Fire Sprinkler For Non-Storage Facilities PPT Presentation.pdf

8/10/2019 Fire Sprinkler For Non-Storage Facilities PPT Presentation.pdf

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PSME-QCC Chapter

Philippine Society of Mechanical EngineersQuezon City Central Chapter

Caveman and Fire DestroysMcDonalds video clips.


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OXYGEN

HEAT

FUEL

is a chemical reaction.

ChemicalReaction


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Classification of Fires (NFPA 10, Standard for Por table Fi re Ext ing uish ers )

Class A Ordinary combustible materials (wood,

cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics)Class B Flammable liquids, combustible liquids,

petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil-basedpaints, solvents, lacquers, alcohols, andflammable gases

Class C Energized electrical equipmentClass D Combustible metals (magnesium, titanium,

zirconium, sodium, lithium, potassium)Class K Cooking appliances/media (vegetable

or animal oils and fats)


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Types of Hazard (NFPA 13, Standard fo r the Instal lat ion o f Sprink ler System s)

LIGHT or LOW - few combustibles (office, church,

schoolroom, assembly hall)

ORDINARY or MODERATE - small quantities ofcombustibles capable of rapid fire growth(mercantile storage and display area, autoshowroom, parking garage; offices and schoolroomsthat contain sufficient amount of combustible materials)

EXTRA or HIGH- combustibles whose nature orconfiguration could readily support rapid fire growth andlarge fire size (woodworking areas, aircraft hangar,high-piled storage warehouse)


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Types of Extinguishment

Water

Aqueous Foam

Water Mist

Dry Chemical

Inert Gas Halocarbon Agent

Automatic Sprinklers


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Therm os ens i t ive device designed to react at apredetermined temperature

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER

A uto m atical ly re lease a stream of water anddistribute it in specified pattern and quantity over

designated areasDesigned to op erate du r ing ear ly s tages o f f iredeve lopment and minimize the fires overall impact

NFPA 13 provides standardized rules for design,installation, and acceptance testing of sprinklersystems.


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Development of Sprinklers

Manu al ly o perated water supply on steel pipenetworks with drilled holes.

Heat-actu ated d evice (1875) by Henry Parmelee;the first automatic sprinkler.

Parmelee Sprinkler Neracher Sprinkler

New Grinell Sprinkler Kane Sprinkler

National Manufacturing Company Sprinkler


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Operating Principles of a Sprinkler

Heat detect io n is the basis of sprinkler system response.

Heat-actuation by co nv ect ive h ea t t rans fer


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Types of Sprinklers

FusibleSprinkler

Bulb Sprinkler


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Standard Spray Sprinkler

Standard Spray Upright (SSU ) Standard Spray Pendent (SSP )

Types of Sprinklers Recessed Sprinkler

Concealed Sprinkler


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Types of Sprinklers

Flush-type Sprinkler Side-wall Sprinkler

Residential Sprinkler


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Types of Sprinklers

Early Supression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinkler

K = 14 (Km = 200) ESFR Sprinkler (Left) Compared to K = 5.6 (Km = 80) Standard Spray Sprinkler (Right)

Widespread usestarting 1990s for

Storage Occupancies


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Temperature Ratings, Classifications, and Color Codings

Maximum Ceiling Temperature Temperature Rating TemperatureClassification

Color Code Glass Bulb ColorsC F C F

38 100 57 77 135 170 Ordinary Uncolored or black Orange or red

66 150 79 107 175 225 Intermediate White Yellow or green

107 225 121 149 250 300 High Blue Blue

149 300 163 191 325 375 Extra high Red Purple

191 375 204 246 400 475 Very extra high Green Black

246 475 260 302 500 575 Ultra high Orange Black

329 625 343 650 Ultra high Orange Black

Source: NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.

Temperature Ratings of Automatic Sprinklers

Principal Distribution Pattern of Water from SS Sprinklers


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PSME-QCC Chapter


Hypothetical Sprinkler System Installation(Illustrating various water supply sources and system attachments)

NFPA 20, Standard fo r the Ins ta l la t ion of S ta t ionary Pum ps for F i re Protec t ionNFPA 22, Standard fo r Water Tanks fo r Private Fire Protect ion

NFPA 13, Standard for the Ins ta l lat ion of Spr ink ler Sys tems


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System Types

1. Wet Pipe System (and Antifreeze)

Typical Alarm Valve

Easiest to design and install and simplest to maintain.

Contain water under pressure a t a l l t imes and utilize closed sprinklers.

Shall only be applied at temperatures above 4 0 C(40 0 F).


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System Types

Alarm Check Valve - Operation


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2. Dry Pipe System

System Types

Shall only be applied at temperatures be low 4 0 C(40 0 F).

Contains no water prior to system activation but is rather charged withai r or n i t rogen under pressure .

Air pressure drops when one or more sprinklers open. Dry p ipe va lve opens, allowing water to flow through the open sprinklers.


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3. Pre-action System System Types

Similar to a dry pipe system except that air pressure charge is less.

Pre-act ion Valve holds back the water.

