First List of Irregular Verbs

8/16/2019 First List of Irregular Verbs

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1. Hello! I am JeremyPersonal Pronouns and the Verb To Be

The verb 'to be' – Name

Pe această pagină, vom învăţa să conjugăm verbul to be - a fi la persoanele

I-a, a II-a şi a II-a, singular şi plural, afirmativ, interogativ şi negativ.

Începem cu afirmativul.

Interrogative Singular Plural

1st person Am I Jeremy Are !e Jeremy an" #lara

2nd person Are you $uby Are you $uby an" %rian

3rd person

Is &e 're""ie

Is s&e (ary

Is it Jin)y

Are t&ey 're""ie, (ary an" Jin)y

Negative Singular Plural

1st person I am not Jeremy. *e are not Jeremy an" #lara.

2nd person +ou are not $uby. +ou are not $uby an" %rian.

3rd person

e is not 're""ie.

&e is not (ary.

It is not Jin)y.

&ey are not 're""ie, (ary an"

Jin)y.

The verb 'to be' – Nationality

/cum vom afirma, solicita i nega naţionalitatea.ș

Pune cursorul pe text pentru a vedea traducerea.

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

1st person I am $omanian. /m I $omanian I am not $omanian.



Singular

2nd person

Singular +ou are /ustrian. /re you /ustrian +ou are not /ustrian.

3rd person

Singular

e is 'renc&.

&e is 0erman.

It is panis&.

Is &e 'renc&

Is s&e 0erman

Is it panis&

e is not 'renc&.

&e is not 0erman.

It is not panis&.

1st person

Plural*e are 1nglis&. /re !e 1nglis& *e are not 1nglis&.

2nd person

Plural+ou are /merican. /re you /merican +ou are not /merican.

3rd person

Plural

&ey are Japanese. /re t&ey Japanese&ey are not

Japanese.

2bservăm că3

• 4a afirmativ, or"inea elementelor în propo5iţie este3

ubiect (I) 6 7erb #opulativ (am) 6 8ume Pre"icativ (Jeremy / Romanian).

• 4a interogativ, ubiectul şi 7erbul se inversea5ă.

Am I Jeremy? / Am I Romanian?

• 4a negativ, "upă ubiect şi 7erb, apare not .

I am not Jeremy. / I am not Romanian.

c&ematic3

•

/firmativ3 ubiect 6 7erb 6 9...:• Interogativ3 7erb 6 ubiect 6 9...: 6

• 8egativ3 ubiect 6 7erb 6 not 6 9...:

Atenţie! În limba engle5ă, propo5i iile nu sunt nicio"ată eliptice "e subiect. #u alteț

cuvinte, nu putem omite subiectul, a a cum facem în limba rom;nă. 7om spuneș

întot"eauna I am Romanian, c&iar "acă în limba rom;nă putem spune "oar unt

rom!n 9fără "u:.



Short answers

În continuare, vom răspun"e la întrebările referitoare la naţionalitate prin răspunsuri scurte.

$ăspunsul scurt se "iferenţia5ă "e cel lung prin faptul că nu reia întreaga propo5iţie.


Question Yes No

1st person

Singular /m I $omanian +es, I am. 8o, I am not.

2nd person

Singular /re you /ustrian +es, you are. 8o, you are not.

3rd person

Singular

Is &e 'renc&

Is s&e 0ermanIs it panis&

+es, &e is.

+es, s&e is.+es, it is.

8o, &e is not.

8o, s&e is not.8o, it is not.

1st person Plural /re !e 1nglis& +es, !e are. 8o, !e are not.

2nd person

Plural /re you /merican +es, you are. 8o, you are not.

3rd person Plural /re t&ey Japanese +es, t&ey are. 8o, t&ey are not.

Surrise!

Pentru răspunsul scurt negativ, putem folosi prescurtări foarte utile în e)primarea curentă.

/stfel3


/m I $omanian < 8o, I=m not.

/re you /ustrian < 8o, you=re not. sau 8o, you aren=t.

Is &e 'renc& < 8o, &e=s not. sau 8o, &e isn=t.

Is s&e 0erman < 8o, s&e=s not. sau 8o, s&e isn=t.

Is it panis& < 8o, it=s not. sau 8o, it isn=t.

/re !e 1nglis& < 8o, !e=re not. sau 8o, !e aren=t.



/re you /merican < 8o, you=re not. sau 8o, you aren=t.

/re t&ey Japanese < 8o, t&ey=re not. sau 8o, t&ey aren=t.

2. Ruby and Brian are dancers Articles and Plurals

Plurals

În limba engle5ă, pluralul substantivelor se formea5ă "e obicei prin a"ăugarea terminaţiei -

s la sf;rşitul formei "e singular.

9>: one boy - 9?: t!o boys

9>: one girl - 9?: t!o girls

9>: one "og - 9?: t!o "ogs

@neori, vom avea nevoie "e -es în loc "e -s. /scultă tutorialul au"io "in această lec ie.ț

one !atc& - t!o !atc&es

/tunci c;n" substantivul se termină în y i penultima literă este o consoană, la pluralș y -ul va

"eveni i şi vom a"ăuga terminaţia -es.

one secretar y - t!o secretar ies

(area majoritate a substantivelor sunt regulate, a"ică respectă regulile "e mai sus pentru

formarea pluralului.

1)istă, totuşi, e)cepţii. Iată c;teva e)emple "e substantive cu plural neregulat3

one man - t!o men

one !oman - t!o !omen

one c&il" - t!o c&il"ren

ubstantivul people nu are forma "e singular.

Indeinite arti"les

Singular

/rticolul ne&otăr;t pentru substantivele la numărul singular este a.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/articles-plurals/tutorial.html



http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/articles-plurals/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/articles-plurals/vocabulary.html




e.g.3 're""ie is a "octor. < 're""ie este 9un: "octor.

e.g.3 $uby is a "ancer. < $uby este 9o: "ansatoare.

Atenţie! 'olosim an în loc "e a atunci c;n" substantivul prece"at "e articol începe cu o

vocală.

e.g.3 Jeremy is an engineer. < Jeremy este 9un: inginer.

Plural

Pentru forma "e plural, nu avem un articol ne&otăr;t. 7om spune simplu doctors# dancers#

en$ineers.

e.g.3 %rian an" $uby are "ancers. < %rian şi $uby sunt "ansatori.

e.g.3 Jeremy an" #lara are engineers. < Jeremy şi #lara sunt ingineri.

În următoarele trei tabele, vom folosi articolul ne&otăr;t pentru a afirma, solicita i negaș

ocupaţia celor trei persoane, la singular şi plural.


Affirmative Singular Plural

1st person I am a teac&er. *e are !riters.

2nd person +ou are a la!yer. +ou are e"itors.

3rd person

e is an arc&itect.

&e is an actress.

It is a "og.

&ey are "rivers.


1st person /m I a teac&er /re !e !riters

2nd person /re you a la!yer /re you e"itors

3rd person

Is &e an arc&itect

Is s&e an actress

Is it a "og

/re t&ey "rivers




1st person I am not a teac&er. *e are not !riters.

2nd person +ou are not a la!yer. +ou are not e"itors.

3rd person

e is not an arc&itect.

&e is not an actress.

It is not a "og.

&ey are not "rivers.

#einite arti"les

/rticolul &otăr;t are aceeaşi formă pentru singular şi plural3 the.

t&e "octor - me"icul

t&e "octors - me"icii

t&e engineer - inginerul

t&e engineers - inginerii

Atenţie! Ae obicei, atunci c;n" articolul &otăr;t the prece"ă un substantiv care începe cu o

vocală, îl vom pronun aț %di& , în loc "e %d'& 9e.g.3 te en$ineer :.

Parcurge următoarele trei tabele şi citeşte apoi surpri5a "e la sf;rşitul lecţiei.



1st person I am t&e teac&er. *e are t&e !riters.

2nd person +ou are t&e la!yer. +ou are t&e e"itors.

3rd person

e is t&e arc&itect.

&e is t&e actress.

It is t&e "og.

&ey are t&e "rivers.


1st person /m I t&e teac&er /re !e t&e !riters

2nd person /re you t&e la!yer /re you t&e e"itors

3rd person Is &e t&e arc&itect /re t&ey t&e "rivers

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/articles-plurals/grammar.html#surpriza

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/articles-plurals/grammar.html#surpriza



Is s&e t&e actress

Is it t&e "og


1st person I am not t&e teac&er. *e are not t&e !riters.

2nd person +ou are not t&e la!yer. +ou are not t&e e"itors.

3rd person

e is not t&e arc&itect.

&e is not t&e actress.

It is not t&e "og.

&ey are not t&e "rivers.

Surrise!

8e amintim că "iferenţa "intre articolul &otăr;t şi cel ne&otăr;t este următoarea3

• e is a doctor 9articol ne&otăr;t: înseamnă "l este (un) medic . 8e referim aici la

faptul că profesia sa este cea "e me"ic.

• e is te doctor 9articol &otăr;t: însemnă "l este medicul . /şa"ar, atunci c;n"

folosim articolul &otăr;t, propo5iţia se situea5ă într-un conte)t "efinit anterior sau

urmea5ă să fac o preci5are "espre substantiv3 "l este medicul care.. (e is te

doctor tat..)

ă ve"em un alt e)emplu.

• Jinxy is a cat înseamnă Jinxy este (o) pisic'.

• Jinxy is te cat însemnă Jinxy este pisica şi urmea5ă, probabil, să fac o preci5are

"espre ea.

3. My dress is red Possessive Adjectives

Possessive ad$e"tives

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/possessive-adjectives/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/possessive-adjectives/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/possessive-adjectives/vocabulary.html



• Aenumirea completă a acestei structuri morfologice este ad*ectiv pronominal

posesiv . 7om utili5a "enumirea ad*ectiv posesiv pentru a păstra lucrurile c;t mai

simple.

• tructura morfologică poartă "enumirea "e ad*ectiv posesiv "eoarece stă

întot"eauna l;ngă un substantiv 9caracteristică proprie a"jectivelor: şi "esemnea5ă

posesia.

/"jectivele posesive3

• au formă i"entică, in"iferent "e numărul substantivului pe care îl "etermină (my

dress# my dresses)B

• prece"ă substantivul.


Singular Plural

1st person I < my s&irt !e < our s&irts

2nd person you < your s&irt you < your s&irts

3rd person

&e < his s&irt

s&e < her s&irtit < its collar

t&ey < their s&irts

$emarcăm că a"jectivul posesiv your este i"entic pentru persoana a II-a singular

9your s&irt - cămaşa ta: şi persoana a II-a plural 9your s&irts - cămăşilevoastre:. Aupă

cum vom ve"ea în lecţiile următoare 9şi "upă cum ai aflat "eja în prima lecţie:, la

persoana a II-a vom regăsi multe elemente i"entice pentru singular şi plural.

Ae asemenea, notăm că genurile substantivului în limba engle5ă nu se aseamănă cucele "in limba rom;nă. 1le sunt mult mai simple i nu influen ea5ă structurile careș ț

"etermină substantivul. / a"ar, a"jectivul posesiv răm;ne nesc&imbat, in"iferent "eș

substantiv. 9#ite te, ca fapt "ivers, clasificarea genurilor "in limba engle5ă laș

finalul urpri5ei "in această lec ie.:ț

%olors

#ulorile au formă i"entică, in"iferent "e cuvintele pe care le "etermină. #u alte cuvinte, sunt

invariabile, la fel ca a"jectivele posesive.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/to-be-personal-pronouns/vocabulary.html#pronouns

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/possessive-adjectives/grammar.html#surprise-genuri

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/to-be-personal-pronouns/vocabulary.html#pronouns

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/possessive-adjectives/grammar.html#surprise-genuri



(y suit is blue. < #ostumul meu este albastru.

(y "ress is blue. < $oc&ia mea este albastr'.

(y s&oes are blue. < Pantofii mei sunt alba+tri .

(y gloves are blue. < (ănuşile mele sunt albastre.

În tabelul "e mai jos, vom afirma, solicita şi nega culoarea unor obiecte "e îmbrăcăminteaparţin;n" celor trei persoane, singular şi plural.



1st person

Singular (y "ress is re". Is my "ress re" (y "ress is not re".

2nd person

Singular +our jacCet is blue. Is your jacCet blue

+our jacCet is not

blue.

3rd person

Singular

is suit is blacC.

er "ress is !&ite.

Its collar is yello!.

Is &is suit blacC

Is &er "ress !&ite

Is its collar yello!

is suit is not blacC.

er "ress is not !&ite.

Its collar is not yello!.

1st person

Plural2ur coats are bro!n. /re our coats bro!n

2ur coats are not

bro!n.

2nd person

Plural+our -s&irts are pinC. /re your -s&irts pinC

+our -s&irts are not

pinC.

3rd person

Plural&eir caps are purple. /re t&eir caps purple

&eir caps are not

purple.

Aupă cum ai învă at "eja înț 4ec ia >ț i înș 4ec ia ?ț , topica propo5i iei este cea "e maiț

jos. 90ramatical vorbin", în următoarele trei e)emple, dress este subiect, iar my este atribut.#onsi"eră, totu i,ș my dress ca fiin" subiectul propo5i iei.:ț

• /firmativ3 6 7 6 9...: < ,y dress is red.

• Interogativ3 7 6 6 9...: 6 < Is my dress red?

• 8egativ3 6 7 6 not 6 9...: < ,y dress is not red.

2bservăm că, în fiecare ca5, a"jectivul posesiv stă ime"iat înaintea substantivului pe care îl

"etermină.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/to-be-personal-pronouns/grammar.html



http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/articles-plurals/grammar.html






Surrise!

/minteşte-ţi formarea pluralului "in lecţia prece"entă. ubstantivele care "esemnea5ă

obiecte "e îmbrăcăminte se formea5ă, "esigur, respect;n" aceleaşi reguli3 one coat - to

coat s# one dress - to dresses etc.

7om puncta în continuare trei aspecte particulare legate "e substantivele "in această lec ie.ț

>. #;teva "intre substantive sunt "efective "e numărul singular. /sta înseamnă că ele nu au

o formă "e singular şi se folosesc întot"eauna la plural. Ae altfel, aceste substantive sunt

"efective "e singular şi în limba rom;nă.

1ste vorba "espre3 trousers# pants# *eans# blue *eans# sorts# underear . 7om spune3

my pants < pantalonii mei 9ne referim la o singură perec&e:

our pants < pantalonii noştri 9ne referim la mai multe perec&i:.

Di substantivul clotes este "efectiv "e singular.

?. ubstantivele "in următoarea listă au at;t formă "e plural, c;t şi formă "e singular. otuşi,

le folosim mereu la plural, "eoarece "esemnea5ă obiecte "e îmbrăcăminte pe care le

purtăm în perec&i. Di acest aspect se regăseşte în limba rom;nă.

one s&oe - t!o s&oes

one boot - t!o boots

one slipper - t!o

slippers

one san"al - t!o

san"als

one socC - t!o socCs

one glove - t!o gloves

one mitten - t!o mittens

(y soes are bro!n. < Pantofii mei sunt maro.

*&ere is my soe < @n"e mi-e pantoful

E. oate substantivele "in această lecţie sunt regulate, a"ică a"ăugam -s F -esla forma "esingular pentru a forma pluralul.

one -s&irt - t!o -s&irts

one "ress - t!o "resses

/vem un singur substantiv neregulat3 scarf .

one scarf - t!o scar ves

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/articles-plurals/grammar.html#plurals





7om înt;lni această formă "e plural şi la alte substantive3 one !ife 9soţie: - t!o !ives, one

Cnife 9cuţit: - t!o Cnives, one leaf 9frun5ă: - t!o leaves.

(ai notăm că este necesar să facem acor"ul între subiect şi pre"icat. /stfel3

(y "ress is re". < $oc&ia mea este ro ie. 9ș is - singular:

(y "resses are re". < $oc&iile mele sunt ro ii. 9ș are - plural:

0enurile substantivului în limba engle5ă3

• ubstantivele "e gen masculin sunt cele care "esemnea5ă repre5entan i "e se)ț

masculin ai unei specii. e.g.3 man - b'rbat

• ubstantivele "e gen feminin sunt cele care "esemnea5ă repre5entan i "e se) feminin aiț

unei specii. e.g.3 oman - femeie

• ubstantivele "e gen comun sunt cele care "esemnea5ă repre5entan i ai unei specii careț

pot fi at;t "e se) masculin, c;t i "e se) feminin. e.g.3ș cild - copil

• ubstantivele "e gen neutru sunt cele care "esemnea5ă orice alte concepte 9obiecte,

fenomene, stări etc.:. (area majoritate a substantivelor sunt, "eci, neutre. e.g.3 atc -

ceas de m!n'

4. Tis is y "ater #eonstratives

#emonstratives

tructura morfologică la care ne referim în această lecţie este pronumele demonstrativ .

