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Write a definition of anatomy and physiology (two separate definitions).

Objectives: Lesson 1

• TSWBAT define anatomy and physiology and sub-divisions.

• TSWBAT evaluate how anatomy and physiology are closely related.

Overview of Anatomy

Anatomy is………….

• the study of the structure and shape of the body

• Includes both internal and external structures of the body

Andreas Vesalius- Father of Human Anatomy

A Belgian physician, Andreas Vesalius, was the first to dissect human bodies to study anatomy.

He wrote a book on human anatomy in 1538. This book was the first accurate description of the interior of the human body.

1514-1564

2 Main Divisions of Anatomy

I. Gross Anatomy

II. Microscopic Anatomy

Concerned with those structures in the body large enough to be seen with the naked eye.

A microscope or magnifying instrument is used to see very small structures in the body.

Forms of Gross Anatomy

• Surface – the study of general form and superficial markings

• Regional – focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body (head, neck, trunk)

• Systematic – study of the structure of organ systems (skeletal system)

• Developmental – describes the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity

• Clinical – subspecialties in clinical practice (surgical anatomy)

Forms of Microscopic Anatomy:

Cytology – study of the cell (simplest units of life)

Histology – study of tissues

Physiology

Physiology - the study of the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level.

Physio = nature Ology = the study of

Sub-groups of Physiology Considers the operation of specific organ systems.

Cardiovascular physiology is the study of?

Neurophysiology is the study of?

Renal physiology is the study of?

Respiratory physiology is the study of?

Pathophysiology is the study of?

Exercise physiology is the study of?

Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology are always related

All specific functions are performed by specific structures.

Structure therefore, determines function

Real world application – doctor visit

• Physicians normally use a combination of anatomical, physiological, chemical, and psychological information when they evaluate a patient

• When a patient presents symptoms; the physician will look at the structures affected (Gross anatomy)

• Collect a fluid or tissue sample (Microscopic anatomy)

• Evaluates your physiological processes by asking questions

Anatomy and Physiology Relationship

An anatomist and a physiologist are asked to examine a car and report their findings. What would an anatomist do? What would a physiologist do?

With your seat partner……

Describe how anatomy and physiology are closely related? How are they different? Use an example of an electronic device in your rationale.

Introduction to Anatomy – Lesson 2

TSWBAT list the levels of structural organization.

Levels of Structural Organization

• Chemical (or molecular level)

• Cellular

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ System

• Organism

Levels of Structural Organization

1. Chemical – Atoms (smallest stable units of matter) combined to form molecules (complex shapes of two or more atoms).

2. Cellular – Molecules interact to form organelles. Organelles are components of cells (smallest living units in the body). Example – cardiac muscle cells3. Tissue – Groups of similar cells that have a common function. (example – cardiac muscle tissue)

Levels of Structural Organization4. Organ – A structure that is

composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body (example – heart: cardiac muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue).

5. Organ System – A group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose (example – cardiovascular system; heart, blood, blood vessels).

Levels of Structural Organization

6. Organism – Made up of the organ systems. Highest level of structural organization (example – human).

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules

1

2

3

4

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules

Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells

5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues

6 Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems

Atoms

MoleculesSmooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Epithelial tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

Heart

Blood vessels

Cardiovascular system

Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1

2. Which levels of structural organization are you unable to see with your naked eye?

3.Which level of structural organization is composed of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function?

4. How are anatomy and physiology different?

1. Two or more atoms join together to form what organizational structures?

Intro to Anatomy – Lesson 3

TSWBAT to identify the 11 Organ Systems of the Body systems define the functions and components of each system.

