Financial Performance Measurement chapter 16. Foundations of Financial Performance Measurement OBJECTIVE 1: Describe the objectives, standards of comparison,

Financial Performance Measurement chapter 16

Foundations of Financial Performance Measurement

OBJECTIVE 1: Describe the objectives, standards of comparison, sources of information, and compensation issues in measuring financial performance.

Exhibit 1: Selected Segment Information for Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company

Exhibit 2: Listing from Mergent’s Handbook of Dividend Achievers




• Financial performance measurement comprises all the techniques that users of financial statements employ to show relationships in an organization’s financial statements and to relate those relationships to the organization's financial objectives.


• Users of financial statements are classified as either internal or external.– Internal users include top managers who set and

strive to achieve financial performance objectives, middle-level managers of business processes, and employee stockholders.

– External users include creditors and investors wanting to assess how well managers accomplished their financial objectives and customers forming cooperative agreements with the company.


• Management is responsible for devising, executing, monitoring, and reporting on a complete financial plan for a business that focuses on the following:– Liquidity—ability to pay bills when due and to

meet unexpected needs for cash– Profitability—ability to earn a satisfactory net

income– Long-term solvency—ability to survive for

many years


• Management is responsible for devising, executing, monitoring, and reporting on a complete financial plan for a business that focuses on the following: (cont.)– Cash flow adequacy—ability to generate

sufficient cash through operating, investing, and financing activities

– Market strength—ability to increase the wealth of owners


• Creditors and investors use financial statement analysis in two ways.– To judge past performance and current position– To judge future potential and the risk

associated with it


• Decision makers judge performance in (at least) three ways.– Rule-of-thumb measures– Analysis of past performance– Comparison with industry norms (discuss

limitations)


• Source of Information– A company’s annual report provides a

significant amount of information.– Interim financial statements may indicate

recent changes in earnings.


• Incentive bonuses and stock options for top executives are typically based on the company's achievement of certain financial goals. For public companies, a compensation committee of independent directors must establish remuneration policy for top-level executives, and the components and criteria used must be reported to the SEC.

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Tools and Techniques of Financial Analysis

OBJECTIVE 2: Apply horizontal analysis, trend analysis, vertical analysis, and ratio analysis to financial statements.

Exhibit 3: Comparative Balance Sheets with Horizontal Analysis



Exhibit 4: Comparative Income Statements with Horizontal Analysis



Exhibit 5: Trend Analysis

Figure 1: Graph of Trend Analysis Shown in Exhibit 5

Figure 2: Common-Size Balance Sheets Presented Graphically

Exhibit 6: Common-Size Balance Sheets

Figure 3: Common-Size Income Statements Presented Graphically

Exhibit 7: Common-Size Income Statements


• Horizontal analysis shows absolute and percentage changes from one year to the next.– The first of the two years being considered is

called the base year. – The percentage change is computed by

dividing the amount of the change by the base year amount.


• Trend analysis is an application of horizontal analysis over several consecutive years.– This approach uses an index number, with the

base year set at 100 percent, against which changes in related items are measured.


• Vertical analysis calculates percentage relationships within a single statement.– The result is a common-size statement.

• On a common-size balance sheet, total assets and total liabilities and equity in their respective areas of the balance sheet are labeled 100 percent.

• On a common-size income statement, net sales or net revenues are labeled 100 percent.

• Common-size statements can be presented in comparative form.


• Ratio analysis shows meaningful relationships between financial statement components.– Ratios are useful in evaluating a company’s

financial position and operations and in comparing financial data for several years or for several companies.

– The primary purpose of ratios is to identify areas needing further investigation.


Comprehensive Illustration of Ratio Analysis

OBJECTIVE 3: Apply ratio analysis to financial statements in a comprehensive evaluation of a company’s financial performance.

Figure 4: Starbucks’ Operating Cycle

Exhibit 8: Liquidity Ratios of Starbucks Corporation

Exhibit 8: Liquidity Ratios of Starbucks Corporation

Exhibit 9: Profitability Ratios of Starbucks Corporation

Exhibit 10: Long-Term Solvency Ratios of Starbucks Corporation

Exhibit 11: Cash Flow Adequacy Ratios of Starbucks Corporation

Exhibit 12: Market Strength Ratios of Starbucks Corporation


• Ratio analysis provides information about a company’s liquidity, profitability, long-term solvency, cash flow adequacy, and market strength.


• There are five major types of ratios.– Liquidity ratios

• Current ratio

• Quick ratio

• Receivable turnover

• Days’ sales uncollected

• Inventory turnover

• Average days’ inventory on hand

• Payables turnover

• Average days’ payable


• There are five major types of ratios. (cont.)– Profitability ratios

• Profit margin

• Asset turnover

• Return on assets

• Return on equity


• There are five major types of ratios. (cont.)– Long-term solvency ratios

• Debt to equity ratio

• Interest coverage ratio


• There are five major types of ratios. (cont.)– Cash flow adequacy ratios

• Cash flow yield

• Cash flows to sales

• Cash flows to assets

• Free cash flow


• There are five major types of ratios. (cont.)– Market strength ratios

• Price/earnings ratio

• Dividends yield


Documents

Financial Performance Measurement chapter 16. Foundations of Financial Performance Measurement OBJECTIVE 1: Describe the objectives, standards of comparison,