First Lecture Material of the Sociology

BBA III Semester

2014

Basu Prasad Subedi

Nobel College

3/1/2014

Lecture I: Introduction to

Sociology

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Table of Content

Major Activities (Time 2 hours 30 minutes)................................................................................... 2

Specific Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 2

Meaning of Sociology ..................................................................................................................... 3

Famous Sociologist and their Contribution .................................................................................... 5

Definition of Sociology................................................................................................................... 7

Nature of Sociology ........................................................................................................................ 9

Methods of Sociology ................................................................................................................... 13

Limitations of Scientific Method .................................................................................................. 16

Subject Matter of Sociology ......................................................................................................... 17

Sociology in Business Management ............................................................................................. 19

Some Model Questions for Assignment ....................................................................................... 20

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 21

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Major Activities (Time 2 hours 30 minutes) • Power point presentation by the student in assigned content

• Discussion on presentation of the students

• Supplementary power point presentation by the instructor in the

same content

• Open discussion in the class

• APPLE technique for questioning in the class

A= Ask question in group

P = Pause for a while

P= Pick on for the answer

L = listen to him/ her

E= Evaluate him/her

• Content discussion linking with business management

• Constructive assignment

(More priority will be given to the student to express their views

and context based example)

Specific Objectives After the completion of this lecture student will be able to

• Share the meaning of sociology

• Identify different sociologist with their contribution

• Define sociology

• Explain the nature of sociology

• Describe the methods of studying sociology

• List down the common subjective of sociology

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Meaning of Sociology

The word sociology was first devised by the French author Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes

(1748 -1836) in an unpublished manuscript. The term was reinvented by August Comte (1798 -

1857), a Frenchman. He is considered to be the father of sociology. Sociology emerged as an

independent social science in the 19th century. At the beginning Comte used the term social

physics for this discipline. The word sociology is derived from both Latin and Greek origins. The

Latin word Socius, means “Companion” or “Associate” and Greak word Logos meaning

“science” or “study”. So, the etymological meaning of sociology is thus the science of

society.Comte first used the term sociology in print in 1839. John Stuart Mill (Social thinker and

philosopher) proposed the word Ethology for this new science.Hebert Spencer developed his

systematic study of society and adopted the word Sociology. With the contribution of Spencer

and others sociology became the permanent name of the new science. A dictionary defines

sociologyas the systematic study of society and social interaction. Sociology is actually much

more complex. It uses many different methods to study a wide range of subject matter and to

apply these studies to the real world.

Sociology is the youngest member of the social science. Its major concern is the society.

So it is popularly known as the science of the society. Before going to deep about sociology we

should know the meaning and types of science. Science is concerned with knowledge which is

systematically arranged. There are two sorts of science: Physical science and social science.

Physical science deals mostly with the natural phenomena which are regarded as more precise,

exact and less uncertain. Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, Astronomy etc.

are the examples of physical science. Physical scientists create or acquire knowledge using

scientific method. In physical science experiments are conducted to verify the facts. Theories and

laws of universal validity are established more easily and accurately in physical science. The

relationship between cause and effect is relatively clearer in physical science.

In the other side of the coin social science is often loosely applied to any kind of study

which is concerned with human and entire his/her society. It refers to the “application of the

scientific methods of the study of complex network of human relationships and the forms of

organization desired to enable people to live together in societies”. Social science is that bodies

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of knowledge complied through use of scientific method which deal with the forms and content

of the human’s interaction (Yong and Mack). There are so many kinds of social science. History,

Political Science, Economics Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology etc. are the key examples of

sociology. Social scientist studies environment in

which we live in and attempts to understand how

people interact in given set of circumstances. It is

the family member of social science. Like other

social science sociology is also concerned with the

life and activities of the human. It studies the

nature and character of human society with its

origin and development as well as structure and

function. It tries to determine the relationship and

inter dependence between different elements of

social life like moral and religious, the economic and political, the intellectual and philosophical,

and the artisticand aesthetic and technological and non-material. In fact, human is born as a

biological individual who acquires social nature and becomes a person. Without social

understanding, a person cannot be a social and it is Sociology that studies human social nature.

Human beings have many-sided relationships with their fellow humans. Economical,

religious, reproductive etc. aspects of relationship mostly exist among them. These all

relationships are blended together into one whole, which constitutes the social life of a human

being. The pattern of the social life is not static. It

is an ever-changing phenomenon. The study of the

patterns of change can be termed as the sociology.

