Finally, a correlation coefficient that tells the ......Finally, a correlation coefficient that tells the geochemical truth EXPLORE NEWSLETTER WISHES TO THANK OUR CORPORATE SPONSORS

NUMBER 176 SEPTEMBER 2017

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Finally, a correlation coefficient that tells the geochemical truth

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Robert G. Garrett1, Clemens Reimann2, Karel Hron3, Petra Kynčlová4 and Peter Filzmoser4; 1Emeri-tus Scientist, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 601 Booth St., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E8, Canada; 2P.O. Box 6315, Torgard, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway; 3Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University, 17.listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic; 4Institute of Statistics and Mathematical Methods in Economics, Vienna University of Technology, WiednerHauptstr. 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria.

Introduction Geochemistshavelongbeenawareoftheproblemssurroundingestimatingcorrelationcoefficientsfortheiranalyticaldatasets.Veryoftentheyjustdon’tmakesenseonthebasisofthemineralogyofthesamplematerialandourknowledgeofmineralstoichiometry.Theproblemliesinthenatureofgeochemicalanalyses,theyarerelativemeasuresreportedinsuchunitsasweight%,partspermillion(mg/kg),µg/L,etc.,thesumoftheparts,individualmeasures,addtoaconstant.Be-causeoftherelativeunitsitdoesnotmatterwhetherallthepartshavebeendeterminedintheanalysis,theproblemremainswhateverthenumberofpartsdetermined,evenjusttwo.TheproblemsrelatedtocorrelationswererecognizedbyPearsonaslongagoas1897.ThefirstgeoscientisttostudytheproblemsystematicallywasFelixChayes(1960)aresearchpetrologistwhoworkedfortheCarnegieInstitution'sGeophysicalLaboratoryandfortheSmithsonianInstitution.Thetrueinformationinageochemicaldatasetliesintheratiosbetweentheparts,andTomPearce(1970)wasthefirstgeoscientisttopromotetheuseofratiosinpetrology,leadingtoanumberofdiagramsthatareeffectiveinclassificationandgeneticstudies.Themath-ematicalgroundworkforproperlyhandlingcompositionaldatawaslaidoutbyJohnAitchison(1984,1986)withhisexpositionontheuseoflog-ratios.Sincethennumerouspapersandbookshavebeenpublishedoncompositionaldataanalysis,seeforexamplePawlowsky-Glahnet al.(2015)andthereferencesinReimannet al.(2017).Todayacommonapproachinmultivariateanalysis,e.g.,PrincipalComponentsorFactorAnalysis,istouseacentredlog-ratio(clr)ofthedatasetpriortocarryingouttheanalysis(e.g.,Fig.1).Itmightseemapparentthentoalsocalculatethecorrelationcoefficientsontheclr-transformeddata.However,thisdoesnotleadtoconsistentresults,becauseclrvariablesaredrivenbytheirzerosumconstraint.Asaconsequence,anegativebiasoccurswhencorrelationanalysisinclrvariablesisperformed.Itisquitenaturalthatdifferentsub-compositions,i.e.subsetsoftheparts,foradatasetdonotyieldthesamecorrelationcoefficientsforthe two parts of interest. The reason for this is the computation of theclr-transforminvolvesdividingthevalueforeachpart(variable)bythegeometricmeanofallthepartsinthesubsetforanindividualsample; and different subsets for a sample will have different geomet-ricmeans.Onecanalsoexpresseachclrvariableasa(scaled)sumofallpairwiselog-ratioswiththerespectivecompositionalpart–akindofintuitiveresult,whenallinformationincompositionaldataiscon-tainedinlog-ratios.Acarefulchoiceofparts,involvedintheanalysis,isthusalwaysnecessary. AsolutiontotheproblemofnegativebiasofcorrelationanalysisinclrvariableshasbeenproposedbyKynčlováet al.(2017)andinvolvesthecomputationofsymmetriccoordinates,anextensionofisometriclog-ratios(Egozcueet al.,2003).Thesymmetriccoordinatesarecomputedasweightedlog-ratiosthattakethetotalnumberof

Figure 1. Principal Components Analysis for the clr-trans-formed Nockolds data set. Lithologies: 1- Alkali Granite; 2 - Granite; 3 - Quartz Monzonite; 4 – Granodiorite; 5 – Quartz Diorite; 6 – Alkali Syenite; 7 – Syenite; 8 – Monzonite; 9 – Monzodiorite; 10 - Diorite; 11 - Gabbro; 12 - Peridotite; 13 - Anorthosite; 14 - Nepheline Syenite; 15 - Essexite; 16 - Ijolite

parts into consideration. This procedure has been demonstrated with twolargesetsofgeochemical(environmental)soildatabyReimannet al.(2017).Thepurposeofthisarticleistodemonstratethepro-cedure and discuss the results for a small set of petrochemical data whosemineralogywillbefamiliartoreaders.Assuch,thisarticleisatutorial rather than a contribution of original science. The data set of 16‘averages’forcommonplutonicrockswaspublishedbyNockolds

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Notes from the Editor

TABLE OF CONTENTSFinally,acorrelationcoefficientthattellsthe geochemical truth ...................................................................... 1Notes from the Editor ................................................................... 3President’sMessage ..................................................................... 4Seaweedasanexplorationmediumalonginletsonthewest coastofCanada.Part1:Methodsandresultsfrom JervisInlet ................................................................................. 13GeochemicalNuggets:IssueswithModernICP-MS Gold Data ................................................................................. 21AAG Councillor Elections .......................................................... 22AAG Regional Report: Ireland and United Kingdom .............. 23RecentlyPublishedinElements .................................................. 23Geochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis.................. 24AAG Student Support Program .................................................. 25AAGNewMembers ..................................................................... 2628thIAGSandResourcesforFutureGenerations2018 .......... 28HydrothermalOreDepositsCourse ........................................... 30Exploration’17 .............................................................................. 30Calendar of Events ........................................................................ 31

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Editor: BethMcClenaghan([email protected])

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EXPLOREissue176includestwotechnicalarticles.ThefirstiswrittenbyBobGarrett,ClemensReimann,KarelHron,PetraKynčlováandPeterFilzmoseranddemonstrates a solution to the problem of negative bias of correlationanalysisusingasmallsetofpetrochemicaldata.ThesecondarticlebyColinDunnandRickMcCaffreyde-scribestheuseofseaweedasanexplorationmediumwithanexamplefromthewestcoastofCanada. EXPLOREthanksallthosewhocontributedtothewritingand/oreditingofthisissue:SteveAdcock,SteveAmor,DennisArne,AlArsenault,SteveCook,PeterFilzmoser,BobGarrett,KarelHron,KateKnights,PetraKynčlová,ChrisLawley,DavidLeng,RickMcCaffrey,PaulMorris,RyanNoble,andClemensReimann,DaveSmith,PimvanGeffen,andPeterWinterburn. Beth McClenaghanEditor


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Finally, a correlation coefficient that tells the geochemical truth… continued from page 1

continued on page 6

(1954)asoxidepercentages.Morerecentcompilationshavebeenmade,buttheNockoldsdatasufficesforthedemonstration.TheoriginaloxideshavebeenconvertedtocationpercentagesandH2O+ to OH-,seeAppendix1(seedigitalversionofAp-pendix1ontheAAGwebsite).

Data Analysis Forallthefollowingcomputationsandgraphicalpresentationsversion1.1.14oftheR(2017)package‘rgr’(Garrett,2017)wasemployed.TographicallyillustratetheinterrelationsbetweenthegeochemicaldataandthelithologyaPrincipalCom-ponentsAnalysis(PCA)wasundertakenfollowingacentredlog-ratiotransformation(function‘gx.mva.closed’),seeFigure1(function‘gx.rqpca.plot’),whichwasannotated(colouredtext)withthelithologicalabbreviationsoutside‘rgr’.Theendmem-bersandoutliersinFigures2to4weresimilarlyannotated.Functionsin‘rgr_1.1.14’,‘xyplot.tags’inconjunctionwithfunction‘gx.symm.coords.mat’,candirectlydisplayplotstaggedbytext,suchaslithologicalnames. Thefirstprincipalcomponent,PC-1,explains74.7%ofthetotalvariabilityinthedataset.HighSi,Alandalkalimetalfelsic,quartzo-feldspathic,rocksarecharacterizedbynegativePC-1scores,whilefemic,ferromagnesianmineral-rich,rockshighinMg,Fe3,Fe2,MnandTiarecharacterizedbypositivePC-1scores.Incontrast,alkalicrockswithhigherCa,NaandPcontentsarecharacterizedbynegativePC-2scores.Thepathfromfelsicintrusives,e.g.,generallygranitic,tofemicrocks(gabbrosanddiorites)followsa‘NW’to‘SE’trend.TwoSideficientrocks,olivine-andpyroxene-richperidotite,andneph-eline-andalkalipyroxene-richijolitebothplotas‘outliers’off-trend.Theessentiallymono-mineralicrockanorthosite,withdominantplagioclasefeldspar,plotsproximaltoAl,KandNaclosetothemaintrendinthedata. Thedefaultprocedureinfunction‘gx.symm.coords.r’calculatesSpearmancorrelationcoefficientsforthesymmetriccoor-dinatesderivedfromtheinputdata.SpearmanrankedcoefficientsarepreferredoverPearsonproductmomentcoefficientsastheyprovidebetterestimatesofcorrelationfordatapairsthatvarymonotonically,i.e.thedatapointsvarysympatheticallyorantipathetically,butnotnecessarilylinearly.Furthermore,anymonotonictransformation,e.g.,logarithmic,hasnoimpactontheSpearmancoefficientastheranksremainthesame.ForExploratoryDataAnalysis(EDA)anysystematicdatarelationshipisofinterest,evenifitiscurvilinear;shouldmodellingberequiredlinearizingtransformationscanbesought. Thecorrelationmatrix(Table1)containstwosetsofSpearmancoefficients,theuppertrianglecontainsthosebasedonthesymmetriccoordinatescomputedafterKynčlováet al.(2017),andthelowercontainsthosebasedontheinputdata.Alternate-ly,Pearsoncoefficientsmaybeselected,andthefurtheroptionexiststoapplyalogarithmictransformationtotheinputdata,which has been common practice amongst applied geochemists.

Discussion Silicon(Si)isthedominantpartinthedatasetwithcationpercentagesvaryingfromsome20%,ijoliteandperidotite,to34.5%,alkaligranite(seeAppendix1).ReadingdownthefirstcolumnofTable1,theSpearmancoefficientsareallnegative,butforK.Asthedominantpart(Si)increasesmostoftheremainingpartshavetodecreasetomaintainconstantsum.YetfromthemineralogyoftheserocksweknowthatSi,Al,NaandKincreasetogetherinfelsicrocksastheamountsofquartz,andalkalifeldsparincrease,togetherwithwhitemicas(OH),attheexpenseoflessSi-richferromagnesianmineralsrichinFe,Mg,TiandMn,suchasdarkmicasandamphibolesthataremoreabundantinfemicrocks. ThismineralogicalrealityisreflectedintheSpearmancoefficientsbasedonthesymmetriccoordinatesdisplayedacrossthefirstrowofTable1.ThenegativesymmetriccoordinatecorrelationsforMg,Fe2,Fe3,Ti,MnandCareflectthesympatheticrelationshipbetweentheseelementsinferromagnesianmineralsfromamphiboles,throughpyroxenestoolivines,astheyincreaseinabundanceinfemicrocks.Thisincreaseisattheexpenseofquartz(Si),albitic(Na)andorthoclase(K)alumino-silicatefeldspars,andisreflectedinpositivesymmetriccoordinatecorrelationsbetweenSi,Al,Na,KandOH,and,asagroup,theirnegativecorrelationswithMg,Fe2,Fe3,Ti,MnandCa.

