first placental mammals in Australia

7/29/2019 first placental mammals in Australia

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Image: ANDRECOFFA

CAUTIOUSELATION. Tom

Rich, lead author ofthe paper, looks upfrom his microscopeafter examining theA.nyktos jaw for thefirst time.

Images:Monash Science Centre, fossil; DRAGA GELT ,reconstruction

TINY FOSSILIZED JAWBONEof a diminutive shrew-like animal a mere 8 centimeters

long (right; jawbone area in white) is shaking theestablished family tree of mammalian evolution. Thispossibly placental creature, namedAusktribosphenosnyktos, apparently scurried out of the way of dinosaursin what is now Australia during the Cretaceous--some110 million years before the accepted appearance of suchmammals there.

In the 23 y ears that paleontologists Thomas H. Rich of the Museum of Victoria and

Patricia Vickers-Rich of Monash University have headed an effort to find the origins of

Australia's unique mammals and birds, they have learned to expect the unexpected.

But when excited field workers at a dig near Melbourne showed Tom Rich a fossil of a

tiny mammalian jawbone on March 8, 1997, it was his jaw that dropped. As the

implications of the discovery sank in, Rich looked up from the microscope with a smile

breaking across his face. All he could say was, "My God."

Rich's astonishment confirmed what the digging team had

suspected since the fossil was discovered earlier that day: this

bone simply should not be in Australia. The jawbone, barely 16

millimeters long, did not bear the characteristics of an egg-

laying monotreme, such as the platypus; nor did it resemble

the jaws of pouched marsupials, such as kangaroos and

wombats. Instead, it seemed to be the jaw of a placental

mammal--the group that includes horses, cats, bats, whales

and people.

The trouble is that the fossil was wrested from Cretaceous rock

that was 115 million years old while well-established theory

holds that the first placental mammals in Australia were island-

hopping rodents that arrived a mere 5 million years ago. "The case that terrestrial

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Shaking the Family TreeA new fossil leaves former theories out on a limb

ByKate Wong

Evolution :: Features :: January 26, 1998 :: Email :: Print

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placentals had not reached Australia until 5 million years ago was so strong," Rich

recalls, "that the thought of them being in Australia this early never crossed my

mind."

The researchers' conclusion that terrestrial placental mammals may have lived down

under 110 million years earlier than expected, as reported in the November 21, 1997

issue ofScience, could all but uproot the mammalian family tree. Based on the fossil

record, it is generally assumed that mammals arose some 200 million years ago, when

the continents were still joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. By theCretaceous period (146 to 65 million years ago), the continental configuration had

changed, and two supercontinents arose: Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the

south.

Current theory holds that the southern hemisphere saw the emergence of the egg-

laying monotremes, which then crossed into South America, where they eventually

died out. Marsupials, whose young continue their growth in the mother's pouch, seem

to have originated in North America. And placentals, whose y oung form entirely inside

the mother, arose in Asia.

But the fossil unearthed at the Flat Rocks site near Inverlochapparently lived in Gondwana--unexpectedly far south of the Asian

placentals. Rich suspects that the animal would have been only about

8.5 centimeters long and a "generalized insectivore." He cites the

spineless hedgehog as the closest modern analog to this ancient

creature. It lived in a temperate valley among the polar dinosaurs."

Because these warm-blooded creatures had to endure the darkness of

winter in the polar regions, Rich's group gave it the official name ofAusktribosphenos

nyktos, the "Australian Cretaceous tribosphenic mammal that lived by night."

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