Supplementa l detec t ion sys tem opens pre-action valve.


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System Types

4. Deluge System

Deliver large quantities of water over specified areas in a relatively short period of time.

Utilizes open spr inklers to protect against rapid ly grow ing and spreading f i res .

Supplementa l f i re de tec t ion sys tem activates the delug e valve.

System piping is at atmosph er ic pressure .


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Occupancy Hazard Classification (NFPA 13)Defining th e hazard i s the f i rs t s tep in se lec t ing and des ign ing the sys tem.

Animal sheltersChurchesClubsEaves and overhangs, if of combustible constructionwith no combustibles beneathEducationalHospitals, including animal hospitals and veterinaryfacilitiesInstitutionalKennels

Light hazard occupancies

Libraries, except large stack roomsMuseumsNursing or convalescent homesOffices, including data processingResidentialRestaurant seating areasTheaters and auditoriums, excluding stages andprosceniumsUnused attics

Ordinary hazard occupancies ( Group 1 )

Automobile parking and showroomsBakeriesBeverage manufacturingCanneriesDairy products manufacturing and processingElectronic plantsGlass and glass products manufacturingLaundriesRestaurant service areas


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Agricultural facilitiesBarns and stablesCereal millsChemical plants ordinaryConfectionery productsDistilleriesDry cleanersExterior Loading DocksFeed millsHorse stablesLeather goods manufacturing

Ordinary hazard occupancies ( Group 2 )

Racetrack stable/kennel areas, including thosestable/kennel areas, barns, and associatedbuildings at state, county, and local fairgroundsRepair garagesResin application areaStagesTextile manufacturingTire manufacturingTobacco products manufacturingWood machining

Libraries large stack roomareasMachine shopsMetal workingMercantilePaper and pulp millsPaper process plantsPiers and wharvesPost officesPrinting and publishingWood product assembly

Extra hazard occupancies ( Group 1 )

Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409, Standardon Aircraft Hangars )Combustible hydraulic fluid use areasDie castingMetal extruding

Plywood and particle board manufacturingPrinting [using inks having flash points below 100 F (38C)]Rubber reclaiming, compounding, drying, milling,vulcanizingSaw millsTextile picking, opening, blending, garnetting, or carding,combining of cotton, synthetics, wool shoddy, or burlapUpholstering with plastic foams

Extra hazard occupancies ( Group 2 )

Asphalt saturatingFlammable liquids sprayingFlow coatingManufactured home or modular building assemblies(where finished enclosure is present and has

combustible interiors)Open oil quenchingPlastics processingSolvent cleaningVarnish and paint dipping


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Hazard Categories Based on Occupancy

Occupancy Description of Occupancy ExceptionsHazard

Category-Apartments Lightly loaded non-storage and Libraries with stack rooms larger in HC-1

-Churches-Concealed spaces-Hospitals and hospital laboratories-Hotel rooms-Institutions-Kitchens-Libraries-Meeting rooms in conventioncenters and hotels

-Museums

-Nursing or convalescent homes-Offices-Restaurant seating areas

nonmanufacturing areas with ordinarycombustibles.

Expect fires with relatively low rates ofheat release in these occupancies.

size than defined in Appendix A;facilities with storage of electronic andplastic media (see the applicablestorage data sheet).

Laboratories where exposed storageand processing of flammable liquids isconsidered excessive (see theapplicable flammable liquids datasheet).

-Unused attics

Comparatively FM Global in its Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 3-26 -FireProtection Water Demand for Non-storage Sprinklered Properties classifies occupancies intofour groups: HC-1 or Hazard Category-1 , HC-2, HC-3 and HC-4.

Occupancy Hazard Classification (FM Global DS 3-26)


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-Interior loading docks Moderately to heavily loaded areas Facilities that use hydraulic and HC-3-Modular building subassembly-Plastics processing and molding

-Vehicle repair garages andassembly operations wherevehicles are repaired, tested, orassembled with fuel in tanks

-Highway trailers, trucks, boxcars,some mobile homes or similarmetal vehicles with combustibleinteriors with the potential forshielded fire

-Convention centers, Theaters andAuditoriums with moderate to

with or without plastics.

Manufacturing and nonmanufacturingfacilities with higher concentrations ofcombustibles or shielding ofcombustibles where the fire hazardcould approach the equivalent of 1.8 m(6 ft) high in-process storage ofcartoned unexpanded plasticcommodities.

flammable liquids (see DS 7-98).

Electronic media storage (see DS 8-9).

heavily loaded areas

PSME-QCC Chapter


-Atriums Lightly and moderately loaded Operations involving hydraulic fluid or HC-2-Auto parking garages-Back stage of theaters andauditoriums

-Boat mfg. and assembly-Boiler buildings-Casinos-Clubs-Convention centers

-Display halls-Electronic-electrical mfg. andassembly

-Food processing-Gymnasiums-Leather tanning and working-Mercantile areas-Metalworking-Mineral processing-Movie and TV studios-Paper processing-Retail areas

-Rubber processing-Schools and universities-Sports Arenas-Theater and auditoriums- Utility and equipment rooms

non-storage, nonmanufacturing, andmanufacturing areas with ordinarycombustibles.

flammable liquid (see DS 7-32, DS 7-29,and DS 7-98); aluminum rolling mills(see DS 7-64/13-28); paper machineareas that involve inks with flashpointsbelow 42 0C (110 0F) (see DS 7-4 and DS7-96); aircraft hangars (see DS 7-93N).


