EE205: Computer Networks

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE1HUM 102 ESSENTIALS OF COMMUNICATIONSession11PDM APPLIED SCIENCE2SemanticsSynonymsSynonyms are different words with identical or at least similar meanings. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy.derogatoryhumiliatingattain achievedelay postponedistress griefcurtail reducecandid frankabandon desert(v)

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE3AntonymsAn antonym is a word which means the opposite of another word. Antonyms are also called opposites. One way of mastering a language involves learning its vocabulary. Synonyms and opposites are helpful in this sense.rawripesacredprofaneproudhumbletransparentopaqueinnocentguiltymiserspendthriftguesthostconfessdenyancientmodernbarren fertiledepositwithdraw HomophonesA homophone is a word that has the same sound as another word but is spelled differently and has a different meaning.complimentpositive remarkcomplementwhich makes something completeMentionto referMansionbuildingcorpsedead bodycorpsa technical branch of army

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE4Formation of wordsFormation of nouns: Nouns can be framed from adjectives or verbs using the following suffixes.

suffixmeaningexample-ance state performance,attendance-ence quality of independence,confidence-er, -ora person who does programmer, operator-ian pertaining to electrician,musician

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE55Formation of verbsVerbs can be framed from adjectives or nouns by using suffixes or prefixes.

suffix examplemeaningize/-iseto makecomputerize,civilize-ate''automate, activate-ify''simplify,classify-en''harden, widen

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE6Formation of Adjectivessuffixmeaningexample-alhaving the quality ofcomputational, -ar ''circular,angular-ic ''magnetic, automatic

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE7Part 2- Syntax

Sentence synthesisTypes of sentences:1. Simple Sentence (has one verb and one subject)2. Complex Sentence (main clause + subordinate clause )3. Compound Sentence (clauses of same rank)PDM APPLIED SCIENCE8Formation of Simple SentencesThe following are the chief ways of combining two or more Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence.

1. By using a Participle:

He saw a tiger. He ran away.Seeing a tiger, he ran away.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE92. By using a noun or a phrase in apposition:

This is my friend. His name is Vikas.This is my friend Vikas.Hinduism was founded in 2500 years ago. It is one of the greatest religions.Hinduism, one of the greatest religions, was founded in 2500 years ago.PDM APPLIED SCIENCE103. By using a preposition with noun or gerund:

He has failed many times. He still hopes to win.Having failed for many times, he still hopes to win.Her husband died. She heard the news. She fainted.On hearing the news of the death of her husband, she fainted.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE114. By using an infinitive: I have some duties. I must perform them.I have some duties to perform.We must finish this exercise. There are still three sentences.We have still three sentences in this exercise to finish.He wanted to educate his son. He sent him to London.He sent his son to London to educate him.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE125. By using an adverb or an Adverbial Phrase:

He answered me. His answer was correct.He answered me correctly.The sun set. The boys had not finished the game.The boys had not finished the game by sunset.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE13Formation of Complex Sentences

Two or more Simple Sentences can be combined to form a single Complex Sentence in three ways:

1. Using a Subordinate Clause as a Noun Clause: When two sentences are combined to form a Complex Sentence, one of the two sentences can be converted into a Noun clause in the new sentence. PDM APPLIED SCIENCE14 Examples He will be late. That is certain. That he will be late is certain. He may be innocent. I do not know. I do not know whether he is innocent The clouds would disperse. That was our hope. Our hope was cheering. Our hope that the clouds would disperse, was cheering. The game was lost. It was the consequences of his carelessness. Because of his carelessness, the game was lost.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE152. Using a Subordinate Clause as an Adjective Clause: In the following examples, the Subordinate Clause is an Adjective Clause. Examples: A fox once met a lion. The fox had never seen a lion before. A fox who had never met a lion before met him. She has a parrot. It speaks like a child. She has a parrot which speaks like a parrot. A cottager and his wife had a hen. The hen laid an egg everyday. The egg was golden. The hen, which a cottager and his wife had, laid a golden egg everyday.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE16Formation of Compound SentencesThis can be done in four ways:1.Using Conjunctions which add one statement to another. Examples : Night came on. The room grew dark. Night came on and the room grew dark. He is a fool. He is a knave. He is not only a fool but also a knave. He is a fool as well as a knave.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE172.Using conjunctions which express opposition or contrast between two statements. Examples : He is slow. He is sure. He is but he is sure. I was annoyed. I kept quite. I was annoyed, still I kept quite. He failed. He persevered. He failed, nevertheless he persevered. He will not oppose my design. I can not approve of it. He will not oppose my design; however, I can not approve of it.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE183.Using conjunctions which express a choice between two alternatives .Examples :