Tis is my fat&er. < Acesta este tatăl meu.

/tunci c;n" elementul "emonstrativ "etermină un substantiv, el "evine ad*ectiv pronominal

demonstrativ .

Tis man is my fat&er. < Acest bărbat este tatăl meu.

În limba engle5ă, pronumele "emonstrative şi a"jectivele pronominale "emonstrative au

aceeaşi formă. 4e vom numi, simplu, demonstratives.

inem minte că "emonstrativele nu "epin" "e genul substantivului. 7om spuneȚ is is my

fater (Acesta este tat'l meu), respectiv is is my moter (Aceasta este mama mea).

Aemonstrativele varia5ă în funcţie "e "ouă criterii3

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/demonstratives/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/demonstratives/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/demonstratives/vocabulary.html



• apropiere F "epărtare3

This is my fat&er. < Acesta este tatăl meu.

That is my fat&er. < Acela este tatăl meu.

• număr3

This is my brot&er. < Acesta este fratele meu.

These are my brot&ers. < Ace+tia sunt fraţii mei.

Priveşte tabelul "e mai jos. Aupă cum ai vă5ut în secţiunea 7ocabular a acestei

lecţii, ere înseamnă aici , iar tere înseamnă acolo.

• Aacă ne referim la cineva care este ere, vom folosi un "emonstrativ "e apropiere

9tis - singular, tese - plural:.

• Aacă ne referim la cineva care este tere, vom folosi un "emonstrativ "e "epărtare

9tat - singular, tose - plural:.


Here There

Singular t&is t&at

Plural t&ese t&ose

În tabelul "e mai jos, vom folosi cele patru "emonstrative în propo5iţii afirmative, interogative

şi negative.



this &is is my fat&er. Is t&is my fat&er &is is not my fat&er.

that &at is my mot&er. Is t&at my mot&er &at is not my mot&er.

these &ese are my parents. /re t&ese my parents&ese are not my

parents.

those&ose are my

gran"parents.

/re t&ose my

gran"parents

&ose are not my

gran"parents.

%ineînţeles, vom face acor"ul între subiect şi pre"icat.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/demonstratives/vocabulary.html#adverbs





• is şi tat sunt la numărul singular, "eci vom spune is is, respectiv at is.

• ese şi tose sunt la numărul plural, "eci vom spune ese are, respectivose

are.

Surrise!

În lecţia Personal Pronouns an" t&e 7erb =o %e=, ve"eam că putem prescurta răspunsul

scurt negativ, pentru o e)primare mai naturală. ă continuăm acum cu alte posibilităţi "eprescurtare.

@rmătoarele prescurtări nu se referă la structurile "emonstrative, "ar este un moment bun să

te familiari5e5i cu ele.

Affirmative

I am Jeremy. < I=m Jeremy.

+ou are #lara. < +ou=re #lara.

e is %rian. < e=s %rian.

&e is $uby. < &e=s $uby.

It is Jin)y. < It=s Jin)y.

*e are Jeremy an" #lara. < *e=re Jeremy an" #lara.

+ou are %rian an" $uby. < +ou=re %rian an" $uby.

&ey are 0eorge an" 're""ie. < &ey=re 0eorge an" 're""ie

Prescurtăm în acelaşi mo" şi la forma negativă, un"e vom avea un not în plus şi încă o

variantă "e prescurtare.

Negative

I am not Jeremy. < I=m not Jeremy.

+ou are not #lara. < +ou=re not #lara. sau +ou aren=t #lara.

e is not %rian. < e=s not %rian. sau e isn=t %rian.

&e is not $uby. < &e=s not $uby. sau &e isn=t $uby.

It is not Jin)y. < It=s not Jin)y. sau It isn=t Jin)y.

*e are not Jeremy an" #lara.

< *e=re not Jeremy an" #lara. sau *e aren=t Jeremy an" #lara.

+ou are not %rian an" $uby.

< +ou=re not %rian an" $uby. sau +ou aren=t %rian an" $uby.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/to-be-personal-pronouns/grammar.html#surprize

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/to-be-personal-pronouns/grammar.html#surprize



&ey are not 0eorge an" 're""ie.

< &ey=re not 0eorge an" 're""ie. sau &ey aren=t 0eorge an" 're""ie.

În ceea ce priveşte "emonstrativele, putem prescurta structurile care conţin "emonstrativul

singular "e "epărtare - that.

&at is my uncle. < &at=s my uncle.

&at is not my fat&er. < &at=s not my fat&er. sau &at isn=t my fat&er.

$. %lara&s nuber is '(23 4$) *+,Te enitive

The &enitive

#a5ul genitiv "esemnea5ă rela ii "e posesiune F apartenen ă. În limba engle5ă, genitivul seț ț

poate construi în "ouă mo"uri3

• /"ăugăm s "upă substantiv, fie el propriu sau comun. 98u uita să cite tiș surpri5a "e

la finalul lec iei.:ț

e.g.3 ,arys do$ < c;inele lui (aryB te boys cat < pisica băiatuluiB my fatersuncle < unc&iul tatălui meu

• 'olosim prepo5i iaț of , pe care ai înt;lnit-o în lec ia prece"entăț .

e.g.3 te door of te ouse < u a caseiBș te member of te family < membrul

familieiB te name of te country < numele ăriiț

!"serva iiț 3

• #ele "ouă mo"alită i pot fi intersc&imbabile, "upă cum vei ve"ea înț

sec iuneaț 1)erci iiț a acestei lec ii. otu i, utili5area primeia sau celei "e a "ouaț ș

variante "epin"e "e natura entită ilor care se află în rela ie i "e natura rela iei.ț ț ș ț

1)istă o serie e)tinsă "e criterii "e "iferen iere. Aeocam"ată, inem minte "oar că,ț ț

atunci c;n" posesorul este o persoană, folosim prima variantă 9 s:. #;n" rela ia esteț

impersonală, recurgem la prepo5i iaț of .

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/the-genitive/grammar.html#surprise

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/demonstratives/vocabulary.html#prepositions


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/the-genitive/exercise-1.html



http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/the-genitive/tutorial.html


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/the-genitive/vocabulary.html






o /tunci c;n" posesorul este o persoană 9"esemnată printr-un substantiv

propriu sau comun:, folosim prima variantă. e.g.3 ,arys do$ B te $irls do$

o /tunci c;n" elementele aflate în rela ie sunt obiecte, folosim în"eosebi aț

"oua variantă. e.g.3 te door of te ouse

o În situa iile "e mijloc, putem folosi oricare "intre cele "ouă variante. e.g.3ț te

do$s leasB te leas of te do$

• În această lec ie, ne ocupăm "e cele "ouă structuri "escrise mai sus. i a"jectiveleț Ș

posesive pe care le-ai învă at în lec iaț ț Possessive /"jectives sunt structuri

genitivale.

Iată "ouă propo5i ii simple în care folosim substantive proprii în ca5ul genitiv3ț

#lara=s p&one number is G>?E H KLM. < 8umărul "e telefon al #larei e G>?E HKLM.

%rian=s car number is (?E*$#. < 8umărul "e ma ină al lui %rian e (?E*$#.ș

i un e)emplu mai comple), în care folosim i prepo5i iaȘ ș ț of 3

&e number of %rian=s car is (?E*$#. < 8umărul ma inii lui %rian e (?E*$#.ș

#um folosim genitivul format prin &s$

În general, foarte simplu, a a cum ai vă5ut mai sus. ă punctăm în continuare c;teva ca5uriș

speciale.

• 4a formele regulate "e plural 9care se termină în s: a"ăugăm "oar 9apostrof:, fără

să mai punem încă un s. 8u se sc&imbă nimic în pronun ie N genitivul pluralului seț

pronun ă la fel ca pluralul.ț

,y parents ouse is in 0ucarest.

otu i, în ca5ul substantivelor neregulate care nu se termină înș s, a"ăugăm s3

e cildrens uncle is om.

• /tunci c;n" posesorul este multiplu 9"oi sau mai mul i posesori:, a"ăugămț s la

sf;r itul ultimului nume3ș

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/possessive-adjectives/grammar.html#possessive-adjectives

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/possessive-adjectives/grammar.html#possessive-adjectives



1lara and Jeremys pone number. 0rian and Rubys car number.

8u uita să cite tiș surpri5a "e la sf;r itul lec ieiOș ț

ă ve"em acum c;teva propo5i ii afirmative, interogative i negative în care apar substantiveț ș

în ca5ul genitiv.



#lara=s p&one number is

G>?E H KLM.

Is #lara=s p&one number

G>?E H KLM

#lara=s p&one number is

not G>?E H KLM.

e is %rian=s frien". Is &e %rian=s frien" e is not %rian=s frien".

&e "og=s leas& is bro!n. Is t&e "og=s leas& bro!n&e "og=s leas& is not

bro!n.

&e leas& of t&e "og is

bro!n.

Is t&e leas& of t&e "og

bro!n

&e leas& of t&e "og is not

bro!n.

Numbers

Aupă ce ai citit vocabularul referitor la numere, consultă in"ica iile "e mai jos3ț

• Înva ă pe "e rost numerele "e la > la >?.ț

• Între >E i >M, numerele se termină înș %

teen3 tirteen 9>E:, fourteen 9>H:,fifteen 9>:, sixteen 9>:, seventeen 9>K:, ei$teen 9

>L:, nineteen 9>M:.

• 8umerele care e)primă 5eci se termină în %

ty3 tenty 9?G:, trity 9EG:, forty 9HG:,fifty 9G:, sixty 9G:, seventy 9KG:, ei$ty 9LG:, nin

ety 9MG:.

• oate numerele între ?> i MM 9care nu sunt 5eci fi)e: se formea5ă a"ăug;n" cifraș

unită ilor 9one, t!o, t&ree etc.: "upă e)primarea 5ecilor 9t!enty, t&irty etc.:. ecile iț ș



http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/the-genitive/vocabulary.html#numbers


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/the-genitive/vocabulary.html#numbers



unită ile se leagă, în scris, prin cratimă.ț

e.g.3 tenty-one 9?>:, tirty-to 9E?:, forty-tree 9HE:, fifty-four 9H:, sixty-five9:, se

venty-six 9K:, ei$ty-seven 9LK:, ninety-ei$t 9ML:

• Aupă cum preci5am i în sec iuneaș ț 7ocabular , pentru e)primarea sutelor i a miilor,ș

nu avem plural. 8u spunem to undreds sau to tousands, ci to undred iș totousand .

e.g.3 one undred / one tousand 9>GG F >,GGG:, to undred / to tousand 9?GG F

?,GGG:, tree undred / tree tousand 9EGG F E,GGG: 9...: nine undred / nine

tousand 9MGG F M,GGG:, ten undred / ten tousand 9>,GGG F >G,GGG:

• 'olosim conjunc iaț and ( i)ș atunci c;n" e)primăm3 un număr "e or"inul sutelor 9 four

undred and fifty :B numerele între >GG> i >GMM 9"e or"inul miilor i cu cifra sutelor ș ș

G3 one tousand and ei$ty-seven:B pentru anii peste ?GGG, în special în engle5a

britanică 9to tousand and nine:.

Surrise!

>. 0enitivul format prin s poartă "enumirea "e axon $enitive 9genitiv sa)on:. Îl mai putem

numi iș $enitiv sintetic . 0enitivul format cu prepo5i iaț of este $enitivul analitic .

?. /tunci c;n" înt;lnim un substantiv propriu care se termină cu litera s 9e.g.30an$les:,

putem forma genitivul fie a a3ș 0an$less leas, fie a a3ș 0an$les leas 9lesa lui 0an$les:. /spectul este teoreti5at în mo" "iferit în surse "iferite. Pronun ia este, "e obicei,ț 0an$less

%ben$'lsi2& 9ascultă tutorialul au"io "in această lec ie:. /celea i in"ica ii se aplică i în ca5ulț ș ț ș

substantivelor comune 9e.g.3 bosss ife / boss ife - so ia efului ț ș :. (ai multe "etalii..

E. Aupă cum men ionam i în sec iuneaț ș ț 7ocabular a acestei lec ii, c;n" avem un an "eț

tipul 3445 , putem spune one tousand nine undred ninety-seven, însă varianta mai scurtă

i mai "es înt;lnită esteș nineteen ninety-seven. #u alte cuvinte, grupăm cele patru cifre "ouă

c;te "ouă, ob inemț 34 6 45 i citimș 34 (nineteen) 45 (ninety-seven). /ceastă te&nică se

aplică la anii "in H cifre mai mici "e ?GGG. (ai multe "etalii..

H. tim căȘ it este pronume personal neutru. 1l este a"esea folosit pentru a înlocui structuri

mai comple)e. pre e)emplu3

Is #lara=s p&one number G>?E H KLL 8o, it is not.

#lara=s p&one number Q it

#um putem prescurta mai "eparte 7o# it is not

8o, it is not. Q 8o, it=s not. Q 8o, it isn=t.

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http://void%28%29/

http://void%28%29/

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/the-genitive/vocabulary.html#years

http://void%28%29/

http://void%28%29/

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http://void%28%29/

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Iată "ouă e)emple simple "e perec&i întrebare F răspuns în care folosim it ca substitut al

structurii 1laras pone number 3

Ruestion3 *&at is #lara=s p&one number

/ns!er3 It=s G>?E H KLM

Ruestion3 Is #lara=s p&one number G>?E H KLL

/ns!er3 8o, it=s not. It=s G>?E H KLM.

/tunci c;n" folosim it -ul în acest mo", propo5i iile sunt mai concise i mai naturale.ț ș

). Te itcen is ne/t to te livin0 rooPre1ositions o" 1lace

Preositions o la"e

Imaginile "e mai jos te vor ajuta să re ii mai u or prepo5i iile "e loc "in limba engle5ă.ț ș ț

irmative

(ai jos, găse ti un set "e propo5i ii în care folosim fiecare prepo5i ie "e loc învă ate înș ț ț ț

această lec ie.ț

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http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/prepositions-of-place/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/prepositions-of-place/vocabulary.html




&e car is in t&e garage.

&e lamp is on t&e "esC.

&e cat is under t&e be".

&e booCs&elf is "ehind t&e couc&.

&e 7 is in front of t&e couc&.

&e attic is a"ove t&e secon" floor.&e Citc&en is "elo& t&e be"room.

&e s&elves are "et&een t&e armc&air an" t&e couc&.

&e Citc&en is ne't to t&e living room.

&e &ouse is near t&e sc&ool.

&e fence is around t&e &ouse.

Ne&ative ( Interro&ative

'ormăm interogativul i negativul a a cum am învă at "eja să o facem.ș ș ț

4a negativ, a"ăugăm a"verbul not ime"iat "upă verb.

e.g.3 &e car is not in t&e garage. F &e car isnt in t&e garage.

e.g.3 &e lamp is not on t&e "esC. F &e lamp isnt on t&e "esC.

4a interogativ, verbul apare pe prima po5i ie în propo5i ie.ț ț

e.g.3 Is t&e car in t&e garage

e.g.3Is

t&e lampon

t&e "esC

*. Brian can dra but e can&t 1aint Modal verb %an

%an

#an este un verb mo"al care e)primă abilitateaFcapacitatea.

7erbele mo"ale stau l;ngă verbele principale "in propo5i ie i le mo"ifică sensul.ț ș

Aupă verbul mo"al - în ca5ul nostru, can - verbul "e conjugat 9a"ică verbul principal "in

propo5i ie: apare întot"eauna la forma "e infinitiv.ț

7erbele mo"ale - în ca5ul nostru, can - nu î i sc&imbă forma în func ie "e persoană sau "eș ț

număr. 4a toate persoanele i numerele, structuraș (an ) ver" de (on*ugateste i"entică.