Table 1. Spearman correlation coefficients for the Nockolds data set. Upper triangle based on symmetric coordinates, lower triangle based on raw data

Si Al Fe3 Fe2 Mg Ca Na K Ti Mn P OHSi 0.87 -0.58 -0.38 -0.66 -0.55 0.56 0.74 -0.79 -0.40 -0.16 0.71Al -0.44 -0.54 -0.67 -0.82 -0.44 0.77 0.75 -0.80 -0.42 -0.27 0.60Fe3 -0.79 0.36 0.45 0.54 0.22 -0.22 -0.13 0.46 0.84 0.08 -0.19Fe -0.74 -0.04 0.80 0.93 0.51 -0.88 -0.59 0.67 0.41 -0.06 -0.23Mg -0.76 0.00 0.76 0.98 0.71 -0.86 -0.77 0.92 0.44 0.11 -0.30Ca -0.78 0.54 0.63 0.57 0.64 -0.32 -0.76 0.82 0.10 0.09 -0.30Na -0.13 0.77 0.20 -0.28 -0.30 0.21 0.64 -0.68 -0.25 0.01 0.47K 0.66 0.06 -0.30 -0.56 -0.63 -0.63 0.29 -0.74 -0.30 0.47 0.41Ti -0.79 0.37 0.94 0.84 0.83 0.71 0.13 -0.36 0.41 0.15 -0.35Mn -0.77 0.19 0.84 0.76 0.70 0.37 0.06 -0.37 0.78 -0.21 -0.01P -0.40 0.40 0.75 0.49 0.50 0.62 0.30 0.00 0.79 0.37 -0.62OH -0.51 0.23 0.41 0.50 0.52 0.34 0.10 -0.48 0.54 0.53 0.17


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Datainspectionandinterpretationisoftenfacilitatedandimprovedbygraphicalpresentations,function‘gx.symm.coords.plot’undertakesthattask.TheclassicexampleofproblemswithcompositionaldataistheHarkerdiagram,whichdatesbackto1909,forplottingvariousoxidesagainstsilica.Silicon(Si)andAlarethedominantcationpairsforeachofthelithologiesintheNockoldsdataexceptperidotite(Mg&FereplaceAl),andAl-richijoliteandnephelinesyenite.TheplotforSiandAlispresentedinFigure2.

Figure 2. Plots of the Nockolds data for Si and Al as a pseudo Harker diagram (left) and as symmetric coordinates (right)

TheHarkerplotontheleftshowsthefamiliarnegativerelationshipimposedbythecompositionalformofthedata,withthemineralogicalandgeochemi-caloutliers,peridotiteinthelowerleft,andnephelinesyeniteandanorthositeatthetopwithhighestAl.Incontrast,theplotbasedonsymmetriccoordinates(Fig.2,right)demonstratessympatheticallyincreasingSiandAl,withtheultramaficperidotiteremaininganoutlier at the bottom of the plot. The other two upper outliersareofinterest,themostextremeisAl-richanorthosite,andthelessisnephelinesyenite,whichlies in the felsic to femic trend observed in the PCA (#14inFig.1).ThedifferencebetweenthetwoplotsissummarizedinthedifferencesbetweentheirSpearmancorrelations,-0.44fortheHarkerplotand0.87forthesymmetriccoordinateplot,aconvincingreversal.Inthis case the Pearson correlation is of interest. It is sur-prisinglypositive0.18(withalogarithmictransforma-

tion)fortheHarkerplot,however,thisisduetotheinfluenceofthehighleverageoutlierperidotite,andinviewofthegraphic(Fig.2,left)totallymisleading.ThePearsoncorrelationforthesymmetriccoordinatesis0.69,essentiallyunchanged. AsimilarreversalcanbedemonstratedwithCaandNa,thetwocationsintheanorthite-albiteplagioclasesolidsolutionseries(Fig.3).


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Figure 3. Plots of the Nockolds data for Ca and Na (left) and as sym-metric coordinates (right).

The standard plot on the left demonstrates little variationinNa,exaggeratedgraphicallybythepresenceof the low Na peridotite at the bottom. The two highest Nalithologiesarenephelinesyeniteandijolite,alkalicrocks.Theexpectedantipatheticrelationshipbetweenthetwoplagioclaseendmembers,andtheincreaseofanor-thiticmembersinfemicrocksversustheincreaseinalbiticmembersinfelsicrocksisnotapparentduetotheroleofSiandAlasdominantpartsintherockcompositions.Theplotofthesymmetriccoordinates(Fig.3,right)illustrateswhatweknowas‘true’onthebasisofmineralstoichiom-etryandpetrology,astrongantipatheticCa-Narelation-ship due to the plagioclase solid solution series and the observed mineralogical variations between felsic and femic rocks.Peridotiteremainsanoutlieratthebottomoftheplot,andtheupperright-mostoutlierisanorthosite,and

thelessextremeisijolite.SummarizednumericallybytheSpearmancoefficients,theuntransformeddataarepositivelycor-related,0.21,andthesymmetricallytransformeddataarenegativelycorrelated,-0.32,asshouldbeexpectedongeochemicalgrounds. AfinalexampleisoneinvolvingKandTi,aminorelement,i.e.between1and0.1%inthecomposition,whichclarifiestheirrelationship,Figure4.

Figure 4. Plots of the Nockolds data for K and Ti (left) and as sym-metric coordinates (right).

Thestandardplotontheleftshowsagenerallyanti-patheticrelationshipbetweenKandTi.AstobeexpectedasK-richfelsicrocksarepoorinTibearingmineralssuchasbiotite,ilmeniteandrutileandfemicrocksarerichinTi-bearingbiotites,amphiboles,andotherferromagnesianminerals,butpoorinK-richminerals.Therearetwooutli-ers,lowTialkaligraniteandhighTiessexite,aSiunder-

saturatedrockdominatedbyplagioclasefeldsparandpyroxene.Theplotbasedonsymmetriccoordinates(Fig.4,right)ismuchtidier,themainmassofthedataplotswithinamoreconfinedbandduetothereducedinfluenceofalltheremainingpartsinthetotalcomposition.ThehighTisymmetriccoordinateoutlier,-0.30,isessexitewhichhasthehighestTicationpercentage;thelithologyinthelowerrightcornerisalkaligranite,whichfromitsmineralogyofabundantorthoclase(K)andminimalbiotite(Ti)plotsasexpected.Summarizednumerically,therawdataSpearmancoefficientof-0.36hasbeenimprovedto-0.74throughthesymmetriccoordinatesremovaloftheeffectofthecompetingpartsinthecompositiononapartthatisaminor/trace contributor to the composition. TheNockoldsdatasetcontainsonlymajor(Si,Al,Fe,Mg,Ca,Na&K)andminor(Ti,Mn&P)elements.Itisusedhereasanexamplebecauseoftheeaseofitsinterpretation.Manyresearchers are under the wrong impression that compositional dataeffectsonlyexistwhenworkingwithmajorelements.Ithasoftenbeenassumed(includingbytheseniorauthorinthepast)


continued on page 10


thatasimplelogarithmictransformationofminorandtraceelementdataissufficient.TheexampleofTiabovedemonstratesthattheeffectisnotrestrictedtomajorelementconcentrations.ThedominantlytraceelementstudyofNorwegiansoilsbyReimann et al.(2017)demonstratesthatequallystrongeffectsareexhibitedfortraceelements.Compositionaleffectsarepresentinwateranalyseswheretheconcentrationsareusuallyreportedinµg/L,threeordersofmagnitudelowerthanppm(µg/g),andtheymustbetreatedappropriatelyinordertoobtainacorrectrepresentationoftheinterrelationshipsbetweentheparts(Flemet al.,submitted).Itisofnoimportancewhetherornotmajorelementsaredetermined,theeffectisinherentinthe data – in their relative units.

Conclusions Ithasbeendemonstratedhowtheuseofsymmetriccoordinatesleadstocorrelationcoefficientsthat‘tellthetruth’andprovidenumericalexpressiontoourobservationsofthemineralogyoftheigneousrockandthestoichiometryoftheirminer-als.Furthermore,thegraphicaldisplayofthesymmetriccoordinatesgreatlyimprovestheabilitytointerprettheresultsinageoscientificcontext.TheexampleofSiandAlclearlydemonstratestheadvantageofSpearmancorrelationsoverPearsoncor-relationsinthiskindofexploratory(EDA)investigationbythereductionoftheinfluenceofhighleverageoutliers.Important-ly,theresultspresentedgobeyondcorrelationanalysis.Theydemonstratethatsimplebivariatescatterplotsarenot‘simple’atallwhenworkingwithcompositionaldata.Thetruerelationsbetweentwopartsonlybecomesclearwhentheirsymmetriccoordinates are studied. TheNockoldsdataaresimpleinstructureandtheunderlyingpetrologyandmineralogyarewellunderstoodandthisisthereasontheyareusedhere.InterpretationoftheReimannet al.(2017)expositionforC-andO-horizonsoilsfromaNorwegiansurveyisfarmorecomplex,andcompoundedbymajorvariabilityintroducedbyvaryingratiosofminerogenicandorganicfrac-tions within the individual soil samples. Correlationcoefficientsaresometimesinferredtoimplycausalrelationshipsbetweenthevariables,orpartsforcomposi-tionaldata.Thiscanbedangerousasbothmeasuresmaybeunrelateddirectly,butthroughathirdmeasure,‘alurkingvari-able’,thatmay,ormaynot,havebeenmeasured.Theresultofthisisthattheinferredcausationcanbefalseandconclusionsdrawnerroneous.Giventhis,itisevenmoreimportantforscientistsworkingwithcompositionaldatatonumericallyestimateanddisplaybivariaterelationswithouttheinfluenceofthecompositionalnatureoftheirdata. Itistobehopedthatthisprocedureofworkingwithsymmetriccoordinateswillbeincorporatedintothecommonsoft-warepackagesusedbygeochemistsandotherusersofcompositionaldata.TofacilitatetheirusetheRscriptsforthethreesymmetriccoordinatefunctionsareincludedindigitalAppendixdatafiles3,4,and5ontheAAGwebsiteandanexampleoftheiruseinAppendix2;andifRisunavailableorinappropriatetheprocessingflowandlogiccanbetranslatedintoamoreconvenient language for the user.

Acknowledgements TheauthorsgratefullyacknowledgetheconstructivesuggestionsofChrisLawleyandPimvanGeffenforimprovementstothe article.