Make haste. You will be late. Make haste or you will be late. Do be a borrower. Do be a lender. Be neither a borrower nor a lender.

It will be noticed that the conjunctions or, eitheror and neithernor express a choice between two alternatives PDM APPLIED SCIENCE194.Using conjunctions which express an inference .Examples : He was obstinate. He was punished. He was obstinate; therefore he was punished. It is raining heavily. I will take an umbrella with me. It is raining heavily, so I will take an umbrella with me. PDM APPLIED SCIENCE20Verb PatternsThere are 25 verb patterns in English. Verb pattern 1 to 5 are based on verb intransitive and rest on verb transitive.

Transisitive verbs are those which take an object and verb intransitive are those which do not take an object. PDM APPLIED SCIENCE21VerbPatternsModal SentencesS +be+subject complement/adjunct This is a book.S +viThe moon rose.S+vi+(for)+adverbial adjunct We walked (for) five miles.S +vi+adverbial adjunct Go away/Come in.S+vi+adjective/(pro)nounShe married young.S+vi+present participleThey've gone dancing.S+vi+ preposition+(pro)nounYou can rely on me.PDM APPLIED SCIENCE22S +vi+(preposition)(+it)+clauseHave you decided (on) what to do next?S +vi+to infinitiveWe stopped to rest.S +vi+to infinitiveHe awoke to find the house on fire.S +vi+to infinitiveHe agreed to come at once.S +seem/appear +(tobe)+adjective/nounHe seemed to be surprised atthe news.S +seem/appear/happen/chance+to infinitiveShe appears to have left already.PDM APPLIED SCIENCE23S +be+to infinitiveAt what time am I to come?S +anomalous finite+infinitiveYou needn't wait.S +vt +(pro)nounEveryone likes her.S +vt +(pro)nounShe has green eyses.S +vt +gerund She enjoys palying tennis.S +vt + gerund He began talking about his family.S +need/want/bear + gerundHe needs looking after.S +vt +(not)+to infinitiveI forgot to post your letter.PDM APPLIED SCIENCE24S +have/ought +(not)+to infinitiveHe often has to work overtime.S +vt +interrogative pronoun/adverb+to infinitiveI couldn't decide what to do next.S +vt +that clauseDo you think (that) it will rain?S +vt +dependent clause/questionDoes anyone know how it happened?S +vt +(pro)noun+that clauseI convinced him that I was innocent.S +vt +(pro)noun(IO)+(pro)noun(DO)He doesn't owe me anything.S +vt +(pro)noun(IO)+(pro)noun(DO)Will you do me a favour?S +vt +(pro)noun+(pro)nounAsk him his name.S +vt+(pro)noun(DO)+to+(pro)nounHe sold his car to his sister.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE25S +vt +(pro)noun(DO)+for +(pro)nounShe made a new dress for her daughter.S +vt +(pronoun)(DO)+ preposition+(pronoun) I explained my difficulty to him.S +vt +(pro)noun(DO)+adverbial phrasePlease put this book on my desk.S +vt +adverbial partic+(pro)noun(DO)Take your shoes off.S +vt +(pro)noun(DO)+toinfinitiveHe brought his brother to see me.S +vt +(pro)noun(DO)+as/like/if +noun/clauseHer parents spoilt her as a child.S +vt +(pro)noun+infinitiveDo you want me to stay?S +vt +(pro)noun+(not)+toinfinitiveI felt the house shake.S +vt +(pro)noun+infinitiveLet me go!PDM APPLIED SCIENCE26S +vt +(pro)noun+ present participleI can smell something burning

S +vt+(pro)noun+ present participleThey left me waiting outside.

