Finger Print Water Marking

7/31/2019 Finger Print Water Marking

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Water marking

A watermark is a recognizable image or pattern in paper that appears as various

shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light (or when viewed by reflected light,

atop a dark background), caused by thickness or density variations in the paper. There are two main

ways of producing watermarks in paper; thedandy roll process, and the more complex cylinder

mould process.

Watermarks vary greatly in their visibility; while some are obvious on casual

inspection, others require some study to pick out. Various aids have been developed, such

as watermark fluid that wets the paper without damaging it. Watermarks are often used as security

features ofbanknotes, passports, postage stamps, and other documents to

prevent counterfeiting (see security paper).

A watermark is very useful in the examination of paper because it can be used for

dating, identifying sizes, mill trademarks and locations, and the quality of a paper.

Encoding an identifying code into digitized music, video, picture, or other file is known as

a digital watermark.

Dandy roll process

A watermark is made by impressing a water-coated metal stamp or dandy

roll onto the paper during manufacturing. These watermarks were first introduced in Bologna, Italy,

in 1282(?); however the dandy roll was invented in 1826 by John Marshall. Watermarks have been

used by papermakers to identify their product, and also on postage stamps, currency, and other

government documents to discourage counterfeiting. In France, they were introduced during World

War II by the Vichy regime, and counterfeited by people such as Adolfo Kaminsky. The invention of

the dandy roll revolutionised the watermark process and made it much easier for a company to

watermark its paper.

The dandy roll is a light roller covered by material similar to window screen that is

embossed with a pattern. Faint lines are made by laid wires that run parallel to the axis of the dandy

roll, and the bold lines are made by chain wires that run around the circumference to secure the laid

wires to the roll from the outside. Because the chain wires are located on the outside of the laid

wires, they have a greater influence on the impression in the pulp, hence their bolder appearance than

the laid wire lines.
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This embossing is transferred to the pulp fibres, compressing and reducing their

thickness in that area. Because the patterned portion of the page is thinner, it transmits

more light through and therefore has a lighter appearance than the surrounding paper. If these lines

are distinct and parallel, and/or there is a watermark, then the paper is termed laid paper. If the lines

appear as a mesh or are indiscernible, and/or there is no watermark, then it is called wove paper. This

method is called line drawing watermarks

Cylinder mould process

Another type of watermark is called the cylinder mould watermark. A shaded

watermark, first used in 1848, incorporates tonal depth and creates a greyscale image. Instead of

using a wire covering for the dandy roll, the shaded watermark is created by areas of relief on the

roll's own surface. Once dry, the paper may then be rolled again to produce a watermark of even

thickness but with varying density. The resulting watermark is generally much clearer and more

detailed than those made by the Dandy Roll process, and as such Cylinder Mould Watermark Paper

is the preferred type of watermarked paper for banknotes, passports, motor vehicle titles, and other

documents where it is an important anti-counterfeiting measure.

Watermarks on postage stamps and stationery

In philately, the watermark is a key feature of a stamp, and often constitutes the

difference between a common and a rare stamp. Collectors who encounter two otherwise identical

stamps with different watermarks consider each stamp to be a separate identifiable issue. The

"classic" stamp watermark is a small crown or other national symbol, appearing either once on each

stamp or a continuous pattern. Watermarks were nearly universal on stamps in the 19th and early

20th centuries, but generally fell out of use and are not commonly used on modern U.S. issues, but

some countries continue to use them.[4]
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A US postal stationery envelope from 1883 showing a clear watermark on laid paper.

Some types ofembossing, such as that used to make the "cross on oval" design on

early stamps ofSwitzerland, resemble a watermark in that the paper is thinner, but can be

distinguished by having sharper edges than is usual for a normal watermark. Stamp paper

watermarks also show various designs, letters, numbers and pictorial elements.

The process of bringing out the stamp watermark is fairly simple. Sometimes a

watermark in stamp paper can be seen just by looking at the unprinted back side of a stamp. More

often, the collector must use a few basic items to get a good look at the watermark. For example,

watermark fluid may be applied to the back of a stamp to temporarily reveal the watermark.

Even using the simple watermarking method described, it can be difficult to

distinguish some watermarks. Watermarks on stamps printed in yellow and orange can be

particularly difficult to see. A few mechanical devices are also are used by collectors to detect

watermarks on stamps such as the Morley-Bright watermark detector and the more expensive Safe

Sign scope. Such devices can be very useful for they can be used without the application of

watermark fluid and also allow the collector to look at the watermark for a longer period of time to

more easily detect the watermark.