ReferencesAITCHISON,J.1984.Thestatisticalanalysisofgeochemicalcompositions.Mathematical Geology,16,531-564.AITCHISON,J.1986.Thestatisticalanalysisofcompositionaldata.ChapmanandHall,London,U.K.,416pp.CHAYES,F.1960.Oncorrelationbetweenvariablesofconstantsum.Journal of Geophysical Research,65,4185-4193.EGOZCUE,J.J.,PAWLOWSKY-GLAHN,V.,MATEU-FIGUERAS,G.&BARCELÓ-VIDAL,C.2003.Isometriclogratio transformationsforcompositionaldataanalysis.Mathematical Geology,35,279-300.FLEM,B.,REIMANN,C.,BIRKE,M.,FILZMOSER,P.&BANKS,D.Submitted.Graphicalstatisticstoexplorethenatural andanthropogenicprocessesinfluencingtheinorganicqualityofdrinkingwater,groundwaterandsurfacewater.Applied Geochemistry.GARRETT,R.G.2017.‘rgr’:AppliedGeochemistryEDA.https://cran.r-project.org/package=rgr.KYNČLOVÁ,P.,HRON,K.&FILZMOSER,P.2017.Correlationbetweencompositionalpartsbasedonsymmetricbalances. Mathematical Geosciences,49,777-796.NOCKOLDS,S.R.1954.Averagechemicalcompositionsofsomeigneousrocks.GeologicalSocietyofAmerica,Bulletin65, 1007-1032.PAWLOWSKY-GLAHN,V.,EGOZCUE,J.J.&TOLOSANA-DELGADO,R.2015.Modelingandanalysisofcompositional data.Wiley,Chichester,U.K.,272pp.PEARCE,T.H.1970.Acontributiontothetheoryofvariationdiagrams.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,19, 142-157.PEARSON,K.1897.Mathematicalcontributionstothetheoryofevolution.Onaformofspuriouscorrelationwhichmay arisewhenindicesareusedinthemeasurementoforgans.ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon,LX,489-502. R2017.RProjectforStatisticalComputing.https://www.r-project.org/(lastaccessedMay21,2017)


REIMANN,C.,FILZMOSER,P.,HRON,K.,KYNČLOVÁ,P.&GARRETT,R.G.2017.Anewmethodforcorrelation analysisofcompositional(environmental)data-aworkedexample.Science of the Total Environment,607-608,995-971.

Appendix 1

The Nockolds igneous plutonic data set as used in the report

ALKG - Alkali Granite; GRNT - Granite; QZMZ - Quartz Monzonite; GRDR - Granodiorite;QRZD - Quartz Diorite; ALKS - Alkali Syenite; SENT - Syenite; MNZN - Monzonite;MZDT - Monzodiorite; DORT - Diorite; GBBR - Gabbro; PRDT - Peridotite;ANRS - Anorthosite; NPLS - Nepheline Syenite; ESXT - Essexite; IJLT – Ijolite

Appendix 2

Examplescriptsforusewithsymmetriccoordinatesfunctions

ItistakenthatthedatatableinAppendix1(seedigitalversionofAppendix1onAAGwebsite)hasbeenconvertedtoa.csvfileandimportedintoRasadataframe.Notethattherecanbenomissingentriesinthedatatable,ifavalueismissingthecolumnmustbedeleted,orasuitablevalueimputed: >nockolds<-read.csv(“D:\\mydata\\nockolds.csv”)

TogeneratethecorrelationmatrixwithSpearmancoefficients,uppertrianglebasedonsymmetriccoordinates,lowertrianglebasedonuntransformeddata,Table1,thedefault: >gx.symm.coords.r(nockolds)

TogeneratethecorrelationmatrixwithPearsoncoefficients,uppertrianglebasedonsymmetriccoordinates,lowertrianglebased on log transformed data: >gx.symm.coords.r(nockolds,method=“pearson”,log=TRUE)

TogeneratetheSi-AlplotsinFigure2,notethatSiisinthesecondcolumnofthedataframeandAlinthethird: >gx.symm.coords.plot(nockolds,2,3)

Similarly,fortheCa-NaplotsinFigure3,withCaintheseventhcolumnandCaintheeighth: >gx.symm.coords.plot(nockolds,7,8)


Lithology Si Al Fe3 Fe2 Mg Ca Na K Ti Mn P OHALKG 34.53 7.28 0.55 0.88 0.16 0.51 2.60 4.26 0.120 0.039 0.061 0.444GRNT 33.70 7.33 0.60 1.30 0.31 0.95 2.29 4.53 0.222 0.046 0.079 0.500QZMZ 32.33 7.74 0.85 1.76 0.60 1.75 2.49 3.80 0.336 0.046 0.087 0.510GRDR 31.27 8.29 0.93 2.01 0.95 2.54 2.85 2.55 0.342 0.054 0.092 0.614QRZD 30.93 8.23 0.95 2.66 1.17 3.32 2.89 1.18 0.372 0.062 0.092 0.651ALKS 28.92 8.95 1.62 2.04 0.58 1.82 4.05 4.91 0.348 0.085 0.083 0.500SENT 27.77 9.06 1.53 2.20 1.22 2.90 2.91 5.42 0.497 0.062 0.166 0.595MNZN 25.88 8.77 1.80 3.56 2.21 4.83 2.60 3.88 0.671 0.101 0.192 0.566MZDT 25.55 8.99 2.28 4.18 2.38 5.00 2.79 2.29 0.653 0.108 0.188 0.566DORT 24.24 8.68 1.91 5.42 3.69 6.00 2.49 1.10 0.899 0.139 0.153 0.755GBBR 22.61 8.91 1.78 6.16 4.86 7.91 1.68 0.46 0.791 0.139 0.105 0.604PRDT 20.35 2.11 1.76 7.65 20.52 2.47 0.42 0.21 0.485 0.163 0.022 0.717ANRS 25.50 13.61 0.58 1.13 0.50 6.88 3.46 0.88 0.312 0.015 0.048 0.595NPLS 25.89 11.27 1.69 1.55 0.34 1.42 6.56 4.43 0.396 0.147 0.083 0.906ESXT 21.92 9.03 2.53 4.62 2.93 6.78 3.78 2.19 1.684 0.124 0.209 0.916IJLT 19.91 9.77 2.80 3.26 1.94 8.13 7.09 2.12 0.845 0.155 0.663 0.528


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Seaweed as an exploration medium along inlets on the west coast of Canada. Part 1: Methods and results from Jervis InletColin Dunn1 and Rick McCaffrey2

1Colin Dunn Consulting Inc., North Saanich, BC ([email protected]); 2Vancouver, BC - formerly of Acme Labs, Vancouver, BC ([email protected])

Seaweedsaremarinemacroalgaeofwhichmorethan40,000speciesareknown(Vinogradov1953);approximately650speciesarefoundinnortheastPacificoceanwaters(Gabrielsonetal.2000).Theycanbeclassifiedintothreemaingroupsaccordingtotheirhabitatandcolour:1)greenseaweeds(ClassChlorophyceae),mostlyfromtheuppertidalzone;2)brownseaweeds(ClassPhaeophyceae),mostlyinthemid-tidalzone;3)redseaweeds(ClassRhodophyceae),mostlyfromthelowtidalzone.AlongthefjordedinletsofwesternNorway,GreenlandandCanada,byfarthemostcommonseaweedsintheintertidalzonearethebrownrockweeds(Fucus spp.),alsoknownaswrackorbladderwrack.AlongthesouthwesterncoastofBritishColumbia(BC),CanadathemostcommonspeciesisFucus gardneri(Fig.1).Itgrowsto40–50cmwithirregularlydichotomousbranchesandisattached,generallytorock,byadiscoidholdfast.Thisholdfastispurelyphysicalanddoesnotaccessthecompositionoftheunderlyingrock.Colourvariationisfrompaletodarkyellowishgreen,gettingdarkerasitdriesoutbetweentides.Itcommonlyhaspaleoliveairbubbles(bladders)nearthefrondtips.

1a

1b

1c

1d

1a

1b

1c

1d

Figure 1: Rockweed (Fucus gardneri) in intertidal zone off the south-east British Columbia coast and collecting samples for analysis.

Rockweed chemistry applied to mineral exploration and environmental monitoring Variousresearchershaveexaminedthechemicalcompositionofrockweed,includinggeneralstudiesbyBlack&Mitchell(1952)andBollinberg(1975);andlocalstudiesfromGreenland(Bollingberg&Cooke1985),Wales(Fuge&James1973,1974),Ireland(Cullinane&Whelan1982),Sweden(Forsberget al.1988),England(Bryan&Hummerstone1973;Morris&


Bale1975),Norway(Sharp&Bölviken1979)andUSA(Yang1991).AcomprehensiveguidetoseaweedsofBCisgivenbyScagel(1967). ExperimentationontheelementabsorptionofrockweedandmanyotherspeciesofseaweedfromthecoastofsouthernBC,wasconductedbytheGeologicalSurveyofCanadaintheearly1990s(Dunn1990;Dunnet al.1993)andanoverviewpub-lishedasachapterinabookonmetalhyperaccumulatorplants(Dunn1998). TheruggedcoastlineofBCwithitssteepcliffsintothemountainoushinterlandandmanyincisedstreamsthatdrainintotheseaprovideachallengetomineralexploration.However,wherestreamscutintotherockstheyinheritthechemicalsignatureofthoserocks.Ifastreamcutsthroughmineralization,thewatersbecomeslightlyenrichedinelementsassociatedwithsuchmineralization.Thestreamwatersemergeintothesoundswheretheirmetalcontentscanbereadilytakenupinthenearbyrockweed.Withtheseprinciplesinmind,asamplingprogramwasdevisedtocollectrockweedjustseawardfromwherethestreamsmeetthesea.Therationalebeingthatiftheseaweedisrelativelyenrichedinacommoditymetal(and/oritspathfinderelements)thiswouldgenerateafocusformoredetailedfollowupintothemountainstolookforthesource–usingotherprospectingmethodssuchasstreamsediments,streammossmatsorthestreamwatersthemselves. Todate,threeareashavebeensampled–alongtheshoresofmuchofJervisInlet;aroundtheshoresofTexadaIsland;andaroundHoweSound(Fig.2).Samplesfromthelatterareacollectedin1990includedcoastalareasdown-drainagefromtheformerBritanniaCumineandwerefoundtocontaindramaticallyhigherconcentrationsofCuandZnthansamplesfromthesamesitescollectedin2015,attestingtotheefficiencyofthesteadyclean-upeffortsoverthepastquartercentury.ThisarticledealswithJervisInlet;subsequentarticleswillfocusontheotherareasatalaterdate.

Figure 2: Survey areas - 1) Jervis Inlet; 2) Texada Island; 3) Howe Sound on the west coast of British Columbia (Google Map).

Sample Collection and Analysis A45footocean-goingyachtgaverelative-lyfasttransportalongthecoasttothepro-posed sample sites. On approaching a planned samplestation,arubber‘Zodiac-style’boatwitha10HPmotorandatwo-personcrewlaunchedfromthemooredyachttotheshore.A suitable site for collecting a seaweed sample suchasacliffface(Fig.1,bottomright)oraflattishrockypromontory(orbeach)wasvisuallyidentified.Cuttingthemotorenabledtheboattodriftuptothesamplesite,or(ifneeded)thecrewtogetonshore(Fig.1,topleft).Afreshsampleweighingabout100gwaspluckedfromtherocks(avoidingthesmallholdfaststructureatthebase).Bar-nacles,musselsorothersmallshellfishwereremoved; the sample was placed in a Hubco “NewSentry”spunboundpolyestersamplebag(7”x12.5”),andthedrawstringpulledclosed.Sampleswereoven-driedat80oC resulting in upto80%massreductionduetowaterlosswithvariationdirectlyrelatedtoexposuretimeinsunshinebetweenhigh-tides.Eachdriedsamplewasreducedtofinepowderinacoffeemillpriortodigestionofa0.5galiquotinmodifiedaquaregia(1:1:1HCl–HNO3 – H2O)at95°Cfor1hourandanalysisbyICP-MSandICP-ESfor65elements(methodVG101-EXT+REEatAcmeLabs/BureauVeritas,Vancouver).Aseparatealiquotwasalsoreducedtoashbycontrolledignitioninafurnaceheldat485°Cfor16hoursandelementconcen-trationsdeterminedbythesameanalyticalmethods(methodVG104-EXT+REE).Theashyieldfromthedrymaterialwas15-20%withthemedianandmeansbothcloseto16.5%. Analyticalresultsshowedthattheashingprocessresultedinnolossofmostelements;totalvolatilizationofHg,moder-atelosses(upto30%)ofAs,FeandSeandminorlosses(<10%)ofCd,Cr,Ge,SbandSn.NearlyallsamplesreportedbelowthemethoddetectionlimitsforBe,Bi,In,Nb,Pd,Pt,Ta,Th,Tl,WandmostoftheHREE.PrecisiononblindcontrolsampleswasextremelygoodwithRSDsbetterthan10%forallelementsexceptthosewithconcentrationsclosetodetectionlevels(Au,Be,Ge,Hf,In,Re,Se,Te,W,ZrandsomeoftheHREE).Pbindrysampleshad28%RSD,largelybecauseofsomedriftintheanalyticalsequence.Precisionoffieldandlaboratoryduplicateswassimilartothatobtainedontheblindcon-trols.OfrelevancetothisstudyisthatthenaturallyhigherReinthefieldsamplesgeneratedbetterprecisionthanthelowerconcentrationcontrolsamples.Concentrationsreferredtointhefollowingtextandplotsarefromtheanalysisofdrytissues,sincetheashingdidlittletoenhancedistributionpatternsandsowasdiscontinuedforthesucceedingsurveys.


