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8/17/2019 Final Thesis Num
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
To improve the economy of country energy is the basic need. India rans !or"d#s fifth
"argest energy consumer accounting for about $.%& of !or"d#s tota" energy consumption'
but per capita energy consumption of energy is very "o! at ($1)h as compared to
!or"d consumption of *+,$)h. Conventiona" sources such as therma"' hydro and
nuc"ear are maor sources of generation of e"ectricity in India. ver the years /since
10%2 the insta""ed capacity of a"" India po!er generation has increased to 1'%1'3$3.%3
4). The breaup of the insta""ed capacity is given as under in Tab"e 1.1 and Tab"e 1.*5
Tab"e 1.1 Tota" insta""ed capacity6
Tab"e *.* 7ue" based insta""ed capacity6
68ource !!!.po!ermin.nic.in
The therma" and hydro po!er p"ants contribute the (3.( and *3.,& respective"y. The
therma" po!er stations in the country are most"y based on the fo""o!ing techno"ogies9
a2 8team po!er p"ants
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b2 :as turbine po!er p"ants
1.1.1 8TEA4 P)ER P;AR@I
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Cyc"e :as Turbine P"antB. In a gas turbine' "arge vo"umes of air are compressed to high
pressure in a mu"tistage compressor for distribution to one or more combustion gases
from the combustion chambers po!er an aia" turbine that drives the compressor and the
generator before ehausting to atmosphere. In this !ay' combustion gases in a gas turbine
po!ered the turbine direct"y' rather than reuiring heat transfer to a !ater or steam cyc"e
to po!er a steam turbine' as in the steam p"ant. The "atest gas turbine designs use turbine
in"et temperatures of 1'%oC /*',$o72 and compression ratios as high as $91 /for
aeroderivatives2 giving therma" efficiencies of $% percent or more for a simp"e cyc"e gas
turbine.
Figure 1.1 Open cycle gas turbine power plant.
4ost of the open cyc"e gas turbine po!er p"ants in the country use the natura" gas as fue".
ut of the tota" production of natura" gas' 31& is used by gas po!er p"ants. The natura"
gas is most"y preferred because it is environmenta" friend"y' has high efficiency and cost
is a"so charming. 4ost of the production of gas comes from !estern offshore area of
country. The gas brought to Ha=ira is sour gas !hich is proper"y mae s!eet bye"iminating s"upher. After s!eetening the gas some part of gas is uti"i=ed in Ha=ira and
the remaining gas is send to Ha=ira-@iaipur-?agdishpur /H@?2 pipe"ine. In northern part
of country' the gas is supp"ied through Ha=ira-@iaipur-?agdishpur pipe"ine.
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:enerating the mechanica" po!er !ithout "oss and po""uting the environment is a maor
aim of therma" po!er p"ants. In vie! of shortage of energy production and rapid increase
in demand' there is need to conserve it in a"" possib"e !ays. Recovering the energy from
!aste and uti"i=ing the !aste heat are becoming the common so"ution for improving the
system efficiencies. The present energy crisis has forced the scientist and engineers to
ep"ore the possibi"ities to conserve the energy and a"so to design the therma" systems
that are not on"y economica""y perfect but a"so thermodynamica""y and environmenta""y
feasib"e. Therma" po!er p"ants are the vita" component for gro!th of country. Therefore
it is desirab"e rather necessity to provide a base for reducing the energy "oss and design of
therma" po!er p"ants from the thermodynamics' economica" and environmenta" point of
vie! because improving a system thermodynamica""y !ithout considering the economics
is mis"eading. The energy conservation in therma" po!er p"ants has vast potentia" and
therefore' present thesis aimed to ep"ore the various irreversibi"ities in the p"ant in every
aspect i.e. therma" as !e"" as economic point of vie!.
The investigations taen in this thesis are of eisting p"ants and can create a base for
further R D activities in the direction of energy conservation and a"so heat recovery
options !hether the saving is economica" or not. The present thesis is an attempt to
ep"ain the irreversibi"ities from the eergy economic or thermoeconomics point of vie!
of designed and under the different operating conditions.
1.2 CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF EXERGY, EXERGETIC
COST & EXERGY ECONOMIC OR THERMOECONOMICS
ANALYSIS
To no! !hat amount of energy eact"y !e are using to produce goods force engineers to
ana"y=e and estimate the system by using some concept for decision-maing. The origins
of energy ana"ysis are very diverse. 7or the "ast three decades' !e have been hearing
about energy crisis !hich in turn forced us to thin about its conservations. 8o demand of
saving energy move us for!ard to find ne! ana"ysis techniues concerned !ith concept
of eergy.