Afirmativ3 ubiect 6 #an 6 7erb "e conjugat 96 continuarea propo5i iei:ț

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http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/modal-verb-can/vocabulary.html



I can run fast. < 1u pot să alerg repe"e.

+ou can *ump &ig&. < u po i să sari sus.ț

e can sim !ell. < 1l poate să înoate bine.

%an't

#ant este forma negativă a mo"alului (an.

Ae fapt, (ant este prescurtarea lui (an not.

Negativ3 ubiect 6 #an=t 9#an not: 6 7erbul "e conjugat 96 continuarea propo5i iei:ț

I can&t eat peanuts. < 1u nu pot să măn;nc alune.

&e can&t drin8 alco&ol. < 1a nu poate să bea alcool.

*e can&t dra . < 8oi nu putem să "esenăm.

%an you.. )

/tunci c;n" solicităm informa ii cu privire la abilitatea cuiva "e a face ceva, începem cuțmo"alul (an, continuăm cu subiectul i apoi cu verbul "e conjugat.ș

Interogativ3 #an 6 ubiect 6 7erbul "e conjugat 96 continuarea propo5i iei: ț

%an you paint < Po i să picte5iț

%an &e sin$ < Poate 9el: să c;nte

%an t&ey dance < Pot 9ei: să "anse5e

*ther e+amles



1st person

Singular I can play football. #an I play football I can=t play football.

2nd person

Singular

+ou can cooC an

omelette.

#an you cooC an

omelette

+ou can=t cooC an

omelette.

3rd person

Singular

eF&e can "rive t&e

car.

#an &eFs&e "rive t&e

car

eF&e can=t "rive t&e

car.

1st person Plural*e can rea" 1nglis&

te)ts.

#an !e rea" 1nglis&

te)ts

*e can=t rea" 1nglis&

te)ts.

2nd person Plural +ou can !rite in 1nglis&. #an you !rite in 1nglis& +ou can=t !rite in



1nglis&.

3rd person Plural &ey can speaC 1nglis&. #an t&ey speaC 1nglis&&ey can=t speaC

1nglis&.

. I love cocolate! ies 5 #islies

În această lec ie, vei învă a să conjugi un prim verb în limba engle5ă Nț ț to lie. P;nă acum,

am învă atț verbul to be, care este un verb atipic. În general, în limba engle5ă, verbele

respectă reguli "e conjugare mult mai simple, ca în ca5ul verbului to lie.

7om conjuga verbul to lie la toate persoanele, afirmativFinterogativFnegativ. 8e interesea5ă

"oar prima formă a verbului. 7ei învă a, la nivelulț Interme"iate, celelalte forme ale verbului.

o este, "upă cum i-ai "at "eja seama, marca "e infinitiv a verbului.ț

To li,e – irmative

ă începem prin a conjuga verbului to lie la afirmativ3



1st person I liCe c&ocolate. *e liCe c&ocolate.

2nd person +ou liCe c&ocolate. +ou liCe c&ocolate.

3rd person

e liCes c&ocolate.

&e liCes c&ocolate.

It liCes c&ocolate.

&ey liCe c&ocolate.

pre marea noastră bucurie, singura mo"ificare apare la persoana a III-a singular, un"ea"ăugam un s la sf;r itul verbului.ș

7om continua cu interogativul i negativul. 'ormarea interogativului i a negativului vor fiș ș

pre5entate în "etaliu în prima lec ie "e la nivelulț Interme"iate,Present imple. Pentru

moment, este important "oar să te familiari5e5i cu aceste structuri.

To li,e – Interro&ative






http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate.html



http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-simple/grammar.html


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http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/likes-dislikes/vocabulary.html








1st person +o I liCe c&ocolate +o !e liCe c&ocolate

2nd person +o you liCe c&ocolate +o you liCe c&ocolate

3rd person

+oes &e liCe c&ocolate

+oes s&e liCe c&ocolate+oes it liCe c&ocolate

+o t&ey liCe c&ocolate

• Propo5i ia interogativă începe cuț do sau does 9persoana a III-a singular:.

• 7erbul "e conjugat 9liCe: are aceea i formă 9cea "e infinitiv: la toate persoanele,ș

inclusiv la a III-a singular.

To li,e – Ne&ative



1st person I do not liCe c&ocolate. *e do not liCe c&ocolate.

2nd person +ou do not liCe c&ocolate. +ou do not liCe c&ocolate.

3rd person

e does not liCe c&ocolate.

&e does not liCe c&ocolate.

It does not liCe c&ocolate.

&ey do not liCe c&ocolate.

• 1)primăm nega ia prinț do not sau does not 9persoana a III-a singular:.

• 7erbul "e conjugat 9liCe: are aceea i formă 9cea "e infinitiv: la toate persoanele,ș

inclusiv la a III-a singular.

• +o not se poate prescurta ca dont, iar does not ca doesnt.

e.g.3 I do not lie c&ocolate. Q I don&t lie c&ocolate.

e.g.3 &e does not lie c&ocolate. Q &e doesn&t lie c&ocolate.

,. Many e00s and uc su0ar %ountable 5 6ncountable 7ouns

În limba engle5ă, substantivele pot fi numărabile sau nenumărabile. Aupă cum ai aflat în

sec iuneaț 7ocabulary, substantivele numărabile se pot număra în felul următor3 one e$$ -

to e$$s. Pentru substantivele nenumărabile nu putem face acela i lucru.ș

%ountable Nouns

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1)amples3 one egg - t!o eggs, one plate - t!o plates, one spoon - t!o spoons

'or t&is recipe, I nee" only one egg.

'or t&e ot&er recipe, I nee" five eggs.

-n"ountable Nouns


1)amples3 sugar, flour, butter

'or t&is recipe, I nee" sugar , flour an" "utter .

(ajoritatea substantivelor nenumărabile "in limba engle5ă sunt "efective "e plural i înș

limba rom;nă.

uantiiers

7om învă a în continuare cuantificatorii folosi i pentru cele "ouă tipuri "e substantive.ț ț


Quantifiers

#ounta"le nouns

Quantifiers

,n(ounta"le nounsTranslation

many 9eggs: mu(h 9sugar: mult F multă F mul i F multeț

-a. fe& 9eggs: -a. little 9sugar: pu in F pu ină F pu ini F pu ineț ț ț ț

some 9eggs: some 9sugar: ni teș

several 9eggs: N c;tva F c;tăva F c; iva F c;tevaț

a (ouple of 9eggs: N vreo "oi F vreo "ouă

N a "it of 9sugar: un pic "e

enough 9eggs: enough 9sugar:suficient F suficientă F suficien i Fț

suficiente

plenty of 9eggs: plenty of 9sugar: "estul F "estulă F "estui F "estule

a lot of / lots of 9eggs: a lot of / lots of 9sugar: o grăma"ă "e



all of the 9eggs: all of the 9sugar: tot F toată F to i F toateț

any 9eggs: any 9sugar: 9ve5i e)emplele "e mai jos:

Pe any îl folosim 9"eocam"ată: atunci c;n" întrebăm3

/re t&ere any eggs < unt 9ceva: ouăIs t&ere any sugar < 1ste 9ceva: 5a&ăr

Surrise!

ubstantivele nenumărabile pot fi cuantificate i prin alte structuri ajutătoare 9care sunt, "eș

fapt, substantive numărabile:.


a cup of teaa glass of !ine

a spoon of sugar

a tea spoon of &oney

a bottle of !ater

a carton of milC

a pacC of butter

a bo!l of rice

a slice of brea"

a loaf of brea"

('. ive 5 8or 5 9tudy : ;ocus on <erbs :

2biectivul acestei lec ii este cel "e a ne obi nui să conjugăm verbul în limba engle5ă, laț ș

forma înt;i, afirmativ, interogativ i negativ.ș

În lec iaț I love c&ocolateO - 4iCes an" AisliCes, am învă at să conjugăm verbulț to li8e.

#ontinuăm acum cu to live, to or iș to study .

Parcurge următoarele tabele, iar apoi mergi la sec iuneaț 1)ercises pentru a fi)a prin e)erci iiț

structurile învă ate.ț

To live


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1st person

Singular I live in a to!n. +o I live in a to!n I do not 9dont: live in a to!n.

2nd person

Singular +ou live in a city.

+o you live in a

city+ou do not 9dont: live in a city.

3rd person

Singular

e lives in a

village.

+oes &e live in a

village

e does not 9doesnt: live in a

village.

1st person

Plural

*e live in

imi oara.ș

+o !e live in

imi oaraș

*e do not 9dont: live in

imi oara.ș

2nd person

Plural+ou live in #luj. +o you live in #luj +ou do not 9dont: live in #luj.

3rd person

Plural

&ey live in

%uc&arest.

+o t&ey live in

%uc&arest

&ey do not 9dont: live in

%uc&arest

To wor,



1st person

Singular

I &or0 at t&e

post-office.

+o I &or0 at t&e

post-office

I do not 9dont: &or0 at t&e

post-office.

2nd person

Singular

+ou &or0 in a

banC.

+o you &or0 in a

banC

+ou do not 9dont: &or0 in a

banC.

3rd person

Singular

e &or0s in a

s&op.

+oes &e &or0 in a

s&op

e does not 9doesnt: &or0 in a

s&op.

1st person

Plural

*e &or0 at t&e

city &all.

+o !e &or0 at t&e

city &all

*e do not 9dont: &or0 at t&e

city &all.

2nd person

Plural

+ou &or0 in t&is

sc&ool.

+o you &or0 in t&is

sc&ool

+ou do not 9dont: &or0 in t&is

sc&ool.

3rd person

Plural

&ey &or0 in an

office.

+o t&ey &or0 in an

office

&ey do not 9dont: &or0 in an

office.



To study



1st perso

n

Singular

I study 4iterature. +o I study 4iterature I donot 9dont: study 4iterature.

2nd perso

n

Singular

+ou study 1nglis&.+o you study 1nglis&

+ou do

not 9dont: study 1nglis&.

3rd perso

n

Singular

e studies (at&s.+oes &e study (at&s

e does not 9doesnt: study (

at&s.

1st perso

n Plural*e study P&ysics. +o !e study P&ysics

*e do

not 9dont: study P&ysics.

2nd perso

n Plural

+ou study #&emist

ry.

+o you study #&emist

ry

+ou do

not 9dont: study #&emistry.

3rd perso

n Plural

&ey study %iolog

y.

+o t&ey study %iology

&ey do

not 9dont: study %iology.

Aupă cum putem observa mai sus, în unele ca5uri, a"ăugăm es 9nu "oar s: la persoana a

III-a singular, afirmativ, ca în3

I stu"y. < e stu"ies. 9/ici, o altă mo"ificare este sc&imbarea literei y în i.:

I !atc&. 91u privesc.: < e !atc&es. 91l prive te.:ș

7om "iscuta "espre aceste aspecte la nivelul interme"iar .

Surrise!

Imperativul se formea5ă foarte u or în limba engle5ă. Pur i simplu eliminăm particulaș ș to "in

forma "e infinitiv a verbului i a"ăugăm un semn al e)clamării la sf;r it.ș ș

e.g.3 *orCO < 4ucrea5ăO

e.g.3 tu"yO < Înva ăOț





7om insista pe imperativ la nivelul interme"iar .

((. Ruby is a beauti"ul 0irl Adjectives

d$e"tives

>. /"jectivul poate fi "e sine stătător, ca în e)emplul următor3

e.g.3 $uby is beautiful. < $uby este frumoasă.

?. În limba engle5ă, atunci c;n" a"jectivul stă l;ngă un substantiv, el se

po5i ionea5ăț naintea substantivului.

e.g.3 $uby is a beautiful girl. < $uby este o fată frumoasă.

E. /"jectivul în limba engle5ă este invaria"il. 1l nu se mo"ifică în func ie "e numărul sau "eț

genul substantivului.

e.g.3 $uby is young. < $uby e t;nără.

e.g.3 %rian is young. < %rian e t;năr.

e.g.3 $uby an" #lara are young. < $uby i #lara sunt tinere.ș

e.g.3 %rian an" Jeremy are young. < %rian an" Jeremy sunt tineri.

H. Aacă vrem să spunem că ceva este foarte (ad*ectiv), punem a"verbul very în fa ața"jectivului.

e.g.3 $uby is very beautiful. < $uby e foarte frumoasă.

e.g.3 $uby is a very beautiful girl. < $uby e o fată foarte frumoasă.

irmative / Interro&ative / Ne&ative


#lara is smart. < Is #lara smart < #lara is not 9isn=t: smart.

#lara is a smart girl. < Is #lara a smart girl < #lara is not 9isn=t: a smart girl.

Jeremy is ri(h. < Is Jeremy ri(h < Jeremy is not 9isn=t: ri(h.

Jeremy is a ri(h man. < Is Jeremy a ri(h man < Jeremy is not 9isn=t: a ri(h man.


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/adjectives/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/adjectives/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/adjectives/vocabulary.html




(2. Mar0arine is cea1er tan butter %o1aratives 5 9u1erlatives

/"jectivul are trei gra"e "e compara ie3ț poitiv, (omparativ iș superlativ. În lec iaț

prece"entă, $uby is a beautiful girl, ai învă at gra"ul po5itiv a"jectivului. /cum vom învă aț ț

gra"ele comparativ i superlativ.ș

1ste foarte important să tii că a"jectivele sunt "e "ouă tipuri3ș s(urte -short

ad*e(tives. iș lungi -long ad*e(tives.. În func ie "e acest criteriu, formăm comparativul iț ș

superlativul a"jectivului.

Short ( lon& ad$e"tives

Ad*e(tivele s(urte sunt cele formate "in una sau "ouă silabe.

e.g.3 c&eap, young, smart

Ad*e(tivele lungi sunt cele compuse "in "ouă sau mai multe silabe.

e.g.3 e)pensive, beautiful, intelligent

The "omarative ( the suerlative

În tabelul "e mai jos, ve5i cum se formea5ă comparativul i superlativul pentru a"jectiveleș

scurte i pentru cele lungi. Aupă tabel, găse ti e)plica ii referitoare la formarea lor.ș ș ț


Positive #omparative Superlative

Short

ad*e(tives

c&eap

young

smart

c&eaper

younger

smarter

the c&eapest

the youngest

the smartest

ong

ad*e(tives

e)pensive

beautiful

intelligent

more e)pensive

more beautiful

more intelligent

the most e)pensive

the most beautiful

the most intelligent

The (omparative

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/adjectives/grammar.html


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/comparative-superlative/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/comparative-superlative/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/comparative-superlative/vocabulary.html




• &ort a"jectives3 /"ăugăm termina iaț er .

%ananas are c&eap.

/pples are c&eaper .

• 4ong a"jectives3 /"ăugăm a"verbul more înaintea a"jectivului.

(argarine is e)pensive.

%utter is more e)pensive.

#uv;ntul than înseamnă de(4t i se folose te pentru a pune în rela ie cele "ouă elemente.ș ș ț

/pples are c&eaper tan bananas.

%utter is more e)pensive tan margarine.

The superlative

• &ort a"jectives3 /"ăugăm termina iaț est.Pears are t&e c&eapest. F Pears are t&e c&eapest fruit.

• 4ong a"jectives3 /"ăugăm the most înaintea a"jectivului.

#&eese is the most e)pensive. F #&eese is the most e)pensive "airy pro"uct.

Irre&ular ad$e"tives

@nele a"jective nu respectă regulile "e mai sus pentru formarea gra"elor "e compara ie.ț


goo" < better < t&e best

ba" < !orse < t&e !orst

many < more < t&e most 9for countable nouns:

muc& < more < t&e most 9for uncountable nouns:

little < smaller < t&e smallest 9mărime:

little < less < t&e least 9cantitate:

ol" < el"er < t&e el"est

2l" este a"jectiv neregulat "oar atunci c;n" ne referim la membrii familiei.

e.g.3 (y brot&er is el"er t&an my sister.

În rest, îl folosim ca ol" < ol"er < t&e ol"est.

/lte a"jective neregulate

http://void%28%29/

http://void%28%29/



Surrise!

>. #omparativul de inferioritate. Pe l;ngă comparativul "iscutat mai sus 9care este cel "e

superioritate:, e)istă i comparativul "e inferioritate.ș

/t;t în ca5ul a"jectivelor scurte, c;t i în cel al a"jectivelor lungi, formăm comparativul "eș

inferioritate a"ăug;n" a"verbul less înaintea a"jectivului.

c&eap < less c&eap

e)pensive < less e)pensive

%ananas are less ceap tan apples.

