First 2 years Psychosocial Development

How do two year olds develop emotions, self-awareness, temperament, & social bonds?

Newborns = two emotions◦ Distress & contentment

Happiness = Social smile◦ Occurs when seeing a face

Anger = frustration Sadness = withdrawal & stress Social fear

◦ Stranger wariness◦ Separation anxiety

These changes gradually develop during the first year.

How do emotions develop?

I am separate from others Mirror rouge test Me & mine Generally develops during the second year

How do we know when a child develops self-awareness?

Emotions become more sophisticated as the cortex and memory develops

Stress can effect the parts of the brain related to emotions◦ Hypothalamus◦ Amygdala

How are emotions related to the brain?

Temperament = Genetic predispositions◦ Shyness & aggression◦ Whether these are expressed is based on

experience – culture, childrearing methods, etc.◦ Harsh parenting combined with a negative

temperament can create antisocial, destructive children.

Personality traits = Learned◦ Honesty and humility

Adults who are extroverts, agreeable, and positive = warmer, more competent parents.

What causes temperament & personality traits?

What emotions develop over the first year? How can you tell when a child develops

self-awareness? What causes emotions to become more

complex? What parts of the brain are related to

emotions? What type of parenting creates antisocial,

destructive children?

Do you remember?

Psychoanalytic◦ Freud◦ Erikson

Behaviorism Cognitive Sociocultural

What are theories of development?

Freud Oral stage (1st. Yr.)

◦ E.g. Breast-feeding◦ Oral fixation

E.g. Fingernail biting, smoking, overeating Anal (2nd. Yr.)

◦ Bowels◦ Self-controlled

Anal personality◦ Most people disagree with this idea◦ Toilet training – Later age = less time

Psychoanalytic - Freud

Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy

(independence & self-rule) vs. shame and doubt

Psychoanalytic – Erikson

Emotions & personality◦ Based on reinforcement & punishment by parents

Social learning◦ Albert Bandura◦ Bobo doll experiment◦ Children express emotions they see others do

Behaviorism

During what period of Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory does toilet training occur?

If a child toilet trains later, will it take longer to accomplish?

What question must a child resolve in Erikson’s first stage?

What do the behaviorists assume creates a personality?

What does social learning theory assume creates emotions?

Do you remember?

Working models◦ A set of assumptions that children use as a frame

of reference◦ People are warm & friendly◦ People can never be trusted

Interpretation of experiences is most crucial

Cognitive

Culture is most important Proximal (close) parenting

◦ Much body contact◦ Children become

More compliant Less independent More separation & stranger anxiety

Distal (far) parenting◦ Less body contact◦ Children become

Less obedient More independent Less separation & stranger anxiety

Sociocultural theory

Attachment◦ Proximity-seeking

Following caregivers◦ Contact maintaining

Touching, snuggling, holding Social referencing

◦ Toddlers referring to parental emotions & actions to evaluate a situation E.g. eating new foods Crossing the street

Development of Social Bonds

Give an example of a working model a child might develop?

What is the difference between proximal and distal parenting?◦ Which method would you use, and why?◦ Give an example of social referencing a child

might use?

Do you remember?