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FinanceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor the board game,
see Finance (game).
"Financial" redirects here. For the Caucasian newspaper, see
FINANCIAL.
This article needs additional citations for verification.Please
help improve this
articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced
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removed. (July 2013)
Finance
Markets[show]
Instruments[show]
Corporate[show]
Personal[show]
Public[show]
Banks and banking[show]
Regulation Standards[show]
Economic histor[show]
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Financeis a field that deals with the study of investments.It
includes the dynamicsof assetsandliabilitiesover time under
conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk.Finance can
also be defined as the science of money management. A key point in
finance is the timevalue of money,which states that purchasing
power of one unit of currency can vary over time.
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Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level and their
expectedrate of return. Finance canbe broken into three different
sub-categories public finance, corporate financeand personal
finance.
Contents
!hide"
#Areas of finance
o #.#$ersonal finance
o #.%&orporate finance
#.%.#Financial services
o #.'$ublic finance
%&apital
'Financial theory
o '.#Financial economics
o '.%Financial mathematics
o '.'(xperimental finance
o '.)*ehavioral finance
o '.+Intangible asset finance
)$rofessional ualifications
+nsolved problems in finance
/ee also
01eferences
2(xternal links
Areas of finance!edit"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_returnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_returnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Areas_of_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Personal_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Corporate_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Financial_serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Public_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Capitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Financial_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Financial_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Financial_mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Experimental_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Behavioral_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Intangible_asset_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Professional_qualificationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Unsolved_problems_in_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_returnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Areas_of_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Personal_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Corporate_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Financial_serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Public_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Capitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Financial_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Financial_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Financial_mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Experimental_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Behavioral_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Intangible_asset_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Professional_qualificationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Unsolved_problems_in_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=1
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Wall /treet, the center of American finance.
3ondon /tock (xchange, global center of finance.
Personal finance!edit"Main article!ersonal inance
4uestions in personal finance revolve around
$rotection against unforeseen personal events, as well as events
inthe wider economies
5ransference of family across generations 6beuests
andinheritance7
(ffects of tax policies 6tax subsidies and8or penalties7
onmanagement of personal finances
(ffects of credit on individual financial standing
9evelopment of a savings plan or financing for large
purchases6auto, education, home7
$lanning a secure financial future in an environment of
economicinstability
$ersonal finance may involve paying for education, financing
durable goodssuch asreal estateandcars, buyinginsurance, e.g.
health and property insurance, investing and saving
forretirement.
$ersonal finance may also involve paying for a loan, or debt
obligations. 5he six key areas ofpersonal financial planning, as
suggested by the Financial $lanning /tandards *oard, are !#"
#. Financial position is concerned with understanding
thepersonal resources available by examining net worth andhousehold
cash flow. :et worth is a person;s balance sheet,calculated by
adding up all assets under that person;s control,
minus all liabilities of the household, at one point in
time.
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into liability, property, death, disability, health and long
termcare. /ome of these risks may be self-insurable, while most
willreuire the purchase of an insurance contract. 9etermining
howmuch insurance to get, at the most cost effective terms
reuiresknowledge of the market for personal insurance.
*usinessowners, professionals, athletes and entertainers reuire
speciali=ed insurance professionals to adeuately
protectthemselves. /ince insurance also en>oys some tax
benefits,utili=ing insurance investment products may be a critical
pieceof the overall investment planning.
'. Tax planning typically the income tax is the single
largestexpense in a household. ?anaging taxes is not a uestion of
ifyou will pay taxes, but when and how much. @overnment givesmany
incentives in the form of tax deductions and credits, whichcan be
used to reduce the lifetime tax burden. ?ost moderngovernments use
a progressive tax. 5ypically, as one;s incomegrows, a higher
marginal rate of taxmust be paid.nderstanding how to take advantage
of the myriad tax breakswhen planning one;s personal finances can
make a significantimpact in which it can later save you money in
the long term.
). Investment and accumulation goals planning how toaccumulate
enough money - for large purchases and life events- is what most
people consider to be financial planning. ?a>orreasons to
accumulate assets include, purchasing a house orcar, starting a
business, paying for education expenses, andsaving for retirement.
