fournirune methode permettant d'evaluer les consequencessur la peche de changements de facteurs variablestels que les marches, les couts de transport et demanutention, les modifications apportees aux pro­cedes industriels de conditionnement et d'emballage.

En plus de s'acquitter de ses fonctions enmatiere de peches commerciales, la Section del'industrie s'interesse au role social que peutjouer la peche sportive. 11 importe que la ges­tion economique comprennent les rapports qui exis­tent entre le potentiel productif biologique desressources et les industries {commerciale etsportive) qui l'exploitent. Par consequent, lamesure de 1 'apport des ressources de peches pourfins recreatives, y compris 1 'evaluation despecheries pour fins sportives, constitue egalementune contribution que la Section apporte afin derepartir les ressources pour d'autres usages.

De 1974 a 1976, 1a Secti on de l' i ndustri e despeches a collabore activement a deux projetsd'envergure:

1. Celui de la maquette susmentionnee quirepresente le flux des produits de peche du lac aumarche et comprend le developpement d'un modele deprogrammation lineaire. L'etude comportait aussi1'analyse de methodes differentes d'ecoulement desproduits de peche de fa~on a diminuer les couts detransport, de manutention, de conditionnement etde commercialisation.

2. Une evaluation economique de la pechesportive dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest commedeuxieme moyen d'utiliser les ressources de lapeche. L'etude avait pour but de donner des ren­seignements de base economiques et sociaux surles pecheries sportives afin d'aider a la gestion

4

de ces ressources tant en matiere de prix, d'en­droits reglementes, d'evaluation recreative qu'ence qui ·concerne la repartition des ressources entrela peche sportive et les autres activites nautiques.

Section des entreprises de peches

Si, d'une part, les travaux de la Section de1 'i ndus tri e des peches portent sur 1 'ensemb1e del'industrie, d 'autre part, l a Section des entre­prises ~e peches s' interesse a des secteurs par­ticuliers. Ainsi, la Section assure 1 'analyse durendement economique des entreprises de peche(bateaux, installations de manutention et de con­ditionnement, pisciculture, etc.). L'activite dela Section embrasse le domaine de 1 'analyse econom­ique qui traite de la "thecr-ie de l'entreprise" etvise surtout a determiner la viabilite financiered'entreprises particulieres. Etant donne l'etatprecaire, de recul meme, de bon nombre de pecheriescommerciales de la region de 1 'Ouest, la Sectiondes entreprises de peches est en mesure d'apporterune contribution importante a la gestion despeches; pour ce faire, elle evalue ce que lespeches rapportent a la main-d 'oeuvre et a 1 'entre­prise et elle donne un aper~u de la productionnecessaire a l'entreprise pour s 'assurer une via­bilite a long terme. Le travail de la Section adonc une immense portee en matiere de gestion desressources publiques puisqu'il permet de controlerce qu'il faut d'effort a une pecherie particulierepour que celle-ci rapporte a la main-d'oeuvre et a1 'entreprise. Ces analyses economiques sontegalement importantes pour la gestion des ressour­ces publiques afin qu'on soit en mesure d'obteniren faveur du secteur public en revenu net provenantde 1 'exploitation des ressources.

Au cours de la peri ode observee, la Sectiondes entreprises de peches a participee activementaux deux projets suivants:

1. L'analyse economique des bateaux depeche: Un grand nombre d'enterprises commercialesde peche dans la region de 1 'Ouest ne sont pas enmesure d'evaluer leur rentabilite. De plus, ellesn'ont pas de rentrees suffisantes pour atteindreune viabilite a long terme qui leur permettrait dereinvestir en equipement et en engins de pechecommerciale. L'etude visait a etablir une methodenormalisee selon laquelle la viabilite financieredes navires de peche peut etre evaluee. L'analysepermet 1 'evaluation de la rentabilite annue11eainsi que des rentrees qui permettent de mesurerla rentabilite a long terme. Ce travail estessentiel si l'on veut parvenir a une industriede la peche qui est economiquement saine; a1 'heure actuelle 1 'etude sert a eva1uer 1es pro­grammes de gestion des ressources publiques pourles pecheries commerciales du Great Slave Lake etdu Lake Winnipegosis.

2. Analyse economique de la pisciculturede la truite arc-en-ciel: En 1968, l' lED mit surpied un programme de recherche en aquaculture dansles "lacs-etan~s" (pot-holes) des prairies de laregion de 1 'Ouest. Le developpement de ce pro­gramme de recherche a coincide avec la creatiqnde 1 'infrastructure d'une industrie en pisci­culture qui en est encore a ses debuts. Entre1970 et 1975, le nombre de permis ~mis a des par­ticuliers engages en pisciculture en Alberta, enSaskatchewan et au Manitoba a augmente de 400 a

c,

3,800 environ. La variation dans le taux de pro­duction de saumoneaux mis en elevage dans des lacsparticuliers utilises comme bassins de croissance,semble mettre en doute la possibilite economiqued'investir dans une entreprise de pisciculture.Des rapports de pertes financieres subies par despisciculteurs particuliers montrent qu'avant depromouvoir 1 'aquaculture il importe d'etudier plusa fond ses exigences financieres et ce qu'ellerapporte a la main-d'oeuvre et a 1 'entreprise.L'etude vise a analyser la rentabilite annuelle,la production annuelle necessaire pour couvrir lescoOts fixes et variables de la production, et lesrevenus possibles en fonction des investissementsen aquaculture pendant une peri ode de dix ans. Lesresultats d'une telle analyse donneront un aper~u

des perspectives commerciales de 1 'expansion d 'uneindustrie de pisciculture.

DIRECTION DES SERVICES A L'INDUSTRIE

Le gouvernement federal veille a 1 'applicationde la Loi sur 1 'inspection du poisson, ainsi quedes reglements concernant 1 'importation et 1 'expor­tation du poisson et des produits du poisson. Deplus, le SPM met en application divers programmesnationaux d'aide a l'industrie primaire des peches,notamment ceux des subventions et de 1 'assurancerelatives aux bateaux de peche. Dans la region de1 'Ouest, c'est la DSI qui s'acquitte de ces re­sponsabilites. La Direction gere egalement ungroupe prepose au developpement et au conditionne­ment des produits et un groupe d'ingenierie engagedans un travail experimental au profit des indus­tries primaire et secondaire de la peche en eaudouce. En plus de remplir les fonctions de 1 'an­cienne Direction de 1 'inspection de la Directiongenerale des operations, la DSI a assumeeplusieursautres responsabilites

Section regionale de l'inspection

Inspection - chimie: Au cours de la periode a1 'etude, le Laboratoire regional de chimie aeffectue les analyses indiquees au Tableau 1, soitun total de pres de 33,000 tests. Un grand nombred'entre elles ont ete faites a la demande d'organ­ismes exterieurs, par exemple le Service canadiande la faune, le Service de la protection de 1 'envi­ronnement, le min i stere federal de la Co:nsommationet des Corporations, la province de 1 'Ontario, laprovince du Manitoba, etc. Le Laboratoire aegalement collabore a de nombreuses d'autresetudes. Trois etudes distinctes sur le mercure ontete coordonnees par le Laboratoire en 1974-1975 etune autre, a laquelle participerent 20 autres lab­oratoires du Canada et des E.-U. et dont lebutetait de verifier la precision des methodes ana­lytiques, en 1975-1976. Le laboratoire sur 1 'ana­lyse de pesticides a collabore avec treize autreslaboratoires du Canada pour effectuer deux etudesBPC (contamination par biphenyles polychlores)coordonnees par Michelle Holdrinet du ministere de1 'Agriculture et de 1 'Alimentation de 1 'Ontario.Le Laboratoire a aussi analyse des echantillonsdistribues dans le cadre du Comite canadien de1 'emploi des antiparasitaires en agriculture "CCPUACheck Sample Program" (Programme CC EAA de verifi­cation des echantillons) et les "InternationalCodex Collaborative Studies" (Etudes conjointes ­Codex international). En dernier lieu, le Labor­atoire a coordonne une etude, a laquelle colla­borerent quinze laboratoires, afin d'analyser

5

deux echantillons de farine de poisson et un modelea elements multiples.

Inspection - mioxobi.oloqie : En septembre 1974,lors d'un atelier national compose de microbiolo­gistes, tenu a Ottawa, on a redige une esquisserevisee des directives administratives confiden­tielles contenant des principes directeurs bac­teriologiques relatifs au poisson frais, congeleou transforme. En novembre 1974, la Section de1 'inspection microbiologique (maintenant la Micro­biologie regionale) a ete chargee de mettre envigueur, a l'echelle nationale, l e Programmed'importation des salmonides. On mit sur pied unprojet de recherches visant a etab1i r des precedesuniformes pour eliminer les salmonellas dans lesproduits de farine de poisson, en examinant lesmethodes de pre-enrichissement, les comparaisonsselectives de gelose et les quantites des echan­tillons analyses. On termina une etude sur lesbacteries Vibrio parahemolyticus presentes dans deshUltres importees, fralches et ecaillees, et dansd'autres produits de mer non transformes (du payset importes).

Des techniques de filtrage Millipore (TFM)exigeant 1 'utilisation de trousses portativesfi rent 1 'objet d' une etude au debut de 1975. Dansce domaine, le travail en laboratoire et sur leterrain montrerent que 1 'on peut obtenir un degresatisfaisant de reproductibilite dans une eau rela­tivement pure, des resultats plus rapides sur desechantillons dont les volumes sont plus grands, etdes resultats acceptables lorsque des inspecteursde produits primaires n'ayant re~u qu'un minimumde formation utilisent les trousses. On acheta unnombre suffisant de trousses qui furent mises a1 'usage du personnel de district en vue de leurpermettre de comparer les methodes TFM avec lesmethodes du nombre le plus probable (NPP).

Au cours des operations de l'hiver 1975, onanalysa quels effets pourrait avoir sur la conser­vation du poisson l'emballage dans le neige encomparaison avec l'emballage dans la glace. Lesresultats indiquerent que la neige modifiait trespeu la qualite et les facteurs microbiologiques,a condition que 1 'on tienne compte de certainestechniques sanitaires.

En juillet 1975, on a tnd i que les methodesmicrobiologiques officielles a utiliser dans1 'analyse de l'eau, du poisson et des produits despecheries afin de deceler les especes Salmonella­Shigella spp., le coliforme, les coliformes fecauxet les especes Escherichia coli. Ces methodesdevaient etre publiees dans la premiere partie dela Gazette du Canada afin de rassurer ceux quis 'inquieHaient des normes alimentaires en general.

Dans la region de 1 'Ouest, au cours de 1 'anneecivile 1974, on a effectue 1 'analyse de 6712 echan­tillons bacteriologiques ainsi repartis: 3399 pre­leves de la production interieure, 1716 echantillonsd'eau et de glace et 1597 echantillons importes.

Services relatifs aux produits: Les programmesregionaux de services relatifs aux produits visenta organiser, coordonner et controler les activitesd'inspection du district pour s 'assurer que toutpoisson et produit de poisson qui font 1 'objetd'un commerce interprovincial, d'expor~ation etd'importation soient conformes aux dispositionsapplicables des lois et des reglements sur les

aliments et les drogues, 1 'inspection du poisson,1 'emba11 age et 1 'Hi quetage des produits de con­sommation, et les poids et mesures.

On analyse les donnees pour s'assurer que lesobjectifs regionaux sont atteints et que les in­spections sont suffisantes et efficaces. On peutainsi rationaliser les programmes d'inspection enles organisant de fa~on a accorder plus d'attentionaux lacs et aux regions qui sembleraient susciterdes prob1emes .

On prend les mesures voulues pour procederaux inspections des expeditions destinees a despays dont les normes sanitaires et les reglementsdifferent des nBtres et qui pourraient necessiterdes documents et des certificats speciaux.

Conformement aux ententes federales-provin­ciales, toutes les donnees sur les contaminantsfurent remises aux autorites gestionnaires pro­vinciales appropriees et des mesures conjointesfurent prises pour contrBler la production dans leseffets de la contamination.

a. Les programmes d'inspection sur leterrain ont permis: (1) de rediger un manuel deprocedes destine aux inspecteurs et a utiliser con­jointement avec la classification des lacs; (2) deprendre des dispositions utiles pour prelever desechantillons dans les lacs en vue d'obtenir desdonnees de base precises sur les contaminants (undes programmes importants de 1974-1975 avait pourobjet d'analyser le poisson du lac St-Clair);(3) de reviser des travaux d'inspection en vued'assurer que les expeditions dont la qualitelaisse a desirer sont retenues et contrBlees avantqu'on en dispose; (4) de mettre sur pied un pro­gramme d'inspection en matiere d'etiquetage etd'indication de poids net, et (5) de participeraux projets conjoints federaux-provinciaux, sur­tout ceux qui concernent 1 'etude des contaminants2t une pecherie experimentale (Saskatchewan River).

Un nouveau systeme de contrale des lacs ayantatteint les niveaux limites de contamination aumercure a ete elabore: il consiste a retenir desproduits transformes congeles plutat que d'effectuerl'echanti11onnage du poisson frais entier. Onreussit ainsi a diminuer suffisamment les niveauxde rejet pour rendre economiquement viables un bonnombre d'exploitations qui avaient ferme leursportes a cause de la contamination due au mercure.

b. Systemes informatiques de donnees:·(l) a partir d 'un fichier de donnees sur l'infesta­tion du coregone et des inspections effectuees pourdeceler les contaminants, la section a etablie unsysteme de classement qui cote les lacs et lesespeces qu'ils renferment en fonction des tachesd'inspection requises pour s'assurer qu'ils sontconformes aux reglements; (2) la section a elaboreedes systemes de mise en forme des fichiers dedonnees en vue de perfectionner le systeme informa­tique (TED) utilise au debut et de s'assurer quetous 1es programmes se deroul ent de f'acon afournir aux provinces des donnees precises etfiables, conformement aux ententes federales­provinciales, et (3) e11e a aussi mi se a jour, de1974 a 1976, des dossiers sur environ 50,000 in­spections de la qual ite des produits de l'interieuret tmportes , ce qui represents 1 'inspection de242,000,000 de livres de poisson et de produits depoisson, 16,000 analyses des contaminants desproduits du pays, et 30,000 analyses des contam­inants dans les echantillons preleves des lacs.

Inspection des etablissements: Au cours de lameme periode, aux termes de la Loi et du Reglementsur 1 'inspection du poisson, le programme d'enreg­istrement des etablissements a ete mis en vigueurafin de veiller a ce que le poisson soit traitedans des conditions sanitaires.

Des speci ali stes ont fournis des consei 1s etrenseignements techniques a l'industrie ault._agences provinci ales et autres organi smes .... _.

Tableau 2. Information statistique des programmesappl i ques aux navires de la R~gion Ouest(y compris une partie de l'Ontario).

Plan de l'assurance aux navires de peche(R~gion Ouest)Ann~e Nombre de Valeurfiscale polices assur~e Primes

Plan de 1'assistance aux navires de peche (y compris1 'Ontario)

Nombre de Cout deAnnee navires construc-fiscale accept~s tion Subside

1974/75 9 192,354 67,3231975/76 12 376,439 131,653

Programme de certification des naviresNombre de

Ann~e navires Navires Naviresci vi] e inspectes refuses acceptes

1975 1,709 1,005 741976 604 466 138

en vue de leur permettre d'am~liorer leurs installa­tions de transformation, de mieux en contr6ler laqualit~ et d'interpr~ter les mesures l~gislatives

actuelles et prevues relatives aux ~tablissements

de traitement du poisson.