S +vt +(pro)noun /possessive+ing formof theverbI can't imagine him/his saying that.S +vt +(pro)noun+interrogative+toinfinitiveTell me what to do next.

S +vt +(pro)noun+dependent clause/questionTell me what your name is.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE27S+vt +(pro)noun(DO)+adjectiveHe painted the walls green.S +vt +(pro)noun(DO)+nounThey named their son Richard.S +vt +(pro)noun(DO)+ past participleI want the work finished by Saturday.S +have+(pro)noun(DO)+ past participleDo you have any money saved?S +have/get +(pro)noun(DO)+past participlePlease have this letter translated.S +vt +(pro)noun(DO)+(tobe)+adjective/noun.Do you consider him (to be) innocent?

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE28Unit II PhoneticsThere are 44 speech sounds in English. (20 vowels and 24 consonants)

Here are the symbols for all the speech sounds or phonemes.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE29consonants IPAb bad, lab d did, lady f find, if g give, flag h how, hello j yes, yellow k cat, back PDM APPLIED SCIENCE30l leg, little m man, lemon n no, ten sing, finger p pet, map r red, try s sun, miss PDM APPLIED SCIENCE31 she, crash t tea, getting t check, church think, both this, mother v voice, five w wet, window PDM APPLIED SCIENCE32z zoo, lazy pleasure, vision d just, large

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE33vowels IPA cup, luck : arm, father cat, black e met, bed away, cinema PDM APPLIED SCIENCE34: turn, learn hit, sitting i: see, heat hot, rock : call, four put, could u: blue, food PDM APPLIED SCIENCE35a five, eye a now, out e say, eight o go, home boy, join e where, air near, here pure, tourist

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE36Classification of consonants.

Consonanats are divided on three different basis:Position of vocal cordsManner of articulationPlace of articulation

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE37According to the position of vocal cords they are divided as follows:voiceless (9)voiced(15)[p] [h][b][w][t] [d][m][k] [][n][f] [v][l][] [][ ][s] [z][r][] [][ ][t] [d]

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE38On the basis of manner of articulation consonants are classified as under:Stops or Plosives Stop, an oral occlusive, where there is occlusion (blocking) of the oral vocal tract, and no nasal air flow, so the air flow stops completely. Examples include English /p t k/ (voiceless) and /b d / (voiced). NasalNasal, a nasal occlusive, where there is occlusion of the oral tract, but air passes through the nose. The shape and position of the tongue determine the resonant cavity that gives different nasals their characteristic sounds. Examples include English /m, n/. PDM APPLIED SCIENCE39FricativesIn the stop [t], the tongue tip touches the alveolar ridge and cuts off the airflow. In [s], the tongue tip approaches the alveolar ridge but doesn't quite touch it. There is still enough of an opening for airflow to continue, but the opening is narrow enough that it causes the escaping air to become turbulent (hence the hissing sound of the [s]). In a fricative consonant, the articulators involved in the constriction approach get close enough to each other to create a turbluent airstream. The fricatives of English are [f], [v], [], [], [s], [z], [], and [].ApproximantsIn an approximant, the articulators involved in the constriction are further apart still than they are for a fricative. The articulators are still closer to each other than when the vocal tract is in its neutral position, but they are not even close enough to cause the air passing between them to become turbulent. The approximants of English are [w], [j], [r], and [l].