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To avoid confusion !ith fami"iar energy-based methods for ana"ysis and design of
therma" systems' a carefu" distinction must be dra!n bet!een energy and eergy. Energy
conservation "a! is app"icab"e every!here. Energy entering !ith fue"' e"ectricity' f"o!ing
stream of matter and so on can be accounted for in the products and byproducts. Energy
can not be destroyed. The idea that something can be destroyed is usefu". It can not be
app"ied to energy' ho!ever' but to another variab"e9 eergy. 4oreover' it is eergy and not
energy that proper"y gauges the ua"ity /uti"ity2 of' say' one ? of e"ectricity generated by
a po!er p"ant versus one ? in the p"ant coo"ing !ater stream. E"ectricity c"ear"y has the
greater ua"ity and not incidenta""y' the greater economic va"ue. The simp"ified e"ectrica"
generating po!er cyc"e sho!n schematica""y in 7igure 1.* high"ights the distinction
bet!een energy and eergy. 7igure 1.* /a2 is on an energy basis' and indicates that out of
1 energy units entering !ith the fue"' $ energy units are obtained as the e"ectricity and
the ba"ance , units are discharged to the surroundings' say to coo"ing !ater. Invoing an
oft-used approimation !e may consider that 1 units of eergy a"so enter !ith the fue"
as sho!n in 7igure 1.* /b2 since the generated e"ectricity is eergy in transit' $ units of
eergy eit by this means. 8o there is a ba"ance of , units to be accounted for5 but !hen
these , eergy units are considered' !e find that (, to (+ units of this eergy are
destroyed !ithin the p"ant by various irreversibi"ities and ust * to $ units are discharged
to the surroundings. A"though considerab"e energy is discharged to the coo"ing !ater' its
ua"ity /uti"ity2 is "o! because the !ater used for coo"ing typica""y comes out the p"ant at
a temperature s"ight"y higher than that of the surroundings. According"y' to improve the
performance' the energy ana"ysis is mis"eading. The eergy ana"ysis on the other hand not
on"y sho!s that the discharge is a re"ative"y minor area of concern but a"so that
significant performance improvement can come on"y by identifying and remedying
sources of inefficiency !ithin the system.
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Figure 1.2 Power cycle
4oreover it is the eergy that has economic va"ue in the maret p"ace and serious
misestimations can resu"t !hen cost ana"ysis of the systems are carried out on energy
basis FGenney /10+32.
7irst "a! of thermodynamics is the base of ana"ysis. There can never be an energy "oss'
but energy transfer to the environment in that case it is use"ess. 7or pinpointing and
uantifying the irreversibi"ities' an eergy ana"ysis is being performed over the years.
T!o basic concepts' eergy and irreversibi"ity' gave rise to a variety of derived concepts'
techniues and criteria performance. A"though the eergy method is usua""y regarded as
ne! techniue. )e can say eergy ana"ysis is same as usefu" energy.
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In the absence of nuc"ear' magnetic' e"ectrica" and surface tension effects the tota" eergy
of a system is
CH PT KN PH E E E E E +++= /1.12
The sum of "ast three terms on Right hand side is referred as thermomechanica" eergy
F@ean et a". /100(2' 4oran /10+0' 100%2. The superscripts PH, KN, PT and CH
represent the physica"' inetic' potentia" and chemica" eergy respective"y in Euation
1.1. The tota" specific eergy on a mass basis i.e. unit mass basis is given by
CH PT KN PH eeeee +++= /1.*2
!here' e denotes the specific eergy. If !e assume that system is on rest then
/ == PT KN ee 2' the tota" specific eergy of system is sum of physica" and chemica"
eergy. The tota" physica" eergy of a c"osed system at a specified state is given by
2/2/2/ 11111 T ! ! p" " E PH
−−−+−= /1.$2
!here' ", p, !, T, and denotes the interna" energy' pressure' vo"ume and entropy
respective"y at a specified state. The subscript represents atmospheric condition.
7or c"osed system chemica" eergy is given by
2/ ∑ −= #
# # #
CH N E µ µ
/1.32
!here N is the number of mo"es of species # in miture and µ denotes chemica"
potentia".
2/2/2/2/ ∑ −+−−−+−== # # # #tot N T ! ! p" " E E µ µ
/1.%2
7or c"osed system tota" specific eergy is given by
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2/2/2/ ∑ −+−−−== #
# # #
tot N s sT $$ee µ µ
/1.(2
In eergy ana"ysis our aim is to find the performance of every component by getting
eact va"ue of generated entropy by each component. ;et us consider P J as the product
and F J as the fue"' for a process' both are eva"uated in the terms of their individua"
eergy. 8o according to this given euation shou"d be satisfied9
g T % % P F !here' =≥=− /:ouy-8todo"a theorem2 is the irreversibi"ity i.e. eergy
destruction. The thermodynamic efficiency of process !i"" be given by
1K ≤= F P e&ergeticη . The inverse of this efficiency represents the unit eergetic cost of
product5 vi=. 1K1K ≥== e&ergetic P P F ' η .Economic estimation shou"d a"so be done
considering interna" f"o!s and products. There are t!o environment for therma" systems 9
/i2 the physica" /ra! materia"2 and /ii2 the economic environment /maret prices2 .