Des ~tudes, effectu~es par des ~quipes com­posees de repr~sentants de la r~gion et du district,furent poursuivies; ce travail de collaborationpermit de recourir a une m~thode uniforme pour1 'enregistrement des etablissements. De 1974 a1976, 30 ~tudes furent conduites en Ontario, 41 auManitoba, aucune en Saskatchewan et en Alberta, ettrois dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest.

Au cours de la meme periode, on ~mit 147 cer­tificats d'enregistrement aux ~tablissements detransformation.

section regionaZe des programmes reZatifs auxbateaux de peche

Les activites de la Section pour la peri ode a1'etude se sont deroulees comme suit:

1. Le regime d'assurance sur les bateaux,de peche permet aux pecheurs de la region de l'Ouestd'assurer leurs bateaux a un prix raisonnable,tan­dis que les responsables visent a rendre le regimeautosuffisant.

7

1974/751975/76

216256

1,535,5001,983,345

15,10229,378

2. Le :regime d 'assurance sur . .lesbateaux de peche vise a ameliorer la flotille depeche dans la region de 1 'Ouest afin d'accroitre laqualite et la quantite des peches et d'encouragerl'emploi de nouvelles techniques. De plus, leprogramme a pour but d' encourager 1 'uti 1is ati on demeilleurs appareils de sauvetage et d'aides a lanavigation a bord des bateaux.

3. Dans le cadre du programme d'enregis­trement des bateaux, un programme d'inspection per­manente (facultative) vise a perfectionner lesmethodes de construction et d'exploitation desbateaux. Ainsi, le poisson est manutentionne etentrepose de fa~on que sa qualite soit alteree lemoins possible.

Le tableau 2 donne diverses statistiques por­tant sur la peri ode a 1 'etude; pour certai~es sta­tistiques, il etait plus pratique d'utiliserl'annee civile plutBt que l'annee f'inanc'i ere .

Section des services techniques et scientifiques

Produits de poisson et procedes de transforma­tion: On a poursuivi le travail sur la mise aupoint des produits a base d'especes de qualite in­ferieure. On s'est efforce surtout a ameliorer lasaveur et la qual i te du meunier hotheri:modifient la composition des additifs et certaineseta pes du traitement. Selon 1 'evaluation de cour­tiers en aliments, le produit offrait de bonnespossibilites commerciales. En collaboration avecle gouvernement du Manitoba, la presente Section acree un produit, destine surtout aux institutions,provenant de 1a lotte dont.-tes fHet5sJ:int· ­coupes en "V" .·Ce nouveau produit offre aussidesavantages economiques, mais etant donne lesexigences de la loi sur la viande cachere, il n'apas pu etre transforme dans 1 'etablissement del' OCPED.

La chair hachee de poisson se conserve moins

longtemps dans un entrepot frigorifique que lesfilets ou le poisson entier. Nous n'avions pas dedonn~es sur la dur~e de conservation du meunier.Les anti-oxYdants peuvent parfois accroitre laduree de conservation; on a donc calcule la dureede conservation du mellriier-aoir prepare avec etsans anti-oxYdants. Les r~sultats ont indiqu~

qu'un stabilisateur tel que 1 'EDTA mele a del'acide ascorbique peut accrottre la dur'ee deconservati on d' une f'acon appreci able.

Afin d'attenuer le gout de vase de certainestruites arc-en-ciel elevees dans des etangs de laregi on, on a transfere 1e poisson a 1 'etat vivantde l'etang a une citerne de l' Institut (des eauxdouces) et qui contenait de 1 'eau de la ville deWinnipeg; les changements ~taient peu perceptiblespuisque, meme apres deux semaines, certainsspecial istes qui participaient a 1 'experience pou­vaient facilement distinguer entre le poissontemoin et celui qui avait ~t~ place dans une eauplus claire. Le poisson temoin n'avait pas eteplace dans la citerne. Dans une autre experience,des truites provenant d'un etang dont 1 'eau· leurdonnait un gout de vase furent transferes dans descages placees dans un etang dont 1'eau n'avaitaucun gout de vase; le poisson temoin, egalementplace dans une cage, provenait d'un troisieme lacdont les eaux etaient claires et libres d'odeur devase. Apres 16 jours, le gout de vase semblaitavoir diminue a tel point que seulement quelquesparticipants de 1 'experience pouvaient encoredeceler un leger gout de vase dans le poisson.

Un programme televis~ de la CBC portant surle poisson cuit au barbecue ou fume en plein aira aide a promouvoir des relations publiques.

On a prodigue de 1 'aide technique, dans ledomaine du traitement du poisson, a 1 'entrepriseprivee, a 1 'OCPED, aux gouvernements provinciauxet au gouvernement des Territoires du Nord-Ouest.

On a determine les effets de saumures de dif­ferents taux de concentration sur la saveur ducoregone congele. Le traitement a la saumure aameliore 1a saveur et 1a texture du produit. Ilfallait cependant veiller a ce que les aliments nedeviennent pas trop sales.

Une etude des differentes essences d'arbresdu Canada a ete effectuee afin de determiner quellesessences possedaient les caracteristiques lesmeilleures pour servir au fumage du coregone.

On a aussi mene une etude sur le procede defumage de la laquaiche aux yeux d'or. Gr~ce a unetemperature et a une humidite contr61ees dans lefumoir, on a pu obtenir des produits de qualiteuniforme , generalement superieurs a ceux qu'onobtient sur le marche.

Methodes et equipement de aongeZation: Encollaboration avec la Direction de la toxicologie,des poissons et des ecosystemes, SRS, 1a Sec.ti on; desservi ces techni ques et sctentifi ques .a.etabHe unsysteme de retenue des poissons pouvant maintenirune temperature et des conditions de qualite d'eaustrictement contr61ees en vue d'etudier la reactiondes poissons aux substances toxiques presentes ades niveaux inferieurs a la toxicite.

A la demande de 1 'ancienne Section-de lagestion des ressources, la Section a mis sur piedun systeme integre pour refroidir des echantillonsprovenant d'effluents industriels et pour les main­tenir dans des conditions de refroidissement contr6­lees afin de les utiliser dans des essais biologiques.La plus grande difficulte consistait a refroidir1 'effluent regu en vrac et dont la temperatureetait environ 20° plus elevee que la temperaturerequise. On a pu reussir sans augmenter la capa­cite des compresseurs en se servant de ces dernierspour refroidir une masse considerable de fiuiderefroidissant qui amenerait ensuite d'importantesbaisses dans la temperature.

Un congelateur vertical fut congu et construitafin d'etudier les phenomenes du transfert de cha­leur de produits de poisson; les analyses s 'effec­tuerent d'apres une vaste gamme de vitesses de1'air et de temperatures.

Une usine pilote fut instal lee pour etudierdivers systemes de filtration biologique propres aetre utilises dans des systemes de recirculationd'eau congus pour reteni r en capti vi te des poissonsa l'etat vivant.

Genie biophysique: On etudia la possibilite derecourir aux techniques des ultrasons pour detecterla presence d'organismes biologiques dans des lacspeu profonds et dans des etangs, pour les identi­fier et en estimer la quantite. La reverberationde la surface a pose des problemes. La porteemaximale de 1 'instrument a ete etablie a 330 pieds.Puisque les faisceaux sont horizontaux, dans de1 'eau peu profonde, certains d'entre eux atteignentla surface causant ainsi des reverberations treselevees. Lorsque les conditions meteorologiquesetaient calmes ou que 1 'experience se deroulaitsous la glace, il etait possible, jusqu'a un cer­tain degre, d'observer le mouvement des poissons.

Le ministere des Communications a approuve lafabrication etl 'utilisation d'un dispositifelectronique congu dans le but de reperer les tur-

8

luttes sous la glace. En collaboration avec lesrepresentants d'un programme du Conseil de 1 'Expan­sion industrielle (CEI), on fait actuellement surplace l'essai de 1'instrument.

On a etudie la possibilite de recourir a destechniques ultrasoniques pour determiner la teneuren matiere grasse de la chair de poisson sans avoira enlever ou a detruire des tissus de chair. Lesresultats des premiers essais revelent que lamethode serait applicable a des poissons comme lesaumon coho dont la teneur en matiere grasse sesitue entre deux et six pour cent.

Seation du genie sur Ze terrain et de Z'expansionindustrieZZe

De 1974 a 1976, cette Section a fourni desservices d'ingenierie sur le terrain afin deveiller a ce que la contruction et la renovationdes etablissements de l'industrie de la peche, lesinstallations de transformation et de refrigera­tion soient conformes au Reglement sur 1 'inspectiondu poisson.

Elle a rendu des servi ces a l' industri e enlui donnant des techniques de conception et desnormes pour les installations et en assumant laresponsabilite de 1 'expansion industrielle dessecteurs primaires et secondaires de la peche.

Elle a egalement fourni de 1 'aide techniquea d'autres programmes regionaux, notamment ceux desubventions aux proprietaires de bateaux depeche, de services au Laboratoire et de renseigne­ments economiques.

Elle a fabrique un bateau prototype en alumi­nium-qui servirait a la peche en petit skiff en vued'analyser sa valeur economique et pour qu'il soitutilise comme projet pilote. Le bateau possedetoutes les caracteristiques requises aux termes duprogramme facultatif d'inspection.

Elle a dirige le Programme d'aide en matierede refrigeration du poisson. La Section a regu210 demandes d'aide dont 175 furent approuveespour des subventions globales s'elevant a$772,000. On instaura un programme de contraleet de verification pour les cinq ans que doitdurer ce Programme d'aide financiere. Chaque jourenviron 400 tonnes de glace furent fabriquees etajoutees a la pecherie.

Environ 100 installations d'entrepat frigor­ifique furent inspectees afin de s'assurer queleurs caracteristiques materielles etaient con­formes au Reglement sur 1 'inspection du poisson.

Programmes de dietx-iob

Programmes d'inspeation sur Ze terrain: Dansle cadre du programme national d'inspection, tousles poissons et les produits de poisson, de pro­duction interne et importes, faisant partie dumarche interprovincial et d'exportation, furentinspectes afin de garantir la protection du con­sommateur en matiere d'etiquetage, de qualite, debacteries influant sur 1 'hygiene publique, de.parasites, de toxiques et de contaminants.

Tous les etablissements de conditionnementdu poisson destine a 1 'exportation furent in-spectas et rscurent des cert ifi cats d' enregi stre--

ment conformAment au R~glement sur 1 'inspection dupoisson. Les tableaux 3 a 6 rAsument les opArationsdu programme d'inspection du district pour lesannAes civiles 1974 et 1975.

Programmes d'inspection des bateaux: En 1974,le personnel d'inspection sur le terrain commen~a

1 'inspection des bateaux de peche en vue d'amAlior­er leur construction et les mAthodes d'opArationsa bord; pour se conformer au rAgime d'assurance surles bateaux de peche et pour fins d'assurance etd'enquete sur les demandes de compensation,1 'Aqui pe d' i nspecti on doit Ava) uer 1es bateaux.Les agents sur le terrain vAri'fient Agalement1 'Avolution de laconstruction'des bateaux b~tis

conformAment au Programme d'aide aux pecheurs .etrecommandent des paiements AchelonnAs pendant queles bateaux sont en voie de construction. Pendantune pAriode de cinq ans, des vArifications annuellessont effectuees relatives a ces bateaux, et con­formement aux regl ements sur 1 'aide aux propr-ia­taires.

DISTRICT DE GESTION DETERRITOIRES DU NORD-OUEST

A la suite du fusionnement des opArations dela Division de 1 'execution avec celles de laDivision de 1 'inspection, TN-O, en octobre 1975,le District de gestion des TN-O fut crAA. Sous ladirection du gestionnaire du district, il estcharge de la mise en vigueur de presque toutes lesdispositions de la Loi et(ou) du Reglement sur lespecheries dans les TN-O. Au cours de la periodeconsi derAe , diverses infractions donnerent lieu a82 poursuites. En outre, a la suite de changementsapportAs en 1975 dans la gestion des pecheries duGreat Slave Lake la peche commerciale fut autori­see a longueur d'annee, bien que peu de pecheursprofiterent de cet avantage. Au debut de 1976, legouvernement des TN-O fut chargA d 'emettre' Ies.permis de peche sportive. De nouveaux reglementsconcernant le narval entrerent en vigueur en 1975.

SERVICES DES.RECHERCHES ET DES RESSOURCES

RESUME DU DIRECTEUR

11 Y eut beaucoup de changements durant laperiode observee. Si, d'une part, les SRR firent1 'objet d'une importance reorganisation, il yeut,d'autre part, des modifications dans les attitudes,notamment envers les scientifiques et la science,et le rale que tous deux jouent dans les prises dedec'i sion a l'Achelle nationale.

Ces changements amenerent les scientifiqueset les specialistes adjoints a s'interroger surleur utilite; en verite, 1 'experience fut trauma­tisante pour tous ceux qui s'y engagerent.

11 est tout a 1 'honneur de ce groupe desouligner que leur rendement n'a pas connu dedeclin. De fait, si on le mesure selon des normeshabituelles de productivite, il s'est accru sanscesse. Ce progres est attribuable a un desir sin­cere du groupe de vouloir demeurer a la page, detraiter de questions pertinentes et de fournir lesdonnees necessaires aux personnes chargees deprendre les decisions.

11 est difficiJe de faire un choix parmi les

9

nombreuses contributions de notre Direction. Envoici quelques-unes parmi les plus importantes:

1. L'aquaculture de 1a trui te dans 1eslacs-Atangs des prairies a Avolue rapidement; com­men~ant par un programme de recherche, elle estmaintenant devenue une culture qui se pratiquememe au bord d'un chalet. Gr~ce a des recherchesconnexes, on s'est attaque a des problemes quijusqu'a ce jour avaient empechA la pisciculture dedevenir une autre entreprise agricole.

2. La section de la limnologie experi­mentale, ayant aidA a faire comprendre le phenomenede l'eutrophisation culturelle (pollution des lacsdue a un exces d'alimentation organique, lie auxactivites humaines), se consacra a. d'autres etudes,notamment .] 'acidjfjcat.ion des lacs" l'empoisonnementpar le metal lourd et la contamination par lesradionuclides.

3. La section-de la limnologie regionaledirigea sa premiere Atude approfondie d'un projetde captage des eaux en Amerique du Nord. Noussemblons vouloir a tout prix endi quer: les eaux denos rivieres principales pour y utiliser leurenergie hydro-Alectrique, mais nous nous sommesrarement, peut-etre meme jamais, arretes aux con­sequences qu'entralnent ces barrages d'eau. Nousne faisons que commencer a imiter les Russes dansce domaine.