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE40AffricatesAn affricate is a single sound composed of a stop portion and a fricative portion. In English [t], the airflow is first interuppted by a stop which is very similar to [t] (though made a bit further back). But instead of finishing the articulation quickly and moving directly into the next sound, the tongue pulls away from the stop slowly, so that there is a period of time immediately after the stop where the constriction is narrow enough to cause a turbulent airstream. In [t], the period of turbulent airstream following the stop portion is the same as the fricative []. English [d] is an affricate like [t], but voiced.PDM APPLIED SCIENCE41LateralsPay attention to what you are doing with your tongue when you say the first consonant of [lif] leaf. Your tongue tip is touching your alveolar ridge (or perhaps your upper teeth), but this doesn't make [l] a stop. Air is still flowing during an [l] because the side of your tongue has dropped down and left an opening. (Some people drop down the right side of their tongue during an [l]; others drop down the left; a few drop down both sides.) Sounds which involve airflow around the side of the tongue are called laterals. Sounds which are not lateral are called central.[l] is the only lateral in English. The other sounds of Englihs, like most of the sounds of the world's languages, are central.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE42Flap Flap, often called a tap, is a momentary closure of the oral cavity. The "tt" of "utter" and the "dd" of "udder" are pronounced as a flap in North American and Australian English. Many linguists distinguish taps from flaps, but there is no consensus on what the difference might be. No language relies on such a difference. There are also lateral flaps.Trill Trill, in which the articulator (usually the tip of the tongue) is held in place, and the airstream causes it to vibrate. The double "r" of Spanish "perro" is a trill. Trills and flaps, where there are one or more brief occlusions, constitute a class of consonant called rhotics.PDM APPLIED SCIENCE43According to place of articulation consonants are classified as:BilabialIn a bilabial consonant, the lower and upper lips approach or touch each other. English [p], [b], and [m] are bilabial stops.PDM APPLIED SCIENCE44LabiodentalIn a labiodental consonant, the lower lip approaches or touches the upper teeth. English [f] and [v] are bilabial fricatives.DentalIn a dental consonant, the tip or blade of the tongue approaches or touches the upper teeth. English [] and [] are dental fricatives. There are actually a couple of different ways of forming these sounds:The tongue tip can approach the back of the upper teeth, but not press against them so hard that the airflow is completely blocked.PDM APPLIED SCIENCE45AlveolarIn an alveolar consonant, the tongue tip (or less often the tongue blade) approaches or touches the alveolar ridge, the ridge immediately behind the upper teeth. The English stops [t], [d], and [n] are formed by completely blocking the airflow at this place of articulation. The fricatives [s] and [z] are also at this place of articulation, as is the lateral approximant [l].PostalveolarIn a postalveolar consonant, the constriction is made immediately behind the alveolar ridge. The constriction can be made with either the tip or the blade of the tongue. The English fricatives [] and [] are made at this POA, as are the corresponding affricates [t] and [d].PDM APPLIED SCIENCE46RetroflexIn a retroflex consonant, the tongue tip is curled backward in the mouth. English [r] is a retroflex approximant -- the tongue tip is curled up toward the postalveolar region (the area immediately behind the alveolar ridge).PalatalIn a palatal consonant, the body of the tongue approaches or touches the hard palate. English [j] is a palatal approximant -- the tongue body approaches the hard palate, but closely enough to create turbulence in the airstream.VelarIn a velar consonant, the body of the tongue approaches or touches the soft palate, or velum. English [k], [], and [] are stops made at this POA. GlottalThe glottis is the opening between the vocal folds. In an [h], this opening is narrow enough to create some turbulence in the airstream flowing past the vocal folds. For this reason, [h] is often classified as a glottal fricative.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE47Transcription of words

that t However haevdifficult dfklt another nyou ju: again genwhich wt world w:ldtheir e area eriabout bat psychology sakldi

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE48group gru:p large l:dnumber nmb general denrlalways :lwez head hednext nekst information nf menquick kwk question kwestnnervous n:vs local lokl during djr although :lo PDM APPLIED SCIENCE49PhoneticsShort notes:

Phoneme - A phoneme is a basic element of a spoken language or dialect, from which words in that language or dialect are analyzed as being built up. The phoneme is defined by the International Phonetic Association as "the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances"PDM APPLIED SCIENCE50SyllableA unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word.One or more letters representing a unit of spoken language consisting of a single uninterrupted sound.A syllable is made up of either a single vowel sound (as in the pronunciation of oh) or a combination of vowel and consonant(s) (as in no and not).A syllable that stands alone is called a monosyllable. A word containing two or more syllables is called a polysyllable.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE51Section BPart IIPrecis writing: A prcis is a summary of a book or article in which the authors story or argument is accurately and fairly reproduced, but in the students own words.It recounts the basic narrative of the story (if fiction) or the basic arguments of the book or article (if nonfiction) in 1/3 to of the original length. Prcis writing involves summarising a document to extract the maximum amount of information, then conveying this information to a reader in the minimum number of words. In reducing the number of words, it is usually necessary to paraphrase from the original document. Paraphrasing simply means the expressing of ideas from the original document in your own words. When you paraphrase, you should try to write as concisely as possible, cuffing out all the unnecessary verbiage, but you must always be very careful not to lose or distort the original meaning.PDM APPLIED SCIENCE52Dos in Precis Writing1. Read the article many times most carefully.2. Write a precis of the article in which you state the entire argument and present the logical progression (the development) of the argument so that condensation will be accurate. Thoughts and facts should not be rearranged so that the essence of original should not be distorted.3. Reduce the article to one-fifth to one-quarter of its original length and omit nothing from the essential argument.4. Type the precis and begin with your abstraction of the central, informing idea of the article. It should read like an independent text with proper beginning, middle and an end.5. As far as possible, it should be put in one paragraph.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE53Donts in Precis Writing1. Use clear, factual expressions; do not attempt to copy the style of the original source. You may use key words and phrases only when you are expressing ideas which are technically precise or when you feel comfortable using the writers own words.2. Do not introduce ideas of your own. DO not criticize or change the authors ideas The precis adds nothing of your ownno comments or interpretations at all. The purpose is to condense the original, not to explain it.3. Unimportant points, including details, illustrations and anecdotes, should be discarded4. Do not use abbreviations or contractions.5. Do not divide prcis into paragraphs unless the original passage is very long.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE54DebateWhat is a debate?

A debate involves a discussion of the pros and cons of an issue. Debating successfully is all about using argument and persuasion to convince other people that your views are right.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE55If a debate is a form of argument then it logically follows that there must be something to argue about. This is called the TOPIC. The topic changes from debate to debate. They are often about current issues of public importance ("That Canberra should have self government") or about general philosophies or ideas ("That beauty is better than brains"). All topics begin with the word "That". As in other arguments there are two sides to any topic. The team that agrees with the topic is called the AFFIRMATIVE (or the `government' in parliamentary debating) and the team that disagrees with the topic is called the NEGATIVE (or the `opposition' in parliamentary debating). When organising a debate it is important to select a topic that is appropriate to the age and education of the debaters concerned. Often topics will cover areas that the debaters have a specific interest PDM APPLIED SCIENCE56RULES : THE ROLES OF THE SPEAKERS.In a debating team each speaker has specified roles that they must fulfil to play their part in the team. They are laid out below in the order that the speakers will speak.

1st Affirmative must:- define the topic.- present the affirmative's team line.- outline briefly what each speaker in their team will talk about.- present the first half of the affirmative case.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE571st negative must:

- accept or reject the definition. If you don't do this it is assumed that you accept the definition.- present the negative team line.- outline briefly what each of the negative speakers will say.- rebut a few of the main points of the first affirmative speaker.- the 1st negative should spend about one quarter of their time rebutting.- present the first half of the negative team's case.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE58SpeechWhat is a speech?Speeches are talks delivered in public on formal and informal occasions.There are many types of speeches such as 'welcome speech', 'thank you speech' and 'farewell speech'. Besides, there are also speeches on topics of interest and social issues.The PRESENT TENSE IS USUALLY USED when you write out a speech.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE59Topics for speech writing:Global warmingProblem of educated unemployed in IndiaWomen empowermentTerrorismPDM APPLIED SCIENCE60Dialogue WritingDialogue means conversation between two. The language used is of day to day conversation with an informal tone.Dos and don'ts for writing dialogueDos Pay attention to each character's different speaking style. Edit dialogue to trim off most of the fat. A lot of what people say is just blah-blah-blah, but you don't want to bore your reader. Show how the character speaks instead of telling it. PDM APPLIED SCIENCE61Don'ts:

Don't get too colorful with the dialogue tags. "Hello," she shouted; "Hi there," he cried; "How are you?" she queried," "Fine thanks," he shrilled"... too much of this stuff gets distracting fast. Put your thesaurus away. The basic dialogue verbs "say," "tell," and "ask," have the advantage of fading in the background, letting the reader focus on what your character is saying. Don't feel obligated to add a tag to every bit of dialogue. If it's clear who's saying what without them, then you can leave them off. Don't let your reader get disoriented. Use dialogue tags when they're needed to prevent confusion. There's nothing worse than stopping in the middle of an exciting scene to retrace the dialogue and try to figure out who's saying what ("Okay, it's the killer speaking here, so this must be the detective who's answering him, not his sister...")