(argarine is less expensive tan butter.

?. #omparativul de egalitate. 1)istă i un comparativ "e egalitate, care ne arată că celeș

"ouă elemente sunt la fel de (ad*ectiv) ca. Îl e)primăm folosin" structura as =adjective> as.

2ranges are as ceap as bananas.(ilC is as expensive as c&eese.

35 ,nele ad*e(tive de dou6 sila"e se pot (omporta i (a ad*e(tive s(urte7 i (aș ș

ad*e(tive lungi5

stupid 8 stupider 8 the stupidest

stupid 8 more stupid 8 the most stupid

95 Pentru unele ad*e(tive s(urte7 apar parti(ularit6 i de s(riere: du"lareaț

(onsoanei de final7 s(him"area literei y n i5

hot 8 hotter 8 the hottest

happy 8 happier 8 the happiest

(3. Te (st o" Marc?rdinal nubers

*rdinal numbers

8umeralele or"inale in"ică po5i ia unui element într-un ir. pre e)emplu3ț ș

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/ordinal-numbers/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/ordinal-numbers/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/ordinal-numbers/vocabulary.html



1st pri5e 9;irst pri5e: < Premiul înt;i

2nd pri5e 9Se(ond pri5e: < Premiul al "oilea

3rd pri5e 9Third pri5e: < Premiul al treilea

'ormăm numeralele or"inale a"ăug;n" una "intre cele patru termina ii posibileț

9st, nd, rd sau th: numeralelor car"inale. /tunci c;n" folosim scrierea numerică, ele apar

ime"iat "upă ultima cifră, pe o po5i ie grafic superioară, ca în e)emplele "e mai sus.ț

+atele (alendaristi(e se e)primă prin numerale or"inale.

e.g.3 > martie < t&e >st of (arc& < t&e first of (arc&

e.g.3 ? iulie < t&e ?n" of July < t&e secon" of July

e.g.3 E "ecembrie < t&e Er" of Aecember < t&e t&ir" of Aecember

abelul "in sec iuneaț 7ocabulary a acestei lec ii i-a arătat cum se formea5ăț ț numeralele

or"inale "e la > la >GG în limba engle5ă.

În tutorialul au"io, te vei familiari5a cu pronun ia numeralelor or"inaleț .

<eguli pentru formarea numeralelor ordinale3

• 8umerele care se termină în cifra > primesc termina iaț st3

> 9one: < >st 9first:, ?> 9t!enty-one: < ?>st 9t!enty-first:

• 8umerele care se termină în cifra ? primesc termina iaț nd3

? 9t!o: < ?n" 9secon":, ?? 9t!enty-t!o: < ??n" 9t!enty-secon":

• 8umerele care se termină în cifra E primesc termina iaț rd3

E 9t&ree: < Er" 9t&ir":, ?E 9t!enty-t&ree: < ?Er" 9t!enty-t&ir":

• 8umerele care se termină în orice altă cifră primesc termina iaț th3

H 9four: < Ht& 9fourt&:, ?H 9t!enty-four: < ?Ht& 9t!enty-fourt&:

• 8umerele >>, >?, >E sunt singurele e)cep ii. #&iar "acă se termină în >, ? i E, eleț ș

primesc termina iaț th3

>> 9eleven: < >>t& 9elevent&:, >? 9t!elve: < >? t& 9t!elft&:, >E 9t&irteen: <

>Et& 9t&irteent&:


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/ordinal-numbers/vocabulary.html#ordinal-numbers












(4. %lara is eetin0 Ruby toorro Planned activities

Planned a"tivities

1)primăm activită ile i evenimentele planificate în felul următor3ț ș



1st person I am meeting #lara tomorro!. *e are meeting #lara tomorro!.

2nd person +ou are meeting #lara tomorro!. +ou are meeting #lara tomorro!.

3rd person e is meeting #lara tomorro!. &ey are meeting #lara tomorro!.

7erbul "e conjugat prime te termina iaș ț %ing i este prece"at "e verbul au)iliar ș to "e, la

persoana corespun5ătoare.

ubject 6 o %e 6 S7erb 6 I80T 6 9...:

7om stu"ia acest timp verbal la nivelul Interme"iate 9ca Present #ontinuous:, un"e vom afla

i care sunt celelalte utili5ări ale sale.ș

Pentru moment, ine "oar minte că folosim această structură verbală pentru activită ileț ț

programate, care urmea5ă să se înt;mple într-un viitor apropiat.

4a interogativ, verbul au)iliar to "e trece la începutul propo5i iei.ț

o %e 6 ubject 6 S7erb 6 I80T 6 9...:



1st person Am I meeting #lara tomorro! Are !e meeting #lara tomorro!

2nd person Are you meeting #lara tomorro! Are you meeting #lara tomorro!

3rd person Is &e meeting #lara tomorro! Are t&ey meeting #lara tomorro!



http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-continuous/grammar.html


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/planned-activities/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/planned-activities/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/planned-activities/vocabulary.html





4a negativ, a"ăugăm a"verbul not ime"iat "upă verbul au)iliar to "e.

ubject 6 o %e 6 8ot 6 S7erb 6 I80T 6 9...:



1st person I am not meeting #lara tomorro!.*e are not meeting #lara

tomorro!.

2nd person+ou are not meeting #lara

tomorro!.

+ou are not meeting #lara

tomorro!.

3rd persone is not meeting #lara

tomorro!.

&ey are not meeting #lara

tomorro!.

15. Whose pen is this?Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns

Parcurge tabelul de mai jos i cite te apoi explica iile referitoare la pronumele posesive.ș ș ț


1st person Singular This is my boo. ! This boo is mine.

"nd person Singular This is your boo. ! This boo is yours.#rd person Singular This is his boo. ! This boo is his.This is her boo. ! This boo is hers.This is its bo$l. ! This bo$l is its.1st person Plural This is our boo. ! This boo is ours."nd person Plural This is your boo. ! This boo is yours.#rd person Plural This is their boo. ! This boo is theirs.Pronumele posesive din limba engle%& sunt 'dup& cum putem vedea mai sus() mine*yours* his* hers* its* ours* yours* theirs.

Spre deosebire de adjectivele posesive 'care stau l+ng& substantiv(* pronumele posesive

,nlocuiesc substantivul i* ,n acela i timp* exprim& posesia.ș ș

Pronumele posesive sunt invariabile. -le nu , i modific& forma ,n func ie de num&rul sauș ț

de genul substantivului.

This pen is mine.These pens are mine.

n exemplele de mai sus* putem ,nlocui this pen cu it i these pens cu they)ș

/t is mine. They are mine.





8ajoritatea adverbelor de mod din limba engle%& se formea%& prin ad&ugarea termina ieiț

ly la adjectivul din care este derivat adverbul.


2djective 2dverb -xample bright brightly The sun shines brightly.gentle gently The $ind blo$s gently.gradual gradually The sun rises gradually.happy happily The money plays happily.heavy heavilyThe rain falls heavily.loud loudly The lion roars loudly. patient patiently The tiger $aits patiently for its prey.9uic 9uicly The horse runs 9uicly.9uiet 9uietly The butterfly flies 9uietly.slo$ slo$ly The snail moves slo$ly.soft softly The sno$ falls softly.

-xist& i adverbe de mod neregulate)ș


good ! $ell:e is a good driver. ! :e drives $ell.

fast ! fastShe drives a fast car. ! She drives fast.

hard ! hardThis is a hard job. ! / $or hard.

high ! highThe mountain is high. ! / can jump very high.

2dverbul high are i forma highly* dar aceasta ,nseamn& extrem de* foarte i se folose teș ș ș

,n structuri precum) / value him highly. 'l pre uiesc foarte mult.(ț

Surprise4

ista adjectivelor care devin adverbe de mod prin ad&ugarea termina iei ly este mult maiț

lung& dec+t lista exemplelor din aceast& lec ie.ț

-numer&m* ,n continuare* toate adjectivele din lec ia ;uby is a beautiful girl < 2djectivesț

care devin cu u urin & adverbe de mod prin ad&ugarea termina iei ly.ș ț ț

bad 6 badly beautiful 6 beautifully bright 6 brightlycheap 6 cheaplyeasy 6 easilyhappy 6 happilyheavy 6 heavily loud 6 loudly





Singular s&e

it

Jeremy "oesn=t liCe her .

0ive it t&e bone.

1st person

Plural!e %uy us some s!eets.

2nd person

Plural you e is meeting you tomorro!.

3rd person

Pluralt&ey Invite them to t&e party.

#;n" pronumele apar "upă una "intre prepo5i iileț for , from, to, &ith, tim că avem "e aș

face cu ob*ect pronouns.


&is letter is for $uby. < &is letter is for er .

&is letter is from %rian. < &is letter is from i.

I am !riting a letter to my gran"parents t&is evening. . curtăm propo5i iile prin înlocuirea structurilor completive mai comple)e cuț ob*ect

pronouns. 9Aesigur, facem asta atunci c;n" avem suficiente informa ii conte)tuale pentru a tiț ș

"espre cine sau "espre ce este vorba.:

I am meeting my best friend tomorro!. < I am meeting himFher tomorro!.

?. În propo5i ia "e mai jos, avem un complement "irect 9ț te present : i un complementș

in"irect 9im:. #omplementul in"irect este po5i ionatț naintea celui "irect.

0ive &im t&e present. 9Aă-i lui ca"oul.:

Aacă plasăm complementul in"irect dup6 cel "irect, propo5i ia "evine3ț

0ive t&e present to &im.

@n alt e)emplu3

Jeremy brings &er flo!ers every !eeC. < Jeremy brings flo!ers to &er every !eeC.



6irst list o irre&ular verbs 278 verbs5

&e first list contains t&e most common irregular verbs. &ese are t&e irregular verbs t&at

you s&oul" learn first.

'irst 'ormPresent imple

'orm

econ" 'ormPast imple 'orm

ranslation

9to: be !as F !ere 9a: fi

9to: become became 9a: "eveni

9to: begin began 9a: începe

9to: breaC broCe 9a: rupe

9to: bring broug&t 9a: a"uce

9to: buy boug&t 9a: cumpăra

9to: c&oose c&ose 9a: alege

9to: come came 9a: veni

9to: cost cost 9a: costa

9to: "o "i" 9a: face

9to: "ra! "re! 9a: "esena

9to: "rinC "ranC 9a: bea

9to: "rive "rove 9a: con"uce 9ma ina:ș

9to: eat ate 9a: m;nca

9to: fall fell 9a: că"ea

9to: feel felt 9a: sim iț

9to: fin" foun" 9a: găsi

9to: fly fle! 9a: 5bura

9to: forget forgot 9a: uita

9to: get got 9a: ob ineț

9to: give gave 9a: "a

9to: go !ent 9a: se "uce

9to: &ave &a" 9a: avea

9to: &ear &ear" 9a: au5i

9to: Ceep Cept 9a: păstra

9to: Cno! Cne! 9a: tiș

9to: leave left 9a: pleca

9to: lose lost 9a: pier"e



9to: maCe ma"e 9a: face

9to: meet met 9a: 9se: înt;lni

9to: pay pai" 9a: plăti

9to: ri"e ro"e 9a: merge cu

9to: rea" rea" 9a: citi

9to: run ran 9a: alerga

9to: say sai" 9a: spune9to: see sa! 9a: ve"ea

9to: sell sol" 9a: vin"e

9to: sit sat 9a: sta jos

9to: sleep slept 9a: "ormi

9to: speaC spoCe 9a: vorbi

9to: spen" spent 9a: c&eltui

9to: stan" stoo" 9a: sta în picioare

9to: taCe tooC 9a: lua9to: teac& taug&t 9a: pre"a

9to: tell tol" 9a: spune

9to: t&inC t&oug&t 9a: 9se: g;n"i

9to: !aCe up !oCe up 9a: 9se: tre5i

9to: !ear !ore 9a: purta

9to: !in !on 9a: c; tigaș

9to: !rite !rote 9a: scrie

Se"ond list o irre&ular verbs 298 verbs5

&e secon" list contains irregular verbs t&at are also common an" important, but t&at you

can learn in a secon" p&ase, !&en you=re rea"y to.

'irst 'orm

Present imple'orm


ranslation

9to: bite bit 9a: mu caș

9to: buil" built 9a: construi

9to: cut cut 9a: tăia

9to: "ream "reame" F "reamt 9a: visa

9to: fee" fe" 9a: &răni

9to: fig&t foug&t 9a: lupta



9to: forgive forgave 9a: ierta

9to: free5e fro5e 9a: îng&e aț

9to: gro! gre! 9a: cre teș

9to: &i"e &i" 9a: 9se: ascun"e

9to: &it &it 9a: lovi

9to: &ol" &el" 9a: ine 9în bra e:ț ț

9to: &urt &urt 9a: răni9to: lay lai" 9a: pune, 9a: a terneș

9to: lea" le" 9a: con"uce 9pe cineva:

9to: learn learne" F learnt 9a: învă aț

9to: len" lent 9a: împrumuta 9cuiva:

9to: let let 9a: lăsa

9to: lig&t lit 9a: aprin"e

9to: mean meant 9a: însemna, 9a: vrea să 5ică

9to: put put 9a: pune9to: Uuit Uuit 9a: renun aț

9to: ring rang 9a: suna

9to: rise rose 9a: răsări, 9a: 9se: ri"ica

9to: set set 9a: seta, 9a: aranja

9to: s&oot s&ot 9a: împu caș

9to: sing sang 9a: c;nta

9to: steal stole 9a: fura

9to: s!im s!am 9a: înota

9to: t&ro! t&re! 9a: arunca

>. Present imple is t&e tense t&at refers to3 repeated a(tions, preferen(es,general

truths an" s(heduled events.

?. Present imple reUuires t&e first form of t&e verb. 97erbs &ave t&ree forms. +ou !illlearn about t&em in t&e follo!ing lessons.:

:hen do I use Present Simle)

Present imple is use" for repeate" actions, preferences, general trut&s an" sc&e"ule"

events.

• repeated a(tions N daily routine3 I !aCe up at K every "ay.

• repeated a(tions N ha"its3 I usually s!im at t&e !eeCen".



• li0es and disli0es3 I liCe &orror movies.

• general truths3 *ater boils at >GG "egrees #elsius.

• generaliations3 People talC too muc&.

• s(heduled events3 &e plane taCes off at M.

How do I re"o&ni;e Present Simle)

Present imple is often marCe" by e)plicit or implicit a"verbs or time e)pressions t&atin"icate freUuency.

• al!ays, usually, regularly, normally, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, sel"om, n

ever ( adverbs of fre9uency )

• every "ay Q "aily, every !eeC Q !eeCly, every mont& Q mont&ly, every year Q yearly

• once a "ay, t!ice a !eeC, t&ree times a mont&, four times a year

• in t&e morning, in t&e afternoon, in t&e evening, at nig&t

• on (on"ays, on &urs"ays, on atur"ays etc.


$ea" t&e sentences in t&e ne)t table. &ey are at Present imple. &en rea" t&e follo!ing

section N o! "o I form Present imple N to un"erstan" &o! Present imple !orCs in

t&e affirmative, interrogative an" negative forms.


1st person

Singular

I &a0e up at K every day .+o I &a0e up at K every

day

I do not &a0e up at

K every day .

2nd person

Singular +ou li0e apples. +o you li0e apples +ou do not li0e apples.

3rd person

Singular

e plays football on

uesdays.

&e travels in summer .

It ta0es off at 4.

+oes &e play football on

uesdays

+oes s&e travel in summer

+oes it ta0e off at 4

e does not

play football on

uesdays.

&e does not travel in

summer .

It does not ta0e off at

4.

1st person

Plural*e pay our bills montly . +o !e pay our bills montly

*e do not pay our

bills montly .

2nd person

Plural+ou eat tice a day . +o you eat tice a day

+ou do not eat tice a

day .

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-simple/vocabulary.html#adverbs-of-frequency

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-simple/grammar.html#how-do-I-form-Present-Simple


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-simple/grammar.html#affirmative


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-simple/grammar.html#interrogative



http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-simple/grammar.html#negative









3rd person

Plural

&ey usually s0i in

:ecember .

