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10/26/2014 Sperm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm 2/6

Sperm and egg fusing

Human sperm stained for semen

quality testing.

Sperm in animals

Anatomy

The mammalian sperm cell consists of a head, a midpiece and a tail.The head contains the nucleus with densely coiled chromatin fibres,surrounded anteriorly by an acrosome, which contains enzymes used

for penetrating the female egg. The midpiece has a centralfilamentous core with many mitochondria spiralled around it, usedfor ATP production for the journey through the female cervix,uterus and uterine tubes. The tail or "flagellum" executes the lashingmovements that propel the spermatocyte.

During fertilization, the sperm provides three essential parts to theoocyte: (1) a signalling or activating factor, which causes themetabolically dormant oocyte to activate; (2) the haploid paternal genome; (3) the centrosome, which is

responsible for maintaining the microtubule system.

[2]

Origin

The spermatozoa of animals are produced through spermatogenesis inside the male gonads (testicles) viameiotic division. The initial spermatozoon process takes around 70 days to complete. The spermatidstage is where the sperm develops the familiar tail. The next stage where it becomes fully mature takes

around 60 days when its called a spermatozoan.[3]Sperm cells are carried out of the male body in a fluidknown as semen. Human sperm cells can survive within the female reproductive tract for more than 5

days post coitus.

[4]

Semen is produced in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and urethral glands.

Sperm quality

Sperm quantity and quality are the main parameters in semenquality, which is a measure of the ability of semen to accomplishfertilization. Thus, in humans, it is a measure of fertility in a man.The genetic quality of sperm, as well as its volume and motility, all

typically decrease with age.[5](See paternal age effect.)

Market for human sperm

On the global market, Denmark has a well-developed system ofhuman sperm export. This success mainly comes from the

reputation of Danish sperm donors for being of high quality[6]and,in contrast with the law in the other Nordic countries, gives donors

the choice of being either anonymous or non-anonymous to the receiving couple.[6]Furthermore, Nordic

sperm donors tend to be tall and highly educated[7]and have altruistic motives for their donations,[7]

partly due to the relatively low monetary compensation in Nordic countries. More than 50 countriesworldwide are importers of Danish sperm, including Paraguay, Canada, Kenya, and Hong Kong.[6]

However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the US has banned import of any sperm,motivated by a risk of transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, although such a risk is insignificant,since artificial insemination is very different from the route of transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease#Transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease#Transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt-Jakob_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternal_age_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethral_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminal_vesicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolicallyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_tubeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sperm_stained.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sperm-egg.jpg


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disease.[8]The prevalence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is one in a million, probably less for donors. Ifprevalence was the case, the infectious proteins would then have to cross the blood-testis barrier to make

transmission possible.[8]

History

Sperm were first observed in 1677 by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

[9]

using a microscope, he describedthem as being animalcules (little animals), probably due to his belief in preformationism, which thoughtthat each sperm contained a fully formed but small human.

Forensic analysis

Ejaculated fluids are detected by ultraviolet light, irrespective of the structure or colour of the

surface.[10]Sperm heads, e.g. from vaginal swabs, are still detected by microscopy using the "Christmas

Tree Stain" method, i.e., Kernechtrot-Picroindigocarmine (KPIC) staining.[11][12]

Sperm in plants

Sperm cells in algal and many plant gametophytes are produced in male gametangia (antheridia) viamitotic division. In flowering plants, sperm nuclei are produced inside pollen.

Motile sperm cells

Motile sperm cells typically move via flagella and require a water medium in order to swim toward the

egg for fertilization. In animals most of the energy for sperm motility is derived from the metabolism offructose carried in the seminal fluid. This takes place in the mitochondria located in the sperm'smidpiece (at the base of the sperm head). These cells cannot swim backwards due to the nature of theirpropulsion. The uniflagellated sperm cells (with one flagellum) of animals are referred to asspermatozoa, and are known to vary in size.

