First Aid/CPR11th Grade Health

Mr. Jamedar

First Aid

• First aid: immediate care given to victim of injury or sudden illness until more advanced care can be obtained.

• First responder: a person trained in emergency care that may be called on to give such care as a routine part of his job.

• Citizen responder: a person who recognizes the emergency and decides to act. This person may not have special or advanced medical skills or training.

Emergency

• Injury: damage that occurs when the body is subject to an external force such as a blow, a fall, a collision, an electrical current or temperature extremes.

• Emergency: a situation requiring immediate action.

• Life-threatening emergency: an illness or injury that impairs the victim’s ability to circulate oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body.

• Non-life-threatening emergency: a situation that does not have an immediate impact on victim’s ability to circulate oxygenated blood, but still needs medical attention.

Emergency action steps

• Good Samaritan law: laws that protect people who willingly give first aid without accepting anything in return.

• Citizen responder’s role in emergency:• Recognizing that an emergency exists• Deciding to act• Taking action by calling 911 or local emergency #• Giving care till medical help arrives • Emergency action steps (CCC):• Check the scene and the victim• Call 911 or local emergency #• Care for the victim

Checking

• Checking the scene:• Is the scene safe?• What happened?• How many victims are there?• Are bystanders available to help?

• Checking the victim for life threatening emergencies:• Unconsciousness• No breathing or trouble breathing• No signs of life (pulse, breathing, coughing or movements)• Severe bleeding

• Calling 911:– Who you are– Where you are– What the emergency is– Condition of victim– Care given so far

Disease Transmission and Prevention

• Disease transmission: passage of disease from one person to another.

• How bloodborne pathogens are spread;• A pathogen is present• There is enough of the pathogen present to cause disease• Pathogen passes through correct entry site• A person is susceptible to pathogen

• How to prevent the spread from person to person:– Personal hygiene– Personal protective equipment – Cleaning up blood spill

• What to do if you are exposed:• Wash the exposed area quickly as possible• Be sure to notify the professional on site• Seek medical attention

Consent

• Obtaining consent:• Who you are • Your level of training• The care you would like to give

• Do not move the victim unless there is risk of fire, gas explosion, toxic gas, risk of drowning or collapsing structure.

Checking an Unconscious Person

ABC– Airway: open the airway– Breathing: check for breathing– Circulation: check for signs of life and

bleeding

Signs of life: pulse & breathing

Checking for pulse:1. Adult---carotid artery2. Child or infant---brachial artery

ABC

• Airway: head tilt/chin lift technique: move the tongue from the back of throat, allowing air to enter the lungs.

• Breathing: look, listen and feel for no more than 10 seconds. If no breathing:

• Give 2 rescue breaths lasting 1 second each• If the air goes in (chest rises), check for signs of

life• If no signs of life, begin CPR• Circulation:

– Carotid artery for adults– Brachial artery for children and infants

Conscious Victim

• Checking a conscious victim:• Interview the victim and bystanders• Check the victim from head to toe

1. Medical ID tags and bracelets will provide important medical information about victim.

2. Without oxygen brain cells begin to die in 4 to 6 minutes. Breathing emergencies are either respiratory distress or respiratory arrest.

Cardiac Emergencies

• Heart attack: a condition in which blood flow to some part of the heart muscle is compromised and the heart begins to die. If enough of heart muscle dies, the heart can not circulate blood effectively.

• Cardiac arrest: a condition in which the heart stops beating.

• Cardiac chain of survival:• Early recognition and early access• Early CPR• Early defibrillation• Early advanced medical care

CPR & AED

• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): a combination of chest compression and rescue breathing. (Cardio=heart, pulmonary=lungs)

• AED (automated external defibrillator): gives an electric shock or defibrillation to the victim of cardiac arrest. For each minute that defibrillation is delayed the chance of survival is reduced by 10%.

CPR

• CPR: is not effective if the victim is on soft surface like a sofa or mattress.

• You should place your body sideways to the victim• Place the heel of one hand on the victim’s sternum (breast

bone) at the center of his chest.• Place other hand directly on top of the first hand.• Use the heel of your hand to apply pressure on the

sternum. Try to keep your fingers off the chest by interlacing them together and upward.

• Compressions should be a rate of 100 per minute. Count 1 and 2 and 3.....up to 30 in 18 seconds.

• Do 30 compressions and 2 breaths (1 breath every 5 second for adult and every 3 second for child). Open airways after 30 compressions, then give 2 breaths.

• Do 5 cycles (about 2 minutes) then check for signs of life.