+o t&ey usually s0i in

:ecember

&ey do

not usually s0i in

:ecember .

How do I orm Present Simle)

A""irative

Su"*e(t ) =er" I ) -555.

e.g.3 I (sub*ect) !aCe up (verb) at K every "ay.

>st person, sg. st person, sg. st person 9sg. an" pl.:, t&e ?n" person 9sg. an" pl.: an" t&e Er"person pl., t&e

verb &as t&e same form. 2nly t&e Er" person sg. functions "ifferently.

• &e verb is use" in its first form, e.g.3 I read. &e first form is t&e infinitive form

!it&out to. /t t&e Er" person sg., !e a"" an s at t&e en" of t&e verb, e.g.3 e read s.

• ome verbs taCe an es 9instea" of an s: at t&e en" for t&e Er" person sg., e.g.3e

atces ;.

• &e verbs to be an" to ave be&ave "ifferently3 a: ee &o! to use t&e verb to beB b:

&e verb to ave &as an irregular form for t&e Er" person sg. < e asan apple.

Interro0ative

+o / +oes ) Su"*e(t ) =er" I ) -555. ) $

e.g.3 Ao I (sub*ect) !aCe up (verb) at K every "ay

>st person, sg. < #o I read "aily

Er" person, sg. < #oes &e read "aily

>st person, sg. < #o I often atc 7

Er" person, sg. < #oes &e often atc 7

$emember t&at3

• In interrogative sentences, !e use t&e au)iliary verbs do or does.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/to-be-personal-pronouns/grammar.html#to-be

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/to-be-personal-pronouns/grammar.html#to-be



• *e use do for t&e >st an" ?n" persons 9sg. an" pl.: an" for t&e E r" person pl..*e

use does for t&e Er" person sg..

• In interrogative sentences, !e "o 82 a"" s or es at t&e en" of t&e verb for t&e

Er" person sg..

• &e s&ort ans!er for a Present imple Uuestion is3

o /ffirmative3 Yes7 I do 9for I# you# e# you# tey : or Yes7 he does9for e# se#

it :

o 8egative3 No7 I dont Q 8o, I "o not 9for I# you# e# you# tey : or No7 he

doesnt Q 8o, &e "oes not 9for e# se# it :

7e0ative

Su"*e(t ) +o Not / +oes Not ) =er" I ) -555.

e.g.3 I (sub*ect) "o not !aCe up (verb) at K every "ay.

>st person, sg. st person, sg. st an" ?n" persons 9sg. an" pl.: an" for t&e E r" person pl.. *e

use does not for t&e Er" person sg..

• In negative sentences, !e "o 82 a"" s or es at t&e en" of t&e verb for t&e

Er"

person sg..

• &e s&ort form of do not is dont. &e s&ort form of does not is doesnt. e.g.3I dont

li8e orror movies. e doesnt li8e action movies.

dverb la"ement

• Place a"verbs after t&e subject an" t&e verb. e.g.3 I !alC every day . Ao I !alCevery

day I "on=t !alC every day .



• *it& a"verbs of freUuency, t&ings are a bit more complicate". It=s best to learn t&eir

placement t&roug& practice. 4isten to t&e au"io tutorial in t&is lesson.

Surrise!

• &e first form of t&e verb is also calle" t&e present simple form. *e also refer to it as

to t&e infinitive form.

• eldom is t&e more formal eUuivalent of rarely .

• *e use p&rasal verbs 9verbs !it& more t&an one element: in t&e E r" person sg. liCe

t&is3

e a8es up at .

It ta8es off at M.

*e a"" s or es at t&e en" of t&e main verb, not at t&e en" of t&e entire p&rasal

verb. (ore "etails..

• &e first e)ercise in t&e 1)ercises section is a rea"ing e)ercise. $ea" it carefully N it

is t&e first step in getting familiar !it& Present imple.

>. Past imple is t&e tense t&at refers to a(tions (ompleted in the past.?. Past imple reUuires t&e se(ond form of t&e verb.

E. 7erbs may be regular or irregular . &is is reflecte" in t&eir secon" form.

:hen do I use Past Simle)

Past imple is use" for actions t&at starte" an" finis&e" in t&e past.

• one a(tion in the past3 I !atc&e" 7 yester"ay.

• a series of a(tions in the past3 I !oCe up, t&en I &a" breaCfast an" rea" t&e

ne!spaper.

• histori(al fa(ts3 &e econ" *orl" *ar starte" in >MEM.

• generaliations in the past3 People !atc&e" less 7 >G years ago.

How do I re"o&ni;e Past Simle)

Past imple is often marCe" by e)plicit or implicit a"verbs or time e)pressions.

• yester"ay, yester"ay morning, t&e "ay before yester"ay


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-simple/tutorial.html


http://void%28%29/

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-simple/exercise-1.html



http://void%28%29/

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-simple/exercise-1.html



• last evening, last !eeC, last mont&, last eptember, last summer, last year

• one !eeC ago, t!o mont&s ago, t&ree years ago

• specific "ates or mont&s 9if t&ey are in t&e past:3 on t&e >st of (arc&, in (ay

• implicit reference 9it is obvious t&at !e are referring to t&e past:3 /s a teenager, &e

playe" vi"eo games a lot.

<e&ular and irre&ular verbs

1nglis& verbs may be regular or irregular. &is is linCe" to t&eir secon" form.'or Past imple,

!e nee" t&e secon" form of t&e verb, !&ic& is forme" liCe t&is3

• <egular ver"s &ave regular secon" forms. &ey taCe an %ed at t&e en" of t&e first

form. e.g.3 (to) atc - atced

• Irregular ver"s &ave irregular secon" forms. &ese can only be learne" by &eart or

by practice. e.g.3 (to) drin8 - dran8

ee t&e first list of irregular verbs - t&ese are use" more freUuently. *&en you are

rea"y, see t&e secon" list of irregular verbs.


<egular ver": to &at(h


1st person I &at(hed 7 yester"ay. *e &at(hed 7 yester"ay.

2nd person +ou &at(hed 7 yester"ay. +ou &at(hed 7 yester"ay.

3rd person

e &at(hed 7 yester"ay.

&e &at(hed 7 yester"ay.

It &at(hed t&e bir"s yester"ay.

&ey &at(hed 7 yester"ay.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/irregular-verbs/grammar.html#irregular-verbs-first-list

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/irregular-verbs/grammar.html#irregular-verbs-second-list

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/irregular-verbs/grammar.html#irregular-verbs-first-list

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/irregular-verbs/grammar.html#irregular-verbs-second-list




1st person +id I &at(h 7 yester"ay +id !e &at(h 7 yester"ay

2nd person +id you &at(h 7 yester"ay +id you &at(h 7 yester"ay

3rd person

+id &e &at(h 7 yester"ay

+id s&e &at(h 7 yester"ay

+id it &at(h t&e bir"s yester"ay

+id t&ey &at(h 7 yester"ay


1st person I did not &at(h 7 yester"ay. *e did not &at(h 7 yester"ay.

2nd person +ou did not &at(h 7 yester"ay. +ou did not &at(h 7 yester"ay.

3rd person

e did not &at(h 7 yester"ay.

&e did not &at(h 7 yester"ay.

It did not &at(h t&e bir"s yester"ay.

&ey did not &at(h 7 yester"ay.

Irregular ver": to drin0




1st person I dran0 !&isCey yester"ay. *e dran0 !&isCey yester"ay.

2nd person +ou dran0 !&isCey yester"ay. +ou dran0 !&isCey yester"ay.

3rd person

e dran0 !&isCey yester"ay.

&e dran0 !&isCey yester"ay.

It dran0 milC yester"ay.

&ey dran0 !&isCey yester"ay.


1st person +id I drin0 !&isCey yester"ay +id !e drin0 !&isCey yester"ay

2nd person +id you drin0 !&isCey yester"ay +id you drin0 !&isCey yester"ay

3rd person

+id &e drin0 !&isCey yester"ay

+id s&e drin0 !&isCey yester"ay

+id it drin0 milC yester"ay

+id t&ey drin0 !&isCey yester"ay


1st person I did not drin0 !&isCey yester"ay. *e did not drin0 !&isCey yester"ay.

2nd person +ou did not drin0 !&isCey yester"ay. +ou did not drin0 !&isCey yester"ay.



3rd person

e did not drin0 !&isCey yester"ay.

&e did not drin0 !&isCey yester"ay.

It did not drin0 milC yester"ay.

&ey did not drin0 !&isCey yester"ay.

How do I orm Past Simle)

A""irative

Su"*e(t ) =er" II ) -555.

e.g.3 I (sub*ect) !atc&e" (verb) 7 yester"ay.

>st person, sg. st person, sg. < I dran !&isCey yester"ay.

Er" person, sg. < &e dran !&isCey yester"ay.

$emember t&at3

• /t Past imple, t&e verb remains unc&ange" for all persons, singular an" plural

9inclu"ing t&e Er" person sg.:.

Interro0ative

+id ) Su"*e(t ) =er" I ) -555. ) $

e.g.3 Ai" I (sub*ect) !atc& (verb) 7 yester"ay

>st person, sg. < #id I atc 7

yester"ay

Er" person, sg. < #id s&e atc 7

yester"ay

>st person, sg. < #id I drin !&isCey yester"ay

Er" person, sg. < #id s&e drin !&isCey

yester"ay

$emember t&at3

• In interrogative sentences, t&e au)iliary did contains t&e past form of t&e verb

structure. &e main verb 9to atc or to drin8 : is use" in its 'I$ form.

• &e au)iliary did is t&e same for all persons, singular an" plural.



• &e s&ort ans!er for a Past imple Uuestion is3

o /ffirmative3 Yes7 I did 9for all persons N <es# I did= <es# you did= <es# e

did etc.:

o 8egative3 No7 I didnt Q 8o, I "i" not 9for all persons N 7o# I didnt= 7o# you

didnt= 7o# e didnt etc.:

7e0ativeSu"*e(t ) +id Not ) =er" I ) -555.

e.g.3 I (sub*ect) "i" not !atc& (verb) 7 yester"ay.

>st person, sg. st person, sg. < I did not drin !&isCey

yester"ay.

Er" person, sg. < &e did not drin !&isCey

yester"ay.

$emember t&at3

• In negative sentences, t&e au)iliary did contains t&e past form of t&e verb

structure. &e main verb 9to atc or to drin8 : is use" in its 'I$ form.

• &e s&ort form of did not is didnt. e.g.3 I didnt atc ;.

Surrise!

• &e secon" form of t&e verb is also calle" t&e past simple form.

• Past imple is only use" for finis&e" actions. If an action starte" in t&e past, but is

not finis&e" at present, !e "o not use Past imple.

<e&ular verbs

&e secon" 9past simple: form of regular verbs is forme" by a""ing %ed at t&e en" of t&e first

form, liCe t&is3

• to !atc& < !atc&ed

• to arrive < arrived N *&en t&e first form en"s in e, !e only a"" a d.

• to start < started N ometimes, t&e pronounciation is "ifferent. 4isten to t&e au"io

tutorial in t&is lesson.

• to stu"y < stu"ied N *&en t&e first form en"s in y, t&at y becomes an i.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/regular-verbs/tutorial.html






&at=s itO (ove on to t&e 1)ercises.

$emember t&at !e use t&e secon" form of t&e verb !it& Past imple. %e sure you Cno! &o!

to form affirmative, interrogative an" negative sentences an" t&at you are familiar !it& t&e

e)amples of Past imple sentences.

$. 8as 5 @ad 5 #id : ;ocus on verbs :


>as, had, did are t&e secon" 9past simple: forms of t&e verbs to "e, to have,to do. &ese

verbs also function as au)iliary verbs, to buil" ot&er verb structures. &erefore, it is very

important to Cno! t&em !ell.

ee belo! &o! to use t&ese t&ree verbs N to be, to &ave an" to "o N at Present imple an"

Past imple, in affirmative, interrogative an" negative sentences.

To be = :as / :ere

Affirmative Present Simple Past Simple

1st person

Singular I am at sc&ool. I &as at sc&ool.

2nd person

Singular +ou are at sc&ool. +ou &ere at sc&ool.

3rd person

Singular

e is at sc&ool.

&e is at sc&ool.

e &as at sc&ool.

&e &as at sc&ool.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/regular-verbs/exercise-1.html


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-simple/grammar.html#intro


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-simple/grammar.html#affirmative


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-simple/grammar.html#interrogative

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-simple/grammar.html#negative

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-simple/grammar.html#affirmative-interrogative-negative-regular



http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/focus-on-verbs/grammar.html#to-be-a-fi

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/focus-on-verbs/grammar.html#to-have-a-avea


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/focus-on-verbs/grammar.html#to-do-a-face

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/focus-on-verbs/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/focus-on-verbs/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/focus-on-verbs/vocabulary.html




http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-simple/grammar.html#interrogative

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-simple/grammar.html#negative


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/focus-on-verbs/grammar.html#to-be-a-fi


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/focus-on-verbs/grammar.html#to-do-a-face



It is in t&e yar". It &as in t&e yar".

1st person Plural *e are at sc&ool. *e &ere at sc&ool.

2nd person Plural +ou are at sc&ool. +ou &ere at sc&ool.

3rd person Plural &ey are at sc&ool. &ey &ere at sc&ool.

Interrogative Present Simple Past Simple

1st person

Singular Am I at sc&ool >as I at sc&ool

2nd person

Singular Are you at sc&ool >ere you at sc&ool

3rd person

Singular

Is &e at sc&ool

Is s&e at sc&ool

Is it in t&e yar"

>as &e at sc&ool

>as s&e at sc&ool

>as it in t&e yar"

1st person Plural Are !e at sc&ool >ere !e at sc&ool

2nd person Plural Are you at sc&ool >ere you at sc&ool



3rd person Plural Are t&ey at sc&ool >ere t&ey at sc&ool

3rd person Plural &ey are not at sc&ool. &ey &ere not at sc&ool.

To have = Had





2nd person

Singular +o you have a course +id you have a course

3rd person

Singular

+oes &e have a course+oes s&e have a course

+oes it have a bone

+id &e have a course+id s&e have a course

+id it have a bone

1st person Plural +o !e have a course +id !e have a course

2nd person Plural +o you have a course +id you have a course

3rd person Plural +o t&ey have a course +id t&ey have a course

Negative Present Simple Past Simple

1st person

Singular I do not have a course. I did not have a course.

2nd person

Singular +ou do not have a course. +ou did not have a course.

3rd person

Singular

e does not have a course.

&e does not have a course.

It does not have a bone.

e did not have a course.

&e did not have a course.

It did not have a bone.



1st person Plural *e do not have a course. *e did not have a course.

2nd person Plural +ou do not have a course. +ou did not have a course.

3rd person Plural &ey do not have a course. &ey did not have a course.

To do = #id

Affirmative Present Simple Past Simple

1st person

Singular I do e)ercises. I did e)ercises.

2nd person

Singular +ou do e)ercises. +ou did e)ercises.

3rd person

Singular

e does e)ercises.

&e does e)ercises.

It does tricCs.

e did e)ercises.

&e did e)ercises.

It did tricCs.

1st person Plural *e do e)ercises. *e did e)ercises.

2nd person Plural +ou do e)ercises. +ou did e)ercises.








Affirmative3 ubject 6 @se" o 6 7erb 9>st form: 6 9...:

I used to clib trees.

+ou used to clib trees.

e used to clib trees.

Interrogative3 Ai" 6 ubject 6 @se o 6 7erb 9>st form: 6 9...:

#id you use to 1lay &i"e an" seeC

#id &e use to 1lay &i"e an" seeC

#id !e use to 1lay &i"e an" seeC

• &ort ans!ers3

Ai" you use to play &i"e an" seeC

+es, I "i". F 8o, I "i" not. 98o, I "i"n=t.:

Negative3 ubject 6 Ai" 8ot 9Ai"n=t: @se o 6 7erb 9>st form: 6 9...:

I did not use to tell joCes.

+ou did not use to tell joCes.

&e did not use to tell joCes.

• *e can say used not to instea" of did not use to.

I used not to tell joCes. Q I did not use to tell joCes.

-sed To ( :ould

*e can use &ould instea" of used to !&en !e mention &o! often somet&ing use" to

&appen.

I used to 1lay in t&e sc&oolyar" every "ay.

