FIRE MITIGATION in facade design & material choicehubilo-o4mlunccwnbtnhr.stackpathdns.com/zak_presentation/Satria... · CLASS A CLASS A FIRES ... Along with sealing the slot area,

FIRE MITIGATION IN FACADE DESIGN & MATERIAL CHOICE

@ AUGUST 2017 By Satria Ramadhana

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1. MECHANISM OF FIRE SPREAD IN FACADES AND EXAMPLE OF FIRES INVOLVING BUILDING ENVELOPES

2. PERIMETER CURTAIN WALL FIRE PROTECTION

3. FIRE HAZARDS OF BUILDING ENVELOPES CONTAINING COMBUSTIBLE COMPONENTS

FAÇADE DESIGN

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CURTAIN WALL – BASICS FOR DESIGN

- GAP BETWEEN SLAB EDGE AND FAÇADE

- WHAT IS INSIDE THE BUILDING OR THE BUILDING TYPE

- WHERE AND WHEN IS IT A BENEFIT FOR COMPARTMENTALIZATION

- FIRE

- SMOKE BARRIER

- SOUND ATTENUATION

- WATER INFILTRATION AND DRAINAGE

- HORIZONTALITY AND VERTICALITY

- THE ACCOMMODATION OF MOVEMENT

FAÇADE DESIGN

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EXTERNAL WALL CLADDING – BASICS FOR DESIGN

- GAP BETWEEN EXTERNAL WALL AND CLADDING

- WHAT IS OUTSIDE THE BUILDING

- FIRE

- ACCOMMODATE AIR FLOW (SPECIAL CASE FOR RAIN SCREEN OR VENTILATED FAÇADE)

- HORIZONTALITY AND VERTICALITY

- AGE RESISTANT

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BEHAVIOUR OF FIRE

OXYGEN

FIRE CLASSIFACTION :

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ACCORDING TO THE AMERICAN STANDARD, FIRES ARE CLASSIFIED BY THE TYPES OF FUEL THEY BURN.

CLASS ACLASS A FIRES CONSIST OF ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLES SUCH AS WOOD, PAPER, TRASH OR ANYTHING ELSE THAT LEAVES AN ASH. WATER WORKS BEST TO EXTINGUISH A CLASS A FIRE.

CLASS BCLASS B FIRES ARE FUELED BY FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS, WHICH INCLUDE OIL, GASOLINE, AND OTHER SIMILAR MATERIALS. SMOTHERING EFFECTS WHICH DEPLETE THE OXYGEN SUPPLY WORK BEST TO EXTINGUISH CLASS B FIRES.

CLASS CCLASS C FIRES. ENERGIZED ELECTRICAL FIRES ARE KNOWN AS CLASS C FIRES. ALWAYS DE-ENERGIZE THE CIRCUIT THEN USE A NON-CONDUCTIVE EXTINGUISHING AGENT. SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE.

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FIRE CLASSIFICATION :

CLASS DCLASS D FIRES ARE COMBUSTIBLE METAL FIRES. MAGNESIUM AND TITANIUM ARE THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF METAL FIRES. ONCE A METAL IGNITES DO NOT USE WATER IN AN ATTEMPT TO EXTINGUISH IT. ONLY USE A DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHING AGENT. DRY POWDER AGENTS WORK BY SMOTHERING AND HEAT ABSORPTION.

CLASS KCLASS K FIRES ARE FIRES THAT INVOLVE COOKING OILS, GREASE OR ANIMAL FAT AND CAN BE EXTINGUISHED USING PURPLE K, THE TYPICAL AGENT FOUND IN KITCHEN OR GALLEY EXTINGUISHERS.

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EFFECTS OF FIRE

FIRE ORIGIN

HEAT

SMOKE

PROBLEMS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

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• Fuel Load & Fire Spread

• Smoke Development and Movement

• Life Safety & Occupant Evacuation

• Fire Brigade Operations

MECHANISM OF FIRE SPREAD IN FACADES AND EXAMPLE OF FIRES INVOLVING BUILDING ENVELOPE

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BREAKDOWN OF MECHANISMS OF FIRE SPREAD IN FACADES

The key initiating types of Fire Spread ;

1. Fire spread though open areas

2. Fire spread though vertical cavity

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MECHANISMS OF FIRE SPREAD IN FACADES

EXTERNAL FIRE SPREAD

Fire spread though open area

Fire, allowed to develop, may flash over and break out through windows.

Flame spread up over or through the cladding.

Flame can extend over 2 meters above window opening. Regardless of cladding materials.

If fire re-enters building secondary fires may then develop.