Achieving these goals reuires pro>ectingwhat they will cost, and
when you need to withdraw funds thatwill be necessary to be able to
achieve these goals. A ma>or riskto the household in achieving
their accumulation goal is the rate
of price increases over time, or inflation. sing net
presentvalue calculators, the financial planner will suggest
acombination of asset earmarking and regular savings to beinvested
in a variety of investments. In order to overcome therate of
inflation, the investment portfolio has to get a higher rateof
return, which typically will sub>ect the portfolio to a number
ofrisks. ?anaging these portfolio risks is most often
accomplishedusing asset allocation, which seeks to diversify
investment riskand opportunity. 5his asset allocation will
prescribe apercentage allocation to be invested in stocks 6either
preferredstock and8or common stock7, bonds 6for example mutual
bondsor government bonds, or corporate bonds7, cash and
alternativeinvestments. 5he allocation should also take into
consideration
the personal risk profile of every investor, since risk
attitudesvary from person to person.
+. Retirement planningis the process of understanding howmuch it
costs to live at retirement, and coming up with a plan todistribute
assets to meet any income shortfall. ?ethods forretirement plan
include taking advantage of governmentallowed structures to manage
tax liability including individual6I1A7 structures, or employer
sponsored retirement plans.
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. Estate planninginvolves planning for the disposition of
one;sassets after death. 5ypically, there is a tax due to the state
orfederal government at one;s death. Avoiding these taxes meansthat
more of one;s assets will be distributed to one;s heirs. necan
leave one;s assets to family, friends or charitable groups.
Corporate finance!edit"Main articleCorporate inance
&orporate finance deals with the sources of funding and the
capital structureof corporations and theactions that managers take
to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders, as well as
the toolsand analysis used to allocate financial resources.
Although it is in principle different from managerialfinance which
studies the financial management of all firms, rather than
corporations alone, the mainconcepts in the study of corporate
finance are applicable to the financial problems of all kinds
offirms. &orporate finance generally involves balancing risk
and profitability, while attempting tomaximi=e an entity;s assets,
net incoming cash flow and the value of itsstock, and generically
entailsthree primary areas of capital resource allocation. In the
first, Bcapital budgetingB, management mustchoose which
Bpro>ectsB 6if any7 to undertake. 5he discipline ofcapital
budgetingmay employstandard business valuationtechniues or even
extend to real options valuationC see Financialmodeling. 5he
second, Bsources of capitalB relates to how these investments are
to be funded
investment capital can be provided through different sources,
such as by shareholders, in the formof euity6privately or via
aninitial public offering7, creditors, often in the form of bonds,
and the firm;soperations 6cash flow7. /hort-term funding or working
capitalis mostly provided by banks extendinga line of credit. 5he
balance between these elements forms the company;s capital
structure. 5hethird, Bthe dividend policyB, reuires management to
determine whether any unappropriated profit6excess cash7 is to be
retained for future investment 8 operational reuirements, or
instead to bedistributed to shareholders, and if so in what form.
/hort term financial management is often termedBworking capital
managementB, and relates tocash-,inventory-
anddebtorsmanagement.
&orporate finance also includes within its scope business
valuation, stock investing, orinvestmentmanagement.An investment is
an acuisition of an assetin the hope that it will maintain or
increaseits value over time that will in hope give back a higher
rate of return when it comes to disbursingdividends. In investment
managementD in choosing aportfolioD one has to use financial
analysis to
determine what, how muchand whento invest. 5o do this, a company
must
Identify relevant ob>ectives and constraints institution or
individualgoals, time hori=on, risk aversion and tax
considerationsC
Identify the appropriate strategy active versus passive
hedgingstrategy
?easure the portfolio performance
Financial management overlaps with the financial function of the
accounting profession.