Physica" environment is considered to estimate products of a system' and in this refrence
eergetic cost is the main variab"e' !hich informs us of the actua" amount of eergy that
is needed to produce them F;o=ano et. a" /100$2.
In case of economic environment' there are t!o etra factors9 maret prices / F c
2 andcost of depreciation needed for productive process / ( 2.7or optimi=ation purpose' the
main aim is the unit cost of the product' vi=. ( ) P ( ' c P ( F cc P F F P KK +=+= .
@y combining the concepts eergy !ith economic ana"ysis ne! method of ana"ysis and
research !as deve"oped' ca""ed as eergoeconomics. Eergoeconomic investigation
ca"cu"ate the unit cost of products. A comp"ete eergoeconomic ana"ysis consists of /a2
energy and eergy ana"ysis' /b2 economic ana"ysis' /c2 eergy costing' and /d2 an
eergoeconomic estimation of each p"ant component.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE THESIS
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Therma" system design and ana"ysis invo"ves princip"es from many fie"ds of Therma"
Engineering. In this thesis' thermodynamics aspect of design is hand"ed.
Among the therma" systems' coa" based po!er p"ant and open cyc"e gas turbine are
ana"y=ed by advanced thermodynamic topics. These topics inc"ude the eergy ana"ysis'
eergetic cost based and eergy economic or thermoeconomic ana"ysis. The eergy
economic ana"ysis is cited by many researchers to be a strong too" for assessing the p"ant
performance from thermodynamic and economic point of vie!. Therefore this techniue
has been used in many industries "ie e"ectrica" generation companies in Europe but it is
not surprising"y used by a"" industries.
This !or !ou"d dea" !ith the fo""o!ing9
1. To perform the detai"ed second "a! based eergy ana"ysis of cyc"es to gets proper
insight from thermodynamic point of vie! and to point out epected energy
saving.
*. To perform the eergetic cost based ana"ysis.
$. To perform the eergy economic or thermoeconomic ana"ysis of po!er p"ant
cyc"es in order to9
a2 To find individua""y the costs of each product in cyc"e for different
components.
b2 To no! the cost configuration process for !ho"e p"ant and p"ant components.
c2 8tudy of thermoeconomic variab"es and performance estimation of eisting
system.
3. To study the effects of conc"usion variab"es on eergy' eergetic cost and
thermoeconomic variab"es.
1,
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The genera" methodo"ogy adopted in this thesis "ies !ith the approach proposed by
FAhern ? E /10+2' @ean A /10++2' @ean et a". /100(2' entice 4 et a". /100+2' Ge""y 8
et a". /*02' Gaushi 8 C et a". /*%2' Gotas T ? /10+%2' ;o=ano 4 A /100$2 and
4oran 4 ? /10+02.
1.3 CHAPTERWISE SUMMARY OF THE THESIS
A chapter !ise summary of thesis is as fo""o!s9
C!"#$% 1 I'#%()*+#('
This chapter presents an overvie! of current status of energy generation in country and
basic concepts of po!er p"ants' eergy' eergetic costs and eergy economic estimation
of po!er p"ants. The chapter discusses the obective of proposed study. At the end of
chapter organi=ation of thesis has been provided.
C!"#$% II L#$%!#*%$ R$-$
A detai"ed re"evant "iterature survey for eergy' eergetic cost and eergy economic or
thermoeconomics ana"ysis for therma" systems has been inc"uded. The various methods
of thermoeconomic techniues deve"oped and the effort made by researchers in the past
for the deve"opment of fie"d has been discussed. The various therma" systems ana"y=ed in
researchers are inc"uded.
C!"#$% III E'$%/0 !') E$%/0 A'!0 (4 C(! F%$) T$%5! P($% P!'#
In this chapter eergy and energy ana"ysis has been carried out for the coa" based non
reheat therma" po!er p"ant. The epressions for therma" efficiency based on the
thermodynamics first "a! and ' eergy destruction and eergetic efficiency in components
has been used. 8econd "a! efficiency at part "oad condition for the components and
!ho"e p"ant has a"so been investigated.
C!"#$% IV E$%/0 $+('(5+ !'!0 (4 C(! 4%$) #$%5! "($% "!'#
10
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In this chapter the eergy princip"es are combined !ith economic princip"es. The cost of
various components of the p"ant has been considered for eergy economic estimation. @y
eergy economic methodo"ogy' each product cost in the p"ant and f"o! rate cost !ith a""
streams has been ca"cu"ated. The thermoeconomic variab"e for the designed and at part
"oad condition has been investigated.
*1
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CHAPTER-*
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The !ord LEnergy# is derived from the :ree9 en and ergon /i.e. interna" force or !or2.
The concept !as first formu"ated in the midd"e of the 10 th century by Ge"vin and ?ou"es.
