Finals

• Animals– Parts– Naming terms

• Behavior / Restraint• Medical Terminology• Veterinarian and Vet Tech• Basic Anatomy

– Skeletal– Digestive– Muscular– Respiratory– Nervous

S K E L E T A L , M U S C U L A R , D I G E S T I V E , R E S P I R A T O R Y A N D N E R V O U S

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

SKELETAL SYSTEM

BONE PROBLEMS – PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

• Hip dysplasia• Invertebral disc disease

• Herniated disc• Ruptured disc• IVDD

• Osteochondrosis dissecans• OCD

• OsteoarthritisDegenerative Joint Disease / DJD

• Spondylosis• Luxation and Subluxation (complete vs partial)

IVD – INVERTEBRAL DISC DISEASE

• Can happen suddenly or slowly

• Can cause paralysis

• CT junction• TL junction• Breed

propensity• Treatment

SPONDYLOSIS

OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS - OCD

LUXATING PATELLA

Normal hip joint

Hip Joint = Coxofemoral jointSubluxation = femoral head slips in and out of acetabulum

HIP DYSPLASIA

FHO –FEMORAL HEAD OSTECTOMY

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

• Ataxia-lack of voluntary control of muscle movement

• Atonic-lacking muscle control• Dystrophy-defective growth• Fibroma-tumor composed of fibrous

connective tissue• Hernia- protrusion of an organ or fascia

through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

• Laxity-looseness• Myopathy-abnormal condition of

disease of muscle• Tetany – muscle spasms or twitching

Ataxia-lack of voluntary control of muscle movement “wobbliness”

Tetany-muscle spasms or twitiching

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Borborgymus• Trichobezoar• Cribbing• Colic• Gastric Dilation Volvulus (GDV)• Cleft palate• LDA

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BORBORGYMUS

• Bowel sounds, “stomach” rumble, peristalic • Rumble, gurgle, growl

• produced by movement of the contents of the gastro-intestinal tract as they are propelled through the small intestine muscle contractions (peristalisis) 

•  can be loud enough to be heard with bare ears or may need a stethoscope to hear

•  fluid and gas moves forward in the intestines (in the vicinity of but not actually within the stomach).

• The lack of bowel sounds is indicative of ileus, intestinal obstruction, or some other serious pathology.

• Also associated with hunger

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TRICHOBEZOAR • Mass of hair• Formed in the gastrointestinal

system• “hairball”• Can cause obstruction and have to be surgically removed

MEGAESOPHAGUS

• Food stays in the esophagus• Esophagus stays enlarged• Lack of peristalis• Food never enters stomach• Food is regurgitated• Food may be aspirated

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CLEFT PALATE

• Abnormal opening between nasal passages and mouth

• Interferes with eating• Respiratory difficulty

(aspiration pneumonia)

CRIBBING

• “windsucking”

• Also affects neck and back muscles due to the posture that is assumed when crbbing

• Boredom, endorphine release, possible ulcers

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COLIC

• Abdominal pain• Different causes

• Obstruction• Impaction• Inflammation

• Colitis, enteritis, peritonitis

• Twisted / ”strangulation”• Volvulus, torsion, intussusception

• Parasites

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GDV

• Gastric Dilatation Volvulus• Stomach fills with air, twists on it’s axis

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VG4fYmcNCdM

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JJnShl638I (good real life video!)

Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning

DISPLACED ABOMASUM• Left Displaced Abomasum• Right Displaced Abomasum

• More room for complications (torsion)

LDA

• LDA• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLAj_rcqpPM

Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Epistaxis• Nosebleed• Icepack on nose to constrict blood vessels• Causes

While there are many causes of epistaxis in dogs, the most common causes are trauma and infection.

•Rodenticide or rat poisoning•Von Willebrand's disease (vWD)•Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)•Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia •Ehrlichiosis - tick-borne disease•Rocky Mountain spotted fever - tick-borne disease•Hemangiosarcoma •Other cancers, especially of the nasal passages and skull•Fungal diseases (Aspergillis)•Horses: Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage

TRACHEAL FOREIGN BODY

COLLAPSED TRACHEA

THORACENTESIS

• Hemothorax – blood• Pyothorax – pus• Pneumothorax - air• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3Rxult05Cg• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZK5dC6KxLKc

INFLAMMATION OF

• Rhinitis• Laryngitis• Pharyngitis • Bronchitis• Tracheitis• Tracheobronchitis

• Kennel Cough

FLUID OR INFLAMMATION

• Pulmonary edema•  fluid accumulation in the air spaces and parenchymaof the lungs. It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause respiratory failure.

• Pneumonia• an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the alveoli.

• Snuffles• Pasteurella

DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA

NERVOUS SYSTEM

PATHOLOGY

• Ataxia:• Damage, degeneration or

loss of nerve cells in the part of your brainthat controls muscle coordination(cerebellum), results in ataxia

• Without coordination• Stumbling

• CP Deficit• Conscious Proprioceptive

Deficit• Neurological defect in

which the animal appears not to know where its limbs are“knuckling”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JM-Wds_L7vI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06KO0q2ZZ5A

HORNER’S SYNDROME• Drooping eyelid• Affected eye constricts• Affected eye appears

sunken• The third eyelidmay

appear red• With cats

• Blunt force trauma• Tumor

Horner's Syndrome is a common neurological disorder of the eye and facial muscles, caused by dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system.

VESTIBULAR DISEASE

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcX0-UWig1s

The vestibular system is responsible for maintaining normal balance. The vestibular system has central components located in the brain, and peripheral components located in the inner and middle ear.

PARAPLEGIA

• Paralysis of the hindlimbs

• Para (nervous system)

means hind or lower portion

POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA

• PEM• Abnormal softening

ofthe gray matter of the brain

EQUINE LARYNGEAL HEMIPLEGIA

• Called roaring• Noisy respiration/

narrowed larynxNerve fiber degeneration of a laryngeal nerve

PTOSIS OR -PTOSIS

• Prolapse or drooping

• Falling downward• Upper eyelid