On the other hand, sociology studies those

elements of human society, which are static in

nature. Thus sociology takes into account in

clanging mode of society and its inherent stability.

This makes sociology different from any branch of

social sciences. The different social sciences take

up different aspects of the life of human but it is only the sociology, which studies human's life

as a whole.

Figure 2: Nepalese people with their cultural dresses

Figure 1: People of pre-industrial society

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Famous Sociologist and their Contribution

AugusteCompte (1798 -1857) was the citizen of Paris, France.

He is popularly known as the father of Sociology. His school of

thought was “positivism”. He coined the term “Sociology”. He

developed the law of three stages.

Herbert Spencer (1820 -1903) was bornin England. His school of

thought was “Social Darwinism”. He created a lengthy volume

on sociology; applied Darwinian evolution to social life; and he

coined the phrase "survival of the fittest".

George Herbert Mead (1863 – 1931) was born in Chicago,

Illinois. His School of thought was symbolic interactionism. He

advocated pragmatism.

New Jersey Newark (1917- 2011) was born in Los Angeles,

California. His major field was sociological and social theory.

He was famous for ethno - methodological indifference,

member methods, unique adequacy requirement, and shop floor

problem.

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Karl Marx (1818 -1883) was born in Germany. His school

of though was socialism; conflict theory. He explained the

origins and functioning of Capitalism. He also

advocated socialism; argued that the history of all societies

is rooted in class conflict.

Max Weber (1864 -1920) was born in Germany. He is well

known for several books, including The Protestant Ethic and

the Spirit of Capitalism. He is famous for Weberian

bureaucracy.

David Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) was

French sociologist. His school of thought was

functionalism; solidarism. He is famous for several books,

including: Suicide, The Elementary Forms of Religious

Life; The Division of Labor in Society. He started the first

journal of sociology.

Bourdieu, Pierre (1930-2002) was most well-known for

his cultural capital and habitus. He has contributed in

different field such as aesthetic, artistic, cultural, scientific,

social, philosophical and political.

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Definition of Sociology

There is no single definition of sociology has been accepted as completely satisfactory.

Some key definitions of sociology are presented below:

Sociology is the science of social phenomenon subject to natural and invariable (constant) laws,

the discovery of which is the object of investigation.

-Herbert Spencer

Sociology is the general science of society.

-Kingsley Davis

Sociology is the science that deals with social groups.

- Harry M. Johnson

Sociology is the science of social institutions.

- Emile Durkheim

Sociology is the science of collective behavior.

- Park

Sociology is the science of social relations.

- Small

Sociology is the study of man- in relationship to man.

-MarchalJohens

Sociology is the scientific study of social life.

-OgburnNimkoff

Sociology is the science of social phenomenon.

-Franklin Henary Giddings

Sociology is the study of man and his human environment in their relation to each other.

-Henry Fairchild

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Sociology is the science which attempts the interpretative understanding of social action in order

thereby to arrive at a causal explanation of its course and effects.

-Max Weber

Sociology is the scientific study of the social aspects of human life.

-Kimble Young and Raymond W. Mack

In the broadest sense sociology is the study of human interactions and inters relations, their

conditions and consequences.

-Morris Ginsberg

Sociology is a science of society.

L.F. Ward

Sociology is the study of basic structure of society and the factors that play a part in weakening

or strengthening that structure.

M. Weinberg and Oscar

Sociology is about social relationship, the network of relationship we call society.

MacIver and Page

Sociology is the study of relationship between human beings and their human environment.

Fair Child

By all the definitions above, it can be understood that sociology is the systematic

description and explanation of society viewed as a whole. Sociology tries to get the picture of

total life of individuals in relation to his fellow individual in the human society. It observes the

social happenings, as every other social science does. But sociology does so with the help of

research techniques and tries to seek the information from various sources. Then it relates the

social facts with other social facts to obtain cause and effectrelationship. So, Sociology is

concerned with, human his/her social relations and his/her society.

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Characteristics

� Sociology is a science of society.

� Sociology is a science of social institutions.

� Sociology is a science of collective behavior.

� Sociology is a science of social relations.

� Sociology is the study of human being in relation to other human beings.

� Sociology is the scientific study of social life.

� Sociology is the science of social phenomena.

� Sociology is the study of relationship between human beings and their human environment.

� Sociology is the study of basic structure of the society.

� Sociology is the scientific study of social aspects of human life.

Nature of Sociology

Some of the social scientists and social thinkers do not acknowledge sociology to be a

science because they believe that sociology does not utilize scientific methodologies. Despite

this difference of opinion, some have a vision that sociology is a science.

