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First Sentences & First Sentences & ConversationsConversations
““I’m talking now!”I’m talking now!”
Syntactic DevelopmentSyntactic DevelopmentAdd LengthAdd Length Measured in Mean Length of Utterance
(MLU) in words or in morphemesAdd Sentence StructureAdd Sentence Structure Word order more closely approximates
that of adult language Order & components reflect the type of
sentence in addition to intonation Questions, imperatives, statements,
negatives
Add Length: MorphologyAdd Length: MorphologyDEF: A morpheme is the smallest
meaningful unit of language.cat = 1 cats = 2zip = 1 zipped = 2 unzipped = 3run = 1 ran = 1
See Handout
PracticeSentence Morphemes No1.There daddy’s shoes poss, plur 52. Go night-night 23. Allgone juice 24. Two doggies plu 35. Big choo-choo train 3 6. He fell down irreg past 3 7. He likes trains 3rd sing, plu 58. I don’t like trains plu 59. I kicked the ball reg past 510.Is he gonna catch it aux 5
Add Length: Words & Syntax Noun Phrase Structure:Initiator+Determiner+Adjective+Noun+Modifier...(+VP)Only half of daddy’s dog in thereEven the big city next doorEspecially old baseball caps which fadeNearly both her feet on thatMerely seven of your cars that brokeWell the last trial on the tv
Verb Phrase StructureAuxiliaries + BE + Negative + Passive + Verb...+
is jumping were not eating
does not readcan never seewill never be drivenshould be wornmight not have been fixed
Verb Phrases Take objects or not
Transitive (one or more direct or indirect objects) Close the window (direct) Give the cake (direct) to Joe (indirect)
Intransitive (no object) Jump
Stative (take a complement) Linda is a smart woman.
Verb Phrases Can be active or passive
The dog bit the boy; The boy was bitten by the dog
Indicate time (through tense) Present (studies, is studying, can study) Past (studied, was studying, did study) Future (will study, will be studying)
Four main sentence types
Sentence Types Declarative
She drives fast. Interrogative
Does she drive fast? Imperative
Drive fast! Negative
She doesn’t drive fast.
PracticeSentence Sentence Type1.There daddy’s shoes Declarative2. Go night-night Imperative3. Allgone juice Declarative 4. Two doggies Declarative 5. Big choo-choo train Declarative 6. He fell down Declarative7. He likes trains Declarative8. I don’t like trains Negative9. I kicked the ball Declarative 10.Is he gonna catch it Interrogative
Semantic DevelopmentSemantic Development
Vocabulary is growing incredibly fast Measured using a Type-token ratio
Type = number of different words Token = total number of words
See handout
PracticeSentence # Words # “New” words
(Tokens) (Types)1.There daddy’s shoes 3 32. Go night-night 2 23. Allgone juice 2 24. Two doggies 2 25. Big choo-choo train 3 3 6. He fell down 3 3 7. He likes trains 3 18. I don’t like trains 4 29. I kicked the ball 4 310.Is he gonna catch it 5 4
Strategies
Fast Mapping N3C: novel name nameless category Contrast and conventionality rules
Forming Definitions Develop through linguistic & nonlinguistic
contexts Noun definitions/representations include:
Physical, functional & locational properties,
Verb definitions/representation include: Who or what does the action, the
receiver of the action, & where, when, and with what the action is done
Categorization is based on environmental contexts and frequently heard word associations rather than superordinate category development
Relational Terms
Interrogatives (Question Words): yes/no, what, where, who, whose, which,
when, how, why If you know the wh-word in the question,
answer with an appropriate subject (e.g., what vs what doing)
If you don’t know it, answer based on your representation of the verb (e.g., When are you going to eat – cookie)
Temporal Relations Order (after, before) Duration (since, until + verbing) Simultaneity (while, at the same time) 2-3 year olds have trouble with this.
If not understood the child will rely
on: The order of mention in the clauses or What seems logical
Before you go to bed, read a book After you go to bed, read a book Brush your teeth before you go to
bed After you go to bed, brush your
teeth
Physical Relations Concept words: one pole is typically
learned first (all temperatures are hot) Opposites (big-little; lots-none) before
gradations (medium; more-less) Concrete generalizable terms are learned
first (big-little before deep-shallow) Number of dimensions that must be
considered affects learning (same-different)
Locational PrepositionsLocational Prepositions Some are learned really early (in, on,
under) If there is a container something goes in;
if there is a surface, something goes on Learn in reference to:
themselves first then people and objects with definite fronts
(e.g., chair) then non-fronted objects (e.g., box)
Movement prepositionsMovement prepositions
to vs. from; into vs. out of; onto vs. off
things should touch if they are related into the box; into trouble Out of the fridge; out of time Off the table; off his medication
Kinship terms Mother father sister brother Son daughter, grandfather, grandmother,
parent Uncle, cousin, nephew, niece.