I ould 1lay in t&e sc&oolyar" every "ay.

%ut it is incorrect to replace used to !it& ould !&en !e mention only t&e activity.

#orrect3 I used to 1lay car" games.Incorrect3 I ould 1lay car" games.

Preci5ăm că putem tra"uce used to în limba rom;nă at;t folosin" construc iaț obi nuia(m) s'ș , c;t

i folosin" timpul imperfect.ș

e.g.3 ,' *ucam în curtea colii în fiecare 5i.ș



*. Ri0t no Ruby is siin0 Present %ontinuous


Present %ontinuous

*e form Present #ontinuous liCe t&is3 o %e 6 S7erb 6 I80T

• *e use t&e verb to "e at t&e correct personFnumber3 am, are, is

• *e a"" t&e termination %ing to t&e main verb,

e.g.3 al8 in0 , simmin0 , ta8 in0 potos

8ote t&at3 Present #ontinuous is also calle" Present Progressive because it refers to actions

t&at are in pro$ress.

:hen do I use Present %ontinuous)

*e use Present #ontinuous in t&e follo!ing situations3

>. *&en t&e action is &appening rig&t no!.

e.g.3 I a readin0 a booC on t&e beac&.

?. *&en t&e action is &appening at present, even if it taCes more time.

e.g.3 e is studyin0 to become a "octor.

E. *&en !e refer to plans for t&e close future.

e.g.3 #lara is eetin0 $uby tomorro!. 9$ea" more:

H. *&en !e refer to a repetitive an", most often, annoying action.

e.g.3 e is al!ays arrivin0 late.

In t&is lesson, !e focus on t&e first use case N !&en t&e action is &appeningrig&t no!.


$ea" t&e table belo! to see &o! !e form Present #ontinuous in t&e affirmative, interrogative

an" negative.


http://rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/planned-activities/grammar.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-continuous/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-continuous/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-continuous/vocabulary.html

http://rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/planned-activities/grammar.html



1st person

Singular

I am sun"athing on

t&e beac&.

Am I sun"athing on t&e

beac&

I am not

sun"athing on t&e

beac&.

2nd person

Singular

+ou are drin0ing a

cocCtail.Are you drin0ing a cocCtail

+ou are not drin0ing a

cocCtail.

3rd person

Singular

e is getting on t&e

plane.

&e is getting off t&e

plane.

It is running in t&e

san".

Is &e getting on t&e plane

Is s&e getting off t&e plane

Is it running in t&e san"

e is not getting

on t&e plane.

&e is not getting

off t&e plane.

It is not running in t&e

san".

1st person

Plural

*e are leaving on a

business trip.

Are !e leaving on a

business trip

*e are not leaving on

a business trip.

2nd person

Plural

+ou are returning from

&oli"ay.

Are you returning from

&oli"ay

+ou are not

returning from &oli"ay.

3rd person

Plural

&ey are s&imming in

t&e ocean.

Are t&ey s&imming in t&e

ocean

&ey are not

s&imming in t&e

ocean.

How do I re"o&ni;e Present %ontinuous)&ere are several adver"s of time t&at &elp us un"erstan" t&at t&e action is taCing place

rig&t no! an" t&at !e s&oul" e)pect to fin" Present #ontinuous in t&e sentence3

• no&, e.g.3 /3 *&at are you doin$ no %3 I am pac8in$ for t&e &oli"ay.

• right no&, e.g.3 &ey are $ettin$ on t&e plane ri0t no .

• in this -very. moment, at the moment, e.g.3 &e plane is ta8in$ off in tis very

oent .

• at present, e.g.3 At 1resent , &e is livin$ !it& &is frien"s, until &e fin"s &is o!n place.

Surrise!

>. *e can use contractions3

• I=m sunbat&ingB I=m not sunbat&ing

• +ou=re "rinCingB +ou=re not "rinCing F +ou aren=t "rinCing

• e=s getting onB e=s not getting on F e isn=t getting on

• *e=re leavingB *e=re not leaving F *e aren=t leaving etc.



?. 'or some verbs, t&e last letter is "ouble" in t&e continuous form,

e.g.3$ett in$ , travell in$ 9%r.:, si in$ . 4isten to t&e au"io tutorial in t&is lesson for more

information.

+. 8at as e doin0 en you

too tat 1oto Past %ontinuous


Past %ontinuous

*e form Past #ontinuous liCe t&is3 *asF*ere 6 S7erb 6 I80T

• &e verb to "e is in t&e past3 &as or &ere, "epen"ing on t&e personFnumber.• *e a"" t&e termination %ing to t&e main verb.

8ote t&at3 Past #ontinuous is also calle" Past Progressive because it refers to actions t&at

!ere, at a certain moment in t&e past, in pro$ress.

:hen do I use Past %ontinuous)

*e use Past #ontinuous !&en !e refer to interrupted a(tions in the past.

e.g.3 e &as tal0ing to Jeremy !&en I tooC t&at p&oto.

e as tal8in$ to Jeremy < t&e interrupte" action 9Past #ontinuous:

en I too8 tat poto. < t&e action t&at causes t&e interruption 9Past imple:

,se (ases:

• a past action interrupte" by anot&er past action3

e as talin0 to Jeremy !&en I tooC t&at p&oto.

• a past action interrupte" by a specific time3

&ey ere atcin0 a movie yester"ay at >G p.m.

• parallel actions in t&e past3

&e girls ere 1re1arin0 t&e meat !&ile t&e boys ere co11in0 sticCs for t&e fire.


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-continuous/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-continuous/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-continuous/vocabulary.html




• to "escribe t&e atmosp&ere in t&e past3

*&en I arrive" at $uby=s place, $uby as 1layin0 !it& t&e cats, #lara as

ain0 a caCe an" %rian an" Jeremy ere discussin0 politics.


$ea" t&e table belo! to see &o! !e form Past #ontinuous in t&e affirmative, interrogative

an" negative.


1st person

Singular I &as eating pi55a. >as I eating pi55a I &as not eating pi55a.

2nd person

Singular

+ou &ere listening to

music.>ere you listening to music

+ou &ere not

listening to music.

3rd person

Singular

e &as tal0ing to

#lara

&e &as tal0ing to

Jeremy.

&e "og &as sleeping.

>as &e tal0ing to #lara

>as s&e tal0ing to Jeremy

>as t&e "og sleeping

e &as not tal0ing to

#lara.

&e &as not tal0ing to

Jeremy.

&e "og &as not

sleeping.

1st person

Plural

*e &ere &ashing t&e

"is&es.

>ere !e &ashing t&e

"is&es

*e &ere not

&ashing t&e "is&es.

2nd person

Plural

+ou &ere (leaning t&e

room.

>ere you (leaning t&e

room

+ou &ere not

(leaning t&e room.

3rd person

Plural

&ey &ere surfing t&e

Internet.

>ere t&ey surfing t&e

Internet

&ey &ere not

surfing t&e Internet.

:hen ( :hile

&e conjunctions &hen an" &hile are use" very often in sentences t&at contain verbs in t&e

Past #ontinuous.

8en is follo!e" by Past imple.

e as tal8in$ to Jeremy en I tooC t&at p&oto.

8ile is follo!e" by Past #ontinuous.

&e girls ere preparin$ t&e meat ile t&e boys ere coppin$ sticCs for t&e fire.



Surrise!

*e can use contractions only in negative Past #ontinuous sentences3

• IFeF&eFIt !asn=t sleeping yester"ay evening at >G o=clocC.

• +ouF*eF+ouF&ey !eren=t sleeping yester"ay evening at >G o=clocC.

V In $omanian, Past #ontinuous is translate" using imperfectul .

,. May I ave a diet soda Modal <erbs I


>odal verbs %an0 %ould0 >ay0 >i&ht

(o"al verbs are structures t&at mo"ify t&e meaning of main verbs. &ey &avethe same form

for all persons and num"ers.

*e learne" our first mo"al verb 9#an: in t&e section %eginner , in t&e lesson%rian can=t "ra!,

but &e can paint.

8o!, !e are going to learn several ne! mo"al verbs3 (ould, may an" might.*e !ill learn

t&ree ot&er ones in t&e ne)t lesson.

%an ( %ould

*e use t&e mo"als (an an" (ould in t!o main situations3

>. *&en !e e)press a"ility.

I (an ri"e t&e biCe.

I (ould ri"e t&e biCe !&en I !as si).

In t&is case, could is t&e past form of can.

?. *&en !e asC for permission.

#an I open t&e !in"o!

#ould I open t&e !in"o!

In t&is case, could is more polite t&an can.

>ay ( >i&ht

*e use may an" might in t!o main situations.

>. *&en !e e)press pro"a"ility.

&ey may come tomorro!.

&ey might come tomorro!.

4isten to t&e au"io tutorial for more

information.

?. *&en !e asC for permission.

?ay I borro! your bicycle

?ight I taCe you out for a coffee

In t&is case, mi$t is more polite t&an may .

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner.html


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/beginner/modal-verb-can/grammar.html


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/modal-verbs-would-should-must/grammar.html


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/modal-verbs-could-may-might/tutorial.html



http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/modal-verbs-could-may-might/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/modal-verbs-could-may-might/vocabulary.html










&e structure containing t&e !or" &ould is translate" to $omanian using condi ionalul optativ ț 3

9nu: mi-ar plăcea9:, 9nu: te-ai "uce9:, 9nu: te-ar ajuta9:.

>ould is also use" to form t&e econ" #on"itional. *e !ill learn t&is structure at

level /"vance".

Should

*e use t&e mo"al should3

• to sayFrecommen" !&at is rig&tFcorrect 9affirmative: or !&at is !rongFincorrect

9negative:3

+ou sould ta8e your umbrella N it is clou"y outsi"e.

*e sould study &ar"er for t&is e)am.

&ey sould tal8 to (artin about t&is.

+ou sould not =souldn&t> al8 in t&e rain !it&out an umbrella.*e sould not =souldn&t> aste any time.

&ey sould not =souldn&t> for$et to tell (artin about t&is.

• to asC Uuestions about !&at one s&oul" "o 9interrogative:3

9ould I call you tomorro!

9ould s&e brin$ &er bicycle

9ould !e visit t&em to"ay

&e structure containing t&e !or" should is translate" to $omanian using t&e structure ar trebui

s'.

>ust

*e use t&e mo"al must3

• to e)press necessityFobligation 9affirmative:3

+ou ust ear a seatbelt !&en you travel by car.

&e "octor sai" I ust stay in"oors for one !eeC.

*e ust finis t&is project by tomorro!.

• to e)press pro&ibition 9negative:3

+ou ust not =ustn&t> cross t&e street !&en t&e lig&t is re".

+ou ust not =ustn&t> ta8e a s&o!er.

&ey ust not =ustn&t> be late.

• to asC Uuestions about necessityFobligation 9interrogative:3

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/second-conditional/grammar.html


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced.html








9In t&is case, t&e pre"iction is ma"e !it& a &ig& level of certainty, usually for a more

"istant future.:

*e use @e oing to ;uture for3

• 1lans3 I a 0oin0 to spend t&e summer in #alifornia.

• intentions3 I a 0oin0 to clean t&e &ouse t&is !eeCen".

•

1redictions3 4ooC at t&e sCyO It is 0oin0 to rain.9In t&is case, t&e pre"iction is ma"e base" on a concrete situation F an observable fact in

t&e present.:

Note3 /ccor"ing to ot&er sources, ;uture &ith >ill an" @e oing to ;uture can be use"

interc&angeably for maCing pre"ictions.


>ill is a mo"al verb. Its conjugation is very simple.

I ill ave tea. < 8ill I ave tea ave tea.

e ill call us !&en &e arrives. < 8ill &e call us !&en &e arrives < e ill not =on&t> call us

!&en &e arrives.

*e ill drive you &ome. < 8ill !e drive you &ome < *e ill not =on&t> drive you &ome.

Note: &ill not B &ont

@e oing to ;uture is forme" liCe t&is3 to be 6 going to 6 main verb

• &e verb to "e is use" at t&e correct personFnumber, i.e. am, are or is.

• oing to never c&anges.

• &e main ver" is al!ays in t&e infinitive.


1st person

Singular

I a 0oin0 to spend t&e

summer &ere.

A I 0oin0 to spend t&e

summer &ere

I a not 0oin0

to spend t&e summer

&ere.

2nd person

Singular

+ou are 0oin0

to spend 9...:

Are you 0oin0

to spend 9...:

+ou are not 0oin0

to spend 9...:

3rd person

Singular

e is 0oin0 to spend 9...:

&e is 0oin0

to spend 9...:

It is 0oin0 to rain.

Is &e 0oin0 to spend 9...:

Is s&e 0oin0 to spend 9...:

Is it 0oin0 to rain

e is not 0oin0

to spend 9...:

&e is not 0oin0

to spend 9...:

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/modal-verbs-could-may-might/grammar.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/modal-verbs-could-may-might/grammar.html



It is not 0oin0 to rain.

1st person

Plural

*e are 0oin0

to spend 9...:

Are !e 0oin0

to spend 9...:

*e are not 0oin0

to spend 9...:

2nd person

Plural

+ou are 0oin0

to spend 9...:

Are you 0oin0

to spend 9...:

+ou are not 0oin0

to spend 9...:

3rd person

Plural

&ey are 0oin0

to spend 9...:

Are t&ey 0oin0

to spend 9...:

&ey are not 0oin0

to spend 9...:

*e can use contractions3

I am going to < Im going to

+ou are going to < Youre going to

e is going to < Hes going to etc.

I am not going to < Im not going to

+ou are not going to < Youre not going to F +ou arent going to

e is not going to < Hes not going to F e isnt going to etc.

In colloUuial speec&, going to can be replace" !it& gonna3

I am going to buy a ne! umbrella. < I=m gonna buy a ne! umbrella.

(2. Dat - Ate - DatenTird ;or o" Irre0ular <erbs


The 9rd orm o verbs in ?n&lish

• &e Er" form of verbs in 1nglis& is also calle" t&e Past Parti(iple form.

• *e use t&e Er" verb form to buil" perfect tenses an" ot&er structures.

• &e Er" form of regular ver"s eUuals to t&eir ?n" form.

e.g.3 9to: !atc& - !atc&e" - !atc&e"

• &e Er" form of irregular ver"s can only be learnt by &eart or by practice.