Sociology, a separate discipline of social sciences, is not free from controversies. As it is

described above, one group emphasizes that the nature of sociology is scientific whilst the other

group holds the opinion that sociology is not a science. In fact, 'Science' refers to an approach,

which helps us in the understanding of anything, objectivity in a precise manner or a systematic

way. Those who claim that sociology is a science argue that sociology tries to obtain precise and

systematic knowledge about social reality. They often state the following reasons to explain the

scientific nature of sociology.

Those who believe sociology can't be regarded as science state the following reasons

• Problem of Experimentation: The term 'science' is often used for physical science.

When we consider the physical science, it is related to two processes: experiment and

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prediction. The subject matter of sociology involves human relationship that cannot be

analyzed in laboratory. In other words, society is so complex that it is very difficult or

impossible to separate and analyze the complex components of society as can be done in

physical science. Sprott observed that if you cannot conduct an experiment, if you cannot

measure, if you cannot establish a broad unifying hypothesis and if you cannot be

confident in your social engineering, you cannot be said to be engaged in scientific study

at all.

• Problem of Objectivity: Social relationships are complex phenomena. They are

changeable in nature. Each man shows prejudice and bias behavior. Considering these

natures of an individual, one cannot maintain complete objectivity with the objects of its

experiment, as does a physical scientist.

• Problem of Exactivity: In physical science, observation and hypothesis are used to

under-pin certain laws. These laws are used to accurately predict results which are mostly

accurate and precise. On the other hand, the results obtained from the study of sociology

cannot be expressed in precise terms and its prediction might not be accurate. In addition

to this, the findings from sociology are limited from time to time and society to society.

• Insufficient Terminology: Some argue that sociology does not have clear, concise and

exact terminology. In fact, sociology has not yet developed a set of scientific words. Most

of the terms are confusing and ambiguous. Words such as caste, class, religion, customs

etc are used in vague sense. Words 'class' is sometimes replaced with the word 'caste'.

Therefore, there is no consensus among sociologists on the definition of such terms.

Those who believe sociology can be regarded as science state the following reasons.

• Use of Scientific Method: It is true that sociology does not have the laboratory, as does

physical science. However, sociology employs scientific methods for research for the

study of social animals. Questionnaires, interviews, case studies etc. are employed for the

quantitative measurements to social phenomena. For sociology, the society is the social

laboratory.

• Concept of Lab: The arrangements for the laboratory are sometimes not applied in the

case of physical science. The heavenly bodies cannot be put in the laboratory but

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everybody believes that astronomy is in the subject area of science. This argument leads

some social scientists to believe sociology as a science.

• Use of Observation Technique: Observation is the scientific method to study natural

phenomena at the time it occurs. It uses eyes rather than ears. Sociologists also use

observation to find cause and effect relationships between social phenomena.

• Cause and Effect Relationship: Sociology traces cause and effect relationship for

different social events as does physical science. Sociology attempts to find out the answer

to how and why questions of different social events. For example, it tries to trace the

relationship between family disorganization, divorce and westernization etc.

• Scientific Study: Sociology studies its subject matter scientifically. It tries to classify

social relationships and tries to determine the relationship between different facts of

social life.

Robert Bierstedt, in his book The Social Order, has mentioned the following features of the

nature of sociology.

Sociology is independent science.

Sociology is not treated as a branch of science or philosophy. It has its own study area

and methods of study and thus it is regarded as the independent science.

Sociology is a social science not a natural science:

Natural science studies the natural phenomena whereas sociology as one of the branches

of social science studies man as a member of the society.It is the family member of social

science. As a social science it concentrates on human, his/her social behavior, social activities

and social life.Sociology deals with the Social Universe distinguish it from physics, chemistry

mathematics, and other physical science.

Sociology is a categorical science not a normative one

Sociology does not suggest normative forms i.e. what behavior is right and what is

wrong. Sociology always adopts the realistic approach towards the study of society.It does not

make any kind of value- judgment. It is ethically neutral. It makes no recommendations on

matters of social policy or legislation or program

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Sociology is a pure science and not an applied Science

Pure science is theoretical and studies the old principles. The main aim of pure science is

the acquisition of knowledge. It does not worry about the use of knowledge.The main aim of

applied science is to apply the acquired knowledge intolife. Each pure science may have its own

applied field. For instance physics is the pure science and engineering is its applied field.