Seaweed as an exploration medium along inlets on the west coast… continued from page 13



Location ThesouthernendofJervisInletislocatedabout100kmnorthwestofVancouverandsnakesnorthwardfromSalteryBayfor75km(Fig.3).ThereisroadaccessasfarasEarlsCoveatthesouthernendoftheInlet,butnoroadsortrailsextendfar-thertothenorth,requiringboataccess.


Figure 3: Location of Jervis Inlet. Source Google Maps https://maps.google.ca

Geology ThelowerJervisInletareaisindeeplydissected,mountainouscountryinwhichthemaindeepvalleyshavebeeninvadedbythesea.ForanextensivedistanceupthecoastofBritishColumbiathereisasystemofinletsthatpenetratethemountainsforvaryingdistances,resultingintypicalfjords(Bacon1957). BedrockisprimarilyJurassictoTertiaryquartz-dioriteandgranodioriteoftheCoastPlutonicComplex,overlainlocallybybasalts,andesitesandvolcaniclasticrocksandsomeLowerCretaceousGambierGroupsediments.Quaternarydepositsfillsomevalleys.FordetailsofthebedrockgeologymapofBritishColumbiathereaderisreferredtohttp://www.geosciencebc.com/i/pdf/Maps/NVI/NVI-1-1_geology.pdf Becauseoftheextremeruggedness,sometimesdenserainforest,andoverburdenofvariablethickness,detailofthegeol-ogyispoorlyknown,andtodatelittlehasbeenfoundtosuggestthatthegraniticrocksofthesurveyareawarrantfurtherattentionbyprospectors.However,afewstudieshaveshownthatrocksoftheJervisGroupcontainsmalldepositsofCu,Zn,PbandAu.Localoccurrencesofmolybdenitearereported.Twoaditsintoasmallstockofgabbro-dioriteonthewestsideofUpperJervisInletintersectedquartzveinsandquartz-filledshearzonescontainingAu,Ag,Cu,PbandZnmineralizationandasingle40cmsectionyielded0.72oz/tAuwithminorCo,CoandBi(Laird2008).

Seaweed (Rockweed [Fucus]) Survey TheJervisInletsurveywasconductedinAugustof2013.Sampleswerecollectedfrom47stations,mostlyatintervalsof2-5kmalongtheshore,withadditionalsampleswherestreamswereseendrainingintothesea.Includingcontrols,atotalof60samplesweresubmittedforanalysis.The7splitsofarockweedcontrolsampleshowedthatanalyticalprecisionwasverygoodwithRSDsmostlybetterthan10%,exceptforafewelements(e.g.heavyREEs,Au,Hg,andGe)thathadconcentra-tionsclosetothedetectionlimitsoftheanalyticalmethod,yieldingRSDsmostlybetterthan30%.Similarly,thereproducibil-ityofthefieldandlaboratoryduplicatesvariedfromgoodtoexcellentforalmostallelements.

Results Table1summarizestheelementconcentrationsinthe47samples.Rawdataarelistedinadigitalfile(AppendixA)thatispostedontheAAGwebsite(https://www.appliedgeochemists.org/index.php/publications/explore-newsletter).Background



GoogleEarthimagesonwhichthedataareplottedinFigures4,5and6areintentionallyprovidedatlowresolutioninordertoshowthecontrastbetweenlandmassandwater.Mostelementsexhibitafairlynormaldistribution,withafewoutliersofwhichthemorenotableisasinglesampleyielding83.8ppbAuwhichismorethan2ordersofmagnitudehigherthantheme-dian.AnalysisoftheashedsampleconfirmedthattheAuishighlyanomalous.Itssourceisunknown.

Table 1: Element concentrations in dry rockweed.

Figure4showsthatAgandAsaremoreconcentratedtowardthesouthernendoftheinletthaninthenorthernarmsug-gestingasourceofmetalenrichmenttotheeast–perhapsfromthevalleyindicated.




Figure 4: Ag and As contents in oven-dried rockweed determined by ICP-MS.

SILVER ppbDry Fucus

Equal number 33 to 63 25 to 33 21 to 25 18 to 21 2 to 18

Valley draining large area

5 km59 ppb

ARSENIC ppmDry Fucus


5 km

Valley draining large area

Atthenorthendoftheinlet,wherethereisanabundanceofwaterandsedimentdrainingfromtwolargestreamsthatextendtothenorthandnortheastthereisarelativelystrongsignature,comparedtotherestoftheinlet,ofCu,Mo,Ni,Co(Fig.5)withassociatedFe,REEandUsuggestingapossiblemineralizedsourceupstream.Althoughtheevidenceisscantforpredictingthetypeofmineralization,asimilarsuiteofelementsoccursinironoxidecoppergold(IOCG)deposits.However,Aulevelsarelowintheseaweedfromthisarea.Theotherareaofrelativeenrichmentisinthesouth,coincidentwithsitesofAgandAsenrichmentsouthofthevalleyindicatedonFig.4.

Rheniumconcentrationsinvegetationaretypically<1ppbRe,butinbrownseaweedtheycanbemuchhigher.Highen-richments(thousand-fold)ofRerelativetoseawaterhavebeenreportedalongtheCaliforniacoast,anditwasconcludedthatbrownalgaeactsasabiologicalsinkofReinoceans(Yang1991).ThehighestconcentrationsofRe(upto43ppbRe)areatthesouthernendofJervisInlet.Itissurmisedthatahigherconcentrationoffreshwaterfromstreammeltwatersdrainingfromthemountainsinthenorthernpartoftheinletresultsinstratificationoffreshwateroverthedenserseawater.ThesimilardistributionpatternshownbyNaisfurtherindicationthatthenorthernwatersarelesssalinethanthosetothesouth.SimilarpatternsareexhibitedbySandK.

Summary and Conclusions ThebrownrockweedFucusgrowsinabundanceintheintertidalzonesofthenorthwestshoresofCanadaandtheUSA,andiseasytocollectbyboat.Whereastreamflowsoverorthroughmineralizedbedrock,thewaterscanbecomeslightlyen-richedinelementsassociatedwithsuchmineralization,andmanystreamsemergeintothesoundswheretheirmetalsignaturescanbereadilydetectedintherockweedcloseby.Seaweedanomalouslyenrichedinacommoditymetal(and/oritspathfinderelements)canprovidefocusforamoredetailedfollowupintothemountainstolookforthesource–usingotherprospectingmethodssuchasstreamsediments,streammossmatsorthestreamwatersthemselves.




COPPER ppmDry Fucus

Equal number 1.95 to 5.58 1.62 to 1.95 1.45 to 1.62 1.29 to 1.45 0.01 to 1.29

5 km

MOLYBDENUM ppmDry Fucus


5 km

NICKEL ppmDry Fucus


5 km

COBALT ppmDry Fucus


5 km

Figure 5: Cu, Mo, Ni and Co in oven-dried rockweed determined by ICP-MS.




Figure 6: Re, Na, S and K oven-dried rockweed determined by ICP-MS.

RHENIUM ppbDry Fucus


5 km

SODIUM %Dry Fucus


5 km

SULPHUR %Dry Fucus


5 km

POTASSIUM %Dry Fucus


5 km




Forty-sevensampleswerecollectedfromtheshoresofJervisInletfromwhichdistinctzonesofrelativemetalenrichmentswereidentified:1. Ag,AsandseveralothercommodityandpathfinderelementsontheeasternshorestowardthesouthendoftheInlet;2. Cu,Mo,Ni,CowithassociatedFe,REEandUatthenorthernendoftheInlet,suggestingapossiblemineralizedsource

upstream;3. HighenrichmentsofRe(withcoincidentNa,SandK)thatareprobablyrelatedjusttothewatersalinity,sincebrown

seaweedsareknowntobebiologicalsinksofReinthesea;4. LocalenrichmentsofAuwithcoincidentpathfinderelements.

Acknowledgements WethankBethMcCaffreyforherassistanceinthecollectionofsamples;JohnGravel,SteveAdcockandBethMcClen-aghanforreviewingthisarticle;andgratefullyacknowledgetheassistanceofTerri-LynnFergusonandtheanalyticalsupportprovidedbyAcmeLaboratories/BureauVeritas,Vancouver,BC.