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uantitative. In the banking sector worldwide, the *asel
Accordsare generally adopted byinternationally active banks for
tracking, reporting and exposing operational, credit and market
risks.!citation needed"
Financial services!edit"Main articleFinancial ser#ices
An entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or
invest the excess income to help thatexcess income produce more
income in the future. 5hough on the other hand, an entity
whoseincome is less than its expenditure can raise capital by
borrowing or selling euity claims,decreasing its expenses, or
increasing its income. 5he lender can find a borrowerEa
financialintermediarysuch as abankEor buy notes or bonds 6corporate
bonds, government bonds, ormutual bonds7 in the bond market. 5he
lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interestthan
the lender receives, and the financial intermediary earns the
difference for arranging the loan.
A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders.
A bank accepts deposits fromlenders, on which it pays interest. 5he
bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. *anks allowborrowers
and lenders, of different si=es, to coordinate their activity.
Finance is used by individuals 6personal finance7, by
governments 6public finance7, by businesses6corporate finance7 and
by a wide variety of other organi=ations such as including schools
and non-
profit organi=ations. In general, the goals of each of the above
activities are achieved through theuse of appropriate financial
instruments and methodologies, with consideration to their
institutionalsetting.
Finance is one of the most important aspects ofbusiness
managementand includes analysis relatedto the use and acuisition of
funds for the enterprise.
In corporate finance, a company;s capital structureis the total
mix of financing methods it uses toraise funds. ne method is debt
inancing, which includes bank loans and bond sales. Anothermethod
ise$uit% inancing- the sale of stock by a company to investors, the
original shareholders6they own a portion of the business7 of a
share. wnership of a share gives the shareholder certaincontractual
rights and powers, which typically include the right to receive
declared dividends and tovote the proxy on important matters 6e.g.,
board elections7. 5he owners of both bonds 6eithergovernment bonds
or corporate bonds7 and stock 6whether its preferred stock or
common stock7,may beinstitutional in#estors- financial institutions
such as investment banks andpension funds orprivate individuals,
calledpri#ate in#estorsor retail in#estors.
Public finance!edit"Main article!ublic inance
$ublic finance describes finance as related to sovereign states
and sub-national entities6states8provinces, counties,
municipalities, etc.7 and related public entities 6e.g. school
districts7 oragencies. It usually encompasses a long-term,
strategic perspective regarding investment decisionsthat affect
public entities.!%"5hese long-term, strategic periods usually
encompass five or more years.!'"$ublic finance is primarily
concerned with
Identification of reuired expenditure of a public sector
entity
/ource6s7 of that entity;s revenue
5he budgeting process
9ebt issuance 6municipal bonds7 for public works pro>ects
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Accordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=4https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_intermediaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_intermediaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_markethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_structurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_structurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_financinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_financinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_investorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_investorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_fundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_fundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_investorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_bondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Accordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_intermediaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_intermediaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_markethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_structurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_financinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_investorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_fundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_investorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_bond
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&entral banks, such as the Federal 1eserve /ystembanks in
the nited /tatesand *ank of(nglandin the nited ingdom, are strong
players in public finance, acting aslenders of lastresortas well as
strong influences on monetary and credit conditions in the
economy.!)"
Capital!edit"
Main articleFinancial capital&apital, in the financial
sense, is the money that gives the business the power to buy goods
to beused in the production of other goods or the offering of a
service. 65he capital has two types ofresources, (uity and
9ebt7.
5he deployment of capital is decided by the budget. 5his may
include the ob>ective of business,targets set, and results in
financial terms, e.g., the target set for sale, resulting cost,
growth, reuiredinvestment to achieve the planned sales, and
financing source for the investment.
A budget may be long term or short term. 3ong term budgets have
a time hori=on of +D#G yearsgiving a vision to the companyC short
term is an annual budget which is drawn to control and operatein
that particular year.
*udgets will include proposed fixed asset reuirements and how
these expenditures will be
financed. &apital budgets are often ad>usted annually
6done every year7 and should be part of alonger-term &apital
Improvements $lan.
A cash budget is also reuired. 5he working capital reuirements
of a business are monitored at alltimes to ensure that there are
sufficient funds available to meet short-term expenses.