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE62A Dialogue between two friends discussing a football match.

Prabir-Hello! Samir, I didnt see you I the field. Where had you been?

Samir- I was watching the game from the western side. I hope you enjoy it, Prabir.

Prabir-Oh, yes I did. It was a keenly contested game. There was excitement all through. Wasnt it?

Samir- Yes, youre right. Until the game was over it was difficult to forecast which party would win. The last minute goal by our center-forward was quite unexpected.

Prabir- Yes, I too thought the game would end in a draw.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE63Samir- their goalie had all along played wonderfully well. Its hardly possible to save such a shot from near the goal.Prabir- Our forwards were stranger.Samir- Yes, but their defense also played well. Their centre-forward missed a nice chance when their right winger passed the ball to him.Prabir- It was a very critical moment for our team. Luckily, our stopper rushed to the spot and kicked the ball away well before their centre-forward could get to it.Samir- On the whole it was a clean game. There was no foul charge on either side.Prabir- The referees decisions also were quite just. There was nothing to complain against them.Samir- Weve won the cup. Well have a holiday. Isnt it?Prabir- We ought to.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE64

Description of instuments,labs,incidents etc.Describe a thermometerA thermometer is used to measure the temperature of solids, liquids, or gases. A thermometer contains a liquid (usually mercury or an alcohol solution) in a reservoir whose volume is linearly dependent on the temperature (as the temperature increases, the volume increases). When the liquid is heated it expands into a narrow tube that has been calibrated to indicate the temperature. Temperature can be recorded in Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin, therefore it is important to note which scale the thermometer is calibrated for.A thermometer can use any of several methods to register temperature. These include mercury; liquid-in-glass; electronic with digital display; infrared or tympanic; and disposable dot matrix. A thermometer can be used in a clinical or emergency setting or at home. Thermometers can record body temperatures in the mouth (oral), armpit (axillary), eardrum (tympanic membrane), or anus (rectal).

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE65Section-CChapter 1

The Year 2050 by T.J. GordonT.J. Gordon tells about his future reflections in 1980. He presents his future reflections with logic and objectivity.PDM APPLIED SCIENCE66Important points:Longer life spanDrawbacks of increased long life and improved healthFood productionEnergy pictureTechnology waves

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE67ElectronicsGeneticsPsychologyImpact of Space discoveries on international Peace.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE68Chapter-2The Mushroom of Death by Amlendu Bandyopadhyay.

The author wrote this article in 1984.He wants us to know about the estimate of nuclear weapons today. He draws a picture of the aftermath of a full scale nuclear war.PDM APPLIED SCIENCE69Important points:Bombing of Hiroshima and NagasakiEffect of an airburst of a nuclear war.Existing nuclear WeaponsEffects of large scale exchange of weaponsEarths ClimatePDM APPLIED SCIENCE70Chapter 3

Human Environment by Indira GandhiThis chapter is part of speech delivered by Indira Gandhi on June 14, 1972 at the U.N. Conference on Human Environment at Sweden.

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE71Important points:Causes of PollutionKing Ashokas concern for environmentPoverty and need ,greatest pollutersReckless use of resources by rich countriesNarrow down the imparities between the developed and developing nationsPDM APPLIED SCIENCE72Chapter 4Experiment and Experience by W.R. NiblettW.R. Niblett, the British educationist in this essay brings out a distinction between experiment and experience and suggests that experiment also leads to experience. An experimenter is an experiencer too

PDM APPLIED SCIENCE73Important points:Twentieth century people have experimental approach.Characteristics of an experimenter.Difference between experience and experimentExperiences are unique.Experiments lead to same resultEqual importance of both to attain complete knowledgePDM APPLIED SCIENCE74