ReferencesBACON,W.R.,1957.GeologyofLowerJervisInlet,BritishColumbia.BritishColumbiaDept.ofMines,Bulletin.39,153pp.BLACK,W.A.P.&MITCHELL,R.L.,1952.Traceelementsinthecommonbrownalgaeandinseawater.Journal Marine Biologists Association of the U.K. 30,575-584.BOLLINGBERG,H.J.,1975.Geochemicalprospectingusingseaweed,shellfishandfish.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 39,1567-1570.BOLLINGBERG,H.J.&COOKEJr.,H.R.,1985.Useofseaweedandslopesedimentinfjordprospectingforlead-zinc depositsnearMaarmorilik,westGreenland.Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 23,253-263.BRYAN,G.W.&HUMMERSTONE,L.G.,1973.Brownseaweedsasanindicatorofheavymetalsinestuariesinsouth-west England. Journal of the Marine Biology Association U.K. 53,705-721.CULLINANE,J.P.&WHELAN,P.M.,1982.Copper,cadmiumandzincinseaweedsfromthesouthcoastofIreland.Marine Pollution Bulletin. 13,205-208.DUNN,C.E.,1990.ResultsofabiogeochemicalorientationstudyonseaweedintheStraitofGeorgia,BritishColumbia.In: CurrentResearch,PartE,GeologicalSurveyofCanada,Paper90-1E,347-350.DUNN,C.E.,1998.SeaweedsasHyperaccumulators.In:BROOKS,R.R.(ed)PlantsthatHyperaccumulateHeavyMetals, CABInternational,UKandNY,119-132.DUNN,C.E.,PERCIVAL,J.B.,HALL,G.E.M.&MUDROCH,A.,1993.ReconnaissancegeochemicalstudiesintheHowe Sounddrainagebasin.In:LEVINGS,C.D.,TURNER,R.B.&RICKETTS,B.(eds.)ProceedingsofHoweSoundEnvi- ronmentalScienceWorkshop.CanadianTechnicalReport,FisheriesandAquaticScience.189,89-95.FORSBERG,Å,SÖDERLUND,S.,FRANK,A.,PETERSSON,L.R.&PEDERSEN,M.,1988.Studiesonmetalcontentin the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosusfromthearchipelagoofStockholm.Environmental Pollution. 49,245-263.FUGE,R.&JAMES,K.H.,1973.Traceelementconcentrationsinbrownseaweeds,CardiganBay,Wales.Marine Chemistry. 1,281-293.FUGE,R.&JAMES,K.H.,1974.TracemetalconcentrationsinFucus fromtheBristolChannel.Marine Pollution Bulletin,5, 9-12.GABRIELSONP.W.,WIDDOWSON,T.B.,LINDSTROM,S.C.,HAWKES,M.W.&SCAGEL,R.F.,2000.Keystothe benthicmarinealgaeandseagrassesofBritishColumbia,SoutheastAlaska,WashingtonandOregon.Phycological Contribution#5,UniversityofBritishColumbia,DepartmentofBotany,189pp.LAIRD,J.,2008.ProspectingreportontheMalibuGoldProperty,JervisInlet,BC,NTS92J4West,15pp. http://aris.empr.gov.bc.ca/ArisReports/30084.PDFMORRIS,A.W.&BALE,A.J.,1975.Theaccumulationofcadmium,copper,manganeseandzincbyFucusvesiculosusinthe BristolChannel.Estuarine Coastal Marine Science 3,153-165.SCAGEL,R.F.,1967.GuidetocommonseaweedsofBritishColumbia.BritishColumbiaProvincialMuseum,Dept.of RecreationandConservation,HandbookNo.27,330pp.SHARP,W.E.&BÖLVIKEN,B.,1979.Brownalgae:asamplingmediumforprospectingfjords.In:WATTERSON,J.R.& THEOBALD,P.K.(eds.).GeochemicalExploration1978,AssociationofExplorationGeochemists,Rexdale,Ontario, 347-356.VINOGRADOV,A.P.,1953.TheElementaryChemicalCompositionofMarineOrganisms.SearsFoundationforMarine Research,YaleUniversity,NewHaven,MemoirII,647pp.YANG,J.S.,1991.Highrheniumenrichmentinbrownalgae:abiologicalsinkofrheniuminthesea?Hydrobiologia,211, 165–170.


Geochemical NuggetsIssues with Modern ICP-MS Gold Data

InrecentyearsboththeYukonGeologicalSurveyandGeoscienceBChaveundertakenthere-analysisofarchivedstreamandlakesedimentsamplescollectedduringtheNationalGeochemicalReconnaissance(NGR)Program.Thisarchivedmate-rialhasbeenanalysedusingadiluteaqua regiadigestionfollowedbyanICP-MSinstrumentalfinish.Theseprogramshaveprovidednewdataforavarietyofimportantpathfinderelementsatimproveddetectionlimitscomparedtowhentheoriginalanalyseswereundertakenupto40yearsago.Thesenewdatahaveallowedforarigorousmultivariatestatisticalanalysisofthedatatobeundertakenwithinthecontextofdrainagecatchments(Mackieet al.,2015)andhavegeneratednewexplorationtargetsthatarecurrentlybeingactivelyexplored. Unfortunately,itisacommonmisconceptionthatthenewICP-MSdataarenecessarilyofsuperiorqualitytothehistoricaldata.Whilethisconclusionisjustifiedforthemajorityofelementsincludedinthetypical51elementanalyticalsuite,itisnottrueforelementssuchasAu,andpartialresultsonlyareprovidedforotherelementssuchasZrandBa.Ajudiciousmergingofbotholdandnewanalyticaldatafromthesehistoricalsamplesiswarranted. ObtainingreproducibleanalysesofAufromstreamsedimentsamplesisparticularlydifficult(seethearticlebyArneandMacFarlaneinEXPLORENo.164usinganexamplefromtheYukon).TheICP-MSre-analysisofsamplesinrecentyearsuseda0.5galiquotof-80mesh(<177micron)samplematerial.TheprecisionoftheAudataisparticularlypoor,inspiteofalowerlimitofdetection(LLD)of0.2ppb. ArecentreviewofICP-MSdatafromtheYukonre-analysisprogramisprovidedbyMackieet al.(2017).Originalrefer-encematerials,fieldduplicatesandblindduplicatesincludedintheoriginalsurveyhavealsobeenre-analysedtoprovidea

comprehensive(albeitpoorlydocumented)setofqualitycontroldata.Thepoorreproducibil-ityoftheICP-MSAudatacanbeillustratedinseveralways.Thecertifiedreferencematerial(CRM)CANMETSTSD-1wasincludedinmanyoftheYukonsurveysre-analysed.IthasaprovisionallycertifiedtotalAucontentof8ppb,sowellabovetheLLDoftheanalyticalmethod.However,thissuiteofCANMETstreamsedi-mentreferencematerials(STSD-1through4)waslikelyneverintendedtoprovidereliableAuvaluesandsoprobablywasnotpulverisedandmixedinthefashionofamodernAuCRM.Inthiswayitmaybemoreanalogouswithatypi-cal stream sediment sample collected from the field.

Atotalof185ICP-MSanalysesofCANMETSTSD-1fromtheYukonNGRprogramgivesaverageandmedianAuvaluesof11.6and4

ppb,respectively.Figure1illustratestheextremerangeofAuvaluesobtained,from1.1to368.7ppb,withacoefficientof variation(CoV)of315%.ClearlynotthesortofperformanceyouwouldwantfromaCRM!Further,asimplescatterplotoforiginalversusanalytical(blind)duplicates(Fig.2)showsaverypoorcorrelation,witharootmeansquaredCoVof64%.BothplotsareindicativeofthepoorprecisionofthenewICP-MSAudataingeneraland emphasises the fact that the data should be usedwithcaution.EvenasamplewithslightlyelevatedbackgroundAuvalues(e.g.STSD-1)canyieldhighlyanomalousAuresultsandrealAuanomaliesmaybemissed.Inthiscasethepath-finderelementswillbemoreinformativethanthedesiredcommodityingeochemicaltargeting.

ReferencesARNE,D.&MACFARLANE,B.,2014.Repro-

ducibilityofgoldanalysesinstreamsedimentsamples from the White Gold District and

Fig. 1. Summary of aqua regia ICP-MS analyses of a 0.5 g aliquot of Canmet STSD-1

Fig. 2. Scatter plot of analytical (blind) duplicates for Au analysed by aqua regia ICP-MS using a 0.5 g aliquot of -80 mesh stream sediment. continued on page 22


Issues with Modern ICP-MS Gold Data… continued from page 21

EachyeartheAssociationofAppliedGeochemists(AAG)needsmotivatedandenergeticAAGFellowstostandforelec-tiontothepositionof“OrdinaryCouncillor.”Fortunately,eachyearsomeofourmostoutstandingFellowsareready,willing,andabletomeetthischallenge.However,thisyearI’msendingthistoALLMEMBERS,toencouragethoseMembersthathavetheexperienceandenthusiasmtobeinvolved,toconvertyourmembershipstatusandlooktomakeabiggercontributiontotheAAG(seethewebsitefordetails). ThisistheannualremindertoAAGFellows(andMembersthatcouldbecomeFellows)thatweneedyourparticipationon Council. It is our sincere hope that this email might entice more people to step forward for election to this important posi-tion. IfyouarenoteligibletobecomeaFellow,butwanttobemoreinvolved,pleasesendmeanemailmessageaswearelook-ingtogetmoreofourjuniormembersactiveintheAAGandotheropportunitieswillbecomingavailable. Councillor Job Description TheAAGBy-lawsstatethat“theaffairsoftheAssociationshallbemanagedbyitsboardofdirectors,tobeknownasitsCouncil.”TheaffairsmanagedbyCouncilvaryfromreviewingandrankingproposalstohostourbiennialSymposiumtoapprovingapplicationfornewmembershiptodevelopingmarketingstrategiesforsustainingandgrowingourmembership.TheseaffairsarediscussedanddecisionsmadeatCouncilteleconferencesusuallyheld3-4timesperyear.Eachteleconferencelastsabout1hour.Inaddition,thereisoftenarunningemaildiscussionaboutaselectedissueortwobetweeneachteleconfer-ence.Soforacommitmentofabout5hoursofyourtimeperyear,youcanhelpinfluencethefutureofyourAssociation.Ifyouwanttospendmorethantheminimumtimerequired,thereisplentyofopportunitytodosothroughcommitteeassignmentsandvoluntaryeffortsthatgreatlybenefittheAssociation. Qualifications and length of term TheonlyqualificationforservingasCouncilloristobeaFellowingoodstandingwiththeAssociation.PleasenotethedifferencebetweenbeingaMemberofAAGandbeingaFellow.AFellowisrequiredtohavemoretrainingandprofessionalexperiencethanaMember.ConsulttheAAGwebsite,Membershipsection,forfurtherdetails.IfyouarenotcurrentlyaFel-lowandhaveaninterestinservingonCouncil,pleasegothroughtherelativelypainlessprocessofconvertingtoFellowshipstatus in AAG. EachCouncillorservesatermoftwoyearsandcanthenstandforelectiontoasecondtwo-yearterm.TheBy-lawsforbidservingmorethantwoconsecutiveterms,althoughsomeonewhohasservedtwoconsecutivetermscanstandforelectionagainaftersittingoutforatleastoneyear.ElectionsareusuallyheldinOct-Novoftheyearforatermcoveringthefollowingtwoyears.OurnextelectionwillbeinOctober-November2017forthetermof2018-2019. How to get on the ballot IfyouareinterestedinsubmittingyournameforconsiderationforelectiontoAAGCouncil,simplyexpressyourinter-esttotheAAGSecretary(DaveSmith,email:[email protected])byOctober15,2017andincludeashort(nomorethan250words)summaryofyourcareerexperience.Thissummaryshouldincludethefollowing: •Yourname •YearthatyoubecameaFellowofAAG •Earthsciencedegreesobtained,yearofgraduationofeach,andinstitutionofeach •Employment—listmajoremployersandstateyearsworkedforeach,e.g.1980-1990,andtypeofwork •PositionheldaspartofAAGorotherpastcontributionstoAAG •1-2sentencesaboutyourprofessionalexperiencesinappliedgeochemistryAllthatisaskedisthatyoubringenergyandideastoCouncilandarewillingtoshareinmakingdecisionsthatwillcarrytheAssociationforwardintoasuccessfulfuture.Welookforwardtohearingfromyou. Ryan Noble,President, Email: [email protected]

AAG Councillor Elections

DawsonRange,YukonTerritory,Canada. EXPLORE, No. 164,p.1-10.MACKIE,R.A.,ARNE,D.C.&BROWN,O.,2015.Enhancedinterpretationofregionalstreamsedimentgeochemistryfrom Yukon:catchmentbasinanalysisandweightedsumsmodelling.YukonGeologicalSurvey,OpenFile2015-10.MACKIE,R.A.,ARNE,D.C.&PENNIMPEDE,C.,2017.Assessmentofregionalstreamsedimentcatchmentbasinand geochemicaldataquality.YukonGeologicalSurvey,OpenFile2017-4,29p.Acknowledgment ThecompiledqualitycontroldatashownherewerekindlyprovidedbyWayneJackaman.Dennis Arne, CSA Global Pty. Ltd.


