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Mark L. Robin, PhD
DuPont Chemicals & Fluoroproducts
Fire Risk Mitigation in Mission Critical Facilities
2015 NFPA Conference & Expo
McCormick Place in Chicago, IL
June 23, 2015
2http://blogs.mprnews.org/newscut/2012/10/hurricane_impact_on_air_traffi/
Air Traffic Control Towers: Mission Critical
Typical Monday Morning Air Traffic Snapshot
3
Airline traffic at 10:20 a.m. EDT over the United
States Sept. 26, 2014, following a fire at
a suburban Chicago ATC Facility
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/Chicago-air-traffic-halted-over-fire-at-faa-facility/
4
Consequences of Fire at a Mission
Critical Facility: Aurora ATC Facility
• More than 2,000 flights in and out of
Chicago cancelled by evening of fire
• Flights as far away as Dallas cancelled
• Ultimate cancellation of 3900 flights
in the four days following the fire a
• Cost to American, United and Southwest estimated
in the hundreds of millions of dollars for each airline b
• $123 million cost in passengers lost economic activity a
• Some passengers diverted to Detroit
a US Travel Association estimateb Boyd Group Int’l estimate
5
Fires in Mission Critical Facilities: Recent Examples
Facility Location
Aurora ATC Tower Chicago, IL
State Police Data Center Maryland, USA
Iowa Legislative Building Iowa, USA
Samsung SDS Gwacheon, South Korea
Iron Mountain Buenos Aires, Argentina
Cowboyminers Bangkok, Thailand
NSA Spy Center Utah, USA
Shaw Communications Calgary, Canada
Macomb County IT facility Michigan, USA
Samsung SDS Facility Fire
Cowboyminers Fire
Fires DO occur in
mission critical facilities
6
Fire Risk in IT Facilities
Fire History
Typically involve small fires
Potentially large impact
• Equipment, Data and Business Continuity at Risk
Equipment and data loss
High cost of downtime
Leading cause: electrical distribution equipment
Wires, cables, cord, plugs, outlets
Fire Hazard
Fuel load primarily electronic equipment and power
cables: plastics
7
Electronic Equipment: Fire Damage
Thermal Damage
- Due to fire itself (heat)
Non-thermal Damage: Combustion Products
- Smoke, soot, water, acids
Non-thermal Damage: Suppression Agent
- e.g., water, foam, dry chemical
Electronic equipment is very
susceptible to damage from fire
8
Electronics: Thermal Damage
Component Onset of Damage
Storage media (magnetic
tape, floppies, etc.) 125 oF (52 oC)
Hard drives 150 oF (66 oC)
Electronic components 174 oF (79 oC)
Paper 350 oF (177 oC)
Polystyrene cases, reels 650 oF (310 oC)
Microfilm 225 oF (107 oC)
Damage results in loss of equipment and data
9
Electronics: Non-Thermal Damage
from Combustion Products
Steam, Smoke, Soot, Various Combustion Products
Hydrogen Chloride
- From combustion of PVC
- Reacts with galvanized zinc components forming ZnCl2
- ZnCl2 layer formed, reacts with humidity to produce a
corrosive ZnCl2 solution
Corrosive Combustion Gases
- HF, HBr, SO2, CH3COOH, NO2, HCN
10
Cost of datacenter downtime
is high… and getting higher
Average cost per minute
increased 41% from 2010
2010: $5,617 per minute
2013: $7,908 per minute
Cost of Business Interruption
Source: Ponemon Institute 2013
12
• Extinguishment via oxygen depletion and heat absorption
• Is a clean agent
• Toxicity concerns
CO2 lethal at its required extinguishing concentrations
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
13
Powder-based Agents
• Efficient fire extinguishment via chemical interaction with flame
• All incorporate solid particles
• Corrosion concerns
• Major cleanup required
• Significant downtime
14
• Efficient extinguishment via separation of fuel from air
• Aqueous = Corrosion concerns
• Major cleanup required
• Significant downtime
Foam
15
POWDER
CO2
CLEAN
AGENTS
Fire Protection Options for
Mission Critical Facilities
Toxic
Corrosive
Extensive
Clean-up
WATERFOAM
Corrosive
Extensive
Clean-up
16
Fire Protection Options for
Mission Critical Facilities
WATER-
BASED
SYSTEMS
CLEAN
AGENTS
Required by code
for
STRUCTURE
protection
Protection of
Structure’s CONTENTS
17
NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation
of Sprinkler Systems
Principle document addressing design
and installation of sprinkler systems
NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code
NFPA 75 Standard for the Protection of Electronic
Computer/Data Processing Equipment
NFPA 76 Recommended Practice for the Fire
Protection of Telecommunications Facilities
Automatic Sprinkler Standards
18
Automatic Sprinkler Systems:
Design Objectives
- “In general terms of property protection,
sprinkler systems are typically designed to
achieve fire control...”