Organ Systems of the Body - Skeletal

Protects body organs/tissues

Provides the framework for muscles

Produces blood cells

Stores minerals (calcium)

Composed of: bones, cartilage and ligaments

Organ Systems of the Body – Nervous

Detects changes

Stimulates muscles and glands

Receives and interprets sensory information

Composed of: the brain, spinal cord, sense organs and nerves

Organ Systems of the Body - Lymphatic

Return tissue fluid to the blood

Carries certain absorbed food molecules

Defends against infection and diseases

Composed of: thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

Organ Systems of the Body - Muscular

Provides movement Maintains posture Produces heat

Composed of: muscles and tendons

Organ Systems of the Body- Integumentary

Protects tissues

Helps regulate body temperature

Provides sensory information

Composed of: the skin, sweat glands, hair, and nails

Organ Systems of the Body - Digestive

Composed of: mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines

Receive, break down, and absorb food

Eliminates unabsorbed material

Organ Systems of the Body – Endocrine System

Controls metabolic activities of body structures

Not connected anatomically in the same way that parts of other organ systems are.

Composed of: Glands that secrete hormones (chemical messengers) - Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Thymus gland, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Testes, Ovaries

Organ Systems of the Body - Respiratory Intake and output of air

Exchange of gases between air and blood

Composed of: the nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, larynx and lungs

Organ Systems of the Body - Cardiovascular

Moves blood through blood vessels and transports substances throughout the body

Composed of: the heart and blood vessels

Organ Systems of the Body- Urinary Removes wastes from blood

Maintains water and electrolyte balance

Stores and transports urine

Composed of: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Organ Systems of the BodyFemale Reproductive

Composed of: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

• Produce and maintain egg cells

• Receive sperm cells

• Support development of embryo and function in birth process

Organ Systems of the BodyMale Reproductive

• Produce and maintain sperm cells

• Transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract

Composed of: scrotum, testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra, penis

System Cooperation

Body systems must work together for

humans to function properly:

EX #1 – Integumentary system & Skeletal

System…The skin protects all organs &

bones, and also produces vitamin D. Vitamin D

is used for proper absorption of calcium.

Calcium is needed for proper bone

growth/development. Not enough Vitamin D, not

enough Calcium absorbed weak/broken bones!

System Cooperation

EX #2: Respiratory system & Circulatory

system: Lungs take in oxygen in exchange for

carbon dioxide. Alveoli in the lungs give

oxygen to red blood cells (hemoglobin) to carry

to all parts of the body for respiration. If alveoi

are affected, not enough oxygen is taken in and

respiration slows decrease in the amount of

energy produced

Organ Systems Interrelationships

Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood

Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems

Figure 1.2

Create Want Ad• CHOOSE ONE OF THE 11 BODY SYSTEMS

•  WRITE EITHER A “FOR SALE” OR “WANTED TO BUY” AD FOR THAT SYSTEM.

•  AD MUST INCLUDE FACTS, FUNCTIONS, AND PARTS OF THE SYSTEM.

• AD MUST INCLUDE AT LEAST 3 GRAPHICS

•  WRITE IN AD FORMAT (25 +/- WORDS IN LENGTH)

• SEE RUBRIC FOR HOW IT WILL BE GRADED

Survival Need or Necessary Life Function?

Metabolism

Nutrients

Reproduction

Oxygen

Water

Maintaining Boundaries

Excretion

Normal Body Temperature

Responsiveness

Atmospheric Pressure

Movement

Growth

Digestion

Intro to Anatomy – Lesson 4

TSWBAT identify the eight necessary life functions and five survival needs that are necessary for an organism to sustain life.

Necessary Life Functions and Survival Needs

• Organisms must be able to carry out various functions in order to maintain life.

• If any of these necessary functions are disrupted, the organism may not survive.

• Organisms have several survival needs that must be present in order to sustain life.

Necessary Life Functions I

1. Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment.

A. Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes

B. Organismal level – accomplished by the integumentary system

Necessary Life Functions I

2. Movement – locomotion, circulation, absorption, and respiration

I.E: All of the activities promoted by the muscular system as well as the movement of substances such as blood, food, and urine.

Necessary Life Functions I

3. Responsiveness (Irritability) – the body’s ability to sense changes in its environment and then react to them

I.E. If you touch a hot burner you will involuntarily pull your hand away from the painful stimulus (fire).

I.E. When the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood rises to dangerously high levels, your breathing rate speeds up to blow off the excess carbon dioxide.

Necessary Life Functions I4. Digestion – breakdown of ingested food into simple molecules

that can be absorbed into the blood.

5. Metabolism – refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. Regulates the ability to convert nutrients to energy.