Recently Published in Elements Volume13,nos.3and4

AAG Regional Report: Ireland and United Kingdom, June 2017

InIrelandthenationalTellusprogramme,acombinedregionalbaselinesurveyofsurfacegeochemistryandairborneradiometricandtraditionalgeophysics,iswellunderway.TheIrishgovernmentisbackingacceleratedcoverageofthewholecountry,andtheregional-scalesurveysofstreamsediment,streamwaterandsoilinorganicgeochemistryarenowcompleteacrossaboutonethirdofthecountry.GeologicalSurveyIrelandareundertakingthesurveystorecognisedhighstandards,applyingmulti-elementanalyticaltechniquesandrigorousqualitycontrol.TheworkisinconjunctionwithlabsinIrelandandintheUK.Theprogrammeisconcurrentlyfundingexternalresearchprojectsinareassuchasagriculturaldataapplications,understandingprospectivityanddepositmodelling,andisassistingsurveygeologistsinrevisingthestategeologicalmaps.Theprojectisreleasingitsdatafreeofchargeandfreelytoall,asitbecomesavailable.Seemoreatwww.tellus.ie,includinglinkstothebook‘Unearthed’whichstoriessomeoftheimpactsfeltfromsurveyresultstodate. ThegeosciencessectorinIrelandhasseenahugeboostinthelastyear,withtheIrishCentreforResearchinAppliedGeosciences‘iCRAG’nowsupportingdoctorateandpostdoctoralresearchinappliedgeochemistry.Earlycareerscientistsareworkingontraditionalsubjectssuchasenergy,groundwaterquality,criticalrawmaterialsandmineraldeposits,aswellasthesociallicensetooperateandpublicperceptionofthegeosciencessector.Ingeochemistrytheresearchareasincludesedi-mentandoreprovenanceandisotopicanalyticalapplications.Seewww.icrag-centre.orgformore. TheBritishGeologicalSurveyandUniversityofNottinghamhavelaunchedtheirCentreforEnvironmentalGeochemis-try,ahubcombininginorganic,organicandisotopegeochemistryanalyticalfacilitieswithdomesticandinternationalappliedresearchprojects.www.environmentalgeochemistry.orgdetailstheirwork. ThegeologicalsurveysinIrelandandBritainarecontributingtoaEuropeanUnionledconsortiumoncriticalmaterialsandmineralsdatabases,theMinerals4EUProject.AimingtoenhancemineralsinformationandsupportEuropeanmineralsdevelopment.Seewww.minerals4eu.euforupdates. TheUKandIrelandminingsectorsareprogressinganumberofprospects.SRKConsultingUKLimitediscurrentlyas-sistingDalradianGoldLimitedwithgeochemicalskillsrelatedtothedevelopmentoftheCurraghinaltgoldprojectinNorth-ernIreland.SRKhavebeenresponsibleforsupervisionofbaselinesamplingandgeochemicalassessmentaswellaslaboratoryandonsitetestingofrockweathering.Thisworkwillbeusedinsupportofengineeringandenvironmentalstudies.DrakelandsMine(formerlyHermerdon)fortungstenandtininCornwallisnowreopenedbyWolfMineralsLimited.ThiscoincidedwithlatestgeochemicalmappingcompletedbytheBritishGeologicalSurveyinsouthwestEngland.TheBolidenTaraMineintheIrishMidlandsisactivelyexpanding.UptakeofexplorationlicencesinIrelandisgoingstrongwithlead-zinc,gold,copper,platinum and lithium targets.

Kate Knights Geological Survey of Ireland; Email: [email protected]

Rock and Mineral Coatings: Records of Climate Change, Pollution, and Life TheJuneeditionofElementsisanintriguingonethatlooksatrockandmineralcoatingsandhowtheyretainarecordofpastclimates,beusedinarcheology,ormayholdevidenceoflifeonMars.TheAAGnewsinthisissuecontainsanupdateonGEEAbyKurtKyserandintroducesCo-editor-in-Chief,BennedettoDeVivo,aswellasasummaryofthearticleon“Theuseofautomatedindicatormineralanalysisinthesearchformineralization–Anextgenerationdriftprospectingtool”thatappearedtheMarchissueofExplore.

Boron: Light and Lively The August edition of Elements is dedicated to all aspects of the element boron.Inthisissue,AAGnewsconsistsofamessagefromthePresidentandanabstractfromtheJuneEXPLOREarticleentitled“EvidenceofGeother-malActivityNeartheNazkoVolcanicCone,BritishColumbia,Canada,fromGroundandSurfaceWaterChemistry”.

Dennis Arne, CSA Global Pty Ltd; Email: [email protected]


Thelatestcontentisnowavailableat:http://geea.lyellcollection.org/content/currentMay2017;Vol.17,2

Thematic set article: IAGS Tuscon 2015IntroductiontoIAGSTuscon2015volumeRobertBowellGeochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,v.17:61,firstpublishedonMay16,2017,doi:10.1144/geochem2017-003http://geea.lyellcollection.org/content/17/2/61.extract LithogeochemicalclassificationofigneousrocksusingStreckeisenternarydiagramsCliffStanleyGeochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,v.17:63-91,firstpublishedonMay16,2017,doi:10.1144/geochem2016-463http://geea.lyellcollection.org/content/17/2/63.abstract ArsenicandmercurycontaminationrelatedtohistoricalgoldminingintheSierraNevada,CaliforniaCharles N. AlpersGeochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,v.17:92-100,firstpublishedonMay16,2017,doi:10.1144/geochem2016-018http://geea.lyellcollection.org/content/17/2/92.abstract Assessmentofsupergeneuranium-vanadiumanomalies,MeobBaydeposit,NamibiaR.J.BowellandA.A.DaviesGeochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,v.17:101-112,firstpublishedonApril4,2017,doi:10.1144/geochem2015-406http://geea.lyellcollection.org/content/17/2/101.abstract Geochemicalpredictionofarsenicattenuationfrominfiltratedheapleachdrainage,DaisyMine,NevadaR.J.Bowell,J.Declercq,R.Warrender,A.Prestia,J.V.Parshley,andJ.R.BarberGeochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,v.17:113-123,firstpublishedonDecember8,2016,doi:10.1144/geochem2016-423http://geea.lyellcollection.org/content/17/2/113.abstract MetalmigrationattheDeGrussaCu-Ausulphidedeposit,WesternAustralia:Soil,vegetationandgroundwaterstudiesR.R.P.Noble,R.R.Anand,D.J.Gray,andJ.S.CleverleyGeochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,v.17:124-142,firstpublishedonDecember16,2016,doi:10.1144/geochem2016-416http://geea.lyellcollection.org/content/17/2/124.abstract Integratedstudiesofsoil,termites,vegetationandgroundwatertounderstandmetalmigrationattheKintyreUdeposits,Western AustraliaR.R.P.Noble,A.D.Stewart,G.T.Pinchand,T.C.Robson,andR.R.AnandGeochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,v.17:143-158,firstpublishedonFebruary16,2017,doi:10.1144/geochem2016-439http://geea.lyellcollection.org/content/17/2/143.abstract Urbangeochemistry:SisakinCroatia,along-lastinghistorical,urbanandindustrialcityAjkaŠorša,GoranDurn,JosipHalamić,StjepanHusnjak,VesnicaGarašić,andMartaMileusnićGeochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,v.17:159-163,firstpublishedonAugust23,2016,doi:10.1144/geochem2015-395http://geea.lyellcollection.org/content/17/2/159.abstract DendrochemistryandsoilclaygeochemistryappliedtoexplorationfordeepUmineralizationattheHallidayLakeProspect,AthabascaBasin,CanadaP.Stewart,T.K.Kyser,D.Griffiths,andL.LahusenGeochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,v.17:164-181,firstpublishedonDecember13,2016,doi:10.1144/geochem2015-386http://geea.lyellcollection.org/content/17/2/164.abstract

Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis


Initiatedin2011andremodelledin2015,theAssociationofAppliedGeochemist’sStudentSupportProgramlinksap-pliedgeochemistrystudentswithanalyticallaboratoriestohelpstudentsdefraythecostofacquiringgeochemicaldataassoci-atedwiththesiswork.AAGactsasanintermediarybetweenappliedgeochemistrystudentsandparticipatinglaboratoriesbyassessingapplicationsandrecommendingthosewithmerittosupportinglaboratoriesforin-kindsupportintermsofsampleanalysis.Inturn,studentsareobligedtopublishtheirresultsandincludeanacknowledgementtotheAssociationandthesup-portinglaboratory. Theprogramhasgraduallyexpanded,intermsofboththenumberofparticipatinglaboratories,andthenumberofstu-dentsreceivingsupport(Table1).Sixlaboratoriesarenowinvolvedwiththeprogram,Actlabs,ALS,BVMinerals(Perth),BVMinerals(Vancouver),Intertek-GenalysisandLabWest.Acheckoflaboratorywebsitesshowsthattheyofferarangeofana-lyticalservicessuitabletobothmineralexplorationandenvironmentalassessment.ThelikelihoodofanapplicationreceivingsupportfrombothAAGandanyparticularlaboratoryisincreasedifareasonableamountofworkisrequested.Inmanycases,thein-kindsupportisacomplementtodatageneratedfromothersources,ratherthanthecompleteanalyticalrequirementsof the thesis. Thecapacityoflaboratoriestosupportthistypeofprogramisinpartdeterminedbythestateofthemineralexplorationindustry.Accordingly,AAGacceptsthatthelevelofsupportforitsprogramcanfluctuate,withnoguaranteethatanapplica-tionendorsedbyAAGwillresultinworkbeingcarriedoutbyaparticipatinglaboratory.However,thegrowthinthenumberofprojectsbeingsupported(Table1)showsthatlaboratorieshavecommittedtothisprogram.Theprogramnowsupportsadiversityofresearchprojects,intermsofgeographicaldistributionofrecipients,anddiversityofthesistopics.EarlyrecipientsofsupporthavefulfilledtheirobligationsbypublishingtheresultsoftheirworkwithappropriaterecognitiontothesupportinglaboratoryandAAG. About15yearsago,theAEGbecametheAAG,emphasisingtheAssociation’srecognitionoftheenvironmentalaswellastheexplorationapplicationofgeochemistry.Althoughthemajorityofsupportedapplicationsarerelatedtomineralexplo-ration,arecentadditiontotheAAG’sStudentSupportProgramisSoniaMulongo’sMScthesisworkontheenvironmentalchemistryofsoilsinLubumbashi,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo. ThisAAGprogramnotonlyaimstofosterthescienceofappliedgeochemistry,butalsooffersappliedgeochemistrystudentstheopportunitytolearnthroughpersonalexperienceaboutgeneratinggeochemicaldata.Allparticipatinglaborato-riesarestaffedbyskilledanalystswhocanprovidevaluableadviceonthemostsuitableanalyticalapproach,itselfavaluablecontributiontothethesiswork.TheapplicationformandconditionsofsupportforthisprogramcanbefoundontheStudentspageontheAAGwebsite(www.appliedgeochemists.org).

