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FIRE FIGHTINGFire safety managementof high rise buildingFIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGSTERMINOLOGY:High Rise- buildings having height of 15m or more.Automatic Sprinkler System- sprinkles water automatically on detecting fire /smoke.Emergency Lighting System- provided separately from the general power source.Escape Lightning- provided to ensure that the escape route is illuminated.Criteria of Fire Resistance- 1) resistance to collapse 2) resistance to flame penetration. 3) resistance to excessive temperature.AREAS OF SPECIAL RISKS Car parking, Air handling plant rooms, Boiler rooms, Communication exchange rooms, Switchgear rooms, Transformer rooms, Standby generator plant, Lift shaft & Motor room, Escalator Machinery spaces, Refrigeration & Temperature control rooms, Space between false ceiling and roof.

SPREAD OF FIRE Compartment to compartment Floor to floor Unsealed service shafts Ceiling voids A.C. Ducts Failure of door/windows

Fire seperation- distance from any other building on the site.Fire tower- enclosed staircase which can be approached from various floors having fire resisting doors & open to outer air.Floor Area Ratio- ratio of total covered area of all floors to the plot area.Pressurization- establishment of pressure difference across a barrier to protect a stairway, lobby, escape route from smoke penetration.Stack Pressure- Pressure difference caused by temperature difference & difference in air densities.Travel Distance- distance travelled from any point in a building to a protected escape route.Venting Fire- process of inducing heat or smoke to leave a building as quickly as possible causing minimum fire damage.TERMINOLOGYVolume to Plot Area ratio(VPR)- ratio of volume of building(in m3) to the area of plot(in m2) expressed in meters.Wet riser- arrangement for fire fighting by means of vertical mains (min dia 100mm) kept permanently a with water from pressurized supply.

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS:-Residential buildingsLodging or rooming houses(for less than 40 persons)Private dwellings (for less than 20 persons)DormitoriesApartmentsHotelsEducational buildingsSchoolCollegesTraining Institutions

Institutional buildingsHospitalsCustodial institutionsPenal & mental institutesAssembly buildings (seats upto 1000 persons)Business buildingsLabs, library, bank, officesBroadcasting stationsTelephone exchangeMercantiles buildingsIndustrial buildings

POINTS TO BE REMEBERED WHILE CONSTRUCTING A HIGH RISE BUILDINGAll building materials should be non combustible.Walls & staircases must have a minimum of 4 hour fire resistance.

Staircases shall be ventilated to the atmosphere at the landing.The number of lifts in a single area shall not exceed 4 & the shafts are separated by the walls of min. 4hr fire ratingSolid doors of min 2hr fire rating shall be provided.Signages of staircase & escape routes are provided for any emergency.Openable windows on external walls shall be fitted.

FIRE LIFTS

Fire lifts must be provided to reach the upper floors of the buildings.1 lift per 200 sq. m. floor area shall be permitted with a min capacity of 8 persons.Separate provision of electrical supply must be done.Ceiling hatch should be provided for use in case of emergency.BASEMENTSBasement shall be separately ventilated with the vents evenly spreaded in the form of grills etc.Staircase of basement shall be of enclosed type having fire resistance of not less than 4hr.Mechanical extractors for smoke venting from lower basement levels shall also be provided.

SERVICE DUCTSService ducts & shafts shall be enclosed by walls of 4hr fire rating & doors of 2hr.A vent opening at the top of shaft shall be provided having half the area of shaft.REFUGE AREAAnarea of refugeis a location in abuildingdesigned to hold occupants during afireor otheremergency, when evacuationmay not be safe or possible. Occupants can wait there until rescued byfirefighters. It is equipped with a steady supply of fresh air. This can apply to the following:any persons who cannot access a safe escape routeany persons assisting another person who is prevented from escapingsick peoplepeople with disabilitiesold people

The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor or preferably on a cantilever projection and open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railings.Refuges should be positioned:Inside a compartment or protected lobby/staircase/stairway

In open areas such as balconies, flat roof or podium that has their own means of escape away from the risk.For floors above 24 m and Up to 39 m One refuge area on the floor immediately above 24 m.For Floors above 39 m One refuge area on the floor immediately above 39 m and so on after every 15 m. Refuge area provided in excess of the requirements shall be counted towards FAR.For buildings more than 24 m in height, refuge area of 15 m2 or an area equivalent to 0.3 m2 per person to accommodate the occupants of two consecutive floors, whichever is higher.Refuges need not be positioned in storeys with a floor area of less than 280 square meters in buildings which have only basement, ground and first floors in one occupancy.STAIRS & RAMPSThe maximum height of a stair-riser on escape stairs is 180mm.Handrails on escape stairs and ramps should mark the direction of escape with an arrow on the top face. At the final storey the handrail should have "Exit" marked.Ramps for disabled persons must be provided at escape ways. The ratio for the slope to height must be min 1:8.

FIRE DAMPERS Fire dampersarepassive fire protectionproducts used in heating, ventilation, andair conditioning(HVAC) ducts to prevent the spread of fire inside the ductwork throughfire-resistance ratedwalls and floors. When a rise in temperature occurs, the fire damper closes, usually activated by a thermal element which melts at temperatures higher than ambient but low enough to indicate the presence of a fire, allowing springs to close the damper blades.LIFE SAFETY DESIGNING STRUCTURES TO WITHSTAND FIRE CONDITIONS RAISING ALARM SMOKE MANAGEMENT ADEQUATE MEANS OF ESCAPE PROTECTION OF ESCAPE ROUTES

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