&e table belo! contains t&e t&ree forms of t&e most freUuently use" LG irregular

verbs in 1nglis&.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/third-form-irregular-verbs/grammar.html#irregular-verbs-third-form


http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/third-form-irregular-verbs/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/third-form-irregular-verbs/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/third-form-irregular-verbs/vocabulary.html





The 9rd orm o irre&ular verbs

'irst 'ormPresent imple

'orm


&ir" 'ormPast Participle 'orm

ranslation

9to: be !as F !ere been 9a: fi

9to: become became become 9a: "eveni

9to: begin began begun 9a: începe

9to: bite bit bit F bitten 9a: mu caș

9to: breaC broCe broCen 9a: rupe

9to: bring broug&t broug&t 9a: a"uce

9to: buil" built built 9a: construi

9to: buy boug&t boug&t 9a: cumpăra

9to: c&oose c&ose c&osen 9a: alege

9to: come came come 9a: veni

9to: cost cost cost 9a: costa

9to: cut cut cut 9a: tăia

9to: "o "i" "one 9a: face

9to: "ra! "re! "ra!n 9a: "esena

9to: "ream "reame" F "reamt "reame" F "reamt 9a: visa

9to: "rinC "ranC "runC 9a: bea

9to: "rive "rove "riven 9a: con"uce 9ma ina:ș

9to: eat ate eaten 9a: m;nca

9to: fall fell fallen 9a: că"ea

9to: fee" fe" fe" 9a: &răni

9to: feel felt felt 9a: sim iț

9to: fig&t foug&t foug&t 9a: lupta

9to: fin" foun" foun" 9a: găsi

9to: fly fle! flo!n 9a: 5bura

9to: forget forgot forgotten 9a: uita9to: forgive forgave forgiven 9a: ierta

9to: free5e fro5e fro5en 9a: îng&e aț

9to: get got got F gotten 9a: ob ineț

9to: give gave given 9a: "a

9to: go !ent gone 9a: se "uce

9to: gro! gre! gro!n 9a: cre teș

9to: &ave &a" &a" 9a: avea



9to: &ear &ear" &ear" 9a: au5i

9to: &i"e &i" &i""en 9a: 9se: ascun"e

9to: &it &it &it 9a: lovi

9to: &ol" &el" &el" 9a: ine 9în bra e:ț ț

9to: &urt &urt &urt 9a: răni

9to: Ceep Cept Cept 9a: păstra

9to: Cno! Cne! Cno!n 9a: tiș

9to: lay lai" lai" 9a: pune, 9a: a terneș

9to: lea" le" le" 9a: con"uce 9pe cineva:

9to: learn learne" F learnt learne" F learnt 9a: învă aț

9to: leave left left 9a: pleca

9to: len" lent lent 9a: împrumuta 9cuiva:

9to: let let let 9a: lăsa

9to: lig&t lit lit 9a: aprin"e

9to: lose lost lost 9a: pier"e9to: maCe ma"e ma"e 9a: face

9to: mean meant meant 9a: însemna, 9a: vrea să 5ică

9to: meet met met 9a: 9se: înt;lni

9to: pay pai" pai" 9a: plăti

9to: put put put 9a: pune

9to: Uuit Uuit Uuit 9a: renun aț

9to: ri"e ro"e ri""en 9a: merge cu

9to: ring rang rung 9a: suna

9to: rise rose risen 9a: răsări, 9a: 9se: ri"ica

9to: rea" rea" rea" 9a: citi

9to: run ran run 9a: alerga

9to: say sai" sai" 9a: spune

9to: see sa! seen 9a: ve"ea

9to: sell sol" sol" 9a: vin"e

9to: set set set 9a: seta, 9a: aranja

9to: s&oot s&ot s&ot 9a: împu caș

9to: sing sang sung 9a: c;nta

9to: sit sat sat 9a: sta jos

9to: sleep slept slept 9a: "ormi

9to: speaC spoCe spoCen 9a: vorbi

9to: spen" spent spent 9a: c&eltui

9to: stan" stoo" stoo" 9a: sta în picioare

9to: steal stole stolen 9a: fura

9to: s!im s!am s!um 9a: înota



9to: taCe tooC taCen 9a: lua

9to: teac& taug&t taug&t 9a: pre"a

9to: tell tol" tol" 9a: spune

9to: t&inC t&oug&t t&oug&t 9a: 9se: g;n"i

9to: t&ro! t&re! t&ro!n 9a: arunca

9to: !aCe up !oCe up !oCen up 9a: 9se: tre5i

9to: !ear !ore !orn 9a: purta9to: !in !on !on 9a: c; tigaș

9to: !rite !rote !ritten 9a: scrie

(3. Te so as just started

Present Per"ect 9i1le


How do I orm Present Pere"t)

9to: &ave 6 t&e Er" form of t&e main verb

e.g.3 I have just eaten lunc&.

e.g.3 e has lived &ere for >G years.

Note3 *e nee" to use t&e correct conjugation of t&e au)iliary verb (to) ave3ave or as,

accor"ing to t&e personFnumber.

:hen do I use Present Pere"t)

*e use Present Perfect for3

• re(ent a(tions t&at &ave an impact on t&e present situation3

I have just eaten lunc&. 9o I am not &ungry.:

• un(ompleted a(tions t&at s&oul" be complete" soon3

9&e negative form is use" in t&is case.:

e has not finished &is &ome!orC yet.

• (hanges over time3

&e has (ut &er &air 9since t&e last time I sa! &er:.




http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-perfect/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-perfect/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/present-perfect/vocabulary.html




• a(tions/situations that started in the past and (ontinue in the present3

e has lived &ere for >G years. 9e still lives &ere.:

• life e'perien(e3

I have "een to Japan.

I have seen t&is movie t&ree times 9up to no! F so far:.

dverbs ( Preositions

/"verbs an" prepositions t&at are often use" !it& Present Perfect3

• *ust3 I have just eaten lunc&.

• already3 I have already eaten lunc&.

• yet3 I have not eaten lunc& yet .

• never F ever 3 I have never "een to #ana"a. F I have not ever "een to #ana"a.

• so far F up to no&3 I have "een to #ana"a t!o times so "ar F u1 to no .

• re(ently3 I have "een to #ana"a recently .

• for X sin(e3 &ese t!o prepositions are use" for actionsFsituations t&at starte" in t&e

past an" continue in t&e present.

;or in"icates t&e perio" bet!een t&e starting point an" t&e present3 e has

lived &ere "or >G years.

Sin(e in"icates t&e starting point3 e has lived &ere since ?GG?.



1st person

Singular I have eaten lunc&. Have I eaten lunc& I have not eaten lunc&.

2nd person

Singular

+ou have heard t&is

song before.

Have you heard t&is song

before

+ou have not

heard t&is song before.

3rd person

Singular

e has finished &is

&ome!orC.

&e has (ut &er &air.

&e concert has

started.

Has &e finished &is

&ome!orC

Has s&e (ut &er &air

Has t&e concert started

e has not finished &is

&ome!orC.

&e has not (ut &er

&air.

&e concert has not



started.

1st person

Plural

*e have lived &ere for

t!o years.

Have !e lived &ere for t!o

years

*e have not lived &ere

for t!o years.

2nd person

Plural

+ou have "een to Italy

t!o times.Have you "een to Italy

+ou have not "een to

Italy.

3rd person

Plural&ey have gro&n a lot. Have t&ey gro&n a lot

&ey have not gro&n a

lot.

4isten to t&e au"io tutorial in t&is lesson to fin" out &o! !e use contractions !it& t&e Present

Perfect tense.

(4. Ruby ad le"t en Brian arrived Past Per"ect 9i1le


How do I orm Past Pere"t)

&a" 6 t&e Er"

form of t&e main verbe.g.3 $uby had left !&en %rian arrive".

Note3 &e au)iliary verb ad never c&anges.

:hen do I use Past Pere"t)

*e use Past Perfect3

•

to refer to an a(tion that happened "efore another a(tion in the past3$uby had left !&en %rian arrive".

>. $uby &a" left 9before %rian arrive":.

?. %rian arrive" 9at a moment in t&e past, after $uby &a" left:.

• to form t&e &ir" #on"itional, !&ic& !e !ill learn at level /"vance".

%on$un"tions






http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/third-conditional/grammar.html



http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-perfect/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-perfect/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/intermediate/past-perfect/vocabulary.html



http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/third-conditional/grammar.html




&ere are t&ree conjunctions t&at often &elp us recogni5e Past

Perfect3 &hen,"efore an" after .

$uby had left en %rian arrive".

or

%rian arrive" en $uby had left.

$uby had left be"ore %rian arrive".%rian arrive" a"ter $uby had left.



1st person

Singular

I had studied 'renc&

before I move" to 'rance.

Had I studied 'renc& before I

move" to 'rance

I had not

studied 'renc& beforeI move" to 'rance.

2nd person

Singular

+ou had read t&at booC

before s&e gave it to you as

a present.

Had you read t&at booC before

s&e gave it to you as a present

+ou had not read t&at

booC before s&e gave it

to you as a present.

3rd person

Singular

(ary calle" t&e plumber

after 0eorge had fi'ed t&esinC.

Jeremy arrive" &ome after

#lara had finishedcooCing

"inner.

It had stopped raining

!&en !e left.

Had 0eorge fi'ed t&e sinCbefore (ary calle" t&e plumber

Had #lara finished cooCing

"inner before Jeremy arrive"

Had it stopped raining !&en !e

left

0eorge had not

fi'ed t&e sinC before

(ary calle" t&e

plumber.

#lara had not

finished cooCing

"inner !&en Jeremy

arrive".

It had not

stopped raining !&en

!e left.

1st person

Plural

*e had never "een to t&at

restaurant before last nig&t.

Had !e ever "een to t&at

restaurant before last nig&t

*e hadnot ever "een to t&at

restaurant before last

nig&t.

2nd person

Plural

+ou had had t&at 7 for

ten years before it broCe

"o!n.

Had you had t&at 7 for ten

years before it broCe "o!n

+ou had not had t&at

7 for ten years before

it broCe "o!n.



3rd person

Plural

&ey had found a "ifferent

&otel !&en t&e receptionist

finally calle" t&em.

Had t&ey found a "ifferent &otel

!&en t&e receptionist finally

calle" t&em

&ey had not found a

"ifferent &otel !&en t&e

receptionist finally

calle" t&em.

4isten to t&e au"io tutorial in t&is lesson to fin" out &o! !e use contractions !it& t&e Past

Perfect tense.

V In $omanian, Past Perfect is translate" using mai mult ca perfectul .

(. I" you recycle te Dart ill sile;irst %onditional


:hat does conditional mean)

#on"itionals are also Cno!n as If #lauses. #on"itional structures consist in t!o sentences3 acon"ition an" a result. &e con"ition is prece"e" by t&e conjunction if . #on"itionals are of

t&ree types. In t&is lesson, !e !ill "iscuss t&e 'irst #on"itional.

:hen do I use the 6irst %onditional)

&e 'irst #on"itional 9'irst If #lause: is use" to e)press possi"le future situations and

their (onseCuen(es.

How do I orm the 6irst %onditional)

If 6 con"ition 9Present imple:, result 9'uture imple:If you re(y(le, t&e 1art& &ill smile.

&e result can prece"e t&e con"ition, e.g.3 e "art ill smile if you recycle.


7erbs can be use" in t&e affirmative, interrogative or negative forms, in any combination.



http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/first-conditional/tutorial.html

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http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/first-conditional/vocabulary.html




) D ) If you recycle, t&e 1art& !ill smile.

) D E If you recycle, t&e 1art& !ill not fro!n.

) D $ If you recycle, !ill t&e 1art& smile

E D ) If you "o not recycle, t&e 1art& !ill fro!n.

E D E If you "o not recycle, t&e 1art& !ill not smile.

"o not Q "on=t3 If you dont recycle..

!ill not Q !on=t3 ..te "art ont smile.

?+amles

1st person

Singular

If I occasionally go to !orC by bus, I !ill pro"uce less carbon

mono)i"e.

2nd person

Singular If you protect t&e environment, you !ill live in a better place.

3rd person

Singular If &e starts collecting !aste selectively, &e !ill facilitate its recycling.

1st person

PluralIf !e insulate our &ouse, !e !ill save energy.

2nd person

PluralIf you try to taCe s&orter s&o!ers, you !ill save !ater.



3rd person

Plural

If t&ey !ant to use bio"egra"able materials, t&ey !ill asC for a paper

bag.

Surrise!

• &e ero #on"itional is use" for facts t&at are al!ays true 9usually, scientificfacts:. %ot& t&e con"ition an" t&e result are at Present imple.

e.g.3 If you eat ice# it melts.

• In ero #on"itionals 9an", also, in 'irst #on"itionals, but !it& a c&ange in meaning:,

!e can use en instea" of if .

e.g.3 >en you eat ice# it melts.

e.g.3 >en I ave a free day# I ill old a seminar on environmental protection.

• *e can also use ot&er mo"als in 'irst #on"itionals. &e meaning of t&e sentence

c&anges accor"ingly.

e.g.3 If you recycle more# you can elp te planet.

• #on"itionals can also be forme" !it& t&e conjunction unless instea" of if .nless is

t&e negation of if , i.e. if not .

e.g.3 nless tis species is protected# it ill become extinct.

2. I" I on E(.'''.''' I ould cry 9econd %onditional


:hen do I use the Se"ond %onditional)

&e econ" #on"itional 9econ" If #lause: is use" to e)press hypotheti(al situations.

How do I orm the Se"ond %onditional)

If 6 con"ition 9Past imple:, result 9!oul" 6 verb in t&e infinitive:If I &on t&e lottery, I &ould (ry.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/second-conditional/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/second-conditional/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/second-conditional/vocabulary.html



&e result can prece"e t&e con"ition, e.g.3 I ould cry if I on te lottery.



) D ) If I !on Y>.GGG.GGG, I !oul" cry !it& joy.

) D E If I !on Y>.GGG.GGG, I !oul" not be sa".

) D $ If you !on Y>.GGG.GGG, !oul" you cry !it& joy

E D ) If I "i" not !in Y>.GGG.GGG, I !oul" be sa".

E D E If I "i" not !in Y>.GGG.GGG, I !oul" not cry !it& joy.

"i" not Q "i"n=t3 If I didnt in @3....

!oul" not Q !oul"n=t3 ..I ouldnt cry it *oy.

?+amles

1st person

Singular If I &a" a space s&uttle, I !oul" travel to space.

2nd person

Singular

If you travelle" to anot&er planet, !&ere !oul" you travel

3rd person

Singular

If s&e receive" a telescope for &er birt&"ay, s&e !oul" observe t&e

(oon.



1st person

Plural

If !e met aliens, !e !oul" asC t&em to s&are t&eir Cno!le"ge !it&

us.

2nd person

PluralIf you !ere astronomers, you !oul" stu"y celestial bo"ies.

3rd person

PluralIf t&ey sa! an @'2, t&ey !oul" not be scare".

Surrise!

• &e econ" #on"itional is often use" for giving a"vice.

e.g.3 If I ere you# I ould.. (buy a tic8et for te lottery).

• *e can also use ot&er mo"als in econ" #on"itionals. &e meaning of t&e sentence

c&anges accor"ingly.

e.g.3 If I ad a space suttle# I could travel to space.

3. Air ba0s ere invented by M Passive <oice


:hat is Passive Voi"e)

In 9probably: all languages, t&ere is an /ctive 7oice an" a Passive 7oice.

&e A(tive =oi(e emp&asi5es t&e initiator of t&e action.

e.g.3 e autor rites boo8s.

t&e aut&or Q subject

!rites Q verb in t&e /ctive 7oice

booCs Q object

&e Passive =oi(e emp&asi5es t&e tar0et of t&e action.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/passive-voice/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/passive-voice/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/passive-voice/vocabulary.html



e.g.3 0oo8s are ritten by te autor.

booCs Q ne! subject

are !ritten Q verb in t&e Passive 7oice

t&e aut&or Q agent

&e preposition by intro"uces t&e agent, i.e. t&e initiator of t&e action.

ometimes, t&e agent is important.

e.g.3 e team is lead by ara.

2t&er times, t&e agent is unimportant or even unCno!n.

e.g.3 ,y bicycle as stolen.

How do I orm the Passive Voi"e)

to be 6 t&e Er" form of t&e verb 9participle:

&e Passive 7oice can be use" at all tenses. &e tense is reflecte" by t&e verbto be, !&ile

t&e participle al!ays stays t&e same.

&e table belo! e)emplifies t&e use of t&e Passive 7oice at t&e most important tenses.

Tense A(tive =oi(e Passive =oi(e

Present Simple &e aut&or rites booCs. %ooCs are ritten by t&e aut&or.

Past Simple0eneral (otors invented air

bags.

/ir bags ere invented by

0eneral (otors.

Present #ontinuous Jeremy is readin0 an email. /n email is bein0 read byJeremy.

Past #ontinuous #lara as atcin0 a movie. / movie as bein0 atced by

#lara.



;uture Simple omebo"y ill steal your bicycle.+our bicycle ill be stolen by

somebo"y.

@e oing To ;uture&e tourists are 0oin0 to visit t&e

city.

&e city is 0oin0 to be visited by

t&e tourists.

Present Perfe(t *e ave "inised t&e project.&e project as been "inised by

us.

Past Perfe(t &ey ad rebuilt t&e museum.&e museum ad been rebuilt by

t&em.

Present Perfe(t

#ontinuous

+ou ave been doin0 e)ercises all

"ay.

1)ercises ave been bein0

done by you all "ay.

Past Perfe(t

#ontinuous

*e ad been discussin0 t&e issue

for "ays.

&e issue ad been bein0

discussed by us for "ays.

?odals -e5g5 can. %rian can drive t&is car. &is car can be driven by %rian.



?odals -e5g5 i0t . $uby i0t clean t&e &ouse.&e &ouse i0t be cleaned by

$uby.

Perfe(t ?odals

-e5g5 could ave.&ey could ave robbed t&e banC.

&e banC could ave been

robbed by t&em.

Perfe(t ?odals

-e5g5 i0t ave.&ey i0t ave closed t&e store.

&e store i0t ave been

closed by t&em.

In t&e section 1)ercises, !e !ill focus on t&e use of Passive 7oice at Present imple, Past

imple an" 'uture imple.