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-Non-storage occupancies with Heavily loaded non-storage Facilities that use hydraulic and HC-4heavily loaded areas with orwithout plastics

occupancies

Expect fires with relatively high rates ofheat release in these occupancies.

flammable liquids (see DS 7-98).

Source: FM Global DS 3-26 , Fire Protection Water Demand for Non-storage Sprinklered Properties.

Ceiling Construction- Affects a sprinklers activation time and discharge pattern in terms of the depth,spacing, and openness of the structural and other members.

(1) obstructed

(2) unobstructed

d l


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Sprinkler Characteristics Identification

NominalK-Factor

gpm/(psi)1/2

K-FactorRange

gpm/(psi)1/2

K-Factor Rangedm3/min/(kPa)1/2

Percentage ofNominal K = 5.6

Discharge

ThreadType Thread

Type

Nominal Orifice Size

mm in.

1.4 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.2 25.0 in. NPT 6.4 1/4

1.9 1.8 2.0 2.6 2.9 33.3 in. NPT 8.0 5/16

2.8 2.6 2.9 3.8 4.2 50.0 in. NPT 9.5 3/8

4.2 4.0 4.4 5.9 6.4 75.0 in. NPT 11.0 7/16

5.6 5.3 5.8 7.6 8.4 100.0 in. NPT 12.7 1/2

8.0 7.4 8.2 10.7 11.8 140.0 in. NPT 13.5 17/32

in. NPT

11.2 11.0 11.5 15.9 16.6 200.0 in. NPT 15.9 5/8

in. NPT

14.0 13.5 14.5 19.5 20.9 250.0 in. NPT 19.0 3/4

16.8 16.0 17.6 23.1 25.4 300.0 in. NPT

19.6 18.6 20.6 27.2 30.1 350.0 1 in. NPT

22.4 21.3 23.5 31.1 34.3 400.0 1 in. NPT

25.2 23.9 26.5 34.9 38.7 450.0 1 in. NPT

28.0 26.6 29.4 38.9 43.0 500.0 1 in. NPT

Source: NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. PSME-QCC Chapter


System Components and Materials

K-factor describes the size and angle for the inlet of the sprinklers orifice.

5.6 K-factor or 12.7-mm (-inch) orifice sprinkler is considered the standard orifice sprinklerand generally serves as a benchmark against which to compare the discharge of other sprinklers

Sprinkler Discharge Characteristic


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PSME-QCC ChapterPhilippine Society of Mechanical Engineers

Quezon City Central Chapter

Pipe and Tube Pipe or Tube Materials and DimensionsMaterials and Dimensions Standard

Ferrous Piping (Welded and Seamless)

Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel PipeBlack and Hot-Dipped Zinc Coated (Galvanized)

ANSI/ASTM A53

Specification for Black and Hot-DippedZinc Coated (Galvanized) Weldedand Seamless Steel Pipe for Fire Protection Use

ASTM A795

Wrought Steel Pipe ANSI B36.10M

Specification for Elec.-Resistance Welded SteelPipe

ASTM A135

Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel PipeBlack and Hot-Dipped Zinc Coated (Galvanized)

PSME -

Specially Listed Steel Pipe Copper Tube: Concern over the failure of solder materials or the brazing materials used to join the

copper tube was expressed as being a potential failure point of the system during a fire.

Nonmetallic Pipe: Concern with plastic pipe is failure when exposed to fire and evenits possible contribution to fire growth.

Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)(a) Limited for use in systems that comply with NFPA 13D; NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in ResidentialOccupancies up to and Including Four Stories in Height; and NFPA 13 (light-hazard occupancies only)(b) Can be used in all wet pipe systems but limited for dry pipe and preaction systems(c) Must be installed behind a thermal barrier. Note that CPVC pipe may be installed exposed if used with listed residential pipe maybe installed exposed if used with listed residential sprinklers that are installed in accordance with their listing or if used with listedquick-response (QR) sprinklers, where the QR sprinklers are installed within 8 in. (203 mm) of the ceiling(d) Must be joined with listed fittings or materials(e) Not permitted to be installed in concealed combustible spaces that requiresprinkler protection


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Fittings are used in pipe and sprinkler systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections,to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating ormeasuring fluid flow.

Screwed Fittings

Fittings Materials and Dimensions

Materials and Dimensions Standard

Malleable Iron

Malleable iron threaded fittings, Class 150 and 300 steel ASME B16.3

Factory-made wrought steel buttweld fittings ASME B16.9

Buttwelding ends for pipe, valves, flanges, and fittings ASME B16.25

Specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steeland alloy steel for moderate and elevated temperatures

ASTM A 234

Steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings ASME B16.5

Forged steel fittings, socket welded and threaded copper ASME B16.11Cast Iron

Cast iron threaded fittings, Class 125 and 250 ASME B16.4

Cast iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings ASME B16.1


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Buttweld Fittings

Pipe Flanges

Mechanical Groove Coupling

OLET Fittings


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System Valves

Isolating Valve : To shut off the system.