Motile sperm are also produced by many protists and the gametophytes of bryophytes, ferns and somegymnosperms such as cycads and ginkgo. The sperm cells are the only flagellated cells in the life cycleof these plants. In many ferns and lycophytes, they are multi-flagellated (carrying more than one

flagellum).[13]

In nematodes, the sperm cells are amoeboid and crawl, rather than swim, towards the egg cell.[14]

Non-motile sperm cells

Non-motile sperm cells called spermatialack flagella and therefore cannot swim. Spermatia are

produced in a spermatangium.[13]

Because spermatia cannot swim, they depend on their environment to carry them to the egg cell. Somered algae, such as Polysiphonia, produce non-motile spermatia that are spread by water currents after

their release.[13]The spermatia of rust fungi are covered with a sticky substance. They are produced in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease#Transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(fungus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysiphoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_algahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametangiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeboidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycophytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheridiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametangiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uv_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preformationismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-testis_barrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease#Transmission


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Motile sperm cells of algae and

seedless plants.[13]

flask-shaped structures containing nectar, which attract flies thattransfer the spermatia to nearby hyphae for fertilization in a

mechanism similar to insect pollination in flowering plants.[15]

Fungal spermatia (also called pycniospores, especially in theUredinales) may be confused with conidia. Conidia are sporesthat germinate independently of fertilization, whereas spermatia

are gametes that are required for fertilization. In some fungi, suchasNeurospora crassa, spermatia are identical to microconidia asthey can perform both functions of fertilization as well as giving

rise to new organisms without fertilization.[16]

Sperm nuclei

In many land plants, including most gymnosperms and allangiosperms, the male gametophytes (pollen grains) are the

primary mode of dispersal, for example via wind or insectpollination, eliminating the need for water to bridge the gapbetween male and female. Each pollen grain contains aspermatogenous (generative) cell. Once the pollen lands on thestigma of a receptive flower, it germinates and starts growing apollen tube through the carpel. Before the tube reaches the ovule,the nucleus of the generative cell in the pollen grain divides andgives rise to two sperm nuclei which are then discharged through

the tube into the ovule for fertilization.[13]

In some protists, fertilization also involves sperm nuclei, ratherthan cells, migrating toward the egg cell through a fertilization tube. Oomycetes form sperm nuclei in asyncytical antheridium surrounding the egg cells. The sperm nuclei reach the eggs through fertilization

tubes, similar to the pollen tube mechanism in plants.[13]

See also

Ejaculation

Female spermFemale sperm storage

Polyspermy

Semen

Sperm competition

Sperm donation

Sperm granuloma

Spermatogenesis

Spermatozoon

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_granulomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_donationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyspermyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_sperm_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_spermhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejaculationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheridiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncytiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycetehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(flower)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_dispersalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurospora_crassahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_pollinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plant_sperm.png


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1. ^Come inside: the world's biggest sperm bank (http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/02/worlds-

biggest-sperm-bank-denmark) retrieved 4 August 2013

2. ^Hewitson, Laura & Schatten, Gerald P. (2003). "The biology of fertilization in humans"

(http://books.google.com/books?id=2SBoQ8H-KMIC&pg=PA3). In Patrizio, Pasquale et al.A color atlas for

human assisted reproduction: laboratory and clinical insights. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3.

ISBN978-0-7817-3769-2. Retrieved 2013-11-09.

3. ^Semen and sperm quality (http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/menshealth/facts/semenandsperm.htm)

4. ^Gould JE, Overstreet JW and Hanson FW (1984) Assessment of human sperm function after recovery from

the female reproductive tract. Biol Reprod 31,888894.

5. ^Gurevich, Rachel (06-10-2008). "Does Age Affect Male Fertility?"

(http://infertility.about.com/od/causesofinfertility/f/maleagefertile.htm).About.com:Fertility. About.com.