The !ord eergy is derived from the :ree e& and ergon /i.e. outer force or !or2 and
the concept !as first noticed in 1+*3 by Carnot in the re"ation of heat and !or. A further
rigorous "iterature revie! on eergy and eergy economic ana"ysis for the past period has
been performed to get more insight in this research fie"d. The boo LTherma" esign D
ptimi=ation# by @ean et. a". /100(2 provides a comprehensive and rigorous introduction
to therma" system design and optimi=ation from a contemporary perspective. A detai"ed
description of eergy ana"ysis' eergy economics has been presented !ith case study for
design of gas turbine cogeneration system in "iterature surveyed.
2.2 DEVELOPMENTS IN EXERGY AND ITS BENEFITS
The number of pub"ications dea"ing !ith second "a! of thermodynamics andKor eergy or
avai"ab"e energy has been pub"ished during past. A"" these researches and deve"opments
aim at for higher therma" efficiency for therma" systems. This has moved ahead
deve"opment of various ana"ysis techniue based on thermodynamic "a!s. Eergy
ana"ysis is based on second "a! of thermodynamics. The use of avai"ab"e energy /andKor
eergy2 in the ana"ysis of po!er p"ants and refrigeration systems has been !e""
estab"ished. In the "iterature' eergy ana"ysisK second "a! ana"ysis for Ranine' @rayton'
combined D cogeneration and gas turbine po!er p"ants have been performed by Gaushi
8 C and Tyagi 8 G /1000.
Gha"i A and Gaushi 8 C' /*32 eamined from the 8econd "a! point of vie! the
@raytonK Ranined combined po!er cyc"e !ith reheat. They investigated the effect of '
cyc"e temperature ratio ' pressure ratio' pressure drop and cyc"e number of reheats. Their
investigations have revea"ed that over %& eergy devastation occurs in combustion
*$
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chamber. In other studies' the effect of pinch point on first and second "a! efficiency has
been studied.
@esides above mentioned !or' Habib' 4. et a". /100*2' a"so have eamined performance
of regenerativeMreheat po!er p"ants. The second "a! /eergy2 ana"ysis has been
identified an efficient too" for identifying and uantifying both the consumption of usefu"
energy /eergy2 used to derive a process as !e"" as the irreversibi"ities and "osses of
eergy.
8urvey revea"s the use of eergy princip"es that enhances the understanding of
therma"Kchemica" processes and a""o!s the sources of incompetence to be uantified.
8uch essentia" thermodynamic considerations can be integrated !ith princip"es of
engineering economics to determine the potentia" for cost effective improvement of
eisting systems. FAyres et a". /100+2' @ean et a". /100(2' @i"gen E /*32' Conne""y ;
/*12' Corne"isen R ; /100,2' entice 4/100+2' Ebadi 4.?. /*%2' :ranovsii 4 et a"
/*+2' Hermann ) /*(2' Hor"oc ? H /*2 etc. A ne! sustainabi"ity inde has been
deve"oped as a measure of ho! eergy efficiency affects sustainab"e deve"opment.
Eergy has better identified environmenta" benefits and economics of energy
techno"ogies than energy FRosen 4 et a". /*+2. The eergy ana"ysis is a"so using in
designing FN 4 EI-8ayed /**2 to get minimum costs and maimum efficiencies.
2.3 APPLICATIONS OF EXERGY
The eergy and eergy costing princip"es has been used at initia" design state to deve"op
the systems that are optimi=ed in annua"i=ed cost. Indeed' the primary fie"d of app"ication
of eergy ana"ysis no!adays is in the therma"Kchemica" systems design and optimi=ation.
The eergy ana"ysis has a"so been used to assess the rea" effect of off-design conditions
on individua" components or overa"" p"ant FGim 8 et a". /100+2' Tsatsaronis et. a". /10032'G!a et a". /*$2 and Er"ach et a". /10002.
8econd "a! based eergy ana"ysis has not on"y been app"ied to therma" po!er p"ants but
a"so to diese" engine po!er generation' refrigeration cyc"es' and process
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industriesFAbusog"u A et a". /*+2' Gamte 8 et a". /*02' Goroneos C et a". /*$2'
4odesto 4 et a". /*(2' 4orosu T et a". /*02' Ta"ens I et a". /*,2' )a"" : /100+2.
In "iterature' eergy is one of the best too" by !hich !e can uti"i=e the resources as much
as possib"e. Energy be"ongs to uantity !hi"e eergy can be used as a sca"e for uantity
as !e"" as ua"ity of the energy sources .
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• Incorporated gasification combined-cyc"e po!er p"ants.
• Coa" fired concepts.
• Advanced gas turbine systems.
• Crude oi" disti""ation systems.
• Refrigeration systems.
In the same direction' some of fresh app"ications are high"ighted here. @hargava et. a".
