Prepared by Abubakr

S.Sargaty

History of finger printing

Ancient history1000 BC; archaeological evidence of ancient Chinese and Babylonian civilizations using fingerprints to sign legal documents.

1880; Dr. Henry Faulds suggesting the use of fingerprints for identification purposes.

1892; scientist Sir Francis Galton laid out a classification method of fingerprints.

History of finger printing cont…

1892 - Juan Vucetich made the first criminal fingerprint identification.

1897; Sir Edward Henry proposed a modified classification system by using fingerprints.

1901; First use of fingerprints in the USA by the New York City Service Commission.

1908 – The first official fingerprint card was developed

1980 – First computer data base of fingerprints was developed, known as the Automated Fingerprint Identification System, (AFIS).

Formation of fingerprints

• The skin on the palmer side of the finger tips contain dermatoglyphic patterns comprising the ridges and valleys

• The interface between the epidermal and dermal layers of skin is an undulating layer made of multiple protrusion of the dermis into the epidermis known as dermal papillae, this papillae follow the shape of the surface dermatoglyphic patterns and represent an internal fingerprint in the same form of as the external pattern.

Animal FingerprintsHumans are not the only ones with fingerprints! Some primates, including gorillas and chimpanzees, and koala bears have their own unique prints. The Koala has fingerprints that are so similar to the human fingerprint that it is almost impossible to tell them apart because of the pattern, shape and size of the ridges. 

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1-Koala Bear     2-Human     3-Chimpanzee

Principles of Fingerprint

No two fingers with identical ridge characteristics , not even twinsRemains unchanged during an individual’s lifetimeGeneral ridge patterns that permit systematic classification.

 why fingerprints are used for identification purposes?

Ridge patterns and the details in small areas of friction ridges are unique and never repeated.

Friction ridges develop on the fetus in their definitive form before birth and formed from 6th -13th weeks of development.

Ridges are persistent throughout life except for permanent scarring.

Friction ridge patterns vary within limits which allow for classification

Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that allow them to be systematically identified.

Fingerprint Patterns

Based on the Henry Classification System

The Arch pattern is made up of ridges lying one above the other in a general arching formation.

The Arch

The Tented Arch

The tented arch pattern consists of at least one upthrusting ridge, which tends to bisect superior ridges at right angles, more or less.

The Loop (Ulnar or Radial)

The loop pattern consists of one or more free recurving ridges and one delta.

In order to distinguish between ulnar and radial loops you must:1) know from which hand the loop pattern comes from and;2) place your hand palm side down over top of the impression and determine if the recurving ridges originate from the little finger side or the thumb side.

If the ridges flow in from the little finger side this would be an 'ulnar' loop. If the ridges flow in from the thumb side this would be a 'radial' loop.

The Twinned Loop

In the twinned loop pattern, the recurving ridges present two loop formations, separate and apart. There are two points of delta. The flows for the deltas originate from the same side of the pattern.

The Whorl

The whorl pattern consists of one or more free recurving ridges and two points of delta. When the line of the fingerprint disc is placed on the two points of delta, it will bisect at least one of the ridges belonging to the core group.

The Central Pocket Loop

The central pocket loop pattern consists of one or more free recurving ridges and two points of delta. When the line of the fingerprint disc is placed on the two points of delta, it will fail to bisect any of the ridges belonging to the core group

The Lateral Pocket Loop

In the lateral pocket loop pattern, the recurving ridges present two loop formations, separate and apart. There are two points of delta. The flows for the deltas originate from the same side of the pattern.

The Composite

The composite pattern is composed of two or more different patterns, separate and apart exclusive of the arch

The Accidental

The accidental pattern will contain two points of delta. One delta will be related to a recurve and the other will be related to an upthrust.

Three basic types of finger prints distinguished by Galton

Percentages of the different types of fingerprints

Arches: 5% Whorls: 35% Loops: 60%

Automated Fingerprint Identification System(AFIS)

is a computerized system capable of reading, classifying, matching, and storing fingerprints for criminal justice agencies. which are used to find possible matches with fingerprints in the database.

Latent PrintsLatent prints: Impressions left by frictionridge skin on a surface, such as a toolhandle, glass, door, etc.Prints may be collected by revealing themwith a dusting of black powder and thenlifted with a piece of clear tape.Some investigators use fluorescent powderand UV lights to help them find latent printson multi-colored or dark surfaces.Magnetic powder can also be used to reveallatent prints and works on shiny surfaces orplastic baggies or containers.Ninhydrin is a chemical that bonds with theamino acids in fingerprints and will producea blue or purple color. It works well onpaper or cardboard surfaces.

Affect of skin diseases on fingerprints

Fingerprints with atopic eczema (different people).

Fingertip eczemaNormal

Fingerprints with psoriasis (different people).

Fingerprint with warts (verruca vulgaris).

AgeWhen a person gets older the friction ridges are get less visible.

Sex differences in 'minutiae'

In 2010 a Thai study revealed that ridge irregulaties (e.g. ridge dots, short ridges, ridge spurs) are generally more common in the fingerprints of males (compared to females). Bifurcations are seen in all subjects (all males & all females).

Application or uses of finger prints

Personal security

Police officer dusting fingerprints, at a crime scene

Police creating a record of an individual’s fingerprints

Referenceso Evaluation of Fingerprint Recognition

Technologies – BioFinger, Public Final Report, version 1.1, 2004 Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, p. 122.

oDrahanský, M.: Fingerprint Recognition Technology – Liveness Detection, Image Quality and SkinDiseases, Habilitation thesis, FIT-BUT, 2009, p. 153.

o Fingerprinting book, 2005, 2004, 2002, 1993 by David A. Katz.

oB. G. Sherlock and D. M. Monro, A model for interpreting ngerprint topology, 7, Pattern Recognition 26 (1993), 1047-1055.

Referenceso International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-

Technology Vol. 2, No. 4, December, 2010, Fingerprint Recognition Influenced by Skin Diseases.

ohttp://www.handresearch.com/news/fingerprints-world-map-whorls-loops-arches.htm

ohttp://www.dkfz.de/tbi/projects/bmcv/images/iu_it246_04s_fingerprint1.jpg

o http://www.crimesceneforensics.com/History_of_Fingerprints.html

o http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/fren4j0/public_html/fingerprint_patterns.htm

o http://safety-identification-products.com/fingerprint-information.html

o http://www.dermatoglyphics.com/sof/

Thanks