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF FIRE SPREAD THROUGH OPEN AREAS

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EXTERNAL FIRE SPREAD

Fire spread though External cladding panel

Cavities either- Part of the system- Created by delamination

Flame in the cavities can extend 5 to 10 times original length regardless of the material present.

FACADE FIRE EXAMPLES

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FIRE SPREAD IN BUILDING ENVELOPES

A few points to consider with fires involving multi-storey buildings

- Risk to life

- Loss of personal or commercial property

- Disruption to commercial bussiness

- Domestic life impact where dwellings are involved

PERIMETER CURTAIN WALL FIRE PROTECTION

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VISION GLASS

SPANDREL GLASS

Fire begins on a floor, as products of combustion fuel the fire. Pressure and heat accumulate between the floors as positive pressure builds and the heat rises to the ceiling

DYNAMICS OF VERTICAL FIRE SPREAD IN HIGH-RISE BUILDING

UNPROTECTED PERIMETER JOINT

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DYNAMICS OF VERTICAL SPREAD IN HIGH-RISE BUILDING

The fire will follow the flow of air currents and if the void between the floor and curtain wall is not properly sealed, flames will spread vertically…

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Fire attacks the curtain wall structure from both sides causing a premature failure of the wall structure and potentially the breaking of the vision glass above!

Flames may erupt through the windows as oxygen fuels the fire further.

Elevated temp. and pressure breaks lower

vision glass

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PROTECTED PERIMETER JOINTFirestop Coating or Sealant over mineral wool safingA properly designed & tested

Perimeter Fire Barrier Systemnot only protects the perimeter joint but critical wall framing and support elements as well!

Properly installed & supported mineral wool spandrel insulation

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WHAT DOES THE CODE SAY?

“The perimeter joint must be sealed with an approved material or system that extends this rating to the exterior wall surface”

CODE COMPLIANCE

Firestopping the perimeter joint is mandatory.

1. Designing the wall to keep the firestop system in place for the rated period of the floor is an obvious necessity.

Protecting the perimeter joint:

2. Designing and installing the firestop correctly is the final step!

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Main risk to the building other than the perimeter joints is

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The Leap Frog Effect…

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Fire may break out of a window and leap back to the floor above!

That being the case…

The Leap Frog effect…

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VISION GLASS

SPANDREL GLASS

Why bother to protect the perimeter???

While sprinklers can help in containing and slowing of some types of fires they are not a total solution. They do not reduce the requirements for protection of the safing slot! and are not a total solution for the Leap Frog effect

The Leap Frog effect…

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VISION GLASS

SPANDREL GLASS

Due to this many engineers are requested to reduce sprinkler requirements as a cost savings.

The Leap Frog affect…

The fact is, depending on window spacing and other factors, the fire may jump!

So what exactly does a Perimeter Fire Barrier System do?

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What is the purpose of Fire Barrier System on Façade ?

Slows the process down. Of course it depends on window spacing and other construction factors…

As well as the nature and severity of the fire…

The Perimeter Fire Barrier System

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Along with sealing the slot area, a well engineered system provides structural protection and maximizes the integrity of the wall system…

Keeping the wall and window system above the fire, intact for longer!

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• Prevents the migration of flame, hot gases and smoke through to floors above.

• Buys time for occupants to escape.

• Buys time for first responders to secure the building

• Provides additional protection in the event of a sprinkler or detection failure.

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• Extends the rating of the floor to the wall.

• Forces the fire to exit the building in order to propagate to upper floors.

• Protects structural elements and helps prevent catastrophic failure of the spandrel system.

• Maximizes fire protection afforded by the non-rated wall.

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Provides energy savings through increased thermal efficiencies throughout the life of the building…

When considered this way, the life safety benefits are free!

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How Are Perimeter Fire Barrier Systems on the

Curtain wall Tested?

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Testing on the curtain wall systems :

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3 Main standards :1. ASTM E2307 : “Standard Test Method for Determining Fire Resistance

of Perimeter Fire Barriers Using Intermediate-Scale, Multi-Story Test Apparatus”.

2. EN 1364 – Part 3 : “Fire resistance curtain walling systems - full configuration” – Fire resistant Glazing.

3. EN 1364 – Part 4 : “Fire resistance of parts of curtain walling ” – Fire resistant Glazing.

Comparison Each Codes Methodology :

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ASTM E2307

Standard Test Method for Determining Fire Resistance of Perimeter Fire Barriers Using

Intermediate-Scale, Multi-Story Test Apparatus

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ASTM E2307 Chamber

ELEVATION SECTION

Curtain Wall Test Assembly

Pre-Burn

Transom above floor

Transom below floor

Mechanical attachments

supporting insulation

Mineral wool insulation at

spandrel area

Mullions

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AssemblyInterior View

Pre-Burn

Thermocouples measuring

temperature rise

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Interior Burner Lit - Time: 0:00 minute