6. Excretion – removal of wastes from the body

7. Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels

Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells that may be used for body growth or repair

Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person

8. Growth – increase in body size

5 Survival Needs – The goal of all body systems is to maintain life. Several factors need to be available for this to occur.

1. NutrientsChemical substances used for energy and cell building. 2. Oxygen Needed for metabolic reactions (human cells can only survive for a few seconds without it).

5 Survival Needs

3. Water Provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions. Accounts for 60-80 percent of body weight.

4. Normal body temperature (Heat)Necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates. For good health, body temperature must be maintained at or around 98 degrees.

5 Survival Needs

5. Atmospheric pressure Required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.

Check Point:

1. Having a fever, high blood pressure, or low blood sugar are all examples of what process being out of balance?

2. Reproduction can occur on two levels, they are?

3. The ability to keep the “inside” inside and the “outside” outside is an example of which necessary life function?

4. What is needed for metabolic reactions to occur?

5. What survival need provides energy for the body?

Answer to checkpoint

1. Responsiveness

2. Cellular or organismal

3. Maintenance of boundaries

4. Oxygen

5. Nutrients

Intro to Anatomy – Lesson 5

TSWBAT to define homeostasis and explain negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

Homeostasis - the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

Maintaining homeostasis is absolutely vital to an organism’s survival; failure to maintain homeostasis soon leads to illness or even death.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is disrupted by…

STRESS!!!

Stress can be ANY change in the

environment!

Homeostatic Regulation

• Adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

• Two general mechanisms are involved in homeostatic regulation:

1. Autoregulation – occurs when a cell, tissue, organ or organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to some environmental change.

2. Extrinsic regulation – results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system; they control or adjust the activities of many other systems

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

If a variable produces a change in the body, control mechanisms are activated to regain homeostasis.

Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems.

The three interdependent components of control mechanisms are:

Receptor Control center Effector

STIMULUS (Change) RESPONSE

CONTROL CENTER

RECEPTOR EFFECTOR

FEEDBACK LOOP

Receptor – The first component A sensor that monitors and responds to changes

(stimuli) in the environment

• Responds to stimuli by sending information to the control center (second component)

Example: Thermometer of your thermostat of your AC/Heat source in your home

Control Center – Second Component

Determines:

A) Set point at which the variable is to be maintained

B) Analyzes the information it receives

C) Determines the appropriate response or course of action

Example: Thermostat

Effector – Third component Provides the means for the control center’s response

to the stimulus. Responds to the commands of the control center.

The results of the response influence the stimulus either by:

1) Depressing it (negative feedback) so that the whole control mechanism is shut off.

-Or-

2) Enhancing it (positive feedback) so that the reaction continues at an even faster rate.

Negative Feedback

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms

Negative does NOT mean that it is “bad” for the body

In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off (or reverses) the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.

Negative feedback regulates:1) Heart rate2) Blood pressure3) Breathing rate4) Blood levels of glucose5) Body temperature

NEGATIVE FB LOOP

Drop in Body Temp Increase Body Temp

Brain

Skin Cells Muscles shiver

Positive Feedback

Examples:

Release of oxytocin (hormone) during pregnancy/childbirth

Increased blood flow to injury site

Figure 1.6

• In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

• Positive does NOT mean that it is always “good” for the body

Positive FB Loop

Paper Cut Blood clots

Brain

Blood Vessels DilateBleeding

Heart & Blood VesselsIncrease blood flow

Homeostatic Imbalance

Homeostasis is so important that if the body’s normal equilibrium is not corrected, illness occurs.

Feedback mechanisms may be overwhelmed or may be not functioning correctly (diabetes, clotting disorders) Disorder – Any derangement or abnormality of

function. Disease – More specific term for illness characterized by a

recognizable set of signs and symptoms.

This is called homeostatic imbalance.

Homeostatic Review Video

1 1. What two organ systems are largely responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

2. What is the specific name for the body structure that responds to the control center signal in a feedback system?

3. Most homeostatic control mechanisms are?

4. Create and explain an example of negative feedback within the human body. Not one that has already been discussed in class.

5. What are two examples of positive feedback?

Check Point