Types of Sentences Simple Compound Complex Compound
Complex
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Clauses Word --> Phrase --> Clause --> Sentence
Clauses have a verb - one main verb per clause Finite Clauses -
Verb inflected for tense Non-Finite Infinitive Participial,
including Gerunds
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Types of Embedded Sentences Subordinate Clauses (Adverbial)
Indicate time, place, manner, cause, or condition Usually preceded
by a subordinator Relative Clauses (Adjectival) Relative Pronouns
Restrictive vs. non-restrictive relative clauses Complement Clauses
(Nominal)
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Complement Clauses Appear as an NP Can be the subject of the
sentence [That you like bananas] is surprising. Can be an object I
know [that you like bananas.] Can be replaced by a pronoun (It is
surprising; I know it.) That is a complementizer.
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Direct Discourse Direct discourse is when a person is quoted:
He said, You took my cheese. Indirect Discourse is when a person is
paraphrased. He said that you took my cheese. In direct discourse,
time, place, and participants are tied to the original utterance.
She said, The treasure is buried here. He said, Is your party
tomorrow.
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Interrogative Complement Clauses One of the NPs in the
complement clause is replaced by an interrogative pronoun Examples:
I know [who stole my cheese]. I heard [what you said]. I wonder
[how they did that]. Notice that the WH-word appears at the
beginning of the clause and that no question mark is used.
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Non-Finite Clauses
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Non-Finite Clause: Infinitives Introduced by to or for to. I
want [to buy the cheese]. [To err] is human. [For him to err] is
terrible. Can also appear without to: I heard him break the cookie
jar. He made me eat my spinach. Can be nominal, adverbial (I bought
it [to surprise you].), or adjectival (He was the last person [to
talk to me.]). See page 357.
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Chris wants (Chris) take my cheese S NP VP MVP MV NP S VP MV NP
N N
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Chris wants take cheese to my
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Chris wants Bill take my cheese S NP VP MVP MV NP S VP MV NP N
N
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Chris wants take cheese to my Bill
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To and For/To Infinitives Sentences with infinitive clauses as
subject use for if the subject is part of the clause For you to say
that is shocking. To say that is shocking. Sentences with for/to
clauses as direct objects are less direct than those with to She
sent him to buy supplies. She sent for him to buy supplies. She
asked him to leave. She asked for him to leave.
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Bare vs. to Infinitives Tied to degree of likelihood that event
took place She made him shave She let him shave --> He shaved
She asked him to shave. She wanted him to shave. --> He might
not have shaved.
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Types of Verbs Taking Complement Clause Modality Verbs want,
try, begin, fixing to Manipulative Verbs make, force, beg, order,
let, ask, tell Perception see, hear, watch Cognition know,
understand, hope, think Utterance say, reveal, announce P-C-U verbs
tend to take that complements
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Reminder: Non-Finite Clauses Infinitives To-Infinitives
For-To-Infinitives Bare Infinities Participles Present Participial
Clauses Past Participial Clauses
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Participial Clauses
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Present Participial Clauses Adverbial Walking to work, I
spotted an eagle. While walking to work, I spotted an eagle.
(elliptical subordinate clause) Many people having seen the eagle,
I am now satisfied. Adjectival The people standing on the street
were watching the eagle. Gerund (Nominal) Watching the eagle was
fun.
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Usage: Dangling Modifiers Dangling Infinitives Eager to work,
my tools lay before me. To feel rewarded, a job must be
well-paying. Dangling Present Participle Flying high in the sky, I
spotted an eagle. Standing on a cliff, the ocean inspired me.
Dangling Past Participle Hard boiled, I took the eggs out of the
water. Fed well, the entertainment began. Sauced and seasoned, I
tasted the entre.
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Nominative Absolutes Actually Adverbials, but still called
nominative Tensed form of the verb or auxiliary BE is deleted
Examples: (pp. 395-396) His mind on the test, Bill entered the
classroom. The children fed and put to bed, Pat and Chris relaxed.
My hair a mess, I wandered into the classroom. Eyes gleaming, they
ran into the playground. They ran into the playground, their eyes
ablaze.
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Practice: Adverbial, Adjectival, or Gerund 1.The children
playing in the street should be warned. 2.Visiting professors can
be boring. (trick question) 3.Whistling loudly, I walked into the
dark. 4.Educated as to the facts, the citizen voted. 5.My jumping
into the lake amused my family. 6.The test given to the students
was easy. 7.Pumped, the kids began the contest.
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I spotted eagle wal ng ki to work an Adverbial Present
Participle
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I spotted an eagle (I) walking to work S NP VP MVP MV ADVP S NP
VP MV PREPP PRONDET NP PRO Adverbial Present Participle
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I spotted eagle wal ng ki on street an Adjectival Present
Participle the
Slide 26
I spotted an eagle (eagle) walking on the street S NP VP MVP MV
ADJP S NP VP MV PREPP PRONDET NP Adjectival Present Participle
Slide 27
We enjoyed song that his sing ing
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We enjoyed he singing that song S NP VP MVP MV NP S VP MV NP
PRO N (his)