5he cash budget is basically a detailed plan that shows all
expected sources and uses of cash whenit comes to spending it
appropriately. 5he cash budget has the following six main
sections
#. Beginning Cash Balance- contains the last period;s
closingcash balance, in other words, the remaining cash from
lastyears earnings.
%. Cash collections- includes all expected cash receipts
6allsources of cash for the period considered, mainly sales7
'. Cash disbursements- lists all planned cash outflows for
theperiod such as dividend, excluding interest payments on
short-term loans, which appear in the financing section. All
expensesthat do not affect cash flow are excluded from this list
6e.g.depreciation, amorti=ation, etc.7
). Cash excess or deficienc- a function of the cash needs
andcash available. &ash needs are determined by the total
cashdisbursements plus the minimum cash balance reuired bycompany
policy. If total cash available is less than cash needs,a
deficiency exists.
+. Financing- discloses the planned borrowings and repaymentsof
those planned borrowings, including interest.
Financial theory!edit"
Financial economics!edit"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender_of_last_resorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender_of_last_resorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_capitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_capitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=7https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender_of_last_resorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender_of_last_resorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_capitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=7https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=8
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Main articleFinancial economics
Financial economics is the branch of economicsstudying the
interrelation of financialvariables,suchas prices, interest
ratesand shares, as opposed to goods and services. Financial
economicsconcentrates on influences ofrealeconomic variables on
financial ones, in contrast to pure finance.It centres on managing
risk in the context of thefinancial markets,and theresultant
economicandfinancial models. It essentially explores how rational
investorswould applyrisk and return to the problem of
aninvestmentpolicy. ect to human error andemotion.!+":ew research
discloses the mischaracteri=ation of investment safety and measures
offinancial products and markets so complex that their effects,
especially under conditions ofuncertainty, are impossible to
predict. 5he study of finance is subsumed under economics
asfinancial economics, but the scope, speed, power relations and
practices of the financial system canuplift or cripple whole
economies and the well-being of households, businesses and
governingbodies within themEsometimes in a single day.
Financial mathematics!edit"Main articleFinancial mathematics
Financial mathematics is a field ofapplied mathematics,
concerned with financial markets. 5he
sub>ect has a close relationship with the discipline of
financial economics, which is concerned withmuch of the underlying
theory that is involved in financial mathematics. @enerally,
mathematicalfinancewill derive, and extend, the mathematicalor
numericalmodels suggested by financialeconomics. In terms of
practice, mathematical finance also overlaps heavily with the
fieldof computational finance6also known as inancial engineering7.
Arguably, these are largelysynonymous, although the latter focuses
on application, while the former focuses on modelling andderivation
6see &uantitati#e anal%st7. 5he field is largely focused on the
modelling of derivatives,although other important subfields
includeinsurance mathematicsand uantitative
portfolioproblems./eeutline of finance ?athematical toolsC utline
of finance 9erivatives pricing.
Experimental finance!edit"Main article'perimental inance
(xperimental financeaims to establish different market settings
and environments to observeexperimentally and provide a lens
through which science can analy=e agents; behavior and theresulting
characteristics of trading flows, information diffusion and
aggregation, price settingmechanisms, and returns processes.
1esearchers in experimental finance can study to what
extentexisting financial economics theory makes valid predictions
and therefore prove them, and attemptto discover new principles on
which such theory can be extended and be applied to future
financialdecisions. 1esearch may proceed by conducting trading
simulations or by establishing and studyingthe behavior, and the
way that these people act or react, of people in artificial
competitive market-likesettings.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pricehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_vs._nominal_in_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_vs._nominal_in_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_markethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_markethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_markethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_economicushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_pricinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_asset_pricing_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_of_optionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_of_optionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_of_optionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certaintyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_separation_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Investment_Valuehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Investment_Valuehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modigliani-Miller_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modigliani-Miller_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modigliani-Miller_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_econometricshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_econometricshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_markethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_(finance)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_(finance)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_(finance)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_(finance)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_(finance)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_finance#Mathematical_toolshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_finance#Derivatives_pricinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pricehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_ratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_vs._nominal_in_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_markethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_economicushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_pricinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_asset_pricing_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_of_optionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certaintyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_separation_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Investment_Valuehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modigliani-Miller_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modigliani-Miller_theoremhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_econometricshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_markethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_(finance)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_(finance)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_(finance)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_finance#Mathematical_toolshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_finance#Derivatives_pricinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_finance
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Behavioral finance!edit"Main articleeha#ioral economics
*ehavioral financestudies how the psychology of investors or
managers affects financial decisionsand markets when making a
decision that can impact either negatively or positively on one of
theirareas. *ehavioral finance has grown over the last few decades
to become central and veryimportant to finance.!citation
needed"
*ehavioral finance includes such topics as
#. (mpirical studies that demonstrate significant deviations
fromclassical theories.