One way or Check Valve : To limit the flow to one direction only.

Pressure Regulating Valve : To permit pressure entering part of the system to bemaintained at a certain level.

OS & Y Gate ValveButterfly Valve

Indicator Post and Valve


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Fire Department Connection

Swing Check Valves

Wafer Check Valve

Hose and Gate Valves

ll l f kl


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Installation Rules for Automatic Sprinkler SystemsThe basic principles of NFPA 13 concerning sprinkler system installation are as follows:

1. Sprinklers are to be installed throughout the premises.2. The maximum allowed protection area per sprinkler is not to be exceeded.3. Sprinklers are to be positioned to allow for timely operation and distribution.

Sprinklers shall be positioned to provide protection of the area consistent with the overall objectivesof the standard by controlling the positioning and allowable area of coverage for each sprinkler.

Areas of Coverage

Sprinklers under Smooth Ceilings

Area of Coverage: Multiply L and S

STANDARD SPRAY PENDENT AND UPRIGHT SPRINKLERS L = distance between sprinkler heads

across branchlines

S = distance between sprinkler headsalong the same branchline

Sprinkler spacing dimensions shouldbe as square as possible.


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Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Ordinary Hazard

ConstructionType

SystemType

ProtectionArea

Spacing(Maximum)

m 2 ft 2 m ft

All All 12.1 130 4.6 15




Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Light Hazard

Protection Area Spacing (Maximum)Construction Type System Type m 2 ft2 m ft

Noncombustible obstructedand

unobstructed andcombustible

unobstructed with membersless than

0.9 m (3 ft) on center

Pipe schedule 18.6 200 4.60 15

Hydraulicallycalculated

20.9 225 4.60 15

Combustible obstructed withmembers less

than 0.9 m (3 ft) on center

All 15.6 168 4.60 15

Combustible with membersless than 0.9 m

(3 ft) on center

All 12.1 130 4.60 15

Combustible concealed spaceunder a pitched

roof having combustiblewood joist or

wood truss constructionwith members

less than 3 ft (0.9 m) oncenter with slopes

having a pitch of 4 in 12 orgreater

All 11.1 120 4.60 parallel tothe slope

3.05 perpendicularto the slope

15 parallel to theslope

10 perpendicularto the slope



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Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Extra Hazard

ConstructionType System Type

Protection AreaSpacing

(Maximum)m2 ft2 m ft

All Pipe schedule 8.4 90 3.7 12(In buildings with storage bays 7.6 m [25 ft] wide,3.8 m [12 ft 6 in.] shall be permitted)

All Hydraulically calculatedwith

9.3 100 3.7 12

density 0.25 (In buildings with storage bays 7.6 m [25 ft] wide,3.8 m [12 ft 6 in.] shall be permitted)

All Hydraulically calculatedwithdensity


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Sprinklers at Pitched Roofs; Branch Lines Run Up the Slope

Thermal sensing element shall be located at a minimumof 25 mm (1 in.) and a maximum of 300 mm (12 in.)vertically below the underside of the ceiling.

Linear distance between sprinklers is measured along theslope of the ceiling.

Maintain a minimum 0.9 m (3 ft) clearance between thedeflector of a sprinkler and any combustibles located below it.

Generally, minimum spacing between sprinklers in anydirection is 2.1 m (7 ft).

In any case , the maximum area of coverage of a sprinklershall not exceed 59.7 m 2 (196 ft 2 ).

Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 102 mm (4 in.)from a wall.

Sprinklers shall be spaced not less than 1.8 m (6 ft) on center.

Deflectors of sprinklers shall be aligned parallel to ceilings orroofs.


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Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid Obstructions to Discharge (Standard Spray Upright /Standard Spray Pendent )

Distance From SprinklersMaximum Allowable Distance of Deflector Above

Bottom ofto Side of Obstruction [A] Obstruction, mm (in.) [B]

Less than 0.30 m (1 ft) 0 (0)

0.30 m (1 ft) to less than 0.46 m (1.5 ft) 63.5 (2)

0.46 m (1.5 ft) to less than 0.61 m (2 ft) 88.9 (3)0.61 m (2 ft) to less than 0.76 m (2.5 ft) 139.7 (5)

0.76 m (2.5 ft) to less than 0.91 m (3 ft) 190.5 (7)





1.52 m (5 ft) and greater 457.2 (18)


Obstruction Area To Umbrella Pattern Of Pendent And Upright Non-storage SprinklersSource: FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 2-0 Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers


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Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid Obstructions (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers)

Distance From SprinklersMaximum Allowable Distance of Deflector Above

Bottom ofto Side of Obstruction [A] Obstruction, mm (in.) [B]

Less than 1.22 m (4 ft) Not allowed

1.22 m (4 ft) to less than 1.52 m (5 ft) 25.4 (1)

1.52 m (5 ft) to less than 1.68 m (5.5 ft) 50.8 (2)1.68 m (5.5 ft) to less than 1.83 m (6 ft) 76.2 (3)






2.59 m (8.5 ft) or greater 355.6 (14)Source: NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.