/**2 ana"y=ed an intercoo"er reheat gas turbine' !ith and !ithout recovery' for
cogeneration app"ications using the eergy economic princip"es. Their study provides the
usefu" resu"ts for se"ection of gas turbine cyc"e for cogeneration app"iance. Atta"a et a".
/*12 have used eergy economics as a design too" for the rea"i=ation of a gas-steam
combined po!er p"ant princip"e !hereas 4ishra et a". /*$' *%2 have optimi=ed a
sing"e and doub"e effect vapour absorption refrigeration systems. 8ahoo /*+2
performed eergy economic ana"ysis of a cogeneration system and optimi=ed the cyc"e.
4any other researchers !ho contributed their efforts are Abusog"u et a". /*02' Accadia
et a". /*32' Agui"ar et a". /*,2' A"varado et a". /10032' Arena A et a". /10002' @oregertet a". /*32' Can A et a". /*32' Caranosa et a". /*32' Corti et a". /10002' entice et a".
/100+2' 7rangopou"os et a". /10+,' 1003' Hamed et a". /*(2' Hebecer et a". /*%2'
Hua et a". /100,2' im et a". /100+2' G!a et a". /*$2' G!on et a". /*12' ;ior et a".
/100,2' 4ishra et a". /*%2' Piacentino et a". /*,2' Rosen et a". /*$2' 8ahoo et a".
/*+2' 8a"a et a". /*(2' 8ciubba et a". /*12' Temir et a". /*32' Traverso et a".
/**2' et.
2.8 METHODS OF EXERGY ECONOMICS
4any methods for performing the eergy economic ana"ysis have been deve"oped and
app"ied !ith varying degrees of success F;o=ano et. a". /100$2' @ean et. a". /100(2' and
Er"ach et. a". /10002. These methods are named as
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• Thermo economics
• 8econd "a! costing
• Eergy costing
• Eergy economics.
;ong time eergy-economic researcher Tsatsaronis /100,2 identifies the four types of
eergy economic methodo"ogies' depending upon any of the fo""o!ing of the techniue9
/a2 Eergy-economic cost accounting'
/b2 Eergy-economic ca"cu"us ana"ysis'
/c2 Eergy-economic simi"arity numbers'
/d2 ProductKcost efficiency diagrams'
8evera" detai"s of a"" these techniue has been discussed FTsatsaronis /100,2' 8ayed et.
a". /10+02.
2.9 DEVELOPMENTS IN EXERGY ECONOMICS AND THEIR
APPLICATIONS
;o=ano and Oa"ero /100$2 mae formu"as to find the cost and efficiency of system.
Energy concept' fue" product concept and mathematica" formu"ation are the pi""ars of
ana"ysis theory. App"ications are9 /i2 assessment of a"ternatives for energy savings' /ii2
cost a""ocation' /iii2 operation optimi=ation' /iv2 "oca" optimi=ation of subsystems' /v2
energy audits and assessment on fue" impact of ma"functions. It is found that eergyconcept is very po!erfu" too" to identify' assign' measure and attribute a cause to the
inefficiencies of the rea" p"ant.
Eergetic cost concept deve"oped by ;o=ano and Oa"ero /100$2 has been app"ied to
therma" systems. Oa"ero et a". /10032 ep"ained the strategy for optimi=ing the therma"
$1
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system using the Exergetic Cost Theory (ECT) and symbolic exergoeconomics. ECT
permits the a""ocation of costs to each of the f"o!s of insta""ation. The symbo"ic
eergoeconomics permits to re"ate the efficiency and cost of its f"o!s and products to
efficiencies of components. The ECT he"p to enhance physica" mode" of p"ant and not
therma" mode" but this information can be used to improve "oca" optimi=ation. entice et
a". /100+2 has app"ied this techniue for the estimation of refrigeration and heat pumps.
4ishra et a". /**2 used this theory for the estimation of ;i@rKH * vapour absorption
system. 4odesto et a". /*(2 app"ied the theory for a po!er p"ant for stee" mi"". The
system has been assessed by t!o theories' theory of Thermoeconomic Functional
Analysis and eergetic cost deve"oped by 7rangopou"os /10+,2.
Ear"ier !or by Tribus' Evans and EI-8ayed on thermoeconomics "ed to the deve"opmentof ‘thermoeconomic isolation (TI)’ Any therma" system component may be regarded as
thermo economica""y iso"atedJ from other system components !hen its economic
interactions are comp"ete"y described by a set of sing"e numerica" va"ues of stab"e
;agrange mu"tip"iers for each interaction. Eamp"es of usefu" energy ana"ysis are
mentioned for feed-!ater heaters' condensers' evaporators and condensers in
refrigeration systems Evans /10+2. In order' to approach the thermoeconomic iso"ation'
Evans /10+2 made use of the functions or the purposes of therma" systems components
to obtain the TI under some conditions. The attempt to derive the comp"ete set of
conditions for TI "ed to the deve"opment of a ne! method for optima" design or
improvement of comp"e therma" system' !hich is named as thermoeconomic
functional analysis (TFA)F 7rangopou"os /10+,' 10032.