4. La section du contrale des incidencesenvironnementales a commencA 1 'etude des problemesqu'apportent les principaux projets d'expansionindustrielle. Avant que cette section se penchesur la question, on l'avait tr-ai tee de f'acon frag­mentaire seulement. Bien qu'on ne possede jamaissuffisamment de ressources pour s'occuper de cesnouveaux problemes avec satisfaction, le groupe asu etablir ses prioritAs d'une fa~on logique ets'est d'abord interessA aux projets d'expansionindustrielle qui s 'averaient dangereux pour l'in­dustrie de la peche.

5. Au cours de la periode d'observation,on a consacre beaucoup d'efforts a 1 'etude de lasantA du poisson, examinant en particulier lesmaladies des salmonides parce qu'elles sont nuisi­bles a 1 'aquaculture intensive dans la region de1 'Ouest. On s'est surtout applique a determinerles signes diagnostiques dans les aleviniers etces etudes, jointes a des recherches connexes, sepoursuivent.

6. La section de la toxicologie a nonseulement poursuivi ses analyses sur la contamina­tion par le mercure, mais elle a continue sesetudes sur 1es prob1emes qu' entralne 1 'usage, enquantites toujours plus grandes, des produitschimiques toxiques. Bref, on fabrique des produitschimiques en si grand nombre que deux fois par moisle Canada doit intervenir uniquement concernant descomposes chimiques qui pourraient creer des risquespour 1 'environnement aquatique. Le groupe s'ingeniea trouver des moyens permettant de prendre ces de­cisions avec pl~s de facilite et de precision.

DIRECTION DES RESSOURCES DE LA PECHE

Au cours de la peri ode a 1 'etude, les attribu­tions de la Direction ont subi des modifications.Avant le 6 octobre 1975, les quatre sections sui-

lO

Tab1eau 3. Inspecti on de 1a qua1i t~ dans 1a R~9i on centrale en 1973 et 1974.

Q U A N T T

TN-O Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario TOTAL

INSPECTION DOMESTIQUE DE LA QUALITE

Production en livres en 1972-73*inspections en 1973refus en 1973% inspecte et refus~ en 1973

Production en l-ivres en 1973-74*i nspecti ons en 1974refus en 1974% tnspecte .et refuse en 1974

INSPECTION A L' IMPORTATION

3,469,6001,957,786

1,3630.08

3,240,400434,850

o0.00

2,302,500 10,771,lOO 25,022,800 52,676,960 94,242,9601,772 ,485 8,799,214 13,329,399 8,446,581 34,305,465

54,970 108,896 398,699 18,733 582,6614.79 1.24 2.99 0.22 1. 70

2,575,lOO lO,318,700 22,603,000 52,218,000 90,955,2001,206,761 7,145,412 13,917,198 5,031,626 27,735,847

1,757 308,581' 403,648 11,163 726,1550.15 4.33 2.90 0.22 3.33

inspections en 1973refus en 1973% tnspects et refuse en 1973

inspections en 1974refus en 1974% tnspects et refus~ en 1974

*Chiffres pr~l~minaires.

307,128

871,99217,015

0.68

435,050

2,508,01944,711

1. 78

26,043,642

25,861,406219,953

0.85

26,785,820

29,241,4172,816,679

0.96

Tableau 4. Sommai res des importations - R~9ion centrale.

Nombre Total en Nombre Refus~ R~inspections

Laboratoi re dexpedt ttons livres refuse en livres Accept~ Refus~

nombre livres nombre livres

PRODU IT EN CONSERVE

Toronto 1,634 12,474,409 27 52,945 59,036 956

Wi nni peq 260 602,046 4 9,640

Edmonton 98 297,770 5,005

TOTAL 1,992 13,374,225 32 67,590 59,036 956

PRODU ITS EMBALLES

Toronto 1,386 6,165,063 26 81,980 2 42,390

Toront - vrac 4,076 6,774,038 75 80,528 35,000

Wi nni pe9 1,148 1,905,973 21 35,071

Edmonton 130 574,222 12,OlO

Wheatley 202 447,896 4,500

TOTAL 6,942 15 ,B67, 192 126 214,089 42,390 35,000

Tableau 5. Sommaires des analyses de la qualite en 1975.

Inspections Inspections Refuse enGenre de en %du total Refuse %du total

District produit nombre 1i vres nombre 1i vres nombre 1i vres nombre 1i vres

District 1 en vrac 2,131 4,503,934 17.1.1 9.54 14 3,313 5.00 1.08emball es 365 266,013 60.23 7.85 1 750 6.67 0.87

TOTAL 2,496 4,769,947 18.96 9.43 15 4,067 4.92 1. 01

District 2 en vrac 6,193 31,871,443 49.37 67.51 168 151,548 60.00 49.48emballes 83 1,114,233 13.70 32.90 1 1,023 6.67 1.08en conserve 16 15,290 100.00 100.00 10 9,258 100.00 100.00

/

TOTAL 6,292 33,000,966 47.79 65.2i 179 161,829 58.69 40.24

District 3 en vrac 3,876 8,711,585 31.13 18.45 98 151,418 35.00 49.44emballes 142 1,962,161 23.43 57.94 13 84,804 86.67 97.95

TOTAL 4,018 10,673,746 30.52 21.09 236,222 58.75.....

111 36.39 .....

District 4 en vrac 253 2,119,603 2.03 4.49 0 0 0.00 0.00emoal l es 16 44,176 2.64 1.30 0 0 0.00 0.00

TOTAL 269 2,163,779 2.04 4.28 0 0 0.00 0.00

TOTAL - en vrac 12,453 47,206,565 280 306,279TOUS LES emball es 606 3,386,583 15 86,577DISTRICT en conserve 16 15,290 10 9,258

TOTAL 13,165 50,608,438 305 402,114

Tableau 6. Inspections a I 'importation en 1975 - Re9ion Ouest.

Averti ssements Infracti ons Li vres refuseesGenre Nombre Poids Genre de Inspections Nombre en %du en %du Refuse en en %dude d 'expeditions en produit en Nombre en %des d 'avertisse- nombre Nombre nombre Refuse %du nombre poids des

produit Laboratoire importees I ivres % du total i nspecte expedi ti ons ments ~a' inspections d' i nfracti ons d'inspections nombre livres d' i nspecti ons importations

En conserve Toronto 1,473 10,123,139 94.80 379 25.73 29 7.65 48 12.66 11 63,118 2.90 0.62Winnipe9 129 233,016 2.18 126 97.67 30 23.81 10 7.94 4 1,645 2.61 0.71Edmonton 96 322,549 3.02 59 61.05 14 23.73 5 8.47 8 2,444 13.56 0.76

TOTAL 1,698 10,678 ,704 564 33.22 73 12.94 63 11.17 23 67,207 4.08 0.63

Emballes Toronto 2,293 8,188,652 64.92 403 17.85 125 31.02 57 14.14 60 367,933 14.89 4.49Wheatley 307 565,029 8.69 164 53.42 30 18.29 a 0.00 8 23,294 4.88 4.12Winnipeg 798 2,441,782 22.50 173 21.68 55 31. 79 6 3.47 29 39,788 16.67 1.63Prince Albert 13 15,661 0.37 9 69.23 5 55.56 1 11.11 a a 0.00 0.00Edmonton 121 391,991 3.43 71 58.56 25 35.21 18 25.35 a a 0.00 0.00

TOTAL 3,532 11,603,115 820 23.22 240 29.27 82 10.00 97 431,015 11.83 3.71....N

En vrac Toronto 5,948 7,782,418 99.92 129 2.17 a 0.00 a 0.00 51 84,040 0.86 1.08Edmonton 5 26,810 0.08 2 40.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 1 25,000 20.00 93.25

TOTAL 5,953 7,809,228 131 2.20 0 0.00 a 0.00 52 109,040 0.87 1.40

Taus Toronto 9,714 26,094,209 86.72 911 9.38 154 16.90 105 11.53 122 515,091 13.39 1.97Wheatley 307 565,029 1.88 164 53.42 30 18.29 a 0.00 8 23,294 4.88 4.12Wi nni peg 927 2,674,798 6.89 299 32.25 85 28.43 16 5.35 33 41,433 11.04 1.55Prince Albert 13 15,661 0.05 9 69.23 5 55.56 1 11.11 a 0 0.00 0.00Edmonton 222 741,350 2.46 132 59.46 39 29.55 23 F·42 9 2? ,440 6.82 3.70

TOTAL 11,183 30,091,047 1,515 13.55' 313 20.66 145 '9.57 172 607,258 11. 35 2.02

vantes relevaient de la Direction:

l. Section sur les populations et la pro-duction du poisson;

2. Section de la sante du poisson;

3. Section de 1 'aquaculture, et

4. Section du genie et des produi ts depoisson.

Apres la reorganisation de la Direction, lesoperations et le personnel de la Section du genieet des produits de poisson releverent de la Direc­tion generale des services des peches et servicesa 1 'industrie. Un resume des activites de cetteSection paralt dans la partie du present rapportconsacrec aux servi ces et a 1 'i ndustri e. Lesoperations de la Division de la gestion des pech­eries, anterieurement une section de 1 'ancienneDirection de la gestion des ressources, Directiongenerale des operations, ant ete placees sous lagouverne de la Direction des ressources de lapeche. Les operations de chaque section au coursde la peri ode consideree se resument comme suit:

Section sur les populations et la production dupoisson

Etudes sur l: 'exploitation des populations depoisson: Au cours de la peri ode en question, ons'est surtout applique a faire des recherches surle grand coregone (Coregonus clupeaformis) et plusparticulierement sur les populations de ce poissondans la region du Great Slave Lake, Territoires duNord-Ouest. Les renseignements obtenus a la suitede ces recherches contribuerent a eclairer la dis­cussion de nouveaux plans gestionnaires en faveurdes pecheries periclitantes du Great Slave, Lake.

Genetique biochimique du poisson: Les activitesde cette section comprennent quatre etudes gene­tiques sur des populations de poissons afin d'ame­liorer les methodes actuelles de gestion et lestechniques d'aquaculture.

Jusqu'a recemment, la plupart des etudesgenetiques traitaient des transformations au desindices perceptibles a l'oeil. Il est cependantevident maintenant que d'autres changements seproduisent et qu'il est possible d'analyserd'autres parametres. Dans le cadre des etudes dela presente section, on a observe surtout1 'absence au la presence de certains systemes en­zymatiques particuliers.

Ces etudes fourn i ssent 1 'occas i on d' exp1orerles caracteristiques genetiques de sous-populationsparticulieres (biotypes) de poissons d'une fa~on

non destructive. 11 n'est pas necessaire d'eti­queter materiellement les poissons et il estpossible d'obtenir beacoup plus d'information ques'il s'agissait d'etudes formelles.

On a surtout examine une classe d'enzymes,appelees deshydrogenases, produites par descoreqones vqu Ion avait accouples, dans despopulations distinctes de dares et dans desespeces de Salve linus accouples par croisement.L'existence de ces sous-populations et1 'aptitude ales distinguer influent enormementsur la gestion des pecheries. Dans cette perspec­tive, on a analyse, afin de connaltre leurs

13

diverses caracteristiques enzymatiques, des daresprovenant du West Blue Lake (Manitoba) et des grandscoregones provenant des Southern Indian Lake et LakeWinnipeg (Manitoba), du Yukon et des Territoires duNord-Oues t.

Etudes sur l'omble chevalier: L'utilisationaccrue de l'omble cheval ier a exige que l'onobtienne plus d'information sur ses caracteristiquesbiologiques et productrices, de sorte que l'onpuisse etablir une politique de gestion satis­faisante pour les populations de ce poisson dans1 'Arctique. A cette fin, on a cree un projetd 'etude sur la population de 1 'amble chevalier dansles TN-O dont les objectifs furent les suivants:examin~r les facteurs qui controlent les caracter­istiques et productrices des populations non ex-pl oi tees de 1 'amble chevalier; contreler la pecheafin de se rendre compte du rendement possible;analyser les effets des parasites sur la populationde 1 'amble chevalier; etudier 1 'interaction entrela touladi et 1 'amble cheval ier dans 1 'ensembledu Lake Nauyuk; analyser la valeur energetique duMesidothea entomon (source principale de nourri­ture pour la truite et 1 'amble) dans 1 'ensembledu Lake Nauyuk, et faire des experiences en lab­oratoire sur les effets de la temperature, de lasalinite et de la photoperiode sur les energet­iques de 1 'amble cheval ier afin d 'apporter de lalumiere sur les phenomenes de reproduction et defournir des renseignements de base pour la pisci­culture de 1 'espece ,

Section de la sante du poisson

Les maladies du poisson posent des difficultesserieuses tant pour la pisciculture de jeunes sal­monides que pour les expeditions de chair de truitedestinee a etre vendue comme nourriture. Dans cedomaine, on a su tenir compte de 1 'experience desautres pays et on a promulgue des reglements par­ticuliers au Canada.

La plupart des maladies se rapportent a desinfections virales, sont difficles a diagnostiqueret possedent des caracteristiques de transmissi­bilite encore inconnues (qui est le porteur duvirus? quelle est la peri ode de latence? y a-t-ilun croisement infectieux entre les especes?).Bref, nous sommes dans une situation quelque peusemblable a celle dans laquelle se trouvaient lesfoncti onnai res de 1a sante par rapport a 1 'epi demi ede fievre typhoide au debut du siecle. Les porteurs(que l'on surnommait parfois "Marie Typhoide")existaient certainement, mais on ne disposait que demethodes primitives et peu fiables pour les identi­fier. Par consequent, il est resulte des epidemiesgraves de la maladie, qU'il etait presque impossibled 'enrayer.

La Section de la sante du poisson a mene lesetudes suivantes:

Poisson certifie oomne etant exempt d 'agentpathogene: On fit des recherches sur 1 'evolutionde 1a 1atence ,1 'etat du porteur et 1es modesd'infection d'une espece aune autre, en vue deproduire et d'identifier des populations et dessources de poisson exempt de tout agent pathogene.

Virologie - etudes sur les cultures de tissus:Les principaux objectifs s'enoncent comme suit:perfectionner les methodes diagnostiques actuellespar la mise au point et 1 'application de nouvel l es

techniques; etudier des problemes particuliers demaladies transmissibles ne se retrouvant que dans1 'Ouest canadien, et analyser et evaluer les mecan­ismes de defense antivirale des poissons. Lesactivites liees a ce projet comprenaient une com­paraison de la sensibilite des tissus cellulairesdu poisson (cultures de tissus) aux virus dessalmonides, en utilisant des methodes de dosagevolumetrique, 1 'evaluation de ces methodes ainsique 1 'evaluation des methodes employees pour aug­menter la receptivite cellulaire aux virus; on aegalement fait des recherches sur la maladie dulymphocyte dans le dore du Cream Lake (Saskatchewan)et on a determine le rOle de 1 'interferon commesubstance s'opposant au developpement des virusdans le poisson.