Sociology as a pure science has its applied field such as administration, diplomacy (international

relations) social work etc. Sociology, the youngest brother of social sciences, concerns with

theoretical aspects of the society. However, some scholars believe that Sociology has both

theoretical and practical aspects.

Sociology is an abstract science not a concrete one:

Sociology observes all social phenomena by the general point of view. The concept of

society is an abstract, and sociology studies society, sociology analyzes the abstract concept.

Sociology is not interested in concrete manifestation (demonstration) of human events. It is more

concerned with the form of human events and their patterns. For example, sociology is not

concerned with particular wars and revolutions but with war and revolution in general, as social

phenomenon, as types of social conflict. This proves that society is an abstract science not a

concrete one.

Sociology is a Science of generalization and not an individual science

Economics studies the social phenomena from economic point of view; political science

studies the society from the political point of view and there is the sociology, a different form of

social sciences that studies a society from a general point of view. It tries find out the general

laws or principles about human interaction and association, about the nature, form, content and

structure of human groups and societies.It does not study each and every event that take place in

the society,e.g. marriage or religion or group etc.

Sociology is both a rational and an empirical science

The word empirical is related to the approach that emphasizes experience and the facts

that result from observation and experimentation whereas rationalism focuses to the reason and

theories that result from logical interference. As theories without facts are empty and facts

without theories are blind, Sociology is regarded as both a rational and an empirical science. The

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Empiricist collects facts; the rationalist co-ordinate and arrange them.Theories and facts are

required in the construction of knowledge. So, in sociological inquiry both are significant

Conclusion:

In a nutshell, we find two groups holding opposite views on the controversy that weather

the nature of sociology is scientific or not. Science is a way of looking at reality in a systematic

manner. Physicist obtains knowledge about physical reality and sociologists obtain a systematic

knowledge about social reality. Science always emphasizes the method and can never give an

importance on subject matter. Any subject matter can be called science if one adopts a scientific

way of looking at reality. Thus, sociology should not lose its claim to be a science since it has

scientific methodology to explain social reality.

Methods of Sociology

Sociological study in its modern form centers on society and the society of man poses

certain questions, puts up certain problems for solution and produces facts that are far away from

being well defined. On the other hand, facts are well defined and presented in clear-cut form in

natural sciences. Complicated relationship amongst various aspects of life and individuals and

those existing in the nature itself makes sociological studies different from other sciences in

many respects. However, it is wrong to assume that the methods used in Sociology are wholly

different from those used in other form of scientific studies. Sociology uses these methods and

techniques in its study in order to analyze social phenomena in a systematic way. The major

methods used by sociologists are as follows.

Comparative Method

In this method, different institutions are studied in various societies in the various points

of time. After the study, analysis and comparison is drawn to discover new facts or relations.

Thus it is a method of comparing various societies or groups within the same society to show

why they are similar or different in certain respects.

Historical Method

Historical method is that approach of study that draws our attention towards details of the

past. The classical sociologists did not have modern transport and communication system to

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visit various places and naturally they had to rely more on written records than our actual

observation of the social phenomena. Darwin’s theory of evolution and Karl Marx’s law of

economic determinism are examples of this method.

Statistical Method

Statistical method refers to the method that is used to measure social phenomena

mathematically. Statistics include collection of numerical facts relating to any field of inquiry in

a systematic matter and their analysis and interpretation.

Case Study Method

The case study is a form of qualitative analysis. It involves very careful and complete

observation of a person, situation or institution. The idea behind this method is that any case

being studied is representative of many similar cases and thus it makes generalization possible.

Functional Method

Functional method is based on an assumption that the total social system of the society is

made up of parts, which are interrelated and interdependent. It is believed that each part has the

specialized function and any one part of the social system can be understood only in its

relationships with other parts as well as with the whole system.

Scientific Method

Scientific method is the way of investigation by which scientific or other systematic

knowledge is acquired. It yields conclusions, which have far greater reliability than the counsels

of common sense do. The primary task of scientific method is to discover of causal relations in

the diverse facts under it and to predict about future with the help of the causal relations.

Natural science follows the scientific method. In order to achieve accuracy and

precision, scientists have developed a common technical way that enables others in the same

field to understand what the researchers has measured, and makes it possible for others to check

the findings of the first by measuring the same concepts in the same way. In sociology, we

follow the scientific stages from conceptualization of the problem to the presentation of the facts

and finally to presentation of findings. The followings are the stages of scientific inquiry in

sociological researches.

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I) Selection/ formulation of the problems

It refers to the selection and pin-pointing of the problem (a gap in knowledge i.e. hard to

understand) to be investigated. Selection of the problem may depend on availability of relevant

tools and techniques, an individual interest of researcher, practical utility of topic and so on.