Tsatsaronis et a". /10+%2 app"ied the thermoeconomic approach to energy conversion
p"ants. They verified that approach a""o!s the monetary estimation of costs caused by the
irreversibi"ities "osses' as !e"" as the comparisons bet!een these costs and investment
and operating costs for each component of p"ant. This information can be used for
improvement in p"ant. Tsatsaronis et a". /10032 have simp"y app"ied this theory to the
C:A4 prob"em. In presented study' Tsatsaronis' Ta!fi et a". /10032 app"ied the
techniue to t!o GR)-@ased I:CC po!er p"ants supported by epartment of Energy'
>8A. 8evera" configurations of I:CC p"ant !ere deve"oped. ne of these configurations
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has been ana"y=ed from eergoeconomic /thermoeconomic2 vie! point. 8evera"
conc"usions and recommendations !ere made for improving the performance of p"ant
and a"so considerab"e cost saving. @y using the iterative exergy aided cost minimization
method' for optima" case' 3%& overa"" eergetic efficiency has been reported.
In this "iterature recent ru"es of optimi=ation for mu"tiproduct systems are a"so added. The
ru"es contain the "oss of unit cost due to irreversibi"ities in a subsystem. Comparison of
ne! and o"d ru"es for the case of a cogeneration.
Er"ach et a". /10002 proposed the tructural theory of thermoeconomics! According to
Tsatsaronis' there are t!o main groups of thermoeconomics methods9 /a2 cost accounting
method' and /b2 optimi=ation methods. )hen comparing the different methodo"ogies'
many nomenc"atures' concepts and names are faced by readers. This !as one of reason
impeding the faster deve"opment of thermoeconomics. To avoid the unnecessary
confusion' the need of common mathematica" "anguage !as fe"t. This common
mathematica" "anguage is provided by the 8tructura" theory of thermoeconomicsJ.
Torres et a". /**2 introduced the method based on the structura" theory and symbo"ic
thermoeconomics. It integrates the thermoeconomic methodo"ogies deve"oped unti" no!'
such as fue" impact' technica" eergy saving and a"so computes the additiona" fue"
consumption and ma"function costs of p"ant components.
The structura" theory is ab"e to predict eact"y tota" additiona" fue" that the p"ant
consumed on ma"functioning the some p"ant component ang et a" /*(2.
In the case of thermoeconomics' the effect of ma"function is uantified in terms
additiona" fue" consumed for same production' !ith respect to base case design condition.
The main methodo"ogies has been discussed in ;o=ano et a". /100$2' Oa"ero et a". /10032'
@ean et a". /100(2' Oa"ero et a". /**2 ' ang et a". /*(2' entice et a". /100+2'
entice et a". /100+2' 4ishra et a". /**2'
G!a et a". /*$2 has ana"y=ed a % 4) combined cyc"e p"ant' the eergy and
eergetic cost ba"ance for each component and for the !ho"e system have been
considered carefu""y. The eergoeconomic mode" has been used to visua"i=e the cost
$%
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formation process and productive interaction bet!een the components. At the 1& "oad
condition measured and ca"cu"ated eergetic efficiency are %, and %3.+& respective"y.
The unit cost of e"ectricity is direct"y proportiona" to the unit cost of fue".
2.: CONCLUSIONS
Theory of eergetic cost have been app"ied to therma" po!er p"ants abroad and it is
obvious from previous researcher#s !or that it is a po!erfu" too" for assessing the
therma" systems.
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CHAPTER-$
EXERGY AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF COAL
FIRED NON;REHEAT THERMAL POWER PLANT
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In India annua" demand for e"ectricity has increased from 1,13 4) in 10% to
1+$*$.31 4) /*132.The e"ectricity generated from therma" po!er p"ants constitutes
(3.( & of tota" generation. 7rom' the 7ifth 7ive year p"an on!ards i.e. 10,3-,0' the
:overnment of India got itse"f invo"ved in a big !ay in generation of po!er to
supp"ement the efforts at the state :overnment "eve" and too upon itse"f the
responsibi"ity of setting up the "arge po!er proects based upon the coa" as !e"" on other
resources "ie hydro' nuc"ear etc..
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)e use 7irst ;a! of Thermodynamics for this.@ut as time passes both eergy and energy
both concepts are reuired in po!er p"ant to find efficiecny.
The eergy ba"ance of system a""o!s us to a""ocate and ca"cu"ate irreversibi"ities in the
production process and to identify !hich units and !hat for reason they affect the overa""
efficiency. An eergy assessment a""o!s one to uantify the "oss of efficiency in a process
due to "oss of ua"ity of the energy. This ana"ysis can indicate !here the process can be
improved and' therefore' !hat areas shou"d receive more attention.