%. ?odels of how psychology affects and impacts trading
andprices
'. Forecasting based on these methods.
). /tudies of experimental asset markets and use of models
to
forecast experiments.A strand of behavioral finance has been
dubbed 4uantitative *ehavioral Finance, which usesmathematical and
statistical methodology to understand behavioral biases in
con>unction withvaluation. /ome of this endeavor has been led by
@undu= &aginalp6$rofessor of ?athematics and(ditor of Kournal
of *ehavioral Financeduring %GG#-%GG)7 and collaborators
includingLernon/mith6%GG% :obel 3aureate in (conomics7, 9avid
$orter, 9on *alenovich, Lladimira Ilieva, Ahmet9uran7. /tudies by
Keff ?adura, 1ay /turm and others have demonstrated significant
behavioraleffects in stocks and exchange traded funds. Among other
topics, uantitative behavioral financestudies behavioral effects
together with the non-classical assumption of the finiteness of
assets.
Intangible asset finance!edit"Main articleIntangible asset
inance
Intangible asset finance is the area of finance that deals with
intangible assets such as patents,trademarks, goodwill, reputation,
etc.
Professional qualifications!edit"
5here are several related professional ualifications, that can
lead to the field
!eneralist Finance qualifications"
9egrees ?aster of /cience in Finance6?/F7, ?aster
ofFinance6?.Fin7, ?aster of Financial (conomics,?aster of
Applied Finance
&ertifications &hartered Financial
Analyst6&FA7,&ertified5reasury $rofessional6&5$7,
&ertified Laluation
Analyst6&LA7,&ertified $atent
LaluationAnalyst6&$LA7,&hartered *usiness
Laluator6&*L7, &ertifiedInternational Investment
Analyst6&IIA7,Financial 1isk?anager6F1?7, $rofessional
1isk?anager6$1?7,Association of
&orporate5reasurers6A&57,&ertified ?arket
Analyst6&?A8FA97 9ual
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunduz_Caginalphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Behavioral_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_L._Smithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_L._Smithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_L._Smithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_asset_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_asset_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_qualificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Applied_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Applied_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Applied_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Financial_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Financial_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Treasury_Professionalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Treasury_Professionalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Treasury_Professionalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certified_Valuation_Analyst&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certified_Valuation_Analyst&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certified_Patent_Valuation_Analyst&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certified_Patent_Valuation_Analyst&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certified_Patent_Valuation_Analyst&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Business_Valuator&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Business_Valuator&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_International_Investment_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_International_Investment_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_International_Investment_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Risk_Managerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Risk_Managerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Risk_Managerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Risk_Managerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Risk_Managerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Corporate_Treasurershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Corporate_Treasurershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Market_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Market_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Market_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunduz_Caginalphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Behavioral_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_L._Smithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_L._Smithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_asset_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_qualificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Applied_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Applied_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Financial_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Treasury_Professionalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Treasury_Professionalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certified_Valuation_Analyst&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certified_Valuation_Analyst&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certified_Patent_Valuation_Analyst&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certified_Patent_Valuation_Analyst&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Business_Valuator&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_International_Investment_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_International_Investment_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Risk_Managerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Risk_Managerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Risk_Managerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Risk_Managerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Corporate_Treasurershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Corporate_Treasurershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Market_Analyst
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9esignation, &orporate Finance 4ualification6&F7,
&harteredAlternative Investment Analyst6&AIA7,&hartered
Investment?anager6&I?7
#uantitative Finance qualifications"?aster of
Financial(ngineering6?/F(7, ?aster of 4uantitative Finance6?4F7,
?aster
of &omputational Finance6?&F7,?aster of
Financial?athematics6?F?7,&ertificate in 4uantitative
Finance6&4F7.