Digital Watermarking

Digital watermarking is the process of embedding information into a digital signal

which may be used to verify its authenticity or the identity of its owners, in the same manner as

paper bearing a watermarkfor visible identification. In digital watermarking, the signal may be

audio, pictures, or video. If the signal is copied, then the information also is carried in the copy. A

signal may carry several different watermarks at the same time. Paul Levinson Future of the

Information Revolution (1997), where he called for the use "smart patent numbers" (p. 202), or the
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embedding of electronic chips in every piece of technology, which would give an updated listing of

all of its inventors.

In visible digital watermarking, the information is visible in the picture or video.

Typically, the information is text or a logo, which identifies the owner of the media. The image on

the right has a visible watermark. When a television broadcaster adds its logo to the corner of

transmitted video, this also is a visible watermark.

In invisible digital watermarking, information is added as digital data to audio, picture,

or video, but it cannot be perceived as such (although it may be possible todetectthat some amount

of information is hidden in the signal). The watermark may be intended for widespread use and thus,

is made easy to retrieve or, it may be a form ofsteganography, where a party communicates a secret

message embedded in the digital signal. In either case, as in visible watermarking, the objective is to

attach ownership or other descriptive information to the signal in a way that is difficult to remove. It

also is possible to use hidden embedded information as a means of covert communication between

individuals.

One application of watermarking is in copyright protection systems, which are

intended to prevent or deter unauthorized copying of digital media. In this use, a copy device

retrieves the watermark from the signal before making a copy; the device makes a decision whether

to copy or not, depending on the contents of the watermark. Another application is in source tracing.

A watermark is embedded into a digital signal at each point of distribution. If a copy of the work is

found later, then the watermark may be retrieved from the copy and the source of the distribution is

known. This technique reportedly has been used to detect the source of illegally copied movies.

Annotation of digital photographs with descriptive information is another application of

invisible watermarking.

While some file formats for digital media may contain additional information

called metadata, digital watermarking is distinctive in that the data is carried right in the signal

Applications of Digital Watermarking

Digital watermarking may be used for a wide range of applications, such as:

Copyright protection

Source tracking (different recipients get differently watermarked content)
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The message is conceptually zero-bit long and the system is designed in order to detect the

presence or the absence of the watermark in the marked object. This kind of watermarking

scheme is usually referred to as zero-bit or presence watermarking schemes. Sometimes, this

type of watermarking scheme is called 1-bit watermark, because a 1 denotes the presence (and a

0 the absence) of a watermark.

The message is a n-bit-long stream ( , with )

or and is modulated in the watermark. These kinds of schemes usually are

referred to as multiple-bit watermarking or non-zero-bit watermarking schemes.

Embedding method

A digital watermarking method is referred to as spread-spectrum if the marked signal

is obtained by an additive modification. Spread-spectrum watermarks are known to be modestly

robust, but also to have a low information capacity due to host interference.

A digital watermarking method is said to be of quantization type if the marked signal is

obtained by quantization. Quantization watermarks suffer from low robustness, but have a high

information capacity due to rejection of host interference.

A digital watermarking method is referred to as amplitude modulation if the marked

signal is embedded by additive modification which is similar to spread spectrum method, but is

particularly embedded in the spatial domain.

Evaluation and benchmarking

The evaluation of digital watermarking schemes may provide detailed information for

a watermark designer or for end-users, therefore, different evaluation strategies exist. Often used by

a watermark designer is the evaluation of single properties to show, for example, an improvement.

Mostly, end-users are not interested in detailed information. They want to know if a given digital

watermarking algorithm may be used for their application scenario, and if so, which parameter sets

seems to be the best.

Cameras

Epson and Kodakhave produced cameras with security features such as the Epson

Photo PC 3000Z and the Kodak DC-290. Both cameras added irremovable features to the pictures

which distorted the original image, making them unacceptable for some applications such as forensic

evidence in court. According to Blythe and Fridrich, "[n]either camera can provide an undisputable

proof of the image origin or its author".
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A secure digital camera (SDC) was proposed by Mohanty, et al. in 2003 and published

in January 2004. This was not the first time this was proposed. Blythe and Fridrich also have worked

on SDC in 2004 for a digital camera that would use lossless watermarking to embed

a biometric identifier together with a cryptographic hash.

