WHEAT- Koring

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SORGHUM

SORGHUM

SORGHUM

WHEAT

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ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

Prof Piet Hammes – Emeritas

Prof John Taylor- Emeritas & Chair – SAFSS Prof Groeneveld – Statistics (retired) Dr PG Randall - Wheat Trust Staff members of the Department of Plant

Production & Soil Science – UP and Department of Food Science, University of

Pretoria

LA METHODEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCES

TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MAIN CAMPUS, PRETORIA

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ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

cont

FORD FOUNDATION

ARC OMNIA FERTILIZER Co. SYNGENTA Co. Ltd WHEAT TRUST

LA METHODEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCES

TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MAIN CAMPUS, PRETORIA

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CHINA CONGRESS-BREAD AHEAD

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Dr Mbele

Premier’s office

Professor Mollel

University of Limpopo

Dr Metho

Depart of Agriculture KZN

Mrs Mathe

Mangosuthu Technikon

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Dr Masika

University of Fort Hare

Professor Allan Femi

Lana Mangosuthu Technikon

Team Leader

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DEDICATED LOVING MOTHER

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DEDICATED CARING FATHER

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BACKGROUND TO STUDY

Grain protein content affects the flour yield and bread-making quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Grain protein content is genetically controlled, but may vary with cultivar, soil fertility [especially nitrogen], location and climate. Genotype X environment interaction plays a major role in determining grain protein level. Grain protein content may be increased by improved soil fertility status or

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BACKGROUND TO STUDY cont

Using [wheat genotypes] with ability to

produce improved grain protein content and quality. The interface between actual nutrient status, cultivar productivity and product quality may be important to South Africa (world-all-over) where the price of [wheat and bread......radio active....value adding] are determined on the basis of grain protein content and bread-making quality02/22/15

OBJECTIVES

1. To quantify the effects of [six soil fertility regimes] on grain protein yield, starch yield, flour yield, grain protein content and bread-making characteristics of four South African wheat cultivars

2. To test the hypothesis that wheat genotypes differ in their [potential-ability] to produce [yield and quality] under varying soil fertility situations

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EXPERIMENTAL

Site; Hatfield Experimental Farm, Pretoria. Lat 25045’S, Long. 28016’E and elevation 1372 masl

Soil; Loamy, Luvic dark red-brown soil of the Hutton form. Clay content 35.5%, pH (KCL) 5.0 to 6.5 and of good drainage

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EXPERIMENTAL cont

Treatments; Wheat cultivars Inia, Carina, Kariega and SST 86. Six different soil fertility plots NPKM, NPK, PK, NP, NK and Control “O” treatments from a Long-term fertilization and irrigation experiment, initiated in 1939

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Field Plan?

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EXPERIMENTAL cont

Design; Split-plot arrangements in a RCB replicated times, main-plot size 8.3m by 6.2m and sub-plots 8.3m by 1.2m

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EXPERIMENTAL cont

Observations; Grain yield, 1000 kernel mass,

grain protein yield, starch yield, flour yield, grain protein content and bread-making quality characteristics (loaf-volume, water absorption, mixograph peak mixing time) was determined according to the Approved Methods of the A.A.C.C., (1986)

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EXPERIMENTAL cont

Weather; T max < 22.10C (Aug)T min < 1.70C (July)

Rainfall May to Sept, LT average, 10.8 -15.5 mm (Figure 1)

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RESULTS

TABLE 1-7

FIGURE 1-4

MIXOGRAPHS 1-4

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FIGURE 1. Long-term meteorological data for Hatfield farm (1974 – 2010)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Temperature (0 C)

Evaporation and rainfall (mm)

Rainfall T min T max Evap

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TABLE 2a. Meteorological data for Hatfield Farm in 2010 and long-term mean rainfall (1974 - 2010)

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Months Temperature(0C)

Max Min

Pan evaporation(mm/day)

Rainfall

(mm/day)

Long-term rainfall

(mm/month)

January FebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

29.3 16.830.3 16.626.6 15.423.6 11.020.4 8.319.2 2.616.6 422.8 7.427.0 11.427.7 14.327.2 15.326.5 14.5

8.28.26.14.93.43.34.25.47.58.07.97.3

69.8103.4168.820.87.00.00.05.03.5

63.2213.2154.7

126.1109.098.239.711.66.53.86.6

20.271.6

105.2119.6

Year 25.0 11.5 74.4 868.8 717.6

TABLE 2b. Meteorological data for Hatfield Farm in 1995 and long-term mean rainfall (1974 - 2010)

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Months Temperature(0C)

Max Min

Pan evaporation(mm/day)

Rainfall

(mm/day)

Long-term rainfall

(mm/month)

January FebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

29.3 16.830.3 16.626.6 15.423.6 11.020.4 8.319.2 2.616.6 422.8 7.427.0 11.427.7 14.327.2 15.326.5 14.5

8.28.26.14.93.43.34.25.47.58.07.97.3

69.8103.4168.820.87.00.00.05.03.5

63.2213.2154.7

126.1109.098.239.711.66.53.86.6

20.271.6

105.2119.6

Year 25.0 11.5 74.4 868.8 717.6

TABLE 3. Soil analysis (0-200mm) results for experimental site, 1995

Treatment pH

(H2O)

Bray 2 P

Mg kg-1

K

Mg kg-1

NPKM

NPK

PK

NP

NK

Control “O”

5.8

5.4

6.0

5.1

5.2

6.1

109

63

43

37

1.8

1.7

120

66

92

21

81

22

CV % 3.7 46.5 49.1

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TABLE 4. Effects of cultivar on grain protein yield, grain protein content, high-molecular weight glutenins, glu-1 score and flour yield of four South African wheat cultivars

+ within columns, means followed by the same lowercase letter had P > 0.05 and hence were not significantly different according to a Duncan’s multiple range test.1 cultivar data based on NPKM, NPK and ‘O’ fertilization2 Values for quality characteristics measured for the allelic response of chromosome 1B and 1D according to Randall et al. (1993).3 Flour yield based on the Quadrumat method.

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Cultivar1 Grain protein yield

(kg ha-1)

Grain protein content

(dry basis)(%)

High-molecular2

weight glutenins

(HMW-GS)

Glu-1 score2

Flour yield3

(%)

SST 86

Inia

Kariega

Carina

527a+

539a

586a

873b

12.6a

12.6a

12.2a

13.1b

(13+16)(5+10)

(13+16)(5+10)

(17+18)(5+10)

-

3

3

3

-

47.7a

51.8b

53.6b

48.7a

CV % 22.3 6.9 6.2

TABLE 5. Effects of fertilization treatment on grain protein yield, grain protein content and flour yield of wheat (mean data from cultivars SST86, Inia and Kariega

+ Within columns, means followed by the same lowercase letter had P > 0.05 and hence were not significantly different according to an Duncan’s multiple range test.

1 Data based on cultivars SST 86, Inia and Kariega. 2 Flour yield based on Quadrumat method.

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Treatment Grain protein yield

(kg ha-1)

Grain protein content

(dry basis)(%)

Flour yield2

(%)NPKM1

NPKPKNPNK‘O’ Control

898c+

854c473b366b156a143a

13.8c13.3c9.7a

10.9b11.9b10.4b

50.8b52.7bc49.2ab48.2ab54.4c46.6a

CV % 23.9 6.9 12.0

TABLE 6. Effects of cultivar on bread-making quality characteristics of two South African wheat cultivars

Cultivar Loaf-volume2

(cm3)

Mixograph water

absorption

(%)

Mixograph peak

mixing time

(min)

Dough character-

stics

Inia

Kariega

910a+

981b

62.5a

62.2a

3.68a

3.55a

Normal

Normal

CV % 1.3 1.5 3.5

+ Within columns means followed by the same lower case letter had P > 0.05 and hence were not significantly different

according to Duncan’s multiple range test.

1 Bread-making quality data based on NPK, PK, NP and NK fertilization treatments only.

2 Based on breeder’s standard 100g loaf size.

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TABLE 7. Effects of soil fertility status on bread-making quality characteristics based on two South African wheat cultivars (mean data from cultivars Inia and Kariega)

+ within columns, means followed by the same lowercase letter had P > 0.05 and hence were not significantly

different according to Duncan’s multiple range test.

1 loaf-volume based on breeder’s standard 100g loaf size.

2 Fertilization treatments NPK, PK, NP and NK (N – nitrogen; P – phosphorus; K – potassium).

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Treatment Loaf volume1

(cm3)

Mixograph water

absorption(%)

Mixograph peak time

(min)

Dough characteri-

stics

NPK2

PK

NP

NK

988C+

880a

980c

935b

63.3d

61.2a

62.2b

62.6c

3.5a

3.8a

3.6a

3.8a

Normal

Normal

Normal

Normal

CV % 1.3 1.5 3.5

TABLE 8. Effects of soil fertility on bread-making quality characteristics based on two South African wheat cultivars (mean data from cultivars Inia and Kariega)

+ Within columns, means followed by the same lowercase letter had P > 0.05 and hence were not significantly

different according to Duncan’s multiple range test.