Retrieved 14 February 2010. Check date values in: |date=(help)

6. ^ abcAssisted Reproduction in the Nordic Countries

(http://www.norden.org/da/publikationer/publikationer/2006-505/at_download/publicationfile) ncbio.org

7. ^ abFDA Rules Block Import of Prized Danish Sperm (http://www.newser.com/story/34788/fda-rules-block-

import-of-prized-danish-sperm.html) Posted Aug 13, 08 7:37 AM CDT in World, Science & Health

8. ^ abThe God of Sperm (http://www.laweekly.com/2007-09-27/news/the-god-of-sperm/) By Steven Kotler

9. ^"Timeline: Assisted reproduction and birth control"

(http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/genetics_reproduction/timeline.html). CBC News. Retrieved 2006-04-

06.

10. Ânja Fiedler, Mark Benecke et al. "Detection of Semen (Human and Boar) and Saliva on Fabrics by a Very

High Powered UV-/VIS-Light Source"

(http://www.benthamscience.com/open/toforsj/articles/V001/12TOFORSJ.pdf). Retrieved 2009-12-10.

11. Âllery, J. P.; Telmon, N.; Mieusset, R.; Blanc, A.; Roug, D. (2001). "Cytological detection of

spermatozoa: Comparison of three staining methods".Journal of forensic sciences46(2): 349351.

PMID11305439 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305439).

12. Îllinois State Police/President's DNA Initiative. "The Presidents's DNA Initiative: Semen Stain

Identification: Kernechtrot" (http://static.dna.gov/lab-

manual/Linked%20Documents/Protocols/pdi_lab_pro_2.05.pdf). Retrieved 2009-12-10.

13. ^ abcdefRaven, Peter H.; Ray F. Evert; Susan E. Eichhorn (2005).Biology of Plants, 7th Edition. New

York:W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2.

14. ^Bottino D, Mogilner A, Roberts T, Stewart M, Oster G (2002). "How nematode sperm crawl".J. Cell. Sci.115(Pt 2): 36784. PMID 11839788 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11839788).

15. ^Sumbali, Geeta (2005). The Fungi. Alpha Science Int'l Ltd. ISBN 1-84265-153-6.

16. ^Maheshwari R (1999). "Microconidia of Neurospora crassa". Fungal Genet. Biol.26(1): 118.

doi:10.1006/fgbi.1998.1103 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ffgbi.1998.1103). PMID 10072316

(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10072316).

External links

The Great Sperm Race (http://www.channel4.com/microsites/G/TGSR/PDF/Great-Sperm-

Race.pdf) pdf

Human Sperm Under a Microscope (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvnEsOaKxuw&NR=1)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvnEsOaKxuw&NR=1http://www.channel4.com/microsites/G/TGSR/PDF/Great-Sperm-Race.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10072316http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Ffgbi.1998.1103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84265-153-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11839788http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-1007-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://static.dna.gov/lab-manual/Linked%20Documents/Protocols/pdi_lab_pro_2.05.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305439http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.benthamscience.com/open/toforsj/articles/V001/12TOFORSJ.pdfhttp://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/genetics_reproduction/timeline.htmlhttp://www.laweekly.com/2007-09-27/news/the-god-of-sperm/http://www.newser.com/story/34788/fda-rules-block-import-of-prized-danish-sperm.htmlhttp://www.norden.org/da/publikationer/publikationer/2006-505/at_download/publicationfilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_datehttp://infertility.about.com/od/causesofinfertility/f/maleagefertile.htmhttp://www.netdoctor.co.uk/menshealth/facts/semenandsperm.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-3769-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=2SBoQ8H-KMIC&pg=PA3http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/02/worlds-biggest-sperm-bank-denmark


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Stages of human developmentSperm cell + Oocyte

Succeeded byZygote

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Categories: Fertility Germ cells Reproductive system Mammal male reproductive system Semen

Human male reproductive system

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