Obstruction Area To Umbrella Pattern away from the mounting of Sidewall Non-storage SprinklersSource: FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 2-0 Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers


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System Protection Area Limitation Maximum Floor Area Supplied By Any One Sprinkler Riser Or Combined System Riser

Light Hazard 4,831 m 2 (52,000 sq ft)

Ordinary Hazard 4,831 m 2 (52,000 sq ft)

Extra Hazard

Pipe Schedule 2,323 m 2 (25,000 sq ft)

Hydraulically Calculated 3,716 m 2 (40,000 sq ft)

Storage High-piled storage

(as defined in NFPA 13) and storage covered by otherstandards

3,716 m 2 (40,000 sq ft)


In buildings of light or ordinary hazard occupancy, 65 mm (2 in.) hose valves for fire department use shall bepermitted to be attached to wet pipe sprinkler system risers.

The minimum size of the riser shall be 100 mm (4 in.) unless hydraulic calculations indicate that a smaller size riserwill satisfy sprinkler and hose stream allowances.

Each combined sprinkler and standpipe riser shall be equipped with a riser control valve to permit isolating a riserwithout interrupting the supply to other risers from the same source of supply.

Exception No. 1: The floor area occupied by mezzanines shall not beincluded in the above area.

Exception No. 2: Where single systems protect extra hazard, high-piledstorage, or storage covered by other NFPA standards, and ordinary orlight hazard areas, the extra hazard or storage area coverage shall notexceed the floor area specified for that hazard and the total area

coverage shall not exceed 4,831 m 2 (52,000 sq ft).


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Design Considerations for Automatic Sprinkler Systems

1. PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD basically uses a prescribed schedule that specifies thenumber of sprinklers that can be supplied by a given size pipe.

The pipe schedule method shall be permitted only for new installations of 465 m 2 (5,000 ft 2 )or less or for additions or modifications to existing pipe schedule systems sized according tothe pipe schedule

The pipe schedule method shall be permitted for additions or modifications toexisting extra hazard pipe schedule systems.

PIPE SCHEDULES

Light Hazard Pipe Schedule

Steel Copper

25 mm (1 in.) 2 sprinklers 25 mm (1 in.) 2 sprinklers



50 mm (2 in.) 10 sprinklers 50 mm (2 in.) 12 sprinklers65 mm (2 in.) 30 sprinklers 65 mm (2 in.) 40 sprinklers



100 mm (4 in.) See TABLE 11.01 100 mm (4 in.) See TABLE 11.01Source: NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.


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Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule

Steel Copper











200 mm (8 in.) See TABLE 11.01 200 mm (8 in.) See TABLE 11.01Source: NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.

Number of Sprinklers Greater Than 3.7 m (12 ft) Separations

Steel Copper



90 mm (3 in.) 60 sprinklers 90 mm (3 in.) 65 sprinklersSource: NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.


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Extra hazard occupancies shall be hydraulically calculated.

Extra Hazard Pipe Schedule

Steel Copper

25 mm (1 in.) 1 sprinkler 25 mm (1 in.) 1 sprinkler




90 mm (3 in.) 40 sprinklers 90 mm (3 in.) 45 sprinklers100 mm (4 in.) 55 sprinklers 100 mm (4 in.) 65 sprinklers125 mm (5 in.) 90 sprinklers 125 mm (5 in.) 100 sprinklers150 mm (6 in.) 150 sprinklers 150 mm (6 in.) 170 sprinklers



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Water Supply Requirements for Pipe Schedule Sprinkler Systems

OccupancyClassification

MinimumResidualPressureRequired

Acceptable Flowat Base of Riser

(Including Hose Stream Allowance)Duration

inkPa psi L/min gpm Minutes

Light hazard 103.42 15 1892 2839 500 750 30 60Ordinary

hazard137.90 20 3217 5677 850 1500 60 90


Where inside hose stations are planned or are required, the following shall apply:(a) A total water allowance of 189 L/min (50 gpm) for a single hose stationinstallation shall be added to the sprinkler requirements.(b) A total water allowance of 378 L/min (100 gpm) for a multiple hose stationinstallation shall be added to the sprinkler requirements.(c) The water allowance shall be added in 189 L/min (50 gpm) increments beginningat the most remote hose station, with each increment added at thepressure required by the sprinkler system design at that point.

Hose connection's supply pipes shall not be connected to any pipe smaller than 65 mm (2 in.) in diameter.

This table is limited to installations no larger than 464.7 m 2 (5,000 ft 2 ).

The flow is a minimum, and in the case of light-hazard occupancy, that flow must be made available at the base of thesystem riser at a pressure of 103.4 kPa (15 psi) plus the pressure that is necessary to reach the highest sprinkler.