When to Stop CPR

• The scene becomes unsafe

• The victim shows signs of life

• An AED becomes available and is ready to use

• Another trained rescuer arrives and takes over

• You are too exhausted to continue

AED Use & Caution

1. Turn on the AED2. Wipe off the victim’s chest dry. Apply pads on chest.3. Let AED analyze the heart rhythm and say a) stand

clear b) deliver shock

Caution

1. Push the button and wait for instructions2. Do not use AED around water. Remove wet

close. Remove victim from the puddle– Do not place AED on implantable

devices. – Remove nitroglycerine patch on victim’s

chest before AED use.

Sudden illness

• Shock: is a progressive condition in which the circulatory system fails to circulate oxygen-rich blood to parts of the body. When vital organs such as brain, heart, and lungs do not receive oxygen-rich blood, they function properly.

Types of shock: 1. Anaphylactic (affecting breathing) 2. Cardiogenic (occurs with heart attack) 3. Hypovolemic (severe bleeding or loss of plasma) 4. Neurogenic (emotional shock or fainting) 5. Septic (caused by severe infection, bursting appendix).

Sudden illness

• Anaphylactic shock: is a severe allergic reaction which causes difficulty breathing. Symptoms of anaphylactic shock are tightness in chest and throat and swelling of face and neck. The person in shock should be immediately injected with EpiPen.

• Fainting signals: sweating, vomiting, distortion or dimming vision, head or abdominal pain

Sudden illness

• Diabetic emergency: diabetic person’s pancreas gland does not produce insulin and the patient has to take insulin injections to regulate the blood sugar. Too little or too much insulin will cause a drop in blood sugar.

• Care for diabetic emergency: give victim something sweat such as candy, fruit juice or dissolve table sugar in some water and give it to victim. If the situation is serious call 911

Sudden illness

• Seizure: when the electrical activity of brain becomes irregular, the body loses control of movement. This control loss is known as seizure. Head injury, disease, fever, poisoning or infection can initiate seizure. Before seizure, victim experiences an aura such as hallucination, a strange sound or smell.

• Care for seizure:• Do not try to stop the seizure• Do not hold or restrain the person (it may cause injury)• Do not try to place anything in person’s mouth or between

teeth• After seizure is over let the person rest for a while• If the victim does not recover, call 911

Sudden illness

Stroke: disruption of blood flow to a part of brain causing permanent damage to brain tissue. Also called “cerebrovascular” accident or “brain attack”

Fast recognition of stroke:

Face

Arm

Speech

Time (911)

Control of stroke: control blood pressure, no smoking, healthy eating, exercise

Bleeding

• Bleeding: large amount of bleeding in short amount of time is called hemorrhage. Bleeding could be internal or external and both could life threatening.

• External bleeding is visible and comes from the wound.

• Internal bleeding is inside the body and difficult to recognize.

Care for Bleeding

• Care for external bleeding:• Check, Call, Care• Cover with sterile dressing• Apply direct pressure until bleeding stops• Cover dressing with bandage• Call 911• Monitor victim

• Care for internal bleeding:• Do not further harm• Monitor breathing and consciousness• Help the victim rest in a comfortable position• Keep the victim from getting chilled or overheated• Give specific cares needed

Injuries to Soft Tissues

• Wound: is any physical injury involving a break in layers of skin (epidermis=outer layer, dermis=deeper layer and hypodermis=last layer).

• Closed wound: the outer layer of the skin is intact and the damage lies below the surface which may cause internal bleeding.

• Open wound: the outer layer of skin is broken and there is external bleeding.

Types of Open Wound• Abrasions: the most common type of open wound. It

is characterized by the skin being rubbed or scraped away. It is always painful because it exposes the nerve endings.

• Lacerations: it is a cut commonly caused by a sharp object such as knife. It is not painful because nerve endings are damaged and can’t send signal to the brain.

• Avulsions: an injury in which a portion of skin or soft tissue is partially or completely torn away. Bleeding is significant in avulsions. If the body part is severed, it is called amputation.

• Punctures: it is the result of skin being pierced with a pointed object such as nail, piece of glass or a knife.

Burns

• Superficial (first degree): involve only the top layers of skin, take 5-6 days to heal without scarring. Sunburn is an example of 1st degree burn.

• Partial thickness (second degree): involve deeper layers of skin, are red and cause blisters filled with water, are painful, take 3-4 weeks to heal, scarring may occur.

• Full thickness (third degree): destroys all the layers of skin, affects underlying tissue, it is life threatening, results in scarring, takes long to heal.

Care for Burns

1. Check the scene for safety

2. Stop the burning by removing the victim from the source of the burn

3. Check for the life-threatening conditions

4. Cool the burn with large amount of cold running water

5. Cover the burn with loose sterile dressing

6. Prevent infection

7. Keep the victim from getting chilled or overheated

Do not put ointment, butter, oil or other commercial or home remedies on blisters or deep burns because they seal the heat in and they have to be removed when personnel arrive.

Musculoskeletal Injuries

• Joint: a structure where to bones are joined• Tendon: a cordlike, fibrous band that attaches

muscle to bone• Ligament: a fibrous band that attaches bone to bone• Muscle: a soft tissue that creates movement• Fracture: a break or disruption in bone tissue• Dislocation: the displacement of a bone from its

normal position at a joint• Sprain: the stretching and tearing of ligaments and

other soft tissue at the joint• Strain: the stretching and tearing of muscle and

tendon

“RICE”

• Rest: place the victim in a comfortable position• Immobilization: avoid moving the injured body

part• Cold: helps reduce swelling and eases pain• Elevation: helps with the blood flow and reducing

the swelling

Splint: a device used to immobilize body parts. Types of splint are:

Soft splint (towel, blanket), rigid splint (board, metal strip, magazine), anatomical splint

Injuries to the Head, Neck & back

• Minimize head, neck and back movement• Check for life threatening conditions. Make sure to maintain

an open airway.• Monitor consciousness and breathing• Control external bleeding• Maintain normal body temperature• Manual stabilization: placing the hands on both sides of

the victims head.• Concussion: a temporary impairment of brain function due

to a head injury.• Amnesia: loss of memory. Different from concussion• Do not attempt to align the head and neck in case of

neck and spinal injuries.

Poisoning

• Signs of poisoning: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, trouble breathing, sweating, seizure, headache, dizziness, weakness, etc.

• 4 ways of poisoning:

1. Inhalation

2. Ingestion

3. Absorption

4. Injection

Poisoning

• Inhalation: breathing toxic fumes such as gases and chlorine or fumes from the household products such as glue and paints or from drugs such as crack cocaine.

• Care: make oxygen available if possible, call 911• Ingestion: swallowing poisonous food such as certain mushrooms and shellfish or

drugs and alcohol or household cleaning products.• Care: encourage them to vomit• Absorption: when the poison comes to contact with skin and gets absorbed such

as poisonous plants, poison ivy, and poison oak.• Care: rinse the affected area, use medicated lotion• Injection: the poison enters the body through bites or stings of insects, spiders,

ticks, marine life, animals and snakes.• Care for insect bites: remove the stinger from the skin by scraping it with nail or a

credit card. Do not use tweezers because the venom sac may rupture in the skin, wash site with soap and water, apply ice to reduce swelling

• Care for ticks bite: ticks can carry Lyme disease. Pull the tick out of skin by tweezers. Use antibiotic prescribed by physician.

• Care for spider and scorpion bites: call 911, wash the wound, and apply ice.• Care for snake bite: call 911, wash the wound, keep injured area lower than the

heart, do not apply ice, do not cut the wound, do not apply suction, do not apply tourniquet, and do not use electrical shock such as from the car battery.

• Care for jelly fish sting: rub alcohol or baking soda, do not use meat tenderizer.

Types of Heat Related Emergency

• Heat cramp: to care for heat cramps have the victim rest comfortably in a cool place, lightly stretch the muscle then grasp and squeeze it, provide cool water or sports drinks, if the victim does not recover give salt water.

• Heat exhaustion: it occurs after long periods of exercise in hot and humid environment or with certain jobs such construction or fire fighting. To care for heat exhaustion, provide rest, fluid, and prevent from shock.

• Heat stroke: is the most severe form of heat related emergency and it often happens when people ignore signals of heat exhaustion and needs the same care as heat exhaustion

Types of Cold Related Emergency

• Frostbites: it is freezing of body tissues. The signs are:• Lack of feeling in affected area• Skin that appears waxy• Skin that is cold to touch• Skin that is discolored (flushed, white, yellow or blue)• Care:• Get the person out of cold• Do not try to re-warm the frostbitten are • Rub the affected area gently• Soak the affected area in warm water• Loosely bandage the area• Avoid breaking a blister• Call 911

Types of Cold Related Emergency

• Hypothermia: it is the general cooling of the entire body as the body temperature falls bellow 95 degrees (normal 98). It may cause abnormal heart rhythm and death. Signs are:

• Shivering• Numbness• Glassy stare• Decreased consciousness• Weakness• Impaired judgment• Care:• Gently move person to a warm place• Remove wet clothing and wrap with blanket• Use hot water bottles or packs wrapped in towel• Do not warm the person rapidly. It may affect the heart

rhythm