Paul Morris,AAG Education Committee; Email: [email protected]

AAG’s Student Support Program

Student Institution Country Date Degree Thesis Title Supporting Laboratory Status Publication

Xin Du University of Western Australia Australia 2011 PhD Particle size fractionation and chemical speciation Chemical Geology, 330-331, of REE in a lateritic weathering profile in Western Australia Intertek-Genalysis Completed 101-115 (2012); EXPLORE 157.Andrew Lucas University of Western Australia Australia 2011 PhD Evaluating the diffusive gradients in thin films technique for the detection of multi-element anomalies in soils Intertek-Genalysis Completed EXPLORE 161, 1-15 (2013)Marcus Phua University of Melbourne Australia 2014 MSc Petrogenesis of the gabbroic intrusions hosting magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulphides at Melba Flats, western Tasmania BV Minerals (Ultratrace) Completed SEG conference abstract, 2015Enerst Tata University of Buea Cameroon 2014 PhD Felsic plutonism, hydrothermal altertaion and granite- relatred gold mineralization, Batouri gold district, SE Cameroon: geochronology and geochemical constraints Intertek-Genalysis Submitted to GEEAMatthew Bodnar University of British Columbia Canada 2016 MSc Mapping chemical dispersion above a buried VMS in a till covered terrain, Lara VMS deposit, Vancouver Island, Canada ALS Victor Vincent Modibbo Adama University Nigeria 2016 BSc Geological investigation of sediment hosted sulphide of Technology deposits of Azara-Akiri-Wuse Area, Northcentral Nigeria. ALS Pradip Singh Potosino Institute of Scientific Mexico 2016 PhD Nature of petrological, geochemical, geochronological and Technological Research settings and evolution of the Bundelkhand Greenstone Complexes, Bundelkhand Craton, India ALS Hamid Zekri Ifsan University Iran 2016 PhD Geochemical variation in regolith and anomaly detection over the Pitchi blind Pb-zn deposit Actlabs Anthony Chukwu University of Nigeria Nigeria 2017 PhD Petrology of Precambrian basement rocks and Ta-Nb pegmatite mineralization in Akwanga areas, northcentral Nigeria Intertek-Genalysis Chinedu Ibe University of Nigeria Nigeria 2017 MSc Geochemical studies on Precambrian basement complex rocks around Katchuan Ode, southeast of Ogoja, southeastern Nigeria BV Minerals (Ultratrace)

Sonia Mulono University of Lubumbashi Dem. Rep. 2017 MSc Mining exploitation impact on the soil of Lubumbashi of the Congo city: an environmental approach BV Minerals (Ultratrace)


FellowsFellowsarevotingmembersoftheAssociation.AAGmembersandnon-membersmaybecomeFellowsatanytime.SeetheAAG website to download a membership conversion form.

Helen Waldron40GriffithWayThornlie,WAAUSTRALIA6108Membershipnumber#3347

MembersMembersarenon-votingmembersoftheAssociation.Membersmustbeactivelyengagedinthefieldofappliedgeochemistryatthetimeoftheirapplicationandforatleasttwoyearspriortothedateofjoining. Mr.ZhengYangInstituteofGeophysicalandGeochemicalExploration84JinguangRd.Langfang,Hebei13CHINA065000Membership#4358 Mr.Shi-qiTangInstituteofGeophysicalandGeochemicalExploration84JinguangRoadLangfang,Hebei13CHINA065000Membership#4359 Student MembersStudentMembersarestudentsthatareenrolledinanapprovedcourseofinstructionortraininginafieldofpureorappliedscienceatarecognizedinstitution.StudentmemberspayminimalmembershipfeestobelongtotheAssociation.

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Alicia VerbeetenHarris PlaceKalgoorlie,WAAUSTRALIA6430Membership#4360 LindaM.GlassGlass Geological ConsultingP.O.Box248Samford,QLD4520AUSTRALIAMembership#4362

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BARRINGER - THE BOOKExploration, Remote Sensing, Environment, Analysis, SecurityThe 1960’s and 70’s were marked by an explo-sion in mineral exploration and remote sensing technology. A leader throughout this period was Dr. Anthony (Tony) Barringer and his team at Barringer Research Ltd. (BRL). The highly suc-cessful airborne geophysical methods created at BRL are well known while the contributions to exploration geochemistry and many other fields are not. This book documents the many advances in geochemical theory, as well as the ground, airborne and remote sensing techniques plus analytical methods that were conceived and developed under the leadership of Tony Barrin-ger. Innovative concepts backed by pioneering research funded by BRL on the movement of metals in rock, soil and vegetation remain im-portant areas of investigation. Tony Barringer’s ability to bring together a diverse team includ-ing geologists, geochemists and physicists with electrical, optical and aeronautical engineers under one roof, provide leadership, a highly stimulating environment and financial support, was truly remarkable. This led to ground break-ing advances in a number of different fields, including: exploration geochemistry for miner-als and oil and gas; environmental monitoring from the ground, aircraft and space; and civilian and armed forces security. The underlying scientific principles for many of the inventions, now upgraded with modern electronics, are still considered state of the art. One of the many inventions from the BRL “incubator” described in this book is Ionscan, the drug and explosive screening device used in most airports today, which was conceived and developed by BRL in conjunction with technology for the detection of mineral deposits.

Hard Cover book, including shipping US$ 68.00*, **Soft Cover book, including shipping US$ 58.00*, **International shipping is by surface mail, for air mail please add US$ 20.00/ volume

*Note, for US$48 and US$38 or $C65 and $C55 respectively (to avoid shipping charges) there will be limited number of both the hard and soft cover books available the MDRU booth at Roundup in Vancouver (first come first served) or directly available in Van-couver for a limited time from [email protected] **Note there will also a very limited number at the MDRU both at the PDAC. To reserve your copy for pick up at the MDRU booth please email [email protected] at the latest by Feb 22nd.

HOW TO ORDER:ASSOCIATION OF APPLIED GEOCHEMISTS. All payments must be made in one of the following formats: bank draft, personal cheque (drawn on a US$ account), or money order made out to the Association of Applied Geochemists, sent toAAG Business Office, P.O. Box 26099, 72 Robertson Rd. Nepean, ON, Canada K2H 9R0Tel: 613-828-0199 Fax: 613-828-9288Email: [email protected]

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TheAAGhaspartneredwiththeResourcesforFutureGenerations(RFG)2018ConferencetobeheldinVancouver,BC,Canadabetween16-21June2018toholdthe28thIAGSsymposiumasanintegralcomponentoftheRFG18conference.The4-dayconferencecoveringEnergy,Minerals,WaterandtheEarthisexpectedtoattractmorethan5,000peopletoVancouvertoattendtheconference.ThiswillprovidetheAAGwiththeopportunitytoshowcasethroughspecificAAGsessions,theadvancementsandapplicationsofgeochemistryinthespheresofexplorationandenvironment. ElevenspecificAAGappliedgeochemistrysessionswillbechairedbyAAGmembers.Detailsofthesessionsareprovidedbelow.ItisanticipatedthatthecallforabstractswillopenonAugust1,2017andwillcloseonJanuary15,2018.SubmissionsofabstractstotheAAGsessions,aswellasregistration,shortcourse,andfieldtripselection,willbehandledthroughtheRFG2018websiteathttp://rfg2018.org.Theabstractsubmissionprocesswillallowtheselectionofthespecificsessionsforsubmissions. AAG members are encouraged to submit abstracts to the appropriate AAG sessions. Registration at the conference will allow AAG members full access to the complete RFG18 technical sessions. A series of ShortCoursesandFieldTripsarealsobeingcompiledbyAAGforinclusioninRFG18;furtherinformationwillbeprovidedinthe near future.

AAG Sessions at the RFG18 Conference:

Analytical Technology in the search for minerals: Space to the Lab to the field.-Recent,experimentalandproposeddevelop-mentsintechnologyasapplicabletothediscoveryofnewmineraldepositsandenvironmentalstudieswithemphasisonchemi-cal,mineralogical,isotopicandspectralanalyticaltechniquesincludingremotesensing,laboratoryanalysisandfieldanalysis.

Big-Data: Integration, Management and Regional Scale Surveys-Explorationcompanies,geologicalsurveysandminingcompaniestypicallyowngigabytestoterabytesofgeochemicalinformationwithassociatedattributes,muchofwhichispoorlyexaminedbeyondsimplenumericaltreatmentsforlimitedcomponents.Recentadvancesinthetreatmentofdatasetsusingadvancedtechniques,includingHyper-cubeamongstotherswilldemonstratethroughcasestudiesandresearchexamples,howtoextractmaximumvaluefromregionalscaleanddetailedminescaledatasets.

Exploration Case studies - Out of the Box Concepts, methodologies and practices-Casestudiesofmineralexploration,bothpositiveandnegative,withanemphasisonapplicationofgeochemistry.Inparticular,thoseemployingout-of-the-boxcon-cepts,modelsormethodologiesthatdemonstratenewadvancesinmineralexploration,discovery,riskabatementandcostreduction.

Exploration Undercover - Techniques, Technology and Strategy-Demandsformineralresourcescontinuetoaffectsocietywithhighmetalprices,skillshortages,governmentalpolicychanges,andbillionsofdollarsinresourceinvestment.Thediscov-eryofnewmineralresourcesrequiresincreasingrisk,increasingcosts,andincreasinglyeffectiveexplorationtechniques.Ex-plorationactivityitselfisincreasinglyfocusedindifficultlocalitiessuchasthosethatlackoutcrop,arecoveredbytransportedsurficialmaterialsoraredeeperinthecrust.Asaresult,thedemandtodevelopnewandimprovedgeochemicalexplorationtechniquesandstrategiesishigherthanever.Thissessionwillincludepapersreviewingstateofartprogress,newconcepts,technologies,casehistoriesandexplorationstrategicpathsaimedatdiscovery.

Footprints of giant orebodies - Mineralogical, Spectral and Geochemical vectors to Discovery - Across the globe there hasoverthelast5yearsbeenseveralmajorresearchinitiativesdirectedatdevelopingfullyintegratedgeological,mineralogical,chemicalandgeophysicalfootprintsoflargeorebodiesbeyondvisiblealterationtosocalledcrypticeffects(e.gAMI-RA,CMIC).Thissessionisintendedtodrawtogetherkeypapershighlightingintegratedmodelsandtheirapplicationtoexploration.

Geometallurgy: Exploration-Evaluation-Exploitation-Environment -Thissessionwillexaminetherollofgeometallurgyandgeochemistrythroughthecompletebirth-cradle-gravecycleofanorebody,documentinghowit'susecaneffectivelyreduceriskandcostananearlystageofexplorationthroughevaluationandminingthroughtotheimpactofgeometallurgyonwastedisposalandmineclosure.Thesessionwillcompriseakeynoteplusselectedcasestudiesoftheapplicationofgeometallurgy,in particular novel or unconventional applications in natural resources.

Hydrocarbons in the exploration for metaliferous and none-metaliferous deposits-Hydrocarbonshaveshownconsiderablepotentialasanexplorationtoolforthediscoveryofmineraldeposits,howevernotwithoutcontroversy.Throughcasestudiesandrecenttechnologicaladvances,thissessionwillpresentrecentresultsontheapplicationofhydrocarbonsinmineralexplo-ration.

Hydrogeochemistry: Environment and Exploration-Applicationofwatergeochemistryasbothatooltosearchforwaterresourcesandmineralresourcesinadditiontothegeochemistryofcontaminatedwatersandtheirmitigation.Thesessionwillcoverresearchanddevelopmentofnewtechniquesandtechnologiesinadditiontoapplicationcasehistoriesofhydrogeo-chemistryinexplorationandremediation.

28th IAGS and Resources for Future Generations 2018


28th IAGS and Resources for Future Generations 2018… continued from page 28

Micro to Macro-biogeochemistry: Exploration, Processing, remediation and the Environment -Biologicalsystemsplayaincreasingsignificantroleinmineralexploration,mineralprocessingandsiteremediationexploitingnaturalinteractionsandprocesses between geological materials and biological processes. This session will present recent progress and new innovations in the utilisation of natural processes in resource development.