Enumerons d'autres recherches particuliereseffectuees dans le domaine de la virologie: a) lareaction des cellules de la tete-de-boule (FHM)des cellules des gonades de la truite arc-en-ciel(RTG -2) et des cellules de l'embryon dlJ saumonchinook (CHSE-ZI4) aux infections dues a des typesde microbes provenant de virus de necrose pan­creatique infectieuse (IPN) et de virus de necrosehematopoietique infectieuse (1HN); cette reactiondes cellules aux infections fut analysee selon lamethode normale de dosage volumetrique; b) la mala­die du lymphocyte que 1 'on avait attribuee au doredu Cream Lake; on a decouvert qu'il y avait deuxmaladies distinctes causees par des virus (sarcomedermique et lymphocyte du dore). L'examen del'histopathologie l es tonnal l e a permis de dis­tinguer rapidement les deux etats. On reproduiten laboratoire un type de microbe cellulaire fibro­plastique extrait d'un sarcome dermique d'un dore,et c) des etudes de base sur des cultures de tissusmontrant 1 'interaction d'un inducteur de poly­nucleose bicatenaire synthetique d'un poids mole­culaire eleve avec des cellules de FHN.

Services auxiliaires et de diagnostique: On amis sur pied un laboratoire consacre aux recherchessur des problemes lies au diagnostic des maladiesdes poissons. En outre, on offre des services dediagnostic a diverses agences (par exemple, lesgouvernements provinciaux). On identifie pourelles des sources contenant des poissons particu­liers qui sont exempts de tout agent pathogene.

Section de l'aquaculture

Les acti vi tss de 1a regi on de l' Ouest enaquaculture ont commence il y a quelque temps,plus precisement au moment oU 1 'on s'effor~ait defournir aux exploitants agricoles des Prairies uneautre culture rentable (comportant un minimum decapital) tout en leur apportant un mode de solu­tion au probleme de 1 'erosion progressive desterres humides. Au cours de la peri ode observee,les etudes suivantes furent entreprises.

Aquaculture extensive: Dans un programme depisciculture extensive, les poissons se deplacentdans des milieux plus vastes (par exemple, depetits lacs) ou 1 'on n'exerce aucun controle surl'environnement. En regle generale, on ne leurdonne pas de nourriture; ils se nourrissent de cequ'ils trouvent dans leur milieu. Dans ce genrede culture il est plus difficile de recuperer lespoissons et ils ont une saveur d'eau vaseuse.Par consequent, les recherches visent a cernerces deux problemes et a trouver les modes desolution possibles.

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Aquaculture intensive: Dans une culture inten­sive, le poisson est eleve dans des milieux (parexemple, des cages) oll l'environnement est contrc lea divers degres. Les etudes dans ce domaine ontvise a: (a) ameliorer les techniques d'elevage depoissons dans des cages et (b) etudier la possibi­lite de garder les poissons dans les cages pendantl'hiver et ainsi pouvoir capturer des truites dedeux ans. Les resultats actuels montrent qu'il yaurait moyen d'elever des truites de taille com­merciale sur une duree de trois saisons, mais ilest necessaire d'ameliorer encore la techniqued'elevage.

Genetique ichtyologique: Les recherches engenetique ichtyologique visent a identifier lescaracteristiques qualitatives de la truite arc-en­ciel. Son taux de croissance, ses modes de survie,ses habitudes alimentaires ne sont que quelquesaspects qui sont a 1 'etude. Ces recherches condui­ront a un elevage selectif de la truite arc-en-cielafin d'obtenir des ptris sons qui se pre tent le mieuxa 1 'aquaculture dans le Centre du Canada.

Nutrition des poissons: Les etudes sur la nutri­tion des poissons visent a developper des alimentsa prix modique qui seront utilises en culture in­tensive et a determiner la valeur nutritive desaliments existant a l'etat naturel dans les lacs­Hangs, milieux-servant a1a culture extens i ve. Encollaboration avec Agriculture Canada, on est aetudier si on ne devrait pas substituer le tourteaude colza (comme aliment a prix faible) aux pro­teines provenant de la coateuse farine de poissonde mer et qui sont contenues dans les aliments aformule definie destin~.~ a la truite. L'analyserle la valeur nutritive' des aliments naturels con­tenus dans les lacs-etangs a ~ermis de determinerla teneur en lipides et en humidite d'une diver­site d'organismes et, a l'heure actuelle, onexamine la teneur en acides gras, en amino-acides,en proteines, en cendres et en fibres de compo­sition grossiere dans d'autres organismes desdits1acs.

Alevinier experimental Rockwood: L'alevinierexperimental Rockwood a ete construit en 1970-1971afin de fournir les installations essentielles a1 'aquaculture, a 1a recherche et aux programmesd'expansion en matiere de peches. 11 est situe aenviron.50 km au nord de Winnipeg. On y trouve ungrand ba-timent (70m x 30m) pour l'alevinier, unplus petit (15m x 15m) pour les alevins et desviviers terreux, ainsi qu'une residence et de pluspetits batiments de service.

L'alevinier a servi a divers projets: elevageselectif de la truite, mise au point de regime,dietetiques artificiels pour la truite qui senourrit de tourteaux d'oleagineux~,techniques

piscicoles, et techniques de reut t l isation de l'eauen vue d'economiser de l'energie. On y a eleve despoissons pouvant servir tant aux etudes de pisci­culture de la truite dans les lacs-etangs desprairies, qu'aux etudes de pollution aquatique etde maladies de poissons. L'alevinier etait aussia la disposition de groupes autres que celui de1 '1nstitut des eaux douces (notamment 1e Servi cede protection de 1 'environnement, le Servicecanadien de la faune et Pares Canada).

Section de la gestion des peches

La Section de la gestion des peches etait

chargee du developpement, de 1 'operation et dumaintien en activite d'un programme de gestion pourles ressources en poissons et en mammiferes marinsdes TN-O. Les activites etaient principalementcentrees sur des etudes piscicoles de contrale,d'evaluation et d'inventaire. Les renseignementsrecueillis permettent a la Section de s'acquitterde ses fonctions pratiques, c'est-a-dire de seservir des donnees biologiques pour formuler, re­commander et mettre en application des methodes decontrale de gestion pour 1 'exploitation des res­sources. Les resultats de ces etudes dirigees parle personnel de la Section des populations et dela production du poisson ont aussi influe directe­ment sur le programme de gestion des pecheries.

Les activites particulieres de la Sections'enumerent comme suit:

1. Contraler (c'est-a-dire tenir compte de1 'utilisation des populations particulieres).

2. Evaluer (c'est-a-dire determiner pardenombrement les parametres de la population;determiner les caracteristiques hereditaires,l'epoque de la migration, le cycle de maturation,1 'homogeneite des populations de poissons; prevoirla production qui peut se maintenir).

3. Inventorier (c'est-a-dire cataloguerles renseignements relatifs a la ressource). Lesactivites comprennent:

- le contro l e et 1 'evaluation de la pecheri e com­merciale du Great Slave Lake;

des etudes sur les populations de coregones quifraient a 1 'ete et au printemps dans des coursd'eau relies au Great Slave Lake;

- le contrcl e et 1 'evaluation de la peche conmer­ciale du dore dans les TN-O;

- le centrale et 1 'evaluation de la peche sportivedans les TN-O;

le ccntrtrl e et l'.evaluation de la peche sportivedans les TN-O, y compris les pecheries de latruite des Great Bear Lake et Great Slave Lake,de 1 'omble chevalier de la Tree River et de 1 'Albert-Edward Bay, de l'ombre arctique et dugrand brochet du Nord dans la region ouest duGreat Slave Lake;

- le contro l e des pecheri as commerciales de l'omblechevalier dans les Cambridge Bay et Pelly Bay(district du Keewatin), du Nettiling Lake (TN-O);

1 'evaluation des populations anadromes de 1 'omblechevalier sur la cate du Keewatin (TN-O).

DIRECTION DES INCIDENCES ENVIRONNEMENTALES

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progreso Les etudes les plus importantes avaientpour objet 1 'etude et 1 'eva1uat i on des i nci dencesenvironnementales relatives a la prospection decarbures d'hydrogene (Beaufort Sea, Hecla), auxcanalisations (Pipeline de la vallee du Mackenzie)prevues pour leur transport, aux developpementshydro-electriques (Great Bear River), et a1 'exploitation miniere (Nanisivik, Syncrude). Onfournissait egalement des renseignements sur cer­tains passages a poissons (De Rocher).

Apres la reorganisation, les deux programmesfurent fusionnes pour former la Section d'evalua­tion des incidences environnementales. En outre,la participation de la region de 1 'Ouest au Projetde recherches environnementales sur les sablespetroliferes de 1 'Alberta (PRESPA) -- programmecree aux termes d'une entente federale-provinciale-- releva de la competence de la Direction desincidences environnementales. Les objectifs precisde la Direction sont les suivants:

1. Effectuer des etudes et des evaluationssur les projets de developpement industriel quipourraient avoir des incidences sur les ressourcesaquatiques vivantes de la region;

2. creer des donnees sur les incidencesprevisibles qui seraient, pour les analystes etevaluateurs, des instruments scientifiques deprevision plus precis.

Section de l'evaluation des incidences environne­mentales

Au cours de la periode d'observation, lesactivites de cette section se resument comme suit:

1974-1975: Veiller a ce que les barragesphysiques eriges dans les cours d'eau n'obstruentpas le deplacement des poissons. Pour ce faire,on a donnee des directives sur la conception depassage a poissons. On a aide 1 la constructionde passages a poissons sur la Bow River (Calgary),le chenal De Rocher (Peace-Athabasca Delta) et lebarrage Fairford (Manitoba).

Le Direction a egalement participe activementa 1 'etude du projet de pi pe1i ne dans 1a val l ee duMackenzie. Le travail sur le terrain se rattachanta la phase d'evaluation ainsi que le rapport "FishResources of the Mackenzie River Va11ey"ont etetermines. La section a aussi contribuee~ diverstravaux d'analyses inter~ministeriels et intra­ministeriels; elle a aussi par-ti ci peeau conseiljuridique (entre autres) du ME sur les debatsBerger.

Des etudes sur le terrain ont ete menees rela­tives aux pecheries catieres de la Beaufort Seaafin d'aider le gouvernement a mieux evaluer lesincidences de forage exploratoire au large de laBeaufort Sea.

Avant la reorganisation de la region de 1 'Ouest,1 'etude des repercussions sur l'environnement sefaisait dans le cadre de deux programmes relevant dela Direction de la gestion des ressources: Etudesdes incidences sur les res sources et Etudes desincidences sur l'environnement. E11es prevoyaientdes activites visant a proteger les res sourcesaquatiques vivantes de la region contre les pertur­bations physiques et chimiques provenant d'impor­tants projets industriels en preparation ou en

On a propose des plans concernant les de­veloppements hydro-electriques dans les TN-O:la Section a participee-a l'etablissement de lignesdirectrices pour 1 'evaluation environnementale dedeveloppements hydro-electriques; on a termine. laredaction des recommandations pour le developpe­ment hydro-electrique Snare Forks et on a entre­pris une etude des ressources en peches de la GreatBear Ri ver.

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La prospection des hydrocarbures dans les TN-Oa suscite beaucoup d'interet. La Section a parti­cipe a des etudes sur 1 'evaluation des incidencesenvironnementales pour six projets de forage ex­ploratoire (Hecla, Northlands, Jackson Bay, PullenIsland, etc.). On s 'est penche sur le problemecause par les dechets de forage sur les biotes;une etude effectuee sur le terrain et en laboratoirea revele qu'il n'y avait pas lieu de d'inquieter dece phenomene.

Les substances chimiques emanant des dechetsd'exploitation mini~re influent beaucoup sur 1 'en­vironnement. La Section a participe a une etudedes ressources aquatiques a proximite de la mineNanisivik qu'on se propose d'exploiter (BaffinIsland, Territoires du Nord-Ouest). Plusieursmembres du personnel ont collabore activement a1 'etude de la demande d'un permis autorisant1 'utilisation des eaux pour exploiter la mine, a1 'elaboration d'un programme de recherches envi­ronnementales pour la mine et a l'examen de l'eval­uation des incidences initiales sur le milieu.

En plus des taches susmentionnees remplies en1974-1975, le personnel prepose aux projets a par­ticipe a 1 'evaluation des incidences environne­mentales du projet Syncrude, a la planification duPRESPA, a la planification des etudes associees ala route Mackenzie et au programme du pipeline des11 es de l' Arcti que.

1975-1976: Trois questions relatives aux pro­jets hydro-electriques dans les Territoires duNord-Ouest ont ete traitees en 1975-1976: vers1 'amont de la Snare River, planification d'etudessur le terrain pour 1976-1977 et etude des evalua­tions de la Commission d'energie du Nord canadiensur les incidences initiales; a la La Martre River,achevement des etudes effectuees sur place desressources aquatiques de la region; Great 'BearRiver, achevement de 1 'analyse des donnees suivie,au printemps, d'une operation de marquage del'ombre arctique.

Une etude de contrale sur la construction dela route Mackenzie constituait un autre projet dela Section. Trois'emplacements experimentauxfurent choisis pour effectuer le contrale desactivites preliminaires. On dressa, pour les troisannees a venir, des plans visant a surveiller leseffets produits, aux croisees de route et de coursd'eau, sur les res sources locales en peche. Lefinancement de ce projet provenait de 1'exterieurde la Section.

On a termine les travaux de la premiere anneed'une etude s'echelonnant sur trois ans. Ilsavaient pour objet les ressources aquatiques setrouvant le long de la route du pipeline des flesde 1'Arctique. On fit le releve des ressourcesen peche de certaines fles (Somerset, Cornwallis etPrince of Wales) de l'archipel de 1 'Arctique. Deplus, on institua, au Stanwell-Fletcher Lake, desetudes limnologiques detail lees afin d'obtenir desdonnees comparatives de base sur les lacs polaires.

On a complete les travaux de la seconde anneede 1 'etude sur la mine Nanisivik, etude qui a fournied'importants renseignements sur les mammiferesmarins, le poisson et le benthos, et des renseigne­ments de base sur les taux de metaux presents dansla chafne alimentaire qu'on a recueillie. En outre,on a consacre beaucDup d'efforts a une etude gouv-

ernementale sur la methode de deversement dedechets provenant de 1 'exploitation de la mine.Dans l'accompl issement de ce travail, les donneesconcernant les deplacements des narvals se sontaverees particulierement utiles. On s'est livre aun travail preliminaire sur une mine qui doit etreexploitee dans le haut Arctique, Arvik (LittleCornwallis Island). On a aussi consacre beaucoupde temps et d'efforts pour expliquer les directivesdu SPM concernant les demandes de permis pour1 'utilisation des eaux faites par d'autres exploi­tants de mines dans les TN-O.

Depuis un bon nombre d'annees deja on avaitdonne des directives sur la conception de passagesa poissons afin que les poissons puissent contournerles barrieres erigees par les hommes. Malheureuse­ment la plupart des donnees en bioingenierie s'appli­quent au saumon et non aux especes propres a laregi on, notamment 1e dcre , 1e coregone et 1 'omb1echevalier. On a termine une etude preliminaire surcette question, etude qui a revele la necessite dese livrer a untravail experimental sur les espscesparticulieres a la region. Dans le cadre de cetteexperience, on a installe des chicanes dans unpassage de cours d'eau a la Redknife River (Terri­toires du Nord-Ouest) pour determiner la forcehydraulique sur le passage des poissons a traversun ponceau qui, anterieurement, empechait le de­placement des poissons. L'etude s'est poursuivieen 1976-1977.