The pipe schedule method shall be permitted for use in systems exceeding 464.7 m 2 (5,000 ft 2 ) where the flowsrequired in the table above are available at a minimum residual pressure of 344.8 kPa (50 psi) at the highest elevationof sprinkler.


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Acceptance Requirements

Hydrostatic Test

Maintain 200 psi (13.8 bar) pressure without loss for 2 hours .

Systems normally subjected to system working pressures in excess of 150 psi(10.4 bar) shall be tested at a pressure of 50 psi (3.5 bar) in excess of systemworking pressure.

Systems Operational Test

Waterflow detecting devices including the associated alarm circuits shall be flowtested through the inspector's test connection and shall result in an audiblealarm on the premises within 5 minutes after such flow begins and until suchflow stops.

The automatic operation of a deluge or preaction valve shall be tested inaccordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

Deluge and Preaction Systems Test


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2. HYDRAULIC DESIGN/CALCULATION METHOD

Density/Area Curve Source: NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.

Minimum area of 139.4 m 2 (1,500 ft 2 ) for light- and ordinary-hazard occupancies and232.3 m 2 (2,500 ft 2) for extra-hazard occupancies.

Match selected area to a corresponding discharge densityas shown in the Density/Area curve above.

Number of Sprinklers


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Number of Sprinklers = System Area of Operation, A

Area of Coverage by a Sprinkler, S

Q = A x Density

TABLE 13.01 Water Hose Stream Allowance and Water Supply Duration Requirements for Hydraulically Calculated Systems

Occupancy Inside Hose

Total Combined Insideand Outside Hose

Duration(minutes) L/m gpm L/m gpm

Light hazard 0, 189, 379 0, 50, or 100 379 100 30

Ordinary hazard 0, 189, 379 0, 50, or 100 946 250 60 90

Extra hazard 0, 189, 379 0, 50, or 100 1893 500 90 120


Flow from the Sprinkler:

Water Hose Stream Allowance and Water Supply Duration

Number of Sprinklers

Room Design Method


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Room Design Method

The water supply requirements for sprinklers only shall be based upon the room thatcreates the greatest demand.

(1) For areas of sprinkler operation less than 139 m 2 (1,500 ft 2 ) used for light andordinary hazard occupancies, the density for 139 m 2 (1,500 ft 2 ) shall be used.

(2) For areas of sprinkler operation less than 232 m 2 (2,500 ft 2 ) for extra hazardoccupancies, the density for 232 m 2 (2,500 ft 2 ) shall be used.

Hydraulic Design information Sign

The installing contractor shall identify a hydraulically designed sprinkler system with a permanently marked weatherproof metal or rigid plastic sign secured with corrosion-resistantwire, chain, or other approved means. Such signs shall be placed at the alarm valve, dry pipevalve, preaction valve, or deluge valve supplying the corresponding hydraulically designed area.The sign shall include the following information:

(1) Location of the design area or areas(2) Discharge densities over the design area or areas(3) Required flow and residual pressure demand at the base of the riser(4) Occupancy classification or commodity classification and maximumpermitted storage height and configuration(5) Hose stream allowance included in addition to the sprinkler demand

(6) The name of the installing contractor.

Hanging and Bracing of Water-Based Systems


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Hanging and Bracing of Water-Based Systems

Common Types of Acceptable Hangers

In general, the hanger components areexpected to support five times theweight of the water-filled piping plus aload of 114 kg (250 lb) at any point ofpiping support.


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TABLE 14.01 Maximum Distance Between Hangers (m)

Nominal Pipe Size (mm)

20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 200

Steel pipe exceptThreaded lightwall

N/A 3.66 3.66 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57

Threaded lightwallsteel pipe

N/A 3.66 3.66 3.66 3.66 3.66 3.66 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Copper tube 2.44 2.44 3.05 3.05 3.66 3.66 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57

CPVC 1.68 1.83 1.98 2.13 2.44 2.74 3.05 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Ductile Iron Pipe N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4.57 N/A 4.57 N/A 4.57 4.57


The distance between a hanger and the centerline of an upright sprinkler shall not be less than 76 mm (3 in.).

The unsupported length between the end sprinkler and the last hanger on the line shall not be greater than 0.9 m(36 in.) for 25 mm (1 in.) pipe , 1.2 m (48 in.) for 32 mm (1 in.) pipe , and 1.5 m (60 in.) for 40 mm (1 in.) or larger

pipe .

The cumulative horizontal length of an unsupported armover to a sprinkler, sprinkler drop, or sprig shall not exceed610 mm (24 in.) for steel pipe or 305 mm (12 in.) for copper tube .

Sprigs 1.2 m (4 ft) or longer shall be restrained against lateral movement.


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TABLE 14.02 Hanger Rod Sizes

Pipe Size Diameter of Rod

mm in. mm in.

100Up to andincluding 4in.

9.5

125 5 12.7

150 6 12.7

200 8 12.7

250 10 15.9

300 12 15.9


Longitudinal bracing must be provided for all feed andcross mains at maximum 24.4 m (80 ft) intervals . The lastbrace must be within 12.2 m (40 ft) of the end of themain.