)e are not ab"e to find main thermodynamic f"a! in different processes in therma" po!er
p"ants by using ust an energy ana"ysis. These effects of the aforesaid irreversib"e
phenomenon can be detected and eva"uated by on"y eergy ana"ysis. The eergy ana"ysis
can therefore give the information about the possibi"ities of improving therma" processes'
but cannot state !hether or not the possib"e improvement is practicab"e. 8uch a uestion
can be ans!ered on"y by the economic ana"ysis and has been discussed in Chapter IO.
3.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The po!er p"ant consists of three units of )* + %%$ at fu"" "oad. 7igure $.1 sho!s the
schematic diagram for %% 4) po!er p"ants for one unit. @oi"er of considered unit is
designed for coa" of ca"orific va"ue of *$1Q- +3 G?Kg !ith ash content of **& and
vo"ati"e matter of $+&. Ho!ever' the coa" received is of 1(,(%G?Kg !ith ash content of
$+& and *(& vo"ati"e matter P"ant consists of HP and ;P turbines !ithout any reheating.
8team after epanding in ;P turbine is ehausted in condenser. The condensed steam
passes through the ;P and HP regenerative feed !ater heaters. The hot !ater is then fed
to boi"er drum through the t!o economi=ers. Cyc"e has been ana"y=ed !ith fo""o!ing
assumption.
12 8pecific eergy of fue" has been ca"cu"ated as in @ean et a". /100(2.
*2 :ross ca"orific va"ue has been used in ca"cu"ations.
$0
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3.3 ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS OF NON REHEAT COAL
BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT
In ana"ysis conservation of mass and energy "a!s are used for individua" as !e""s as tota"
system. @oth eergy and energy ana"ysis condition are app"ied on %%4) and at 34)
to find process irreversibi"ities.
The maor streams entering and "eaving the components of the p"ant are sho!n in the
7igure $.1.To identify the sources of the avai"abi"ity destruction' the entire p"ant has been
sp"it into different contro" vo"umes' vi=. @oi"er !ith its inputs and outputs' generator
3
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Hot Air 8upp"y
3+
3,
Coa"
1 * $
$% $(
Eit 8H HP ;P Turbine
3 ,$3 $, 1 1$ 1( 10
P"aten
8H Co"d )ater in 30
$$ $+
Hot !ater out %
;T8H 0 *% *
eareator
$* $0
1+
Economi=er * 3 3,
% + *( 11 13 1,
$1 31
3( *+ *, *3 *$ ** *1
Economi=er 1 3*
$ *0 0a 1* 1%
(
4ae up-)ater
%1
31
B($% U'#
:
C(')$
%
Hot
)e""
AP 2
B FP
L
PH
1
;P
H*
L
PH
3
H
PH
1
H
PH
2
AP 1
CEP
ID F!'
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Air in 33 3%
3$ 7"ue gases to 8tac
3*
Figure .1 c$e-atic diagra- o non/re$eat t$er-al power plant
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condenser and regenerative system and the entire cyc"e !ith boi"er' turbine' generator'
condenser and regenerative system. @y doing this !e can a"so ca"cu"ate the part of each
component irreversibi"ity in gross irreversibi"ity of the p"ant. A genera" energy and
eergy-ba"ance euations' app"icab"e to any component of a therma" system may be
formu"ated by using the first and second "a! of thermodynamics5 the specific thermo-
mechanica" eergy /neg"ecting inetic and potentia" energy2 is eva"uated from the
fo""o!ing euation9
2/2/ 111 s sT $$e 0 0 0 −−−=
/$.12
The tota" rate of eergy !ith any stream can be estimated as
0 0 0 e- E =
/$.*2
and tota" rate of energy !ith any stream can be estimated as
0 0 0 $- 1 =.
/$.$2
!here the -, 0 ,$, s and denotes mass f"o! rate of stream' energy or eergy f"o!
streams entering or "eaving the component at any point' specific entha"py' specific
entropy and thermodynamic properties at ambient conditions respective"y in above
Euations.
Chemica" eergy /based on dry and ash free2 estimation' reuired for the fue" on"y' has
been eva"uated separate"y.
H66666F
H66666F2/
*********
*****
*****
*
CH OO
CH N N
CH OO
CH O H O H
CH COCO
N N OOO H O H COCOOO 34F 34F
CH 34F
e5e5e5e5e5
s5 s5 s5 s5 s5 sT HH! e
−−−−−
−−−−−
−++++
−−−−+−=
/$.32
34F and HH! denote dry and ash free and higher heating va"ue respective"y.
3$
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ut of it the eergy f"o! rate "eaving !ith f"ue gas is9
g 0
g 0
g out e- E ∑=
/$.%2
!here' the summation app"ies over a"" the components of the f"ue gas and superscript g is
for f"ue gas.
A detai"ed eergy ana"ysis inc"udes ca"cu"ating the eergy destruction and "oss in each
component. The eergy ba"ance euation for any component /!ithout decomposing2
∑ ∑+=+e i
' i' 6' ' e E E * E .