Dans le cadre du Programme de recherches sur1 'utilisation des terres de '1 'Arctique (RUTA), on afait un releve des res sources en matiere de pechedans la region situee entre le Great Bear Lake et1eli ttora1 de 1 'Arcti que. Toutes 1es donnees ontete transmi ses au RUTA pour fi ns de cartographi e.

D'autres contributions a signaler: lestemoignages importants donnes au cors des audiencesBerger sur les ressources piscicoles de la MackenzieRiver, le developpement et les traveaux dans le'cadre du PRESPA, 1 'achevement du rapport sur laBeaufort Sea, 1 'influence importante exercee sur ladecision d'interdire le dechargement dans 1 'oceandes residus de la mine Nanisivik. La Section aaussi entreprisedes etudes pour etablir des dossierssur les cours d'eau et les croisees de route et decours d'eau le long de la route Mackenzie, et desetudes sur les ressources aquatiques le long de laroute du pipeline des fles de 1 'Arctique.

Projet de recherches environnementates sur teseab Lee petroUferes de L'Albert:a 1975-1976

Une entente Canada-Alberta d'une duree de cinqans (renouvelable pour une autre periode de cinqans) a conduit a la creation du PRESPA. La partici­pation de la Direction avait pour objet la fauneaquatique, c'est-a-dire "evaluer les repercussionsdu developpement des sables petroliferes de1 'Athabasca sur les systemes aquatiques avoisinants,prevoir et at tenuer les incidences posstb les ". Ona seconde les efforts du personnel du SPM qui aaccepte de superviser les activites de recherchesparticulieres qui avaient ete etablies.

Projets secondaires:

Inventaire toxicotogique retatif aux poissons:Dans le deroulement de ces travaux, on est rendu a1 'etape des plans finale pour les etudes in situ surles effluents de la Great Canadian Oil Sands Ltd.

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Le projet englobe maintenant un plus vaste pro­gramme d'etudes sur la toxicite.

Analyse des eaux salines: Un contrat a eteaccorde a Aquatic Environments Limited en vue demener une etude sur les effets des effluents d'eauxsalines sur les biotes aquatiques.

Releve synoptique sur les contaminants: Le con­trat accorde a Renewable Resources Limited pourrecueillir des biotes aquatiques et des sedimentsprovenant de la region au s'effectue 1 'etude PRESPAest termine. Les echantillons ant ete analyses a1 'lED pour y deceler les contaminents.

Etude sur Lee maoroinuei-tebree (IED): L' i denti­fication des macrof nver-tebres pre Ieves de l'Atha­basca River s'est poursuivie comme on avait prevu.

Renseignements de base sur la faune aquatique:Renewable Resources Lim'ited a remp l i son contrat.Les deux rapports fi na1s i ntitul es "A Synops i s ofthe Physical and Biological Limnology and FisheryPrograms within the Alberta Oil Sands Area - RevisedEdition", et "A Synopsis of Information Relating toAquatic Ecosystem Toxicology within the Alberta OilSands Area - Revised Edition" ant ete examines etacceptes par le Comite de'r.echerches techniquessUr ,la faune aquatique (CRTFA)., -'

ContrOle des pechex-iee du Athabaeca Delta: Leprojet est maintenant termine. LGL Limited a envoyeson rapport final tnt l tul e "Walleye and GoldeyeFisheries Investigations in the Peace-AthabascaDelta - 1975" et le rapport est deja imprime.

Appareil de marquage sonique des poissons: Ona poursuivi le travail sur le developpement etl'essai des marquages soniques.

Etudes preliminaires sur Le frai du pirinbempe :Le projet a evolue pendant la periode a 1 'etude, aupoint qu'on a obtenu le personnel et les ressourcesmaterielles requises.

Groupes d'experts-conseiZs: Le groupe a soumisson rapport final au CRTFA et par consequent ils'est acquitte de toutes ses fonctions.

DIRECTION DE LA LIMNOLOGIE

La Direction de la limnologie a pousse plusloin les recherches sur la structure (par exemple,composition des especes, organisation trophique) etsur la fonction (par exemple, flux de l'energie,cycle geochimique) de 1 'environnement des eauxdouces. Les etudes traitaient en particulier desrepercussions des act i vites humaines sur l'envi­ronnement naturel des eaux douces et servaient debase pour des methodes de gestion efficaces deseaux douces. Cette gestion est essentielle a unegestion competente des peches.

Avant la reorganisation, la Direction,~connue

sous le nom de Section Eutrophisation-Limnologie,etait di vj see en quatre sous-sections. A l'epoquede la reorganisation, ces derni~res furent fusion­nees en deux nouvelles sections representant deuxmethodes tout a fait differentes d'enqueter surles problemes limnologiques. La Section de lalimnologie experimentale utilise comme principalemethode d'enquete la manipulation experimentale de1 'ensemble de 1 'ecoSystemea la Region des Lacs

Experimentaux (RLE) pres du Kenora (Ontario).D'autre part, la Section de la limnologie regionalea recours a une methode comparative; des analysescomparatives sont utilisees, tenant compte du tempset de 1 'espace, pour explorer 1es effets des acti v­i tes humaines sur l'ecosysteme naturel.

Section de la limnologie experimentale

De 1974 a 1976, la Section de la limnologieexperimentale a continue a consacrer la plupart deses efforts au phenomene de 1 'eutrophisation. Lesresultats de ces etudes ont joue un role importantdans la decision d'interdire 1 'usage de detersifs abase de phosphates et de concentrer les efforts engestion canadienne de l'eutrophisation sur le con­trale du phosphore. Les resultats, presentes au 1geCongres international de limnologie (SIL), ont con­vaincu les scientifiques qui etaient presents qu'ilfallait d'abord controler le phosphore si on voulaitcontrcl er l'eutrophisation. Les resultats ont egale­ment donnes<desrenseignements importants qui ont con­duit a la redaction de mesures legislatives sur lecontrale du phosphore dans plusieurs etats des E.-U ..Des experiences preliminaires sur 1 'acidificationdes lacs et sur le sort des radionuclides dans1 'environnement aquatique furent commencees en 1975,et a l'avenir on insistera davantage sur ces ques­tions. Nous enumerons ici certains des travaux lesplus importants effectues pendant la periode a1 'etude.

Les precedes de fertilisation de 1 'hypolimniondu Lac 302 N, commences en 1972, se poursuivirenten 1974 et en 1975. Ils ont revele que les sub­stances nutriti ves presentas dans l' hypolimnionsont deposees et enlevees sans causer la naissancede fleurs d'eau. En 1975, le plan experimentalconcernant le Lac 227 (fertilise depuis 1969) a etemodifie. La proportion azote:phosphore dans 1 'en­grais a ete diminuee (poids) de 15:1 a 5:1 afin destimuler les algues d'un vert bleute qui ont lepropri ete de fi xer 1 'azote. Comme on 1 'a vait prevu,cette reduction de 1 'azote a provoque 1 'apparitionde 1 'Aphanizomenon et 1 'augmentation du taux de fixa­tion de 1 'azote. On a estime le temps requis pour lerecyclage du phosphore, de 1 'azote et du carbone pre­sents dans les sediments et l'hypol imnion ainsi quela profondeur du melange dans les sediments. En1971-1972, la fertilisation due au phosphore, a1 'azote et au carbone, a rendu le Lac 304 eutrophe.En 1973, on a cesse d'ajouter du phosphore, mais ona pousuivi le processus de fertilisation avec de1 'azote et du carbone. En 1974, deux ans apresqu'on eut cesse la fertilisation avec du phosphore,le Lac 304 s'etait recycle completement. Le bassinsud-ouest du Lac 226 a ete fertilise afin de deter­mi ner 1es consequences along terme de l' addi ti onde quantites d'azote et de carbone, mais non par dephosphore. On a ajoute des quantites equilibreesde phosphore, de carbone et d'azote dans le bassinnord-est. Cependant, afin de mesurer 1 'etendue dela compensation possible due a la fixation de1 'azote, on a mai ntenu 1es proporti ons azote: phos­phore et carbone:phosphore inferieures aux propor­tions habituellement requises par le phytoplancton.Dans le bassin nord-est, le niveau de fixation de1 'azote a augmente par rapport aux niveaux observesavant la fertilisation; on a remarque une croissanceet une production accrues de jeunes coregones et unemergement plus actif de chironomides dans des eauxpeu profondes tandis que l'appauvrissement en oxy­gene dans des eaux profondes entrafnait une diminu­tion de chironomides. En 1975, on a ajoute dans les

Lacs 303 et 304 du phosphore aux taux de 0.2 et1.0 9 de phosphore/m2/an. Les resu1tats furentcompares avec ceux des experiences se poursuivantde fa~on permanente dans 1es Lacs 226 NE, 227 et304, afin que, par la, on puisse mieux doser 1esproportions quantitatives entre 1e chargement dephosphore, la concentration de phosphore, 1aquant i te habituelle ("standing crop") etla produc­tion primaire. De concert avec 1es etudes sus­mentionnees, des etudes sur la repartition spatia1ede 1a chlorophy11e et de 1a production primaireamenerent a 1a decouverte de bandes etroites tmoinsd'un metre d'epaisseur) de fortes concentrationsd'a1gues dans 1es zones dont 1e taux de transmis­sion de la 1umi~re etait de 1%.

En 1975, des experiences, conduites dans destubes places dans 1e Lac 303, visaient a analyser1 'interaction des mattares organiques, des ma-t ieres nutritives, de 1 'arsenic et du phytoplanc­ton. Ces etudes venaient comp1ementer ce11eseffectuees sur interaction des eaux usees et de1 'arsenic dans les eaux et les sediments des lacsde 1a region Yellowknife, et aidaient 1a ville deYellowknife et 1e ME a prendre des decisions enmatiere d'evacuation des eaux usees et des eauxresiduaires d'origine miniere. Les budgets rela­tifs au control e de 1 'arseni c et aux matieres nu­tritives pour le Kam Lake (po'l l ue par 1 'arsenic)et 1es lacs experimentaux furent depenses pour 1aperi ode al1ant de 1972 a 1975. On a obtenu 1estaux de sedimentation et on a fait des experiencesen 1aboratoire pour estimer 1e flux d'arsenic pro­venant des sediments du Kam Lake.

Des etudes comparatives, commencees en 1973de concert avec le Service canadien des forets, sesont poursuivies en vue d'etab1ir des methodesefficaces de gestion forestiere dans 1e bouc1iercanadien. On a examine 1es repercussions des oper­ations de defrichage, de scarification et ·de con­struction de routes. En 1973, une violente tem­pete de vent detrui sit de 50 a 100% des arbres danscertains bassins de 1a RLE. En 1974, un incendiede foret detruisit un grand nombre de ces memesbassins hydrographiques. Les resu1tats prelimin­aires indiquent que, par suite de ces deux catas­trophes 1 'ecou1ement, des sols aux lacs, contenaitdeux fois plus d'azote, de carbone, de si1icium,de potassium et de p1usieurs autres substanceschimiques, qu'auparavant. Cependant, 1a quantitedoub1ee de ces substances est faible si on lacompare a 1 'alimentation a long terme de ces sub­stanceseta,lareservequecontient 1e sol; on neprevoit donc pas d'effets nuisib1es durab1es tantpour 1e reboisement que pour 1a qualite de l'eau.

Etant donne 1es importantes incidences eco­10giques et economiques de 1a contamination desenvironnements aquatiques nature1s (y compris 1epoisson qu'i1s contiennent) par 1es metaux 10urdset 1es radionuclides, et vu 1 'augmentation probablede 1a production de ces contaminants, on a decideque ces derniers feraient a 1 'avenir 1 'objet d'en­quetes prioritaires dans 1a RLE. En 1975, on atente des experiences pre1iminaires pour obtenirdes renseignements sur 1es effets que produisent1es metaux 10urds et 1es produits de reacteur nu­c1eaire sur 1a chaine a1 imentaire de l'environne­ment aquatique. Les experiences furent tenteesdans des tubes mesurant un metre de diametre.E11es visaient a determiner 1es effets d'isotopesde metal ajoutes sous 1es formes suivantes: ion­ique, ion "chelate", acide humique, acide fu1vique;

18

"chelate" a EDTA; avec des metaux porteurs et dansdes conditions acides. On a contra1e 1es deplace­ments dans l'eau, 1es sediments et 1es biotes. Lesradioisotopes suivants furent utilises: 65Zn, 137CS,GOCo, 203Hg et 59Fe. I1 fut reconnu que l'acidifi­cation des lacs par 1es po11uants industrie1s, enparticu1ier par 1e dioxyde de soufre, constitue unprob1eme seri eux au Canada comme a 1 'etranger. En1975, on a entrepris une etude visant a etab1ir desdocuments sur 1es effets de 1 'acidification sur 1espopulations de poissons (croissance, etat physiqueet physio10gie), 1e benthos et 1e p1ancton, 1esmatieres nutritives et 1a chimie du metal 10urd.On a recuei11i des donnees de base pour 1e p1ancton,1e benthos et 1es processus chimiques et on fit despremiers ca1cu1s sur 1es populations du tou1adi dans1e Lac 223. En 1976, le Lac 223 sera aci difi e parl'acide sulfurique a un taux de 0.5 unites pH parannee.

Section regionaZe de Za ZimnoZogie

On a termine, en 1975, 1es etudes des incidencespossibles sur l'ecosysteme aquatique resultant de 1aconstruction et de 1 'exploitation de pipelines dans1es bassins hydrographiques des rivieres Mackenzieet Porcupine. Les resu1tats finals, 1es recommanda­tions et 1es conclusions definitives furent pub1iesdans une serie de 15 rapports techniques du SPM.La Section regionale de 1imno10gie avait comme ob­jectif principal de determiner 1es consequenceseco10giques des travaux de derivation des eaux de1a Churchill River et du captage des eaux du South­ern Indian Lake par suite de deve10ppements hydro­e1ectriques. Les activites principa1es de 1a Sec­tion au cours de 1a peri ode observee sont resumesi ci.

Les incidences principa1es des etudes relativesaux rivieres Mackenzie-Porcupine se resument ainsi:

1. Augmentation de sediments au sein descours d'eau due a la perturbation du terrain pendant1a construction.

2. Deversements accidente1s d'hui1e: On aconstate que 1es bassins hydrographiques, 1es zonesboisees, 1e relief du terrain, et 1a precipitationexp1iquent 1es causes de plus de 97% des differencesdans 1es taux d'erosion dans 1es bassins hydrogra­phiques. Etant donne 1e role important que jouentle bassin hydrographique et 1a zone boisee dans 1econtrnl e de 1 'erosion. i1 semb1ait probable que1 'augmentation de sediments dans 1es etangs et 1esrivieres, et causee par des perturbations de terrain,seraient en rapport direct avec 1a superficie deterre perturbee par des activites techno10giques.Des cours d'eau et des rivieres de moindre volumeseraient plus affectes par une perturbation donnee(si on 1es compare a des bassins hydrographiquesplus vastes) puisqu'une longue bande de defrichementnecessaire dans 1e cas d'un pipeline, par exemp1e,constituerait un pourcentage beaucoup plus e1eve del'aire de drainage que ne l'exigerait un derangementsemblab1e dans un plus grand bassin hydrographique.Une suite d'experiences au cours desque11es ona.ioutat t. des. sediments dans un petit affluent de1a Mackenzie River a indique qu'i1 y avait une aug­mentation importante du zoobenthos entraine par 1ecourant pendant 1a perturbation. On a estime qu'unappauvrissement de 50% de faune benthique pouvaitse produire dans une periode.variant de 7 heures a18 jours. A 1a suite de ces etudes, 1es conclusionsou recommandations suivantes ont ete formu1ees:

19

1. Des essais visant a etablir a priorides niveaux de tolerance pour contr51erla quantitede sediments ajoutee de fa~on artificielle auxsystemes ayant des taux de transport de sedimentaussi varies que ceux des bassins hydrographiquesdes rivieres Mackenzie et Porcupine ne sont paspossibles.

