First Global Age: Europe to Asia

• Essential Questions:– What new global patterns resulted from the

European age of exploration?– How did the peoples of India, China and Japan react

to western contact and trade?– The statement “God, gold and glory” has been used

to describe the motives for exploration. Explain this statement and choose which of the three motives you feel had the most influence on this era. Be sure to support your position with facts.

The World at the Time

What made Europeans explore?

• Money• Land • Religion• Knowledge • Fame• Technology• Goods

Setting the stage• After the Renaissance, many people in Europe

had more wealth, Art and other luxuries.• To support Absolute Monarchs, they needed

more money.

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [made by a

cartographer]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

Technology that helped start exploration

• Saw how much wealth the Middle East was making on Europe. (trade)– Silk Road– Desire to bypass the

Middle East.

Portugal and exploration

• First country to invest a lot in exploring.• Under Absolutist rule, Portugal became very

wealthy. • Portugal began exploring and settling in Africa.• Bartholomew Dias rounds the African Cape of

Good Hope.

European footholds

• Vasco da Gama opened the door for European domination. – Rounded Cape of good Hope on 11/22/1497– Reached India in 1498

• Alfonso Albuquerque of Portugal– Setting outposts– Conquest of the edges of India

Let’s Discuss

• What is the scenario that Europeans see when they finally reach Southern Asia?– Consider who is ruling, what goods are available

and the social structure.– Also, think about the military might of Europeans

vs. South Asia

People of South Asia

• Religion- Hinduism and Buddhism• Social structure was matrilineal in many cases– Society was very different than the Europeans

• Goods- spices (pepper, ginger, nutmeg, etc.), silks, textiles, pottery

• Military?

Angkor Wat temple

• Dutch Explorations and trade– Dutch East and West

India Companies• These were early joint

stock companies• Caravel

European footholds cont.

• British take India– India had been ruled by

the Mughals– Robert Clive- conquered

the colony – British East India trading

company– British defeat French and

Portugese

European footholds cont.

• Spain in the East.– Seizure of the Philippines in 1521 by Magellan.– Spain becomes a power not only in the east, but

also in the west– Circumnavigation

Ming Dynasty

• Controlled China from 1368-1644• Zheng He (1405-1433) controlled SE Asian

trade.• Early trading with the Dutch and British, until

the overthrow of the Ming puts the Qing in control– Europeans utilize established trade routes– What do the Chinese have that the west wants?

yages

In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

Japan

• Japan-open to trade at first– Japan adopts guns,

castles and many convert to Christianity

– Then, Tokugawa Shogun gains power• Isolationist who expels all

Europeans and Christians to “protect” the Japanese

loration

First Global Age: Europe, the Americas and Africa

• Essential Questions:– What were the motivations for European

explorations of Africa and the Americas and how did they impact the cultures they met?

– Is there a correlation to the spread of Christianity and the exploration period?

Christopher Columbus’ Voyages

The World during Exploration

Spain versus Portugal

• Both got an early start on America• Both claimed right to America• Needed an intermediary to settle the conflict– Catholic Church?– Treaty of Tordesillas

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

loration

Conquest #1: Cortez vs. Aztecs

• Cortez was ordained by the Queen of Spain to explore the Americas.

• What did the Spanish want? (think of Absolutism)• What did Cortez find?

Turn to page 386-387

vs.

Cortez vs. Montezuma

Spanish and Aztecs

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

• Read “The Fall of Technoctitlan”

vs.

Conquest #2: Pissarro vs. Atahualpa

Pissarro vs. Atahualpa

• Atahualpa was leader of the Incas– Present day Peru and Chile– Capital at Cuzco

• Pissarro was a Conquistador – Spanish conqueror over the natives– Held Atahualpa captive for a ransom– Kills Atahualpa after he gets the gold

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World

1. Encomienda or forced labor.

2. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy.New Spain and Peru.

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church

Guadalajara Cathedral

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Spanish Mission

Society in Central and South America

• Rigid social structure based on your race/ethnicity.

• New culture emerged- a blending of Spanish/ Portuguese culture and that of the Natives.

Peninsulares Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Native American

Black Slaves

Spanish-American Social Structure

“Mountains of Silver”

Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin TOBACCO

Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis

SLAVES COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR

CANE Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs

Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping

Cough

Trinkets Liquor GUNS

“The Columbian Exchange”

Settlement in North America

• England’s 13 Colonies– Two starting places• Jamestown (1606)• Plymouth (1620)

– Mayflower Compact

– Purpose: Permanent settlement– Stayed along the shore

Mayflower Compact"In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620."

Settlement in North America

• Other countries:– Dutch- New Amsterdam• Led by Henry Hudson• Main good: beaver pelts and cod

– Sweden- New Sweden• Both conquered by the British

New Netherland & New Sweden

ns

Settlement in North America

• France– Purpose was to build settlements to use as a base

for trade.• Ex. Montreal, Quebec, Toronto

– Went inland using rivers as guide.• Furs were the main commodity

Religion impact

• Catholic missionaries spread throughout the western Spanish territories

• Puritans and other Protestants in the east

A new rise of Trade thought• Mercantilism – requires big government– Aimed at strengthening your country through more exports

than imports– Bring and keep money in your country by tariffs

• Capitalism- personal investment in money to make a profit– Less government is best!– “Invisible Hand”

• Joint Stock Company- many people invest in a company for later profit– Each person owns a part

Settlement in Africa

• Remember, Portugal had started to settle and build outposts.

• Outposts (Ports) to serve as resting stops in between slave and/or spice trade with the Americas and Asia.

• Outposts grew into permanent settlements

Slavery

• Always existed in Africa.– Europeans now wanted

slaves for America• Traded slaves for guns,

trinkets, tools, etc.• Became known as the

Triangle trade.

African Tribes competed for power and captured other tribes for the slave trade…

Destination of Slaves

• 2.5% to Europe and Asia• 41% to Caribbean Islands• 15% to Spanish South America• 37% to Brazil• 4.5% to North America

Slave Trade

Society in S. Africa

• Boers- Dutch for “farmer”– settled in South Africa – Protestants that lived in isolation from the World– Used slavery heavily

• The Great Trek

Dutch Landing in 1652

Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)

In Conclusion:

• Nations of Europe:– Explored to gain wealth and fame.– They colonized to secure their spot in those areas.– Competed with each other for power and wealth.– Used the natives in America and Africa for their

own gain.– Spain wanted gold; France, Portugal, Netherlands

traded and Britain settled to stay permanently.