Lateral bracing must be provided for all feed and crossmains, and for branch lines with diameters 65 mm (2in.) and larger , although 65 mm (2 in.) branch linestarter pieces are not required to be braced if they do notexceed 6.1 m (12 ft) in length. The traditional maximumbrace spacing of 12.2 m (40 ft) still applies, but insituations involving high lateral forces or heavy branchlines, the maximum spacing may need to be reduced.

Risers shall be supported by riser clamps or by hangerslocated on the horizontal connections within 610 mm (24in.) of the centerline of the riser. Riser clamps supportingrisers by means of set screws shall not be used. Riserclamps anchored to walls using hanger rods in thehorizontal position shall not be permitted to verticallysupport risers

Private Fire Service Mains


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Private Fire Service Mains

A private fire service main is that pipe between a source of water and the water supply side of the firstabove ground connection to a sprinkler or standpipe system.

Minimum pipe size of 150 mm (6 in.) is recommended. Pipe shall be designed to withstand a system

working pressure of not less than 10.3 bar (150 psi). If the main does not supply hydrants a pipe size of lessthan 6 in. (150 mm) may be used if:

a) hydraulic calculations have determined that the main will supply the totaldemand at the appropriate pressure and

b) the main size shall be at least as large as the riser. Future needs and hosestream flows also should be taken into consideration.

Yard Hydrants

TABLE 15.01 Description of Pipe and Joints


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p p

Material 1

Cast 2 andDuctile Iron

Steel AsbestosCement

Plastic

Polyethylene PolyvinylChloride(PVC)

FiberreinforcedComposite

Standard3

(ANSI/AWWA) C110/A21.10C150/A21.50 C200 C400 C901 C900 C950

Working pressure

See FactoryMutualResearchApproval GuideReference:C110/A21.10C150/A21.50

See C200Also DataSheet 2-8N,Installation ofSprinklerSystems(NFPA)

Class 150150 psi (1035kPa, 10.3 bar)Class 200200 psi (1380kPa, 13.8 bar)

See Factory Mutual ResearchApproval Guide

Reference: AWWA Standard

Joint type Approved push-on,standardizedmechanical,

ball andsocket, pouredlead bell andspigot

Welded,threaded,Flagged,ApprovedGroovedcouplings

Approved push-on castiron

Butt fusion orApprovedadapters

Push-on, belland spigot,cast iron orApprovedmaterials

Approvedusing solventcement,

push-oncast iron

Restraint 4 Approved, rodsand clamps,thrust blocks

Not necessary Thrust blocks Thrust blocks

1 Acceptance of pipe, joints and fittings that are not Approved is based on satisfactory experience and conformity to specifications of recognizedengineering bodies. Cast and ductile iron, steel, and asbestos cement pipe are acceptable on that basis.

2 Cast Iron Standards, C106/A21.6 and C108/A21.8 withdrawn in 1982 and 1979 respectively. Ductile iron pipe has replaced cast iron.

3 AWWA: American Water Works Association. ANSI: American National Stand ards Institute, Inc.

4 Thrust blocks are the preferred method of restraint.

Source: FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 3-10 Private Fire Service Mains


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TABLE 15.02 Area of Bearing Surface of Concrete Thrust Blocks

Pipe Sizemm (in.)

90 Bend or 14 Bend m2 (ft 2)

45 Bend or 18 bend m2 (ft 2)

Tees, Hydrants,Caps, Plugs

m2 (ft 2)

100 (4) 0.2 (2) 0.2 (2) 0.2 (2)

150 (6) 0.5 (5) 0.3 (3) 0.4 (4)

200 (8) 0.7 (8) 0.5 (5) 0.6 (6)

250 (10) 1.2 (13) 0.7 (7) 0.8 (9)

300 (12) 1.7 (18) 0.9 (10) 1.2 (13)

350 (14) 2.3 (25) 1.3 (14) 1.7 (18)

400 (16) 3.0 (32) 1.7 (18) 2.1 (23)

Areas in this table were derived using 225 psi (1551 kPa, 15.5 bar) water pressure and 2000 lb/ft2 (96kPa, 1 bar) soil resistance. This is

typical of sand and gravel with clay. For other soils, multiply the table values by the following factors:

Soft clay 4 Sand and gravel cemented with clay 0.5

Sand 2 Shale, hardpan 0.4

Sand and gravel 1.3

Note: Wide variations of bearing load capacity may be encountered within eachsoil type.

Source: FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 3-10 Private Fire Service Mains

Bearing Thrust Block

f


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Steel Suction Tank Open-Top Concrete Tank with Attached Pump House

Fixed Water Storage Supplies for Fire Protection

Ground-Level Tanks


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G ou d eve a s

Elevated Tanks

Ground-level tanks that either provide a suction supply for an adjacent fire pump or act as gravity tanks toprovide sufficient water pressure for the fire protection system are the most common type in areas whereseismic protection is required.

The four main seismic considerations are as follows:1. Flexibility of pipe connections to tank. two flexible couplings on the pipe should be provided between the

tank and the pump. One should be as close to the tank wall as possible and the other within 0.6 m (24 in.) of thepump.

2. Anchorage of the tank and foundation to prevent horizontal and vertical displacement. Ground-level tanksshould be anchored for seismic protection for the appropriate seismic ground motion. Anchorage andfoundation design details are best provided and/or reviewed by a qualified structural engineer.

3. Clearance around pipe penetrations through pump house or other structural walls. At least 50 mm (2 in.)clearance should be provided on all sides of piping that passes through structural walls or other fixed structures.

4. Proper steel thickness near base of tank to avoid elephant footing. In areas with a high probability ofstrong ground motion, unanchored tanks may have significant vertical and horizontal displacements.

Elevated tanks, where the tank body is mounted on legs or a pedestal, are less common in areas where seismicprotection is required. Because of the complexity of any seismic analysis for this type of tank, a qualified structuralengineer can best handle seismic analysis and design.

Tank Capacities


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p

TABLE 16.01 Common Sizes of Steel Pump Suction Tanks

m3 * gal m3 * gal

190 50,000 950 250,000

290

75,000

1100

300,000

380 100,000 1500 400,000

475 125,000 2000 500,000

575 150,000 3000 750,000

750 200,000 4000 1,000,000

*Figures rounded off as approximations from nominal customary American tank sizes.

Tanks should be designed and installed according to NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks forPrivate Fire Protection , which gives full requirements for construction materials, loads, unitstresses, details of design, foundations, accessories, and workmanship. Welding of towers shouldconform to code requirements for welding in building construction. The volume of suctionstorage should be sufficient to supply the pump or pumps at 150 percent of the pumps ratedcapacity for the required duration of the water demand. This is normally 1 to 4 hours.Aboveground, underground, or fire well tanks filled with potable water are recommended forsupplying fire pumps.

Centrifugal Fire Pumps


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g p

The NFPA standard on fire pumps is NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps forFire Protection (hereinafter referred to NFPA 20).

Listed horizontal and vertical fire pumps are available with rated capacities from 95 to 18 925 L/min

(25 to 5000 gpm). Pressure ratings range from 276 to 2758 kPa (40 to 394 psi) for horizontal pumpsand 517 to 3448 kPa (26 to 510 psi) for vertical turbine pumps. Listed centrifugal fire pump designsinclude horizontal-end-suction, vertical in-line, split-case (horizontal and vertical shaft), and vertical-turbine types.

Volute Casing and ImpellerHorizontal Shaft, Single-Stage Centrifugal Pump

TABLE 17.01 Summary of Centrifugal Fire Pump Data

Minimum Pipe Sizes


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Vertical Turbine Fire Pump

PumpRating(L/min)

Suction*

Discharge*

ReliefValve

ReliefValve

Discharge

Meter

Device

Numberand

Size ofHose

Valves

HoseHead

erSupp

ly

95 25 25 20 25 32 1 40 25

189 40 32 32 40 50 1 40 40 379 50 50 40 50 65 1 65 65

568 65 65 50 65 80 1 65 65

757 80 80 50 65 80 1 65 65

946 90 80 50 65 90 1 65 80

1,136 100 100 65 90 90 1 65 80

1,514 100 100 80 125 100 2 65 100

1,703 125 125 80 125 100 2 65 100

1,892 125 125 100 125 125 2 65 100

2,839 150 150 100 150 125 3 65 150

3,785 200 150 150 200 150 4 65 150

4,731 200 200 150 200 150 6 65 200

5,677 200 200 150 200 200 6 65 200

7,570 250 250 150 250 200 6 65 200 9,462 250 250 200 250 200 8 65 250

11,355 300 300 200 300 200 12 65 250

13,247 300 300 200 300 250 12 65 300

15,140 350 300 200 350 250 16 65 300

17,032 400 350 200 350 250 16 65 300

18,925 400 350 200 350 250 20 65 300

*Actual diameter of pump flange is permitted to be different from pipe diameter.

The characteristic curves (Figure 17.04) of a horizontal-, centrifugal-, or vertical-turbine-type


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pump are as follows:

1. Total head versus discharge (ft of head or psi of pressure versus gpm)2. Brake horsepower versus discharge3. Efficiency versus discharge (water hp/input hp versus gpm)

FIGURE 17.04 Typical Centrifugal Fire Pump Characteristic Curves


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Location and Housing of Centrifugal Fire Pumps

Fire pumps are preferably housed in buildings of fire-resistant or noncombustible construction .

Even when the climate is so mild that there is no danger of freezing, sufficient enclosure is needed to protect against dirt, corrosion, and tampering .

A dry location above-grade is preferred.

Pump rooms should be large enough to facilitate easy access to all equipment and devices forinspection, testing, and maintenance.

Fire pumps are located as close as possible to those areas where protection is most important.

In some large properties, it may be necessary to have water supplies at more than one point to obtainthe most favorable distribution system.


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Typical Fire Pump Installation


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PSME-QCC Chapter

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