2. 11 faut eviter le plus possible d'ajou­ter dans des rivieres qui ne peuvent pas les elim­iner des sediments additionnels provenant de per­turbations technologiques; il importe de verifiersi l'el imination maximale annuelle suffit poureliminer les sediments du substrat particulier ducours d'eau.

3. Eviter d'ajouter des sediments dans uneriviere qui ne peut les eliminer au cours du pro­cessus d'evacuation maximale annuelle, sinon lessediments additionnels entratneraient a long termedes modifications dans les biotes.

4. Des constructions en eaux libres sus­ceptibles de produire des sediments additionnelsdevraient s'effectuer en ete plut5t qu'au printempsou a 1 'automne a moins que, au moment de construc­tions, la riviere ne suffise pas a eliminer lessediments supplementaires.

Les etudes experimentales ont montrees 'que1 'huile brute peut exercer des effets tres nuisiblessur les biotes aquatiques, par exemple, la derivecatastrophique du zoobenthos dans les cours d'eau,la reduction des invertebres qui emergent et de­meurent a la surface des lacs, des changements dansla faune benthique du littoral des lacs, et un genred'eutrophisation due aux algues et a certainesespeces d'invertebres periphytoniques. Trois espe­ces de chironomides ont ete designees comme indicespossibles de niveaux inferieurs de contaminationdue a l'huile. Bien que certaines populationsd'algues et d'invertebres ont augmentees par suited'un deversement d'huile, en general les effetstoxiques possibles de l'huile, la croissance d'al­gues nuisibles et 1 'absence dans les algues dechironomides servant a nourrir les poissons, rendentpeu pratique 1 'usage de l'huile comme moyen d 'aug­menter la production de la nourriture pour lespoissons.

L'etude sur le Southern Indian Lake constituela premiere etude complete sur les repercussionsdu developpement hydro-electrique au Canada et unedes rares etudes faites au monde pour observer1 'evolution des modifications dans l'ecosysteme apartir de son etat naturel jusqu'a sa forme nouvelletransformee. Les observations, les methodes et leshypotheses qui dscoulent de 1 'etude du SouthernIndian Lake peuvent s'appliquer a d'autres projetsde derivations et de barrages prevus et construitsdans le nord du Canada. L'etude doit son originea 1 'etude federale-provinciale des rivieres Nelsonet Churchill et du Lake Winnipeg, effectuee en1972-1973 et dont les resultats ont ete publies en1975. L'Institut des eaux douces a fourni 15annexes au rapport. L'etude du Southern IndianLake peut se resumer comme suit:

Avant que ne commencent les travaux de con­struction de 1 'endiguement des eaux, on a determinela densi te relative, la taille et l'etat physiquedes especes de poissons les plus importantes (core­gone, dore, grand brochet et cisco du lac) afin defournit des donnees de base pouvant servir a

meas urer quantitati vement 1es effets du deve1oppe­ment hydro-electrique. L'etat dynamique, pendant lefrai, de deux populations de dore a ete determinedans le but de decrire les caracteristiques communesau point de vue hydrometrique et biologique des fray­eres productives actuelles et de fournir des docu­ments sur les changements qui surviennent et pouvoirmesurer jusqu'a un certain point le succes des fray­eres a mesure que se der oulent les operations decaptage et de derivation des eaux. D'apres lesetudes sur les facteurs morphologiques, le lac sem­~2rait Itre peuple d'au moins deux sous-pop~lations

coregone. On essaie de determiner s'il y a des dif­ferences biochimiques entre ces deux sous-popul at ionspuisque ces differences pourraient servir "d'eti­quettes" pour observer les deplacements des poissonsapres les operations de captage et de derivation deseaux du lac. De concert avec l'universite du Mani­toba, la Section regionale de la limnologie mene uneetude sur les niveaux d'infestation parasitique dupoisson (du coregone en particulier) avant que necommence le projet de captage des eaux du lac. Cesdonnees de base sont essentielles si l'on veut com­parer les niveaux d'infestation avant et apres ledeve1oppement hydro-el ectri que.' Les vari ab1es phys­iques et chimiques susceptibles d'ltre modifiees aucours de 1 'evaluation du projet hydro-electrique sontetudiees avec precision. Par exemple, on evalue1 'importance des substances nutri ti yes provenant d' unterrain inonde par rapport au contenu naturel del'ecosysteme et les resultats seront analyses enfonction des changements dans la production primaire.On est a evaluer egalement l'utilite du satellited'observation LANDSAT pour estimer les quantites rel­atives de sediment en suspension dans le SouthernIndian Lake. Si 1 'experience s 'avere realisable, onappliquera le procede pour observer et mIme augmenterla quantite des sediments et leur redistributionapres les operations de captage et de derivation deseaux de la Churchill River.

La Section a poursuivi les travaux d'analysed'echantillons de plancton preleves de nombreaux lacscanadiens afin de preciser les caracteristiques quicomposent 1es especes et l' abondance decrus taces pl anc­toniques. On les etudie en fonction de facteurs eco­logiques tels que la geologie du bassin, le climat,l'hydrologie, la morphologie lacustre, l'eutrophisa­tion et la pollution. On a termine une etude sur ladistribution geographique du zooplancton dans lesGreat Lakes. On a egalement poursuivi des etudespouvant faciliter la comprehension detaillee desrapports existant entre les populations zoobenthiqueset les parametres environnementaux dans les ecosys­temes d'eau douce. Les premieres listes sur lespopulations d'especes zoobenthiques (servant d'indice)de la sous-region biogeographique nearctique ont etepreparees; elles serviront aux etudes de la typologie1acustre.

Dans la region piscicole Erickson-Elphinstone,la succession saisonniere et la distribution desespeces de phytoplancton ont ete determinees; cesanalyses font partie de 1 'etude permanente visant aevaluer 1 'apport du phytoplancton et des protozoairesa la dynamique de la nutrition dans les populationsdes lacs. L'etude sur la valeur energetique nutri­tive des fleurs d'eau Aphanizomenon caracteristiquesdes lacs-etangs des prairies a ete poursuivie aucours de 1 'ete 1974; on a utilise une serie devariables physiologiques qui avaient ete developpeesen laboratoire comme indicEs d'insuffisance nutri­tive. Dans les etudes sur les lacs, on a constateque de fortes deficiences en phosphore avaient

20

pr~c~d~ 1 'affaiblissement des fleurs d'eau, mais queles fleurs d'eau qui avaient r~v~l~ une insuffisancede phosphore ne s '~taient pas toutes affaiss~es. Letravail en laboratoire pour produire des indices del'etat nutritif des algues s 'est poursuivi avecl'utilisation de "chimostats".

Bien que depuis 30 ans, on s 'int~resse vivementa la science limnologique de Lake Tanganyika, onignore encore en quoi consiste la production primairedu Lac. Ce parametre est d'une grande importancepour la gestion puisque les peches commerciales serapportent aux especes pelagiques. En 1975, deuxexcursions ont et~ entreprises sur toute l'~tendue

du Lac par trois membres du personnel de la Sectionde limnologie en vue d'estimer la production primaireannuelle du Lake Tanganyika. L'~tude a ~t~ faite envertu d'une entente coop~rative selon laquelle on aaccord~ un contrat aux projets de peches U.N.F.A.O.dans le Lac.

En meme temps que se d~roulaient les op~rations

de recherches de la Direction de la limnologie, ona ~labor~ une methodologie exp~rimentale utilis~e

pour mettre en lumiere les processus biologiques,chimiques et physiques complexes des lacs. Laplupart de ces mises au point technologiques r~­

sultent de recherches originales, tant a l'int~rieur

de la Section qu'en collaboration avec l'universitedu Manitoba et 1e Lamorrt-Dehe rty Geo] og~ cal Obsar­vatory d;e l'universit~ Columbia. Presque tous lesr~sultats de ces recherches ont~t~ pub l i es dans desjournaux appropri~s et ils ont contribu8s~norm~ment

au progres de la limnologie.

Des techniques de d~pistage radio-actives ont~t~ ~tablies et utilis~es pour faire connaltre lesph~nomenes lacustres, entre autres, le taux demouvement du gaz a travers 1 'interface air-eau, lestaux de diffusion verticale et horizontale des gazet des ions dans les lacs, et les taux d'absorptionde m~tal lourd par le seston et les s~diments.

Des appareils sp~ciaux d'~chantillonnage ont~t~ perfectionn~s pour mesurer les gradients deconcentration des ions et des gaz a travers 1 'inter­face s~diment-eau. le gradient de m~thane dissous atravers 1 'interface aerobique-ana~robiqueet d'autresstratifications de micro-organismes dans la colonned'eau.

Des techniques exp~rimentales et des instru­ments ont ~t~ mis au point pour mesurer les taux deproduction et d'oxydation du gaz m~thane, de la fix­ation de 1 'azote et de 1 'absorption d'orthophosphates(niveaux inf~rieurs a ppb - une part par milliard),dans des lacs dont les ~tats trophiques varient beau­coup.

Plusieurs m~thodes analytiques automatis~es

ont ~t~ innov~es pour d~terminer de faibles niveauxde carbone organique et inorganique dissous et1 'ensemble de l' azote di ssous ,

On a perfectionn~ les modes d'emploi d'incuba­teurs dont la lumiere et la chaleur sont r~gl~es

afin d'estimer la production primaire de phytoplanc­ton et de p~riphyton.

On a mis au point la fabrication d'enceintes alarge diametre et a murs en plastique pour contenirde l'eau de lac; elles ont servies tres avantageuse­ment comme outil exp~rimental interm~diaire entreles exp~riences faites en laboratoire et celles qui

sont entrepri ses sur toute l'etendue d' un 1ac. Unecolonne isol~e d'eau mesurant 10 m de diametre peutmaintenant servir a des exp~riences dont les r~­

sultats peuvent ensuite etre appliqu~es efficacementsur toute l'~tendue du lac. C'est une ~tape exper i­mentale de grande importance puisqu'elle permet delimiter les experiences qu'il faudrait tenter surles lacs. reduisant ainsi le nombre de lacs n~ces­

saires pour mener les exp~riences.

DIRECTION DE LA TOXICOLOGIE

Au cours de la p~riode observee, les troisattributions principales de la Direction de la toxi­cologie (qui s 'appelait, avant la reorganisation, laSection de la toxicologie, poissons et ecosystemes)etaient les suivantes;

1. Conseiller en matiere de problemes et depolitique ayant trait aux substances chimiques toxi­ques dans 1 'eau.

2. Diriger des recherches interdisciplin­aires pures et appliquees sur les effets nuisiblesde substances chimiques sur les poissons, les autresespeces aquatiques et 1 'ensemble des ecosystemes,insistant sur la mise au point d'essais biologiquessur 1es contaminants de 1 'envi ronnement.

3. Diriger des recherches pures et appli­quees en matiere de methodes analytiques pour de­celer 1 'action exercee par les metaux lourds, lespesticides et autres composes toxiques dans les sys­temes aquatiques, y compris les plantes et les ani­maux aquatiques.

Avant que la Direction soit r~organis~e, cesfonctions ~taient accomplies par les six sous­sections charg~es des projets pour la Direction:toxicologie de l'~cosysteme, mathodoloqte chimique,toxicologie des poissons, toxicologie industrielle,effluents industriels et administration de la toxi­cologie. Apres la r~organisation, les projetsfurent group~s et releverent de trois sections fonc­tionnelles, la Section de la m~thodologie biologique,la Section de la m~thodologie chimique et la Sectionde la toxicologie industrielle. Les activit~s prin­cipales de ces trois sections peuvent se r~sumer

comme suit:

Section de Za methodoZogie bioZogique

Cette section a pour fonction principale de selivrer a la recherche, pure et appliqu~e, dans lesdomaines de la microbiologie, de la physiologieanimale, du comportement animal, de la toxicologie,de la biochimie et de l'~cologie. A l'int~rieur dece role, on retrouve trois attributions fondamen­tales:

1. S'acquitter de la recherche dans lesdisciplines susmentionnees, recherche qui est sur­tout axee sur la comprehension des effets des toxi­ques sur les organismes et les ecosystemes.

2. Elaborer des moyens pour mesurer etprevoir les effets des toxiques sur les ressourcesaquatiques, et, dans le mesure du possible, mettreen application, eprouver et perfectionner les essaisa tel point qu'ils peuvent etre utilises avec succespar les professionnels qui ne sont pas chercheurs.

3. Communiquer les methodes utilis~es dans

21

des essais biologiques ainsi que les previsionset(ou) resultats qui en decoulent, non seulementaux scientifiques, mais surtout aux personnes quisont chargees de gerer, de proteger et de mettre envaleur les ressources aquatiques.

L'absence d'especes sur lesquelles il puissefaire des -tests constitue un des problemes princi­paux du sci entifi que de 1 'envi ronnement qui faitdes recherches sur les substances chimiques toxi­ques. La tache est plus facile pour le toxicologuemedi ca1 puisqu' il n' etudi e qu' une espece , l' homme.Le specialiste de 1 'environnement doit observer lesnombreaux constituants des ecosystemes, et ce qui estpis encore, les ecosystemes eux-memes. Au debutdes annees 1970, la plupart des decisions concernantles incidences possibles des substances chimiquestoxiques sur 1 'environnement des eaux douces sefondaient sur des resultats obtenus par suite d'e­tudes de toxicite aigue faites sur la truite arc-en­ciel. Par consequent, avant et pendant le peri odeconsideree, on consacrait beaucoup d'efforts a ob­tenir des espsces aquatiques que l'on pouvait garderen laboratoire et sur lesquelles on faisait destests pour analyser leurs reactions aux doses le­tales et subletales de substances chimiques toxiquesauxquelles on les exposait. Au cours de la peri odeobservee, on fit des progres remarquables concernantla culture du moucheron Chironomus tentans et laculture massive d'un autre moucheron de la familledes Paratanytarsus. De plus, on elabora des methodespour la culture du crustace HyaZelZa azteca et de lapalourde Sphaerium striatum. Onimprima une deuxiemeedition d'un ecrit traitant des methodes de culturedes invertebres; les nombreuses demandes d'exem­plaires de cette analyse ne tarderent pas a epuisernos stocks.