1 Loaf-volume based on breeder’s standard 100g loaf size.

2 Fertilization treatments NPK, PK, NP and NK (N - nitrogen; P – phosphorus; K – potassium)02/22/15

Treatment Loaf volume1

(cm3)

Mixograph water

absorption

(%)

Mixograph peak time

(min)

Dough characteri

stics

NPK2

PK

NP

NK

988c+

880a

980c

935b

63.3d

61.2a

62.2b

62.6c

3.5a

3.8a

3.6a

3.8a

Normal

Normal

Normal

Normal

CV % 1.3 1.5 3.5

FIGURE 2a. Interaction between cultivar and soil fertility on grain protein yield (A) of three South African wheat cultivars

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LSD (0.05)

I

FIGURE 2b. Interaction between cultivar and soil fertility on grain protein content (B) of three South African wheat cultivars

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LSD (0.05)

I

FIGURE 2c. Interaction between cultivar and soil fertility on flour yield (C) of three South African wheat cultivars

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

NK NP PK NPK NPKM

Flour yield (%)

KARIEGA

INIA

SST 86

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LSD (0.05)

I

FIGURE 2d. Interaction between cultivar and soil fertility on loaf-volume (D) of two South African wheat cultivars

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FIGURE 2e. Interaction between cultivar and soil fertility on mixograph water absorption (E) of two South African wheat cultivars

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Figure 2a –d. Dough quality (mixograms) of two wheat cultivars Inia and Kariega in response to NPK (A), PK (B), NP (C) and NK (D) Long-term fertilization

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CONCLUSIONS 1. Under conditions of the experiment, a

correlation analysis showed that [grain protein yield] and [grain protein content] accounted for [65% ]of variation in loaf volume

2. Results indicate the existence of wheat genotypes with enhanced protein content and grain yield [contrary to the scientific theory and norm] selection for closely linked genes

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CONCLUSIONS cont

3. Loaf volume could not be explained adequately by variation in protein content [further research may yield additional information as to the unexplained high loaf volume potential of the cv. Kariega]

4. Glue-1-score showed that, for the wheat genotypes studied, did not significantly differ [in their HMW-GS combinations]

5. The hypothesis that wheat genotypes differ and varying soil fertility affects bread-making grain quality characteristics was proven

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FUTURE RESEARCH

1. Loaf volume -[further research may yield additional information as to the unexplained high loaf volume potential e.g.of the cv. Kariega]

2. Glue-1-score - differ [in their HMW/LMW-GS combinations]

3. That wheat [genotypes] differ in their response [soil fertility STATUS/[ENVIRON]

G X E affects bread-making quality characteristics Gene [ID] and [Marking/Sequencing]

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REFERENCES

1. AACC, American Association of Cereal Chemists 1986 Method 46-13; Crude protein – micro Kjeldhal method. Approved Methods of AACC (8th Edition, update in use), St. Paul, Minnesota

2. BLECHL, A.E. & ANDERSON, O.D., 1998. The use of biotechnology to understand wheat functionality. Royal Chemical Society Symposium Wheat Structure, Biochemistry and Functionality, Canada. Plant Phsiol. (In press)

3. KLOPPER, F.J and PRETORIUS, Z.A., 1995. Field evaluation of leaf rust severity, yield loss and quality characteristics in near-isogenic wheat lines with Lr29, Lr35 or Lr37. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil, 12, 55

4. METHO, L.A., HAMMES, P.S., DE BEER, J.M. & GROENEVELD, H.T., 1997. Interaction between cultivar and soil fertility on grain yield, yield components and grain nitrogen content of wheat. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil. 14, 158-164

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REFERENCES cont

5. PAYNE, P.I., HOLT, L.M., JACKSON, E.A. & LAW, C.N., 1984. Wheat storage proteins. Their genetics and their potential for maturity by plant breeding. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 304, 359-371

6. RANDALL, P.G., MANLEY, M., MCGILL, A.E.J. & TAYLOR, J.R.N., 1993. Relationship between the High Molecular subunits of glutenin

of South African wheats and end-use quality. J. Cereal Sci. 18,251- 258 7. VAN LILL, D. & PURCHASE, J.L., 1994. Directions in breeding for

winter wheat yield and quality form 1930 to 1990. Euphytica, 82, 79-87.

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J Sci Agric /Food Chem (UK) 79: 1823- 1831

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ABSTRACT- PUBLICATION

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PRESENTED IN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES

1. 26th Congress of SASCO/SAVG,Stellenbosch - Cape Town, S Africa

2. Crop Science Society of AfricaCongressCasablanca – Morocco 1999.

3. Montreal - Canada 20054. Xhiangjing - China 2008

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ASANTE SANA

FAULT FINDING.......is like WINDOW ....WASHING !.......all the DIRT seems to

be ON THE OTHER SIDE..... !!! 1. KGHALE BHUGA2. BAIE DANKIE3. MOLWENI4. SIYABONGA 5. ASANTE SANA

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