Surrise!

• &e Passive 7oice is often use" to say !&at an object is made from/of an" !&at it

is used for/to.

e.g.3 A noteboo8 is made from paper. A noteboo8 is used for ritin$.

e.g.3 is statue is made of ood. It is used to decorate te s9uare.

94isten to t&e au"io tutorial for furt&er clarification.:

@e said tere ad been a old-u1Re1orted 91eec


#ire"t See"h vs. <eorted See"h

Airect peec& an" $eporte" peec& 9In"irect peec&: are use" as follo!s3

• *it& +ire(t Spee(h, t&e statement F Uuestion F reUuest is ma"e "irectly.

e.g.3 Bere as been a old-up at te 1entral 0an8B# e said.










http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/reported-speech/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/reported-speech/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/reported-speech/vocabulary.html









• *it& <eported Spee(h, sombeo"y reports t&e statement F Uuestion F reUuest.

e.g.3 e said tat tere ad been a old-up at te 1entral 0an8.

How do I orm the <eorted See"h)

$eporte" peec& implies a bacCs&ift in time. &is bacCs&ift is reflecte" in t&e verb tense, but

also in ot&er elements of t&e sentence 9"emonstratives, a"verbs:.

@a(0shift of ver" tenses

@a(0shift of tenses +ire(t Spee(h <eported Spee(h

Present Simple 8 Past Simple

WJo&n is t&e reporterW, &e

sai".

e sai" t&at Jo&n &as t&e

reporter.

Present #ontinuous 8 Past

#ontinuous

WI am &riting t&e

ne!sletterW, s&e sai".

&e sai" t&at s&e &as

&riting t&e ne!sletter.

Past Simple 8 Past Perfe(t

W&e ra"io

station (losed in JuneW,

(arC tol" me.

(arC tol" me t&at t&e

ra"io station had

(losed in June.

Present Perfe(t 8 Past Perfe(t

W&e co-anc&or has

arrivedW, Jeremy

announce".

Jeremy announce" t&at

t&e co-anc&or had

arrived.

Past Perfe(t E no (hange W&e ne!s had

started before "inner

&ey informe" me t&at t&e

ne!s had started before





?odal %an 8 ?odal %ould WI (an give you a

broc&ureW, t&e agent sai".

&e agent sai" t&at

&e (ould give me a

broc&ure.

?odal May 8 ?odal Mi0t

&e e"itor !arne"3 W&e

publis&ing company may

re*e(t it.W

&e e"itor !arne" us t&at

t&e publis&ing

companymight re*e(t it.

?odal Must 8 @ad toW*e must (onta(t t&e

typograp&yW, &e sai".

e sai" t&at !e had to

(onta(t t&e typograp&y.

?odals 8ould 7 %ould 7 9ould E no

(hange

W*e should (hoose a

"ifferent &ea"lineW, sai"

%eatrice.

%eatrice sai" t&at

!e should (hoose a

"ifferent &ea"line.

$ember t&at3

• 'or facts t&at are al!ays true, !e "on=t &ave to s&ift bacC in time.

Airect peec&3BI lie te 0ritis ; cannelsB# se said.

$eporte" peec&3

e said tat se lied 0ritis ; cannels. or

e said tat se lies 0ritis ; cannels.

• &e !or" tat can al!ays be omitte".

e said tat Jon as te reporter. Q e said Jon as te reporter.



@a(0shift of other stru(tures

8ote t&at, in t&e table belo!, !e !ill omit t&e !or" tat in all t&e e)amples.

+ire(t Spee(h <eported Spee(h F'ample

t&is t&atWThis article is captivatingW, s&e sai".

&e sai" that article !as captivating.

t&ese t&oseJenny3 WThese are our broc&ures.W

Jenny sai" those !ere our broc&ures.

&ere t&ere

W&e press conference !ill taCe place hereW, &e

informe" us.

e informe" us t&e press conference !oul" taCe

place there.

no! t&enWI can=t talC no&W, %ob tol" me.

%ob tol" me &e coul"n=t talC then.

to"ay t&at "ayommy3 WToday is a big "ay.W

ommy sai" that day !as a big "ay.

tomorro! t&e follo!ing "ay

W&e s&o! starts tomorro&W, announce" anna.

anna announce" t&e s&o! starte" the follo&ing

day.

yester"ay t&e previous "ay

W&e arme" robbery tooC place yesterday,W &e

sai".

e sai" t&e arme" robbery &a" taCen place the

previous day.



t&e "ay after

tomorro!in t!o "ays= time

W&e suspect !ill be interrogate" the day after

tomorro&,W &e sai".

e sai" t&e suspect !oul" be interrogate" in t&o

days time.

t&e "ay before

yester"ayt!o "ays before

W*e talCe" the day "efore yesterdayW, s&e sai".

&e sai" !e &a" talCe" t&o days "efore.

last 9!eeC: t&e previous 9!eeC:

#arrie3 W/ terrifying event &appene" last &ee0.W

#arrie sai" a terrifying event &a" &appene" the

previous &ee0.

ne)t 9mont&:t&e follo!ing

9mont&:

(r. $ot&3 W*e !ill maCe a public

announncement ne't month.W

(r. $ot& sai" t&ey !oul" maCe a public

announcement the follo&ing month.

9t!o years: ago 9t!o years: before

W&e series starte" t&o years agoW, $yan sai".

$yan sai" t&e series &a" starte" t&o years

"efore.

<eortin& verbs

#ommon reporting verbs are3 to say, to tell, to report, to asC, to announce, to inform, to

suggest, to mention, to a"vise, to or"er, to a"mit, to "eny, to claim, to recall, to !arn, to

promise, to reply, to invite, to complain, to imply etc.

e.g.3 e 1roised se ould call us.e.g.3 ,ary re1lied tat se ad never been tere before.

e.g.3 e mits i1lied tat e ad stolen teir 1ristmas decorations.

Statements / uestions / <e@uests

$eporte" peec& can be use" for maCing statements, for asCing Uuestions or for maCing

reUuests.

Statements



• /ffirmative3

W&e commercial breaC &as alrea"y starte"W, complaine" $ic&ar".

$ic&ar" complaine" t&at t&e commercial breaC &a" alrea"y starte".

• 8egative3

WI "on=t Cno! !&at &appene"W, sai" /pril.

/pril sai" t&at s&e "i"n=t Cno! !&at &a" &appene". F /pril "enie" t&at s&e Cne! !&at

&a" &appene".

Questions

• *it& reporte" Uuestions, !e can use t&e !or"s if or eter 3

W&oul" I re!rite t&e articleW asCe" am.

am asCe" if 9or eter : &e s&oul" re!rite t&e article.

<eCuests

• *it& reporte" reUuests, !e use t&e verb in t&e infinitive form3

WPlease tell me !&at t&e time isW, s&e asCe" me.

&e asCe" me to tell &er !&at t&e time !as.

W0ive me t&at ne!spaperOW &e or"ere" me.

e or"ere" me to $ive &im t&at ne!spaper.

:hat else should I ,now)

• $eporte" peec& can be use" for t&e Passive 7oice.

W&e cover story ill be ritten by 4isaW, t&e e"itor-in-c&ief sai".

&e e"itor-in-c&ief sai" t&at t&e cover story ould be ritten by 4isa.

@a(0shift of ver" tenses

@a(0shift of tenses +ire(t Spee(h <eported Spee(h

Present Simple 8 Past SimpleWJo&n is t&e reporterW, &e

sai".

e sai" t&at Jo&n &as t&e

reporter.



Present #ontinuous 8 Past

#ontinuous

WI am &riting t&e

ne!sletterW, s&e sai".

&e sai" t&at s&e &as

&riting t&e ne!sletter.

Past Simple 8 Past Perfe(t

W&e ra"io

station (losed in JuneW,

(arC tol" me.

(arC tol" me t&at t&e

ra"io station had

(losed in June.

Present Perfe(t 8 Past Perfe(t

W&e co-anc&or has

arrivedW, Jeremy

announce".

Jeremy announce" t&att&e co-anc&or had

arrived.

Past Perfe(t E no (hange

W&e ne!s had

started before "inner

timeW, t&ey informe" me.

&ey informe" me t&at t&e

ne!s had started before

"inner time.

Past #ontinuous 8

no (hange / Past Perfe(t

#ontinuous

Jane3 WI &as reading t&e

ne!spaper at o=clocC.W

Jane claime" t&at

s&e &as reading F had

"een reading at

o=clocC.

Present Perfe(t #ontinuous 8

Past Perfe(t #ontinuous

ally3 W&e victim has

"een sha0ing for t!o

&ours.W

ally reporte" t&at t&e

victim had "een

sha0ing for t!o &ours.



Past Perfe(t #ontinuous E no

(hange

&e reporter3 W&ey had

"een loo0ing for clues all

evening.W

&e reporter sai" t&at

t&ey had "een

loo0ing for clues all

evening.

;uture Simple &ith 8ill 8 8ould WI &ill (over t&at storyW,

(iCe suggeste".

(iCe suggeste" t&at

&e &ould (over t&at

story.

Be 0oin0 to ;uture 8 8as 0oin0

to

W&ey are going to

arrive at t&e crime

sceneW, sai" *an"a.

*an"a sai" t&at

t&ey &ere going to

arrive at t&e crime scene.

?odal %an 8 ?odal %ould WI (an give you a

broc&ureW, t&e agent sai".

&e agent sai" t&at

&e (ould give me a

broc&ure.

?odal May 8 ?odal Mi0t

&e e"itor !arne"3 W&e

publis&ing company may

re*e(t it.W

&e e"itor !arne" us t&at

t&e publis&ing

companymight re*e(t it.

?odal Must 8 @ad toW*e must (onta(t t&e

typograp&yW, &e sai".

e sai" t&at !e had to

(onta(t t&e typograp&y.



?odals 8ould 7 %ould 7 9ould E no

(hange

W*e should (hoose a

"ifferent &ea"lineW, sai"

%eatrice.

%eatrice sai" t&at

!e should (hoose a

"ifferent &ea"line.

$ember t&at3

• 'or facts t&at are al!ays true, !e "on=t &ave to s&ift bacC in time.

Airect peec&3BI lie te 0ritis ; cannelsB# se said.

$eporte" peec&3

e said tat se lied 0ritis ; cannels. or e said tat se lies 0ritis ; cannels.

• &e !or" tat can al!ays be omitte".

e said tat Jon as te reporter. Q e said Jon as te reporter.

@a(0shift of other stru(tures

8ote t&at, in t&e table belo!, !e !ill omit t&e !or" tat in all t&e e)amples.

+ire(t Spee(h <eported Spee(h F'ample

t&is t&atWThis article is captivatingW, s&e sai".

&e sai" that article !as captivating.

t&ese t&oseJenny3 WThese are our broc&ures.W

Jenny sai" those !ere our broc&ures.

&ere t&ere W&e press conference !ill taCe place hereW, &e

informe" us.

e informe" us t&e press conference !oul" taCe



place there.

no! t&enWI can=t talC no&W, %ob tol" me.

%ob tol" me &e coul"n=t talC then.

to"ay t&at "ayommy3 WToday is a big "ay.W

ommy sai" that day !as a big "ay.

tomorro! t&e follo!ing "ay

W&e s&o! starts tomorro&W, announce" anna.

anna announce" t&e s&o! starte" the follo&ing

day.

yester"ay t&e previous "ay

W&e arme" robbery tooC place yesterday,W &e

sai".

e sai" t&e arme" robbery &a" taCen place the

previous day.

t&e "ay after

tomorro!in t!o "ays= time

W&e suspect !ill be interrogate" the day after tomorro&,W &e sai".

e sai" t&e suspect !oul" be interrogate" in t&o

days time.

t&e "ay before

yester"ayt!o "ays before

W*e talCe" the day "efore yesterdayW, s&e sai".

&e sai" !e &a" talCe" t&o days "efore.

last 9!eeC: t&e previous 9!eeC:

#arrie3 W/ terrifying event &appene" last &ee0.W

#arrie sai" a terrifying event &a" &appene" the

previous &ee0.

ne)t 9mont&: t&e follo!ing

9mont&:

(r. $ot&3 W*e !ill maCe a public

announncement ne't month.W

(r. $ot& sai" t&ey !oul" maCe a public



announcement the follo&ing month.

9t!o years: ago 9t!o years: before

W&e series starte" t&o years agoW, $yan sai".

$yan sai" t&e series &a" starte" t&o years

"efore.

<eortin& verbs

#ommon reporting verbs are3 to say, to tell, to report, to asC, to announce, to inform, to

suggest, to mention, to a"vise, to or"er, to a"mit, to "eny, to claim, to recall, to !arn, to

promise, to reply, to invite, to complain, to imply etc.

e.g.3 e 1roised se ould call us.

e.g.3 ,ary re1lied tat se ad never been tere before.

e.g.3 e mits i1lied tat e ad stolen teir 1ristmas decorations.

Statements / uestions / <e@uests

$eporte" peec& can be use" for maCing statements, for asCing Uuestions or for maCing

reUuests.

Statements

• /ffirmative3

W&e commercial breaC &as alrea"y starte"W, complaine" $ic&ar".

$ic&ar" complaine" t&at t&e commercial breaC &a" alrea"y starte".

• 8egative3

WI "on=t Cno! !&at &appene"W, sai" /pril.

/pril sai" t&at s&e "i"n=t Cno! !&at &a" &appene". F /pril "enie" t&at s&e Cne! !&at

&a" &appene".

Questions

• *it& reporte" Uuestions, !e can use t&e !or"s if or eter 3

W&oul" I re!rite t&e articleW asCe" am.

am asCe" if 9or eter : &e s&oul" re!rite t&e article.

<eCuests



• *it& reporte" reUuests, !e use t&e verb in t&e infinitive form3

WPlease tell me !&at t&e time isW, s&e asCe" me.

&e asCe" me to tell &er !&at t&e time !as.

W0ive me t&at ne!spaperOW &e or"ere" me.

e or"ere" me to $ive &im t&at ne!spaper.

:hat else should I ,now)

• $eporte" peec& can be use" for t&e Passive 7oice.

W&e cover story ill be ritten by 4isaW, t&e e"itor-in-c&ief sai".

&e e"itor-in-c&ief sai" t&at t&e cover story ould be ritten by 4isa.

I" se ad drun te 1otionse ould ave died Tird %onditional


:hen do I use the Third %onditional)

&e &ir" #on"itional 9&ir" If #lause: is use" to e)press a different result in the past.

How do I orm the Third %onditional)

If 6 con"ition 9Past Perfect:, result 9!oul" &ave 6 verb at participle:If s&e had drun0 t&e potion, s&e &ould have died.

&e result can prece"e t&e con"ition, e.g.3 e ould ave died if se ad drun8 te potion.



) D ) If s&e &a" "runC t&e potion, s&e !oul" &ave "ie".

) D E If s&e &a" "runC t&e potion, s&e !oul" not &ave live".

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/third-conditional/tutorial.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/third-conditional/exercise-1.html

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/advanced/third-conditional/vocabulary.html



) D $ If s&e &a" "runC t&e potion, !oul" s&e &ave "ie"

E D ) If s&e &a" not "runC t&e potion, s&e !oul" &ave live".

E D E If s&e &a" not "runC t&e potion, s&e !oul" not &ave "ie".

&a" not Q &a"n=t3 If se adnt drun8 te potion..

!oul" not Q !oul"n=t3 ..se ouldnt ave died.

?+amles

1st person

Singular If I &a" stu"ie" arc&itecture, I !oul" &ave focuse" on urban "esign.

2nd person

Singular If you &a" been in my position, !&at te)ture !oul" you &ave c&osen

3rd person

Singular If t&e princess &a" listene" to t&e fairy, s&e !oul" &ave arrive" at t&ecastle.

1st person

PluralIf !e &a" follo!e" t&e gui"elines, t&e s&o! !oul" &ave been better.

2nd person

Plural If you &a" playe" t&e "rums, you !oul" &ave been in a ban".

3rd person

Plural

If t&ey &a" use" marble, t&e monument !oul" &ave been a

masterpiece.

Surrise!



• *e can also use ot&er perfect mo"als in &ir" #on"itionals. &e meaning of t&e

sentence c&anges accor"ingly.

e.g.3 If se ad drun8 te potion# se could ave died.

Documents

First List of Irregular Verbs