D'autres membres du groupe ont mis au point desmethodes pour evaluer les changements subletaux dansla physiologie du poisson expose 11 des toxiques. Uneetude, intitulee biochimie clinique, traitait surtoutdes modifications dans la biochimie sanguine, par ex­ample, les modifications du metabolisme relatives aucalcium dans les poissons exposes a 1 'acidificationdes lacs, due au deplacement de dioxyde de soufre etde pluies contenant des traces d'acide. Les me~bres

de ce groupe ainsi que ceux qui faisaient 1 'etude desinvertebres se sont engages dans des etudes sur leterrain pour analyser les incidences de la pulveri­sation de produits insecticides (fenitrothion) surles epinettes attaquees par des larves dans le pareprovincial Spruce Woods (Manitoba) et de l'emploi delarvicide (contenant du methoxychlor) dans certainesparties de l'Athabasca River (Alberta). Dans cedernier cas, on a pu deceler 11 plus de 100 km enaval les effets du larvicide sur d'autres especesqui ne faisaient pas 1'objet de 1 'etude.

Pour de nombreux poissons ce sont leursappareils olfactifs qui leur permettent de recon­naltre les indices chimiques qui eveillent leur in­stinct migratoire, alimentaire et reproductif. Desingerences provenant de substances toxiques pour­raient detrequer gravement leur mode de comportement.Par consequent, un programme tres intense dans cedomaine des analyses existe 11 1 'Institut des eauxdouces depuis un certain temps. Pendant la periodeconsideree, on s'est applique a etablir les ~ffets

du mercure, du cuivre et des pesticides fenitrothionet acephate.

Plusieurs essais biologiques sur le comporte­ment des poissons ent ete faits avant et durant la

peri ode a 1 'etude. Ces essais, effectues pour laplupart en laQoratoire, ont 1 'avantage unique'd'avoirportes sur 1e "poisson enti er". On a consacre beau­coup de temps a ~valuer les consequences du mercure'(nourriture mercurielle) sur le dore enanalysant lareaction du dore aux intensites de lumiere et soncomportement; evite-t-il our prefere-t-il le fenitro­thion et les fluides de forage d'huile.

On a prepare en laboratoire des systemes dechaine alimentaire a base de microbes pour faire lesessais sur les substances toxiques. L'experiencemontre que la sensibilite de ces systemes est peut­etre plus grande que celle de chacun des constituantspris individuellement. D'autres etudes en microbiol­ogie traitent du processus cyclique du carbone dansles lacs (oxydation de methane) et de l'etabl issementde methodes rigoureuses pour evaluer la fixation de1 'azote dans les environnements aquatiques. Ces deuxetudes crrtebout tes 11 une methodol ogie acceptse univer­sellement et elles servent a evaluer les incidencesdes toxiques sur divers systemes allant du niveaumicrobien au niveau de 1 'ensemble d'un lac.

Pendant la peri ode consideree, on a entreprisune etude, terminee en partie, se rapportant auxeffets d'une retombee de metal lourd provenant defonderies, sur des populations entieres de poissonsvivant dans les eaux du Nord manitobain. Les re­sultats de ces etudes devraient exercer une grandeinfluence sur la politique du SPM lorsque ce dernieraura a reglementer sur les effluents et nos ressourcesd'eau douce.

Section de Za methodoZogie chimique

La Section a comme role primordial de faire desrecherches dans les domaines de la chimie environne­mentale et de la methodologie analytique. En outre,elle fournit dans toute la region d'importants ser­vices consultatifs en methodologie chimique.

Les recherches en chimie environnementale antd'abord comme premier objectif de recueillir desdonnees et des renseignements chimiques; en secondlieu, ces donnees doivent servir a completer desetudes biologiques. Pour la cueillette de renseigne­ments chimiques, les programmes de recherches sontplanifies par des membres du groupe qui ensuiteassumeront la responsabilite de compiler des donnees,de les interpreter et de rediger des rapports sur lesresultats des recherches. Lorsque les releves bio-

.logiques effectues par d'autres scientifiquesexigent en plus une comprehension et des connaissancesspeciales en chimie, le groupe de la Section de lamethodologie chimique affecte a la recherche ainsique d'autres scientifiques apportent leur pleinecollaboration aux biologistes. Pendant la peri odeobservee, la Section a participe, d'une fa~on oud'une autre a presque toutes les activites de laDirection de la toxicologie.

D'apres les fonctions qu'elle doit remplir enmethodologie analytique, la Section a participe 11 lamise au point et(ou) au perfectionnement des analyseschimiques utilisees tant dans la Section que dans lesautres sections de la region. La publication desresultats de ces recherches et de ces analyses sontd'une grande utilite pour de nombreux scientifiquesdes ressources aquatiques qui sont engages dans desservices autres que le SPM un bon nombre des tech­niques de la Section de la methodologie chimique ontete presentees au Congres de la SIL en 1974.

Enumerons des projets particuliers diriges parla Section au cours de la peri ode consideree: re-1eves;des metaux presents dans 1e Cl ear Lake; rel evesdes niveaux de mercure dans les lacs Clay et Ball;etudes sur les contaminants des poissons dans lesGreat Lakes superieurs ; enquetes sur 1 'util i sati onde la chromatographie en phase gazeuse - spectro­metrie de masse; incidences des herbicides sur lesecosyst~mes aquatiques; etudes sur les substanceshumiques dans les ecosystemes aquatiques et etudessur la distribution de 1 'arsenic dans les lacs dela region de Yellowknife (TN-O).

Seation de Za toxiaoZogie industrieZZe

La Section devait atteindre trois objectifsprincipaux:

1. Apporter la contribution du SPM auService de la protection de 1 'environnement (SPE)dans le cadre du Programme national relatif auxreglements sur les effluents. L'apport de laSection revetait diverses formes, notamment desconseils donnes par des specialistes lors de re­unions, des essais biologiques habituels effectuesen vue d' etab1i r des r~gl ements, ou encore 1" etudede cas exigeant des recherches necessaires pourresoudre certains problemes anterieurs a 1 'execu­tion des essais biologiques courants.

2. Contribuer effectivement 11 la solutionde certains problemes particuliers a la region de1 'Ouest (par exemple, le projet de derivationGarrison, le programme sur les sables petroliferesde 1 'Alberta, etc.) et pour lesquels on doit re­courir aux conseils des toxicologues.

3. Lorsqu'elle n'~tait pas engagee sur leterrain, la presente Section, tout comme les autresqui font partie de la Direction de la toxicologie,a poursuivi ses travaux de recherche en toxicologieenvironnementale aquatique; elle visait surtout 11comparer les resultats des essais effectues enlaboratoire et ceux faits sur le terrain.

La SPE a elabore un programme national relatifaux regl ements sur. 1es effl uents, desti nes 11 con­traler la pollution des eaux. Le programme avaitcomme principe directeur d'exercer un contrale surla pollution des eaux provenant des effluents in­dustriels. Pour ce, il devait formuler des regle­ments susceptibles d'assurer l'equilibre entre,d'une part, les quantites de substances nuisiblesqui seraient tolerees, et, d'autre part, lesmeilleurs procedes techniques du traitement deseaux usees. 11 devait s'assurer que les industriescanadiennes se conformeraient 11 certaines normesen matiere de traitement des eaux usees.

Le SPM etait charge d'elaborer et de formulerles conditions essentielles a la protection dupoisson et des ecosystemes aquatiques. 11 etaitaussi charge de veiller aux ressources, c'est-11­dire d'assurer la formulation de mesures legisla­tives essentielles 11 la protection des res sourcesaquatiques. Pour ce qui est du programme nationalrelatif aux reglements sur les effluents, ilappartenait aussi au Service des peches et de lamer de determiner les criteres scientifiques quidevaient servir de base 11 ces reglements.

Jusqu'11 ce jour, nous avons contribue 11 laformulation des reglements dans les secteurs in­dustriels suivants: fabrication des p[tes et

22

papiers, exploitation des mines de metaux et raf­finage du petrole. En outre, nous etions en trainde participer a l'etabl issement de reglements et delignes directrices dans les domaines suivants: al­calis et produits connexes, petrochimie, metallurgie,industrie textile, effluents municipaux, exploitationet production petroliferes et gaziferes, conditionne­ment de la viande et des pommes de terre. De nom­breux ecrits ont ete publies 11 la suite de nostravaux.

Au cours de la periode 11 1 'etude, le personnelde la Section sur la toxicologie industrielle a con­tribue de fa~on importante 11 la planificationd'etodes en toxicologie dans le cadre du PRESPA, auxprogrammes de recherches de 1 '1nstitut de recherchesdu contrale chimique (pulverisation des forets) et 11l'etablissement de cr t ter-es sur la qual i te de l'eaupour les Territoires du Yukon et du Nord-Ouest.

Un des projets de recherches en matiere detoxicologie avait pour but de fournir une serie detests fondes sur les differentes etapes de crois­sance du poisson. On a fait des essais biologiquesen utilisant des adultes reproducteurs, des embryonsen voie de developpement, des alevins et des poissonsa l'etat adulte. Ces essais biologiques avaientcomme critere essential un constituant techniquerelativement simple que d'autres pourraient facile­ment utiliser. Un objectif 11 long terme visait 11introduire plusieurs types ou classes de composeschimiques au cours de cette series de tests. 11s'agissait d'analyser le stade de vie le plus sen­sible du sujet lorsqu'il est expose 11 chacun de cescomposes chimiques, le genre de toxicite qui seproduit, et le rapport avec l'alevin 96-h LC so , letest normalise maintenant utilise en vue d'appliquer1es r~gl ements .

On a obtenu en analysant le sang veineux etarteriel de la truite arc-en-ciel des parametrescardio-vasculaires (pression sanguine et electrocar­diogramme) et des parametres respiratoires (teneuren oxygene et en bi-oxyde de carbone et les valeurspH). Des essais preliminaires pour obtenir lesmemes parametres pour le coregone et le dare n'ontpas reussi 11 cause des differences anatomiques entreces poissons et le truite. On a egalement effectuedes etudes prel tmtnat res sur le transport de l'inu­line et du PAH 11 travers les membranes des ouies.

On a mis au point un essai biologique subletalintense sur les fonctions cardiovasculaires etrespiratoires de la truite arc-en-ciel adulte.Apres avoir anesthesie le poisson, on lui a implantepar chirurgie des electrodes d'electrocardiographeet des canules respiratoires. Cette operation adure mains de 30 minutes, et la periode de reanima­tion et de recuperation trois heures. L'on a en­suite surveille 11 des intervalles reguliers pendant24 heures le poisson tantat expose, tantat nonexpose 11 un agent toxique.

L'adaptation d'un programme machine dans lamethode de sondage a beaucoup contri buse 11 l' evolu­tion de ce projet connexe. La methode consiste 11determiner le 96-h LC so 11 partir de donnees deletalite intense. La methode d'extrapolation dedurees de survie medianes (valeurs de DSM) 11 96heures, utilisee auparavant, s'est averee inexacteavec du phenol et du cuivre.

En regle generale, 11 la fin des experiencessur la letalite intense les survivants sont mis de

23

cote. La suppression de ces poissons reprAsenteune perte considArable de renseignements puisqu'ilspourraient servir pour obtenir des donnAes sur latoxicitA "sublAtale" du composA chimique en ques­tion. On a mis sur pied des Atudes prAliminairesvisant ! obtenir des donnAes "biochimiques" sub­lAtales sur le poisson! des concentrations lAtalesde phAnol et d'axoture de sodium: donnAes portantsur le glycogene contenu dans les muscles squelet­tiques et le foie, sur l'acide ascorbique dans lerein, et 1 'activitA anormale d'anhidrose carbonique.

Pour analyser les effets de l'acide sulfuriquesur la reproduction du dard-perche, on a AlaborAune mAthode permettant de maintenir et de controlerdes valeurs pH de 4.5, 5.5, 6.5 et 7.5 dans un sys­teme de circulation intermittente. Cette mAthode aAtA appliquAe ! certains projets sur la toxicologiedes Acosystemes et pourrait servir ! analyser leseffets de valeurs pH faibles sur la lAtalitA in­tense des agents toxiques utilisAs dans d'autresAtudes. Afin d'Atudier les effets de 1 'azoture desodium et des niveaux inferieurs d'oxygene sur1 'evolution de l'oeuf du dors , on a perfectionnedes mAthodes visant ! controler les quantitesd'oxygene dissous, ! incuber les oeufs et ! produirede 1 'azoture de sodium.

Sous la Direction technique, les services suivantssont offerts: bibliotheque, publications, artsgraphiques, photographie, services d'informatique,entretien du matAriel et des installations electron­iques, ateliers, conception et fabrication de 1 'equip­ment, opArations relatives! la conservation despoissons en laboratoire ("wet lab") et operations etgestion des installations.

L'organisation et la philosophie opArationnelledes services techniques cherchent ! appliquer def'acon optimale les principes de "fabriquer ouacheter". Par exemple, pour les travaux de concep­ti on et de fabri cati on d 'aqut pement sci entifi que, unseul mecani ci en-ajusteur fa it parti e du personnel.Cet employe fabrique un prototype d'une pieced 'equipement et lorsque l'appareil est termine etmis ! l'essai et qu'il est satisfaisant, le contratde fabrication des autres appareils du genre estconfiA a une industrie.

Contrairement a ce qui se passe dans plusieursautres rAgions, ou le ministere des Travaux publicsfournit les locaux et paie les coats d'entretien,toutes les depenses opArationnelles de 1 'Institutdes eaux douces font partie du budget de la rAgion.Il en rAsults' done. que le coat des services publ i cs ,qui augmente sans cesse, diminue de beaucoup lebudget opArationnel de la rAgion.

DIRECTION DES SERVICES ADMINISTRATIFS ET FINANCIERS

Section de la gestion du materiel

La Section des services de soutien a fourniles services suivants ! la region:

Au cours de la periode considAree, la Sectionde la gestion du materiel a fournieles servicessuivants dans le cadre des programmes rAgionaux:

125,000 appe l s>

$2.6 mill ions

8,600 commandesd'achats

63 vAhicules*

900 postes*

Administration des vehicules

Services de standardiste

Mise! jour des dossiersd 'i nventai re

Securite de 1 'immeuble

Sante professionnelleet administrationde la securite

RAception, distribution et1 'approvisionnement et de1 'Aquipement

Achat de marchandises etservi ces

Section des services de soutien

SERVICES OE GESTION

RESUME DU DIRECTEUR

En dAcembre 1972, lors de l' i naugurati on del'Institut des eaux douces, le personnel charge detous les programmes de p!ches fut 10gA dans le m!meimmeuble. Par consequent, il etait pratique d'inte­grer en une sous-section cohAsive les deux organ­ismes distincts de services de soutien. On appre­hendait un peu ce fusionnement puisque, au point devue historique, les programmes en matiere de pechess'etaient toujours dAroules sous deux administra­tions distinctes, l'une pour les recherches,1 'autre pour les opArations (inspection, gestiondes ressources et Aconomi que) . Cependant, 1a deci­sion prise a l'Apoque s 'est judicieuse puisque ceconcept d'nrganisati'on des servi ces de souti en aservie de modele pour les autres rAgions et admin­istrations centrales.

Avant dAcembre 1972, deux organismes distinctsassuraient aux programmes rAgionaux des services desoutien administratifs et financiers. La sous­section qui fournissait les services de soutien ad­ministratifsaux opArations de recherches en matierede p!ches etait situee dans 1 'Edifice des sciencesal imentaires sur le campus de l'universitA duManitoba. La sous-section chargAe des services desoutien aux programmes d'inspection des p!ches, degestion des res sources et de 1 'economique Ataitsituee dans le centre-ville de Winnipeg, au 114Garry Street.