II) Formulation of hypothesis

In our day to day life, we often come across many incidents, which occur simultaneously.

While observing such incidents, we draw some inferences that one social happening leads to the

other. In short, we try to find the causal relationships between some propositions. Hypothesis is

the proposition to be tested that is anticipated to be correct. If the facts/ propositions so gathered

prove the tentative statement, then the hypothesis becomes a theory, otherwise it becomes

invalid. In scientific studies, hypothesis formulation is regarded a very important part.

III) Research design

Before starting any research project, the researcher needs to plan the research project. It

involves the whole process of research in which the researcher has to formulate the appropriate

method and tools of data collection.

IV) Data collection

After preparing plan of every stages, the researcher proceeds to the field equipped with

appropriate tools or techniques, like observation, case study, interview etc. The data is collected

in the field to gather relevant information regarding the issue.

V) Classification and tabulation of data

Once the relevant facts are observed and collected in an appropriate way, we must

classify or set them in a special arrangement in accordance with a relevant order. Statistics will

be a great help for arraying the facts or tracing the correlations.

VI) Analysis/ generalization/ getting conclusion

After the tabulation of data, we come to certain conclusions that we try to generalize in

relation to time and space, as every finding is time and area specific.

VII) Formulation of theory

In the above four stages, a researcher comes in a position to confirm whether a hypothesis

is valid or not. If the hypothesis is found valid, it becomes the theory. When the theory is well

established and found to be correct invariably, it is regarded as a law.

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Limitations of Scientific Method

I) Difficulty in applying experimental/ laboratory method

Each individual has its own motives, emotions, opinions, feelings, ideas etc and thus it is

very hard to investigate an individual in relation to his social relations. World of everyday living

is the laboratory of the sociology. So, it is difficult to control over the people.

II) Interdependence of cause and effect

As we do in natural sciences, it is hard to find which cause is and which effect in most of

the social issues is. For instance poverty is due to beggary, or beggary is due to poverty, it is

very difficult to distinguish in every situation. This phenomenon limits the scientific studies of

Sociology.

III) Intangibility of social phenomena

Social phenomena are not the things that are seen or touched. These intangible things are

really difficult to investigate scientifically as we do in natural science. We cannot see or touch

relations. How can we demonstrate values? Can we show our religion to others?

IV) Complexibility of social data

Human behavior is influenced by many factors such as physical, social, psychological

etc. so; it is difficult to study sociology scientifically. People show prejudice and bias behavior

and the observer may confuse with complex social data. Therefore, it is very hard to make a

scientific investigation of complete social nature of human being.

V) Unpredictability

It is very hard to predict the behaviors of human beings. There is dynamic characteristic

of society. Social phenomena are ongoing process. It is difficult to prediction. Therefore, it is

very hard and even impossible to formulate the laws of all time and place as we do in natural

science.

VI) Problem of objectivity

While making systematic investigation of social phenomena, the researcher may have its

own idea, prejudice, opinion etc. This nature of the researcher always acts to deviate the result

of the social research. There is the subjective nature of social phenomenon. The social researcher

or observer is also a component of the society. So, in the study there is the possibility of

biasness. Hence objectivity is difficult to maintain.

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Subject Matter of Sociology

It appears to be easy to say that what the sociologists study but when we peep into its

subject matter, it doesn't have its own subject matter and have the matter of other social sciences.

This may be a reason why some critics believe sociology as the mishmash of all social sciences

and it doesn't have its own subject matter. In fact, many of the topics, which we include in

sociology, may overlap with that of other branches of social sciences. However, sociologists

believe that sociology borrows the subject matter from other social sciences and gives this a

distinct form just as we collect different construction materials, like cement, bricks, lime iron,

sand, and wood, to construct a building. But after construction, the building is no more remain

the brick, lime, iron etc. Therefore, sociological subject matter is now distinct by its technique

although it has a similar subject matter as it has with other social sciences. We can understand

sociological subject matter with the views of some sociologists.

MacIver believes that sociology is a study of web of human relationship. This definition

delineates the subject matter of sociology. Many things can be put under the human relationships

and the social contents such as group, family community, association or the matters connected to

the human relationships, can be a subject matter. Another sociologist Johnson has a similar view.

He says that sociologists study various types of groups, their elements, as well as the factors that

bring about changes and stability in a group.