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Exterior Burner Lit - Time: 0:05 minutes

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Flames Climbing Exterior

Time: 0:15 minutes

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Melting of Mullions &

Transoms

Time: 0:45 minutes

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Vision Glass Breaks

Time: 2:00 hrs

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Burner Off at 2 hours

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Post Test:

Close up Detail of Mullion and Transom

Damage

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Post Test – Interior View

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Perimeter Fire Barrier Evaluation for Curtain Wall

Design

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• Mechanically Attached Curtain Wall Insulation

• Protect Aluminum Mullions

• Compression-fit Safing Insulation -as required per tested assembly Install Safing Impaling Clips -as required per tested assembly

• Provide Backing/Reinforcement Member at Safing Line

Basic Design Criteria to be used for future facades –Perimeter Fire Barrier Curtain Wall

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WHAT IS THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF DEATH IN FIRE ?

• Mechanically Attached Curtain Wall Insulation

• Protect Aluminum Mullions

• Compression-fit Safing Insulation -as required per tested assembly Install Safing Impaling Clips -as required per tested assembly

• Provide Backing/Reinforcement Member at Safing Line

Basic Design Criteria – Perimeter Fire Barrier Curtain Wall

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• Applied Firestop Coating , for “Smoke Containment,”

Benefits of Specifying A Listed Perimeter Joint System

• Completes the curtain wall package

• Applies pedigreed testing and competent engineering

• Assists the local authority civil defense

• Standardizes design and cost

• Limits liability

• Provides energy conservation from insulation value

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3. FIRE HAZARDS OF BUILDING ENVELOPE CONTAINING COMBUSTIBLE COMPONENTS

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Many combustible materials are in use for building envelope assemblies ;

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1. To improve energy performance

2. Reduce water and air infiltration

3. To allow aesthetic design flexibility

THERE HAVE BEEN A NUMBER OF DOCUMENTED FIRE INCIDENTS INVOLVING COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL ON THE BUILDING ENVELOPES…

Type of combustible material on the building envelope in common use ;

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1. Synthetic stucco

2. Aluminium composite panel (non fire rated type)

3. High pressure laminates

4. Rain screen cladding or ventilated facade

5. Gaskets, seismic and expansion joints, etc.

These façade systems are typically complex assemblies of different material types and layers which may include insulation layers and vertical cavities.

HOW IMPORTANT IS USING NON-COMBUSTIBLE PRODUCTS FOR FAÇADE ASSEMBLIES?

EXAMPLE: ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE MATERIALS

FINDINGS FROM RESEARCH

FOUR PRIMARY REASONS FOR SPREAD OF FIRE IN A TYPICAL LDPE CORE ACP CLADDED BUILDINGS.

• The Foam Backer Rod is one of the first to ignite and burns the polyethylene sealant. Fire movesswiftly through the continuous sealant and backer rod aided by bitumen paint .

• The cavity caused due to sealed façade and lack of cavity barrier creates a tunnel effect for fire to spread up the floors very quickly.

• The LDPE core of ACP panel and aluminium skin both melt and droplets contribute to furtherspread of fire, as well as onto any fire personnel below.

• The fire spreads both from the back of the facade and front of the façade, aided by winds and cavities and further fuelled by droplets of LDPE and falling debris of burning panels .

BUILDINGS ARE ENGULFED IN FIRE WITHIN MINUTES !

Fire Incident cases involving combustible exterior wall assembly;

Note : Literature of fire incident cases involving exterior wall assemblies has been found to be limited, base on report of the news paper articles with no specific information on material, fire behaviour or mechanism of fire spread

Al Tayer Tower – Sharjah, UAE, 2012

Residential building with 408 unit, 34 residential floors and 6 parking storey

Building clad with aluminiumcomposite panels consisting of aluminium with polyethylene core (PE).



Saif Belhasa Building – TecomDubai, UAE, 2012

Residential building with 156 unit, 13 residential floors and lower level parking place




The Wooshin Golden Suites –Busan, South Korea, 2005

140m high mixed use (mostly apartment) Building.


The fire was examined in details in “fire science and technology” journal article.



Grenfell Tower – London, England, 2017

Residential building with 24 residential floors




The Address Downtown –Dubai, UAE, 31 December 2015

Hotel Residential building – 22nd

tallest building in Dubai.


• ACP PANELS - CLASS B - has over 70% Mineral Core and A2 has over 90% Mineral Core with major component being MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE . Solid magnesium hydroxide has smoke and fire retarding properties. This is due to the endothermic decomposition it undergoes at 332 degrees celsius.

• Mg(OH)2 (s) → MgO (s) + H2O (g)

• The heat absorbed by the reaction acts as a retardant by delaying ignitionof the associated substance. The water released dilutes any combustible gas and inhibits oxygen from aiding the combustion.

WHAT GIVES MINERAL CORE B & A2 PANELS SUCH SUPERIOR FIRE PENETRATION PROPERTIES ?

A NFPA 285 OR BS 8414 COMPLIANT FIRE RATED ASSEMBLY REQUIRES A HIGH FIRE RATED PANEL. NORMALLY ONLY B RATED AND ABOVE PANELS CAN PASS THE FULL ASSEMBLY TEST.

OVER

PERFORMANCE

100% LDPE CORE

ACP

OVER 70%

MINERAL CORE

ACP

OVER 90%

MINERAL CORE

ACP

OVER 95%

ALUMINIUM

HONEYCOMB

EN13501 A1 SOLID

ALUMINIUM 3 MM

COMBUSTIBILTY

RATING COMBUSTIBLE

LOW

COMBUSTIBILITY

NON

COMBUSTIBLE

NON

COMBUSTIBLE

NON

COMBUSTIBLE

NFPA 285/ BS 8414

PASS NO YES YES YES YES

ASTM E 84 CORE

BURNING CLASS A

RATING NO YES YES YES YES

ASTM D 1929

IGNITION TEST PASS NO YES YES YES YES

EN 13501 s1

d0 Rating E B A2 A2 A1

How Are External wall Materials Tested?

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Steel stud

41 x 92 mm

Gypsum

wallboard

16 mm

w=4.3m

2.0m

h=5.5m

h=0.76m

0.5m

0.76m1.2m

Room burner

Aluminium

composite panel

Foil backed

fiber glass

insulation

Test duration: 30

min.

Pass/Fail: No spread

of flame beyond the

area directly exposed

to flame from fire

source.

Test apparatus Fixation method

Window burner

ISMA TEST METHOD FOR COMPOSITE PANELS AS EXTERNAL CLADDING (FULL SCALE)

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(CAN / ULC-S134-92)

FULL-SCALE EXTERIOR WALL FIRE TEST

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Comparison of Fire Safety

Test method: Intermediate Scale Multi-story Apparatus

(ISMA) in accordance with UBC 26-9, U.S.A.

Specimen: Fire Rated ACM with Non-Combustible Mineral Filled Core

Test method: Full-scale Exterior Wall Fire Test in accordance

with CAN/ULC-S 134-92, Canada

Specimen: Conventional ACM with 100% Polyethylene Core

6100

9800

2600

1370 Crib and Gas Burner

4200

55001980

760 Window burner

Room burner

17:30 Flame at top of sample27:00 Smoke continuous from across the top and from sides of the test structure

ACM (100% PE Core) Fire Rated ACM

Before test – Panels are installed Before test – Panels are installed

Fire Rated ACMACM (100% PE Core)

0:00 Ignition of main burner 0:00 Ignition of room burner


4:00 Flame continuously issuing from the window. 5:00 Window burner is ignited and moved into position.


7:15 Bright flame attached to the wall above the window. 7:30 Flames sustained to 7 ft and discoloration of paint left side at 6 ft. Warping to 11 ft.


13:00 Flame attached to the caulking joint above the lintel. 12:30 Discoloration of paint to 13 ft.


16:00 Flame attached to the wall 1 m above the window. 15:00 Flames intermittent to 9 ft. Flame sustained to 8 ft.


16:07Flame attached to the wall 2 m above the window.

16:22 Flame attached to the wall 3 m above the window.

16:55 Flame attached to the wall 6 m above the window.

ACM (100% PE Core) ACM (100% PE Core) ACM (100% PE Core)

17:30 Flame at top of sample. 17:35 Gas was shut off. End of test. 18:00 Light gray smoke from top of structure


24:00

27:00Smoke continuous from across the top and from sides of the test structure.

30:00Burner flame off. Residual smoking lightly from top, sides, and window.

Fire Rated ACMFire Rated ACMFire Rated ACM

After extinguishing After cooling down


Conclusion and Reaction to the fire requirement

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1. No action according to the fire regulations,

2. Requirements for non combustible materials, (EN 13501, ASTM E84, BS 476)

The various regulations around the world generally fit into one of the four categories and how they influence the choice of materials :

3. Requirements for small scale reaction to fire test only,

4. Requirements for the full scale façade test

THANK YOU

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Documents

FIRE MITIGATION in facade design & material choicehubilo-o4mlunccwnbtnhr.stackpathdns.com/zak_presentation/Satria... · CLASS A CLASS A FIRES ... Along with sealing the slot area,