Mineral Exploration in Extreme Environments-ExplorationGeochemistryinhyper-arid,tundra,tropical,highaltitude,sub-oceanicandextra-planetaryrequiresitsowntechniquesandtechnologies.Thissessionwillbedevotedtoresearch,develop-mentandcase-historiesofmineralexplorationinthesediverse,significantlymoreimportant,yetproblematicenvironmentswithanemphasisonappliedgeochemistry.

Stable and Radiogenic Isotope systems: Applications in Exploration and the Environment-Modernanalyticaltechnologyhassubstantiallyreducedthecostofisotopicanalysistothelevelofroutineanalysis,inadditionnewsystemshavebecomecom-merciallyviableandtheknowledgebaseandunderstandingofarangeofisotopesystemsisnowwelldocumented.Thissessionwilldemystifytheapplicationofisotopesinexplorationandtheenvironmentthroughsolidcasestudiesdemonstratingtheirvalueaddedbenefitintegratedwithotherinformationinthedecisionprocess.

ARD in Mining and Civil Construction.Acidrockdrainage(ARD)andmetalleaching(ML)arepotentialhazardsthatshouldbeassessedatanearlystageinplanningmajorexcavationsforresourcedevelopmentorcivilconstruction.Potentiallyacidgeneratingmaterialscanbepredictedbasedonstaticandkinetictesting.ThisSessionwillpresentcasestudiesbothex-perimentalandfield,demonstratingpracticalmitigationandmanagementofARDinminingandconstruction.

Peter WinterburnNSERC/Acme Labs/Bureau Veritas Minerals Industrial Research Chair in Exploration Geochemistry,Mineral Deposits Research UnitUniversity of British Columbia; Email: [email protected]


Hydrothermal Ore Deposits Course

The Departments of Earth Sciences at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada and Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada are pleased to announce the 2017 Joint Modular Course in HYDROTHERMAL ORE DEPOSITS, which will be held at the University of Ottawa October 21-28, 2017.

The course will feature 4 two-day modules to be presented by Dr. Mark Hannington (University of Ottawa), Dr. Daniel Kontak (Laurentian University), Dr. Matthew Leybourne (Laurentian University), Dr. Richard Goldfarb (Consultant), Dr. Jeremy Richards (Laurentian University), Dr. David Burrows (Vale), Dr. J. Bruce Gemmell (CODES), Dr. Steve Piercey (Memorial University) and Dr. Robert Seal (USGS).

Oct 21 & 22 A Practical Guide to the Ore Elements, Minerals and Fluids Oct 23 & 24 Orogenic Gold Deposits and Porphyry-Related Systems Oct 25 & 26 Epithermal Systems and Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold Deposits Oct 27 & 28 Volcanogenic Massive Sulfides and Ores in Surficial Environments

The course is open to graduate students from any university as well as professionals in industry. Graduate students registered in the course may be eligible for credit toward their degree programs. Industry participants may receive credit toward professional training requirements.

More information is available at https://science.uottawa.ca/earth/short_course

Exploration ‘17 October 21 to 25, 2017, Toronto, Canada

Exploration ‘17 is the sixth of the very successful series of DMEC decennial mining exploration conferences, which have been held in the seventh year of every decade starting in 1967. The theme of the Exploration ’17 confer-ence is “Integrating the Geosciences: The Challenge of Discovery”, featuring a multi-national, multi-disciplinary technical programme, exhibition, work-shops and field schools.

www.exploration17.com/About.aspx

Program Schedule

Oral presentations are by invitation onlyhttp://www.exploration17.com/Program-Schedule.aspx


CALENDAR OF EVENTSInternational,national,andregionalmeetingsofinteresttocolleaguesworkinginexploration,environmentalandotherareasofappliedgeochemistry.Theseeventsalsoappearon

the AAG web page at: www.appliedgeochemists.org.

Pleaseletusknowofyoureventsbysendingdetailsto:Steve Amor

GeologicalSurveyofNewfoundlandandLabradorP.O.Box8700,St.John’s,NL,Canada,A1B4J6

Email: [email protected] Tel:+1-709-729-1161


201717-20SEPTEMBER SEG2017.BeijingChina.Website:www.seg2017.org/17-22SEPTEMBER 28thInternationalMeetingonOrganicGeochemistry.FlorenceItaly.Website: www.houseofgeoscience.org/imog/17-22SEPTEMBER AppliedIsotopeGeochemistry12.CopperMountainResortCAUSA.Website: www.iagc-society.org/AIG.html18-19 SEPTEMBER 19thInternationalConferenceonGasGeochemistry.RomeItaly.Website: www.waset.org/conference/2017/09/rome/ICGG18-22SEPTEMBER 11thInternationalKimberliteConference.GaboroneBotswana.Website:www.11ikc.com24-29SEPTEMBER 23rdInternationalSymposiumonEnvironmentalBiogeochemistry.PalmCoveQLDAustralia. Website:www.iseb23.info3-5OCTOBER WilliamSmithMeeting2017:PlateTectonicsat50.LondonEngland.Website:www.geolsoc.org.uk/wsmith179-10OCTOBER AnnualInternationalConferenceonGeological&EarthSciences.Singapore. Website: www.geoearth.org9-13OCTOBER 14thInternationalSymposiumonBiomineralization.TsukubaJapan. Website:www.biomin14.jp21-25OCTOBER Exploration‘17.TorontoONCanada.Website:www.exploration17.com21-28OCTOBER Shortcourse-GeochemistryofHydrothermalOreDeposits.OttawaONCanada. Website:science.uottawa.ca/earth/short_course22-25OCTOBER GSAAnnualMeeting.SeattleWAUSA.Website:www.geosociety.org/meetings/2017/31OCTOBER- 10thFennoscandianExplorationandMining.LeviFinland.Website:fem.lappi.fi/en2NOVEMBER 6-7NOVEMBER JanetWatsonMeeting2017:TheFutureofContaminatedLandRiskAssessment;stakeholderperspectives. LondonEngland.Website:www.geolsoc.org.uk/jwatson176-11NOVEMBER 9thInternationalConferenceonGeomorphology.NewDelhi,India.Website:www.icg2017.com6-11NOVEMBER ShortCourse:FluidsintheEarth.NaplesItaly.Website:tinyurl.com/yb6qf6o717-18NOVEMBER15thSwissGeoscienceMeeting.DavosSwitzerland.Website:geoscience-meeting.ch/sgm201723-26NOVEMBER InternationalConferenceonComputationalChemistryandToxicologyinEnvironmentalScience.Taichung, Taiwan.Website:theochem.wikispaces.com3-8DECEMBER AmericanExplorationandMiningAssociationAnnualMeeting.Sparks/RenoNVUSA. Website:tinyurl.com/m99kskj7-8DECEMBER 19thInternationalConferenceonNuclearandEnvironmentalRadiochemicalAnalysis.SydneyNSW Australia.Website:tinyurl.com/jsh9gsu

20188-13JANUARY 2018WinterConferenceonPlasmaSpectrochemistry.AmeliaIslandFLUSA.Website:tinyurl.com/mrvbqwa22-25JANUARY MineralExplorationRoundup2014.VancouverBCCanada.Website:roundup.amebc.ca11-16FEBRUARY 2018OceanSciencesMeeting.PortlandORUSA.Website:osm.agu.org/201818-21FEBRUARY AustralianExplorationGeoscienceConference.SydneyNSWAustralia.Website:www.aegc2018.com.au4-7MARCH Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada Annual Convention. Toronto ON Canada. Website:www.pdac.ca/convention8-13APRIL EuropeanGeosciencesUnionGeneralAssembly2018.ViennaAustria.Website:www.egu2018.eu2-4MAY InternationalConferenceonGeology&EarthScience.RomeItaly.Website:http://geoscience.madridge.com


CALENDAR OFEVENTS... continued from page 31

16-21JUNE ResourcesforFutureGenerations(Energy,Minerals,WaterandtheEarth).VancouverBCCanada. Website:rfg2018.org.SeeannouncementincurrentissueofExplore.8-13JULY Geoanalysis2018.SydneyNSWAustralia.Website:2018.geoanalysis.info 12-17AUGUST Goldschmidt2018.BostonMAUSA.Website:goldschmidt.info/201813-17AUGUST 22ndGeneralMeetingoftheInternationalMineralogicalAssociation.MelbourneVICAustralia. Website:www.ima2018.com28-31AUGUST 15thQuadrennialIAGODSymposium.SaltaArgentina.Website:www.iagod.org/node/7613-15SEPTEMBERSIAMConferenceonMathematicsofPlanetEarth(MPE18).PhiladelphiaPAUSA. Website:www.siam.org/meetings/mpe1816-21SEPTEMBERIWAWorldWaterCongress&Exhibition2018.TokyoJapan.Website:tinyurl.com/ybpmakrc14-18OCTOBER AustralianGeoscienceCouncilConvention.AdelaideSAAustralia.Website:tinyurl.com/zqxc6n225-26OCTOBER Sampling2018.LimaPeru.Website:www.encuentrometalurgia.com/Sampling-2018

Gwendy E.M. Hall, Treasurer 110 Aaron Merrick Drive Merrickville, ON K0G 1N0 Canada TEL: +1-613-269-7980 email: [email protected]

David B. Smith, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Box 25046, MS 973 Denver, CO 80225, USA TEL: (303) 236-1849 email: [email protected]

Al ArseneaultP.O. Box 26099, 72 Robertson Road, Ottawa, ON K2H 9R0 CANADA,

TEL: (613) 828-0199 FAX: (613) 828-9288, e-mail: [email protected]

THE ASSOCIATION OF APPLIED GEOCHEMISTSP.O. Box 26099, 72 Robertson Road, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 9R0 CANADA • Telephone (613) 828-0199

www.appliedgeochemists.org

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COUNCILLORS

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Southern Europe Benedetto De Vivo [email protected] Asia Iftikar Malik [email protected] Africa Theo Davies [email protected] and Republic of Ireland Kate Knights [email protected]

Ryan Noble, President CSIRO P.O. Box 1130 Bentley, Australia 6102 TEL: +61 8 6436 8684 email: [email protected]

Steve Cook, Vice-President Teck Resources Limited Suite 3300, 550 Burrard Street Vancouver, BC Canada V6C 0B3 TEL: +1 604 699 4329 email: [email protected]

New MembershipNigel Radford, [email protected] Awards and MedalsMatt Leybourne [email protected] BennPertti Sarala Romy Matthies

AdmissionsNigel Radford, [email protected] EducationPaul Morris, [email protected]

SymposiaDavid Cohen, [email protected]

2016-2017 Dennis Arne Mel Lintern Romy Matthies Paul Morris Erick Weiland Matthew Leybourne (exofficio)

AAG COORDINATORS

AAG Student Paper PrizeDavid Cohen, [email protected]

AAG WebsiteGemma Bonham-Carter, [email protected] Coordinator: Tom Meuzelaar, [email protected]

Geoscience CouncilsDavid Cohen, [email protected]

GEEAKurt Kyser, [email protected]

EXPLOREBeth McClenaghan, [email protected]

ELEMENTSDennis Arne, [email protected]

AAG Regional CouncillorsStephenCook,[email protected]

2017-2018 Dave Cohen Ray Lett Tom Meuzelaar Juan Carlos Ordóñez Calderón Renguang Zuo

OFFICERSJanuary - December 2017

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Documents

Finally, a correlation coefficient that tells the ......Finally, a correlation coefficient that tells the geochemical truth EXPLORE NEWSLETTER WISHES TO THANK OUR CORPORATE SPONSORS