Ginsberg, the other pioneer sociologist, has put forward four major areas, which can be

included in the subject matter of sociology. The major areas are: social morphology, social

process, social control and social pathology. Social morphology is the study of the shape and

structure of a society such as the rise and fall of population, its qualitative and quantitative

aspects etc. Ginsberg has also included various types of group, institutions, associations etc

within social morphology. Within social process, interactions between individuals or groups are

described. Thus, social processes include cooperation, conflict, competition, accommodation etc.

Social control maintains the individuals by developing the customs, terms, tradition etc.

Religion, tradition, motivation, folkways, laws etc are the main subject matters of social control.

Another subject matter proposed by Ginsberg is social pathology that describes the changing

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factors of society and causes of social problems or those behaviors which may occur in society

but are not acceptable by the society at large is the main subject matter of social pathology, such

as family disorganization, suicide, beggary, prostitution etc.

Emile Durkheim has also given some areas of sociological concern. He believes that

three types of subject matter (Social morphology, social physiology and general sociology)

should be included as the subject matters of sociology.

Thus, there are various views regarding the subject matter of sociology. In fact, sociology

borrows its subject matter from other social sciences and gives a completely new form by using

its own tools and techniques. This has made that there is no any limitations of the subject matter

of sociology. Therefore, American Sociological Association and some leaders of sociological

profession got an agreement about the topics that have constituted the subject matters of

sociology.

Inkeles, Alex (1999: 12), What is Sociology, Prentice Hall of India Private

Limited, Delhi

The general outline of the subject matter as which almost everyone would agree can be presented

as below.

I) Sociological Analysis

- Human culture and society

- Sociological perspective

- Scientific method in social life

II) Primary units of social life

- Social acts and social relationships

- The individual personality

- Groups (including, ethic and class)

- Communities (urban and rural)

- Association and organization

- Population

- Society

III) Basic social institution

- The family and kinship

- Economic

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- Political and legal

- Religions

- Educational and scientific

- Recreational and welfare

- Expressive

IV) Fundamental social processes

- Differentiation and stratification

- Co-operation, accommodation, assimilation

- Social conflict (including opinion formation, expression and change)

- Socialization and indoctrination

- Social evaluation (the study of values)

- Social control

- Social deviance (crime, suicide etc.)

- Social integration

- Social change

Sociology in Business Management

There is inter- relationship between sociology and business. Sociology, with its focus on

groups, organizations, and human interaction is a natural complement to business. And, it is a

degree that is increasingly well received in the business world. Without a good understanding of

others, co-workers, superiors and subordinates, customers, competitors, and all of the roles that

each play, it is nearly impossible to succeed at business. Sociology is a discipline that enhances a

business person’s ability to manage these relations.

The sociology provides a comprehensive grounding in key business and economics

subjects and equips you with the knowledge and analytical tools to understand today's market

economy in its broader historical and social context.

By the actual knowledge of sociology you can learn to read the interests of those

important to the business before they actually tell you. This means you are always in a

learning/researching mode, constantly observing and making notes of the patterns of these

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Some Model Questions for Assignment Write Short answer of the following questions

1. What do you meant by sociology? 2. Explain brief about the evolution of sociology. 3. List down any five name of the sociologist with their contribution. 4. What is the meaning of nature of sociology? 5. Make a list of the methods which are used for acquiring the knowledge of

the sociology.

Write the elongated answer of the following questions

6. “Sociology is a categorical science but not normative”. Explain this statement with proper examples.

7. Explain the scientific method of studying of sociology with its limitations. 8. What are the common subject matters of the sociology? Make a tentative

list of the common contents of the sociology. 9. Why is it necessary to study sociology for the students of business

management? 10. Write short notes on: a. Formulation of hypothesis

b. Problem of objectivity in social phenomenon

b. formulation of hypothesis (Proper rubrics will be prepared to evaluate the quality of the answer written by

the students)

people. Sociology provides you with the tools and perspectives necessary to do this part of the

work.

There are many possibilities in the business world for those with a sociology degree.

Depending on your experience and skills, jobs could range from sales associate to business

analyst to human resources to marketing. Students interested in business careers with private or

non-profit firms can emphasize courses in law, occupations and professions, corporate sociology,

or the sociology of work.

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Bibliography

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Haralambos, M. &Heald, R. M. (2000).Sociology: Themes and perspective. New Delhi:

Cambridge University Press.

Inkeles, A. (1999).What is Sociology.New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Private Limited

MacIver, R. M. & Page, C. H. (1981).Society: An introductory analysis. New Delhi: Macmillan

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