*par an

La Section a rendu des services financiers atous les programmes regionaux et au bureau du

Dans la rAgion de 1 'Ouest, la Direction genAr­ale des services de soutien, connue sous le nom deServices de gestion depuis le mois d 'octobre 1975,est divisee en deux Directions importantes: (1) laDirection des services administratifs et financiers,et (2) la Direction des services techniques. Sousla Direction administrative et financiere se rang­ent les services suivants: secrAtariat, poste,achats, magasins, communications, rAception etexpAdition, comptabilite, budgAtisation, etc.

Service central desdossiers

Section des services financiers

100,000 postes *

personnel de la region, notamment:

Contr6le budgetaire $11.5 millions*

Acheminement des comptes 11,000 cheques emis*des approvisionneurs

Soumission d'etatsfinanciers

24

du materiel qui n'est pas dans la bibliotheque. Ceschiffres doivent etre interpretes comme indiquantque la bibliotheque est maintenant plus en mesure derepondre aux demandes du personnel ayant besoin dedocumentation, plut6t que de les interpreter commeun besoin moins grand de documents.

Tableau 7. Acquisitions et transactions de labibliotheque, 1973 a 1975.

Mise en vigueur desreglements et directivesdu ministere du Conseildu Trssor

Pour soumettre des etats financiers, la Sectiondes services financiers, en collaboration avec laSection regionale de 1 'analyse en informatique, aelaboreeun systsme d'information de gestion financ­ciere.

DIRECTION TECHNIQUE

Seation des serviaes de Za gestion des etabZisse­ments

A cours de la peri ode de 1974-1976, on a jugeessentiel que le gouvernement federal pourvoiel'Institut des eaux douces d'une installation detraitement des eaux usees. C'est dans le cadre duprogramme intitule "Fonds de nettoyage", dirige parle SPE, MPE, que le projet a ete finance. La con­ception des plans fut confiee a W.L. Wardrop andAssociates ingenieurs-conseils. Les travaux deconstruction commencaient a la fin de 1974 etetaient presque termines en mars 1976.

On a egalement construit, au cours de laperiode observee, une station au Southern IndianLake afin de faciliter le deroulement des opera­tions du nouveau programme de contr61e limnologiqueet biologique. Ce programme vise a evaluer lesincidences du projet de derivation Nelson-Churchillde la Manitoba Hydro.

Des 1e debut de 1a peri ode a 1 'etude, ondecida de creer un laboratoire pour essais biolog­iques specialises. Les installations existantesde laboratoire de 1 'Institut des eaux douces etantdeja utilisees a fond, il fallut songer a loger lenouveau laboratoire dans un autre batiment relie a1'Institut par un tunnel. Des devis preliminaires,tenant compte des programmes prevus par les direc­tions de la toxicologie et des incidences envi­ronnementales, furent termines au cours de laperi ode consideree.

Seation'des serviaes de pubZiaations et de bibZio­tMque

Le tableau 7 enumere certaines des activitesqui se sont deroulees a la bibliotheque au coursde la peri ode observee; ce sont les annees civilesqui sont indiquees plut6t que les annees finan­cieres puisque la plupart des dossiers de la biblio­theque sur le catalogage, le renouvellement desabonnements, etc., ont adopte cette computation.Pour fins de comparaison, on a inclus les chiffresde 1973. On y indique la diminution dans le nombrede demandes provenant du personnel desirant obtenir

*par an

1973 1974 1975

Acquisitions de livres 1133 1092 1040

Services de xerocopie demandespar le personnel 703 576 516

Demandes d'emprunt faites par1e personnel 80 197 173

Total des demandes faites parle personnel 783 773 689

Services de xerocopies demandespar gens de 1 'exteri eur 557 731 704

Demandes d'emprunt provenant de1 'exterieur 123 109 100

Total des demandes provenant de1 'exterieur 678 840 804

Grand total 1461 1613 1493

Il est interessant de noter que le nombre dedemandes de materiel provenant de l'exterieuretait superieur au nombre de demandes que nous avonsfaites, ce qui est peu habituel dans une biblio­theque specialisee. Une proportion assez elevee deces demandes provenaient de bibliotheques situeesdans la region (universite du Manitoba, AgricultureCanada, et les bibliotheques ministerielles dugouvernement provincial). Nous trouvons reponse apres d'un tiers de nos propres demandes dans lesbtb l tothaques de la region, celles de l'universitedu Manitoba en particulier.

En 1974, on a fait un releve sur 1 'utilisationdes periodiques courants par les usagers de notrebibliotheque. On a constate que 12 periodiquesn'etaient plus necessaires; on n'a donc pas renou­vele les abonnements. Le nombre total d'abonnementsa des periodiques s 'eleve a 1,000 environ; un tiersde ces periodiques no us sont offerts gratuitement oua titre d'echange.

On a conti nue a imprimer, a 1 'i ntenti on du per­sonnel, dix profils de recherches sur la Diffusionselective de 1 'information canadienne (CAN/SDI); ona modi fie certains de ces profils a mesure que lesinterets et les besoins des usagers evoluerent.

En avril 1974, des bases de donnees biblio­graphiques mecanographiques sur le service QLSystems Ltd. devinrent accessibles, permettant ainside faire des recherches en direct de 1 'Institut par1'entremise d'un modem telephone et terminal 2741IBM installe a la bibliotheque. Parmi les bases dedonnees disponibles figurait la base de donnees denotre Ministere, connue sous le nom de Centre dereferences documentaires sur les ressources des eaux(WATDOC: Water Resources Document Reference Centre).

En 1975, on no us a donne acces au systeme de liai­sons informatiques directes au Canada (CAN/OLE).Comme cela arrive souvent lorsqu'il s'agit d'inno­vations, il y eut au debut peu de demandes pour cegenre de service, mais elles augmenterent lentementet progressivement a mesure que le personnel usagermanifesta aux autres son enthousiasme sur la valeurdes recherches et la rapidite avec laquelle elless'effectuent. Par ailleurs, les installationslimitees ne favorisaient pas leur utilisationgenerale. 11 n'y a pas a douter, cependant, que lesysteme contribue a la rapidite et a 1 'efficacitedes recherches.

En 1975, les derniers numeros de la serie derapports dresses par l'ancienne Direction generaledes operations de la region centrale, CEN/T(centrale/technique) et CEN/D (centrale/donnees)furent publies. Les index de ces rapports et ceuxdes autres publications du personnel ont eteimprimes sous les titres du Rapport techniquenO 505 (jusqu'en 1973) et nO 620 (1974-1975). (Cedernier rapport a ete publie en decembre 1976.)

Section de Z'anaZyse informatique

Les scientifiques de la recherche, les groupesoperationnels et le personnel administratif de1 'Institut des eaux douces ont manifeste un interetplus marque pour les methodes et les installationsdu traitement de 1 'informatique et les ont utiliseesplus frequemment. On a installe un terminal detraitement par lots a grande vitesse et quatre per­foratrices a clavier et on a augmente legerement lepersonnel. On a entrepris plusieurs nouveaux pro-

25

jets d'importance, notamment:

1. Etablir des statistiques sur les prisesde poissons en eaux douces;

2. Preparer des rapports sur le contamina­tion par les metaux lourds et les pesticides, et

3. Creer un systeme aidant a resoudre lesequati ons representant 1 'equi 1i bre parmi 1es es peceschimiques dans les lacs experimentaux.

On a assure les services de traitement desdonnees a 1 'Office de commercialisation du poissond'eau douce selon un systeme de frais partages. Ona fourni a ce meme Office des rapports statistiquessur les prises commerciales de poisson et les ventesde produits de poisson transforme; en retour,1 'Office no us autorisait a consulter leurs dossiersafin de faciliter nos recherches economiques (pourplus de precisions, voir la partie de ce rapportqui traite du Services des peches, Direction gene­rale des services aux pecher-i es et a l'industrie).

Section de Za photographie et des arts graphiques

Dans le secteur des operations et de 1 'elabora­tion des programmes de la region, la Division de laphotographie et des arts graphiques de 1 'lED arendu de nombreaux services: dessin, jllustration,photographie, reproduction et presentations en vuede documenter les rapports techniques et scienti­fiques, presentations visuelles pour les conferen­ces, les colloques et les expositions, etc.

LISTE DU PERSONNEL

Office du directeur general:Directeur generalSecretariat de 1 'environnement, Directeur

CoordinateurCoordinateur regional du conception des programmesConseiller regional de la scienceSecretaire

Services des peches et services a 1'industrie:DirecteurOfficier du conception en cas de circonstance critiqueSecretaire

G. H. LawlerR. J. PatersonD. G. WrightF. J. O. JosephsonD. P. ScottS. Thomas

G. R. DouglasE. W. GarrettP. Finnen

Direction des services des peches:Directeur associeAnalyse economique

D. Topolniski

Direction des services a 1'inctustrieDirecteur associeSecretaire de la direction

P. Thompson M. Sloboda

D. M. Cauvin

S. K. LawM. Chin·

P. E. WorobeyJ. TisdaleA. R. Beal

Section regional de 1 'inspection - AdministrateurInspection - chimie

M. HendzelA. Ri egerB. Hauser

Inspection - microbiologieServices relatifs aux produits

T. E. Walker

VacantG. McGregor

W. E. Beggs

26

Section regionale des programmes relatifs aux bateaux de peche-Administrateur A. Walters

Section des services techniques et scientifiques - ChefM. Freese W. L. DilkK. Scott D. G. Iredale

H. BallonL. C. Dugal

D. MoultonG. GreyC. JoyceP. CalwayR. R. FeeroM. BokhautP. LeBlanc

- AdministrateurM. HigginsD. ChapmanN. SherwoodE. LeesF. BoileauR. Crewe

District de 1'OntarioM. MollandL, TeeterS. DurziP. SkalskiH. F. FinebergA. G. Ryder

District du Manitoba ­M. KabanV. HindleC. D. BarrettJ. CullenC. Maki

AdministrateurD. OlsonE. BurkeJ. MorphyR. Schindle

R. T. GarnettR. LewandiwskyT. StubbingtonT. Gregg

W. C. Kozak

District du SaskatchewanP. NelsonR. ThompsonC. M. 01 i ver

- AdministrateurJ. W. LovettR. SemchukJ. G. Pryznyk

L. A. YaremkoH. A. Nordlund

District de 1 'Alberta - AdministrateurG. A. Parrott E. L. Ball J. Lloyd

Vacant

R. V. Grimsrud

R. Studney

K. RobertsV. MacRobertsJ. W. Caudron

District de gestion de TN-OAdministrateurSecretaireOfficier administratif

H. GreenInspection

M. HoweP. Bobinski

ExecutionW. J. HuntD. DowlerD. Green

J. K. Hunt

W. RalfT. TurnbullG. Bogden

H. R. TrudeauJ. GillesA. P. Demeule

Services des recherches et des ressources:Di recteurConseiller scientifiqueSecretaire

Direction des ressources de la peche:ChefSecretai re

A. L. HamiltonJ. R. VallentyneG. Porth

W. FalknerM. Smith

Section sur les populations et la production du poissonJ. W. Clayton J. S. Campbell K. RowesL. Johnson D. N. Tretiak

Section de la sante du poissonB. Souter H. R. Miller K. KnightM. Campbell

Section de 1'aquaculture - ChefJ. Barica J. Lark R. OlsonJ. A. Mathias G. Curry D. J. GerberM. Yurkowski R. Hanson J. MartinD. Bernard D. Spriggs J.-A. L. TabachekL. Gibson M. Foster

Section de la gestion des peches - ChefR. W. ~1oshenko L. W. Dahlke D. BarnesD. V. "iHman D.K. McGowanG. Low G. Carder

R. K. Kelly

G. B. Ayles

R. F. Peet

27

Direction des incidences environnementales:ChefSecretai re

J. LochB. Cohen

Section de 1'evaluation desC. KatapodisK. Chang-KueM. Lawrence

incidences environnementales - ChefB. Fallis B. G. SutherlandS. HarbichtG. McKinnon

J. N. Stein

Section de la recherche des incidences - ChefB. G. E. de March W. EddyL. de March G. P. McRae

R. R. WallaceH. E. We1 ch

Direction de la limnologie:Chef

Section de la limnologieE. J. FeeG. J. BrunskillJ. ShearerM. StaintonM. J. Capel

experimentale - ChefB. W. HauserR. SchadeH. ValiantR. BarnesJ. Prokopowich

D. Findlay1. J. DaviesB. Graham

P. Campbell

D. W. Schindler

Section regiona1e de 1a 1imnologie - ChefK. Pata1as A. Sa1kiO. A. Saether L. Hendze1F. P. Healey A. WiensD. M. Rosenberg H. KlingR. W. Newbury K. Beaty

Direction de 1a toxico1ogie:ChefSecretaire

H. A. AylesS. GuildfordR. HarperC. Anema

R. E. Hecky

R. D. HamiltonG. Decterow

industrie11e - ChefB. R. HobdenH. S. MajewskiR. EvansH. D. Maciorowski

Section

Section

Section

de 1a methodo1ogieT. J. HaraE. SchererW. G. FranzinS. G. LawrenceB. M. Thompson

de 1a methodo1ogieR. WagemannD. PovoledoD. A. J. Murray

de 1a toxico1ogieW. A. MacdonaldS. E. HarrisonR. V. ClarkW. R. Lillie

bio1ogique - ChefS. NowakM. P. McLeanJ. F. FlannaganG. A. McFarlaneD. A. Metner

chimique - ChefN. GriftA. LutzM. Pitze

J. SolomonB. E. TownsendS. L. LeonhardM. K. FriesenA. Furutani

K. C. TamR. HuntA. Yakimischak

D. G. AlexanderD. HodginsR. Danel1

W. L. Lockhart

F. A. J. Armstrong

J. F. K1averkamp

Services de gestion:Directeur

Direction des services administratifs et financiers - Chef

Services regiona1s administratifs - ChefH. E. Gosh1ak J. A. OlivierC. Eccles J. ReimerM. Blais L. Miller

B. MacdonellR. Raimondi

S. E. Schick

E. Ray

W. H. McKay

Service regional financierN. Moran

AchatsR. 1. Taite

C. Rybczuk

A. Belanger

G. Laing

B. Conley

28

W. J. NicholsonO. Pelser

C. JonesW. Burton

M. ZacharkiwE. WoodsB. van der Veen

A. RybakCzwarno

OppeboenHarropSkaritko

W. Chisholm

J.P.R.

1ab")J .

Section de la gestion des I§tablissementsFabrication - Surveillant

W. CoxMaintien - Chef

1. ReimerF. RoacheO. Thorwaldson

Culture du poisson ("wetL. Allard

Services techniques - ChefSecrl§taire

Section des services de publications et de bibliothl§que - Chef K. E. MarshallM. Kays

Section de 1'analyse informatique - Chef D. CostinD. Abrams J. Kinash

Section de la photographie et des arts graphiques - Chef S. T. ZettlerC. Royal

,