'
.
'
..
'
/$.(2
The subscripts e, i, ' and 6 denote eit' in"et' component and heat transfer respective"y.
..
and * E denote the Eergy rate and !or transfer rate in Euation $.(.
The eergy destruction rate in a component is ca"cu"ated from eergy ba"ance
∑ ∑−=i e
' e' i 3 E E E .
'
.
'
.
/$.,2
The eergy destruction ratio ' 3 y ' represents the eergy destruction rate
.
3 E in the t$'
component !ith tota" eergy destruction rate in the system.
∑= .
'
.
.' K ' 3' 3' 3 E E y /$.+2
The genera" definition for eergetic efficiency for a therma" system is
E&ergies %nput 4ll
loss E&ergy E..iciency E&ergetic −=1
/$.02
33
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Appendi 1 sho!s the euation used for ca"cu"ating eergy destruction and eergy
efficiencies for p"ant subsystem.
Tab"e $.1 Pressure' temperature' mass f"o! rate' energy and eergy f"o! rate for the
streams of po!er p"ant at %% 4) /@ase case design2
S#%$!5P%$*%$
T$5"$%!#*%$
F(
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3.6 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Here both energy and eergy ana"ysis are done on %%4) sing these intensive and etensive properties' program
ca"cu"ates subsystem effectiveness at rated "oad and part "oad conditions. 4ainsubsystems of therma" po!er p"ant are boi"er' turbine' and condenser and feed !ater
heaters.
The re"evant steam operating data for po!er p"ant at 3 and %%4) "oad !ere supp"ied as
an input and the va"ues of entha"py' eergy and effectiveness has been computed as an
output data. Tab"e $.1 sho!s the computed va"ues of energy and eergy of various f"o!s
in the p"ant.
Tab"e $.1 contain re"evant thermodynamic data i.e.' pressure' temperature' energy and
eergy for steam po!er p"ant at %%4). 8imi"ar ca"cu"ations !ere a"so performed for
34). Corresponding energetic and eergetic efficiencies of subsystems and of the
!ho"e p"ant at %%4) is sho!n in 7igure $.*. 7rom energetic point of vie! turbine is
maimum efficient component !ith an efficiency of 0(.%$&. The 7eed !ater heaters'
3(
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7igure $.* Efficiencies of p"ant and sub
*
3
(
+
1
1*
@oi"er
Turbine
Condenser
7eed)ater
Heaters
P"ant
7irst ;a! efficiency
8econd ;a! efficiency
boi"er and condenser are eua""y efficient components !ith the efficiencies of +3.+*'
+3.$% and +3.13& respective"y. The energetic efficiency of p"ant !as estimated as
*3.%*&. 7rom 8econd "a! point of vie!' the turbine remains as the maimum efficient
component !ith eergetic efficiency of ((.*%& and boi"er is the "east efficient
component !ith eergetic efficiency of $,.(,& !hereas the eergetic efficiencies of
feed !ater heaters and condenser are +$.13& and %0.3(& respective"y and "ies bet!een
the eergetic efficiencies of turbine and boi"er. The eergetic efficiency of the !ho"e
p"ant has been estimated as **.*1&.
7igure $.$ sho!s the 7irst "a! efficiency at fu"" and part "oad condition of 34). 7romenergy or the first "a! standpoint vie! the overa"" p"ant efficiency varies *3.%* at %%4)
to **.1& at 34). The component-!ise variation in the 7irst "a! efficiency is a"so
indicated in 7igure $.$. The efficiencies of boi"er' turbine' condenser and feed !ater
3,
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7igure $.$ 7irst "a! efficiency for subsystems and overa"" p"ant
*
3
(
+
1
1*
@oi"er Turbine Condenser 7eed )ater
HeatersP"ant
Efficiency /&2
%% 4)
3 4)
7igure $.3 Eergetic efficiencies for subsystem and p"ant
*
3
(
+
1
@oi"er Turbine Condenser 7eed )ater Heaters P"ant
Efficiency /&2
%% 4)
3 4)
3+
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7igure $.% Eergy destruction /&2 !ithin subsystems
*
3
(
+
1
@oi"er Turbine Condenser 7eed )aterHeaters
%% 4)
3 4)
Eergy destruction /&2
heaters drop to +*.+3' 0*.++' 3$.10 and ,%.*0& respective"y. The condenser operates !ith
"o!est efficiency at 34) as indicated in 7igure $.$. 7igure $.3 sho!s second "a! or
eergetic efficiency of subsystems and overa"" p"ant at rated fu"" "oad and part "oad
condition. The eergetic efficiency of p"ant at designed rated condition' !hich is **.1&
drops to 10.03& at part "oad of 34)' !hich is very "o!. This indicates that tremendous
opportunities are avai"ab"e for the improvement. Ho!ever' part of this irreversibi"ity
cannot be avoