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First Africa Congress on Conservation Agriculture Lusaka, ZAMBIA 18-21 March 2014. Zeyaur Khan 1 , John Pickett 2 , Charles Midega 1 and Jimmy Pittchar 1 1 International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya 2 Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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First Africa Congress on Conservation Agriculture
Lusaka, ZAMBIA 18-21 March 2014
Zeyaur Khan1, John Pickett2, Charles Midega1 and Jimmy Pittchar1
1International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya2Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
www.push-pull.net
Climate-smart push-pull: A conservation agriculture technology for food security and
environmental sustainability in Africa
HUNGER AND POVERTY IN AFRICA
• Africa faces increasingly serious problems in its ability to feed its rapidly growing population, resulting in high hunger and poverty incidences.
• Africa’s productivity is the lowest in the world (around 1t/ha compared with 2.4t/ha in South Asia, 3.2t/ha in Latin America and 4.5t/ha in East Asia and Pacific)
• The major production constraints are pests, weeds and degraded soils.
• Ecologically sustainable growth in agricultural productivity is essential to end hunger and poverty and ensure food security, by naturally reducing incidence of the major constraints to productivity
Maize worth US$ 1.5b is lost annually due to stemborers in SSA
Chilo partellus
Busseola fusca
24% of the total maize cropping area in SSA is infested with Striga. Value of maize lost due to Striga is at least US$ 1.2 b
What is ‘Push-Pull’ Strategy?The ‘Push-Pull’ strategy is a novel approach in pest management which uses a repellent intercrop and an attractive trap plant. Insect pests are repelled
from the food crop and are simultaneously attracted to a trap crop.
Attract naturalenemies
Moths are pushed away
Attract moths
Trap Crop
Main Crop
Cook, Khan and Pickett (2007) Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52 : 375-400
Push-Pull Strategy
1= (E)-ß-ocimene; 2= α-terpinolene; 3= β-caryophyllene; 4= humulene;5= (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene; 6= α-cedrene;
7= hexanal; 8= (E)-2-hexenal;9= (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol; 10= (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate ;
11= 5,7,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)isoflavanone (uncinanone A); 12= 4′′,5′′-dihydro-5,2′,4′-trihydroxy-5′′-isopropenylfurano-(2′′,3′′;7,6)-isoflavanone (uncinanone B); 13= 4′′,5′′-dihydro-2′-methoxy-5,4′-dihydroxy-5′′-isopropenylfurano-(2′′,3′′;7,6)-isoflavanone (uncinanoneC), 14= di-C-glycosylflavone 6-C-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-β-Dglucopyranosylapigenin
Benefits of Push-Pull Technology
Sustainable Development Gender & Social Equity
Stemborers and striga
control
Increased fodder
production
N-fixation and reduced soil erosion
Increased forage seed production
Conservation of biodiversity
Increased crop yields
Improved cattle health
Improved soil health
Increased household
income
Technological Empowerment of farmers
Improved human health
Empowerment of women
Improved dairy
production
Improved FYM
Production
NITROGEN FIXATION WITH VARIOUS INTERCROPS AFTER THREE YEARS
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Maize Monocrop Maize +Desmodium
Maize + Soybean Maize + Sunhemp Maize + Cowpea
Intercrops
To
tal N
(g
) / 2
50 g
So
il
a
b
b b b
Khan et al. 2006. Biological Approaches to Sustainable Soil Systems, CRC Press
On-Farm Validation of ‘Push-Pull’Technology (n=420)
Khan et al. 2008. Field Crops Research 106: 224-233
5
10
15
20
25
0
100
200
300
400
500
0
1
2
3
4
2003 2004 2005 2006
30
No. of emerged striga/63 maize plants
% stemborer damaged plants
Maize Yields (t/ha)
*
****
****
** *
Maize monocrop fieldsPush-pull fields
Integrating push-pull with livestock productionIntegration with livestock
Adaptation of Push-Pull to Climate Change
With funding by European Union, we have adapted the push-pull technology to the increasingly dry and hot conditions associated with climate change in Africa to ensure its long term sustainability.
SELECTION OF NEW DROUGHT TOLERANT COMPANION PLANTS
Brachiaria cv mulato
Vetiver grass
Screening for drought tolerant companion plants for use in adapted push-pull for drier areas of Africa
Desmodium intortum
D. ramosissimum
D. incanum
Research into New drought tolerant African Desmodium spp.
D. repandum
CLIMATE-SMART PUSH-PULL
A healthy sorghum crop under climate-adapted push-pull. D. intortum suppresses striga and stemborers by up to 100% and 70% respectively in sorghum, resulting in significant yield increases, from less than 1t/ha to about 3.2t/ha.
CLIMATE-SMART PUSH-PULL
Increased yield as striga and stemborer controlled in sorghum and millet
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Adapted Push-Pull
Control Adapted Push-Pull
Control
Maize plot Sorghum plot
Yie
ld, K
g/h
a
First season on-farm results of maize and sorghum yields from push-pull plots planted with the drought tolerant companion plants: Brachiaria c.v.Mulato II as the trap plant and Greenleaf desmodium as the intercrop plant.
Farmers’ Perceptions of ADOPT
Push-pull Technology Adoption
About 18,000 of the adopters planted climate-adapted push-pull by December 2013
Climate-smart push-pull addresses multiple constraints
Major constraints How Push-pull addresses Constraints
Low soil fertility Increased nitrogen fixation by the intercrop
Degraded landControl soil erosion; increased organic matter and soil physical properties
The parasitic striga weed
Striga control by the intercrop, striga seed depletion
Stemborer pestsEffective stemborer control by companion plants, and natural enemies
Moisture stressSoil moisture conservation, improved water holding capacity by intercrops
Low crop yields Increased cereal yields (maize from 1 to 3.5t/ha; sorghum 0.8t to 2t/ha; millet 0.4t to 0.8t/ha)
Shortage of livestock fodder
All year round quality fodder from the trap and intercrop plants leading to improved milk production
Loss of biodiversity Increased abundance and diversity of beneficial organisms
Shortage of labour Reduced labour requirement for land preparation and weed control
Developing long term sustainability and system
resilience•We make the best use of locally adapted crop varieties and livestock breeds through their management;
•We harness agro-ecological processes such as biological nitrogen fixation, allelopathy, predation and parasitism;
•We avoid the unnecessary use of external inputs;
•We minimise the use of practices that have adverse impacts on the environment and human health;
•We make productive use of human capital - knowledge and capacity to adapt and innovate as well as social capital to resolve common landscape-scale problems.
Sustainable Green Revolution in Africa ?
A green revolution in Africa will come from adoption of simple, environmentally sustainable and low cost platform technologies like push-pull, which are developed by understanding and exploiting basic and applied sciences. These technologies will address food security and livelihood of smallholders without requiring extra resources for crop protection and soil improvement and without causing any ecological and social harm.
THANK YOU
Conservation methods for better livelihoods, better future…