Accountanc qualifications
4ualified accountant &hartered Accountant 65he Institute
of&hartered Accountant of $akistan -
I&A$7,&hartered
Accountant65he Institute of &hartered Accountants of
India-I&AI7, &hartered Accountant6A&A - certification 8
&A -certification in &ommonwealth countries7,&hartered
&ertified
Accountant6A&&A, certification7,&ertified
$ublicAccountant6&$A, / certification7, A&?A8F&?A
6Associate8Fellow &hartered ?anagement Accountant7
from&hartered Institute of ?anagement Accountant 6&I?A7,
.
:on-statutory ualifications &hartered &ost
Accountant&&A9esignation fromAAF?
Business qualifications"?aster of *usinessAdministration6?*A7,
?aster of ?anagement6??7,?aster of&ommerce6?.&omm7, ?aster
of /cience in?anagement6?/?7, 9octor of *usiness
Administration69*A7
Unsolved problems in finance!edit"
As the debate to whether finance is an art or a science is still
open,!"there have been recent effortsto organi=e a list of unsolved
problems in finance.
See also!edit"
utline of finance
Financial crisis of %GG0D%G#G
3ist of unsolved problems in finance
Book! Finance
References!edit"
#. $ump up %"Financial !lanning Curriculum
Framewor*".Financial!lanning +tandards oard. -. /etrie#ed 0 April
-.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Finance_Qualification&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Finance_Qualification&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Alternative_Investment_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Alternative_Investment_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Investment_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Investment_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Investment_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Quantitative_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Quantitative_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Computational_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Computational_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_in_Quantitative_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_in_Quantitative_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified_accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Certified_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Certified_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Certified_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Chartered_Certified_Accountantshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Cost_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Financial_Managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Commercehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Commercehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Commercehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=15https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#cite_ref-1http://www.fpsb.org/component/docman/doc_download/1008-financial-planning-curriculum-framework.htmlhttp://www.fpsb.org/component/docman/doc_download/1008-financial-planning-curriculum-framework.htmlhttp://www.fpsb.org/component/docman/doc_download/1008-financial-planning-curriculum-framework.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Finance_Qualification&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Alternative_Investment_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Alternative_Investment_Analysthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Investment_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Investment_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Quantitative_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Computational_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Computational_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Financial_Mathematicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_in_Quantitative_Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified_accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Certified_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Certified_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Chartered_Certified_Accountantshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Cost_Accountanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Financial_Managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Commercehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Commercehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Financehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finance&action=edit§ion=16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance#cite_ref-1http://www.fpsb.org/component/docman/doc_download/1008-financial-planning-curriculum-framework.html
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%. $ump up %1oss, 1aniel2 +umrall, 3illiam2 4ones, 1on(-).
+trategic Finance or Criminal 4ustice 5rgani6ations (st ed.).oca
/aton, Florida C/C !ress. p. 7. I+N809:;789870.
'. $ump up %1oss, 1aniel2 +umrall, 3illiam2 4ones, 1on(-).
+trategic Finance or Criminal 4ustice 5rgani6ations (st ed.).oca
/aton, Florida C/C !ress. pp.
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7/25/2019 Finance - -222016
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e
"eneral areas of finance
'omputational inance(#perimental inance
)inancial economics
)inancial institutions
)inancial markets
*nvestment management
+athematical inance
Personal inance
Public inance
uantitative behavioral inance
uantum inance
-tatistical inance
#uthorit control /L"0012133&
&ategories
Finance
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