- “Fire control can be described as limiting the fire
size by decreasing the rate of heat release and
pre-wetting adjacent combustibles, while
maintaining ceiling gas temperatures so as to
avoid structural damage”
NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 19th Edition, p. 10-193.
20
Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Thermal Response Heat detection serves as basis of sprinkler system response
fusible link
glass bulb
Activation at ceiling temperatures 135 oF
Fire size at activation 100s of kW
21
Clean AgentsNFPA 2001 (2015) 3.3.6Electrically nonconducting, volatile, or
gaseous fire extinguishant that does not
leave a residue upon evaporation.
ISO 14520 2006 Edition
Minimum cleanup required
No to minimum downtime
Fire Protection Basics: Clean Agents
22
Clean Agent Fire Suppression Systems
NFPA 2001 Standard for Clean Agent Fire
Extinguishing Systems (2015)
Total flooding agents
Uniform distribution of agent throughout enclosure
Ability to extinguish hidden and obstructed fires
Primary Design Objective = Fire Extinguishment
Rapid detection
Rapid extinguishment
Fire size at activation 0.1 to several kW
23
Time
HeatRelease
Rate
sprinkler activation
clean agent
system activation
detection
FIRE CONTROL
FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT
Clean Agent System vs. Sprinkler System
(Fire Extinguishment vs. Fire Control)
24
Comparison Testing of Preaction
Sprinkler and Clean Systemsa
Clean Agent System: FM-200®
System designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 2001
Preaction Sprinkler System
Designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 13
Detection/Alarm Systems
Designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 72
a M.L. Robin and E.W. Forssell, "Comparison Testing in a Simulated Data Processing/
Telecommunications Facility: FM-200 and Automatic Sprinkler Systems, 2004
Halon Options Technical Working Conference, May 4-6, 2004, Albuquerque, NM.
In-cabinet fire: ABS sheets
27
Preaction Sprinkler System
Designed in accordance with NFPA 13
Based on Ordinary Hazard Class I classification
Nine sprinkler heads in main space
Nine sprinkler heads above suspended ceiling
11 ft spacing for area coverage of 121 ft2
Maximum spacing allowed under NFPA 13 is 15 ft
Recessed pendant standard response glass bulb
sprinklers
Temperature rating 135 oF
Application density of 0.15 gpm/ft2 required
28
FM-200® Suppression System
Designed in accordance with NFPA 2001
7% by volume FM-200®
Discharge time: 9.5 seconds
Hygood Ltd cylinder
Hygood Ltd 8-port aluminum nozzle
orifice area 1.57 in2
System design via Hygood Ltd’s design software
30 s delay employed from detection to system activation
Maximum delay time allowed under recommendations of FM
Global Property Loss Prevention Sheet 5-14 on
Telecommunication Facilities
29
Results: Preaction Sprinkler System
Photoelectric detector in NE corner in full alarm
at 94 seconds from ignition
Ionization detector in NE corner in full alarm at
112 seconds from ignition
Complete obscuration due to smoke at approximately
240 seconds from ignition
Sprinkler head in NE corner actuated at 273 seconds
from ignition
Sprinkler head in N corner actuated at 347 seconds from
ignition
30
Results: Preaction Sprinkler System
Fire not extinguished by sprinkler system
IR camera shows fire burning through entirety of test
Fire contained to source cabinet
Max ceiling temperature of 560 oF observed at
thermocouple tree nearest fire
Fire Damage
Entire cabinet and contents destroyed
Non-Fire Damage
Extensive water, smoke and soot damage
31
Results: Preaction Sprinkler System
Non-Fire Damage Black “ring” around entire enclosure
Ceiling tiles discolored
Soot particles scrubbed from smoke layer cover
floor, horizontal surfaces
Walls discolored from smoke damage
Water damage to paper goods
38
Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Performance Summary
Design objective attained: Fire was controlled
System performed exactly as expected
Fire contained to origin
Ceiling temperatures managed such that
structural damage and/or collapse did not occur
Structure saved
39
Results: FM-200® System
AnaLASER II alarmed at 78 seconds from ignition
FM-200® system activated at 108 seconds from
ignition
Fire extinguished at 125 seconds from ignition
7 seconds from end of system discharge
No change in ceiling temperatures
Fire damage
Slight scorching of inside of test cabinet
Non-fire damage
Several ceiling tiles displaced
42
FM-200® System
Performance Summary
Design objective attained: Fire extinguished
System performed exactly as expected
Contents of structure saved
43
Fire Risk Management 101
“Fire risk analysis is a process to characterize the risk
associated with fire that addresses the fire scenario or
fire scenarios of concern, their probability, and their
potential consequences. Risk factors to be considered
include life safety and (direct and indirect) economic
losses from the loss of function (capacity) or data, loss of
professional reputation, and the costs of redundant
systems”
R.W. Bukowski, Fire Protection Engineering Emerging Trends, Issue 76 (09/2013)
“Risk Considerations for Data /Center Fire Protection
44
1. Risk
2. Scenario
3. Probability
4. Consequences
Direct
Indirect
Fire Risk Management 101
KEY ELEMENTS
Equipment-related fire
Cables, electronic equipment
NOT zero
Due to fire and extinguishant
Ex: Business interruption
Mission Critical Facilities:
45
Fire Risk Management
Standards & Guides
SFPE Engineering Guide: Fire Risk Assessment
(SFPE G.04.2006)
NFPA 551 Guide for the Evaluation of Fire Risk
Assessments
NFPA Handbook of Fire Protection, Chapter 8, Section 3,
Fire Risk Analysis
ASTM E1546-09a Standard Guide for Development of
Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards
46
Mission Critical Facility
Fire Protection
Sprinkler and Clean Agent systems vastly different
Design objectives different: Control vs Extinguishment
Preaction systems best suited to protection of structure
Clean agent systems best suited to protection of contents
of structure
Sprinkler systems alone inappropriate for protection of high
value assets
Clean agents not ideally suited for structural protection
Loss during a fire NOT limited to fire damage
Potential loss differs for clean agent vs sprinkler systems
47
Quantifying Loss: Direct vs. Indirect Costs of Fire
Direct:• Equipment involved in the fire
• Data
• Historical and Intellectual
Property
• Financial records
• Cost of Clean up
Indirect:• Business interruption &
downtime
• Insurance
• Lawsuits
• Collateral Damage
• Loss of customer confidence
Losses and costs associated with a fire are not
limited to the equipment involved in the fire
48
Shaw Datacenter Fire:
Minimum Fire Protection and Its Consequences
The potential consequences of adopting a
minimum protection approach to fire protection
can be clearly seen in the results of the recent
Shaw datacenter outage in Calgary
49
Shaw Datacenter Fire:
Transformer fire sets off sprinkler system
• Sprinklers take out backup systems housed on site
• Knockout out of primary and backup systems
supporting key public services
• Crippled city services, including 311 services
• Delay of 100s of surgeries at local hospitals
• IBM Canada forced to fly backup tapes holding
vehicle and property registration data
to a backup facility in Markham, Ontario
50
Shaw Datacenter Fire:
• Extensive water damage to furniture, walls and
sensitive electronic equipment on the floors
below the top story fire location
• Temporary relocation of over 900 Shaw employees
while damage is repaired
• Six days of service outage
51
• More than 20,000 Shaw business and household clients
watched their cable, telephone and Internet services
disappear almost immediately
• City and provincial clients watched their own networks
go dark as the water trickled down, affecting other data
companies below the fire.
• Some cellular carriers were also said to be affected, as
well as ATB banking services, ATMs and debit terminals
throughout the city
Shaw Datacenter Fire:
52
“Water needs to be there by law,” said Q9
chief executive Osama Arafat, “but you
want to try and deal with a fire using less
destructive means first.”
“Competitor Q9 Networks Inc., which operates three
data centres in the city, has early detection systems
that can detect smoke and use gases that don’t harm
people to prevent fires from starting.”
Source: http://m.controlfiresystems.com/news/data_fire/
Shaw Datacenter Fire:
53
Case Study: Iowa State Legislature Building
Datacenter Fire: February 18, 2014
Mission Critical Facility
Payroll processing for state
employees was scheduled for that evening
Dept of Revenue needed to
process tax collections.
Justice Dept needed to process
claims and fee payments.
54
http://www.govtech.com/state/Fire-in-your-Data-Center-No-Power-No-Access-Now-What.html
Iowa Legislature Fire Timeline
3pm • Fire ignites: FM-200
System deploys
9pm• Data Center
Cleared of burnt equipment
2am• Major websites and
agency systems restored
3am• Remaining
major agency applications restored
55
Fire Protection for Mission
Critical Facilities
• Fires DO Occur in Mission Critical Facilities
• Risk, Consequences, Losses dependent on facility & fire protection system
Sprinklers : fire control/structure protection
Clean agents: fire extinguishment/content protection
Substantial risk reduction at very high benefit/cost
ratios may be realized by protecting sensitive,
valuable and mission-critical assets, such as those
found in IT and telco facilities, with both a clean agent
system and a sprinkler system.