Reversible data hiding

Reversible data hiding is a technique which enables images to be authenticated and

then restored to their original form by removing the digital watermark and replacing the image data

that had been overwritten. This would make the images acceptable for legal purposes. The U.S.

Army also is interested in this technique for authentication ofreconnaissance images.

Watermarking for relational databases

Digital watermarking for relational databases emerged as a candidate solution to

provide copyright protection, tamper detection, traitor tracing, maintaining integrity of relational

data. Many watermarking techniques have been proposed in the literature to address these purposes.

A survey of the current state-of-the-art and a classification of the different techniques according to

their intent, the way they express the watermark, the cover type, the granularity level, and their

verifiability, can be found in jucs.org.
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Finger Print

A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the friction ridges of a

human finger. In a wider use of the term, fingerprints are the traces of an impression from the friction

ridges of any part of a human or other primate hand. A print from the foot can also leave an

impression of friction ridges. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the fingers

and toes (digits), the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot, consisting of one or more connected

ridge units of friction ridge skin.[1]

These are sometimes known as "epidermal ridges" which are

caused by the underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis and the interpapillary

(rete) pegs of the epidermis. These epidermal ridges serve to amplify vibrations triggered, for

example, when fingertips brush across an uneven surface, better transmitting the signals to sensory

nerves involved in fine texture perception. These ridges also assist in gripping rough surfaces, as

well as smooth wet surfaces.

Impressions of fingerprints may be left behind on a surface by the natural secretions

of sweat from the eccrine glands that are present in friction ridge skin, or they may be made by ink or

other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a relatively smooth

surface such as a fingerprint card.[4]

Fingerprint records normally contain impressions from the pad

on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, although fingerprint cards also typically record portions of

lower joint areas of the fingers.

Fingerprint analysis

Identification of finger print

Fingerprint identification, known as dactyloscopy, or hand print identification, is

the process of comparing two instances of friction ridge skin impressions (see Minutiae), from

human fingers, the palm of the hand or even toes, to determine whether these impressions could have

come from the same individual. The flexibility of friction ridge skin means that no two finger or

palm prints are ever exactly alike in every detail; even two impressions recorded immediately after

each other from the same hand. Fingerprint identification, also referred to as individualization,
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involves an expert, or an expert computer system operating under threshold scoring rules,

determining whether two friction ridge impressions are likely to have originated from the same

finger or palm (or toe or sole).

The friction ridges on a finger

An intentional recording of friction ridges is usually made with black

printer's inkrolled across a contrasting white background, typically a white card. Friction ridges can

also be recorded digitally using a technique called Live Scan. A "latent print" is the chance recording

of friction ridges deposited on the surface of an object or a wall. Latent prints are invisible to the

naked eye, whereas "patent prints" or "plastic prints" are viewable with the un-aided eye. Latent

prints are often fragmentary and require chemical methods, powder, or alternative light sources in

order to be made clear. Sometimes an ordinary bright flashlight will make a latent print visible.

An image of a fingerprint created by the friction ridge structure.

When friction ridges come into contact with a surface that will take a print,

material that is on the friction ridges such as perspiration, oil, grease, ink or blood, will be transferred

to the surface. Factors which affect the quality of friction ridge impressions are numerous. Pliability

of the skin, deposition pressure, slippage, the material from which the surface is made, the roughness

of the surface and the substance deposited are just some of the various factors which can cause a

latent print to appear differently from any known recording of the same friction ridges. Indeed, the

conditions surrounding every instance of friction ridge deposition are unique and never duplicated.
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For these reasons, fingerprint examiners are required to undergo extensive training. The scientific

study of fingerprints is called dermatoglyphics.

Exemplar

Exemplar prints, or known prints, is the name given to fingerprints deliberately

collected from a subject, whether for purposes of enrollment in a system or when under arrest for a

suspected criminal offense. During criminal arrests, a set of exemplar prints will normally include

one print taken from each finger that has been rolled from one edge of the nail to the other, plain (or

slap) impressions of each of the four fingers of each hand, and plain impressions of each thumb.Exemplar prints can be collected using Live Scan or by using ink on paper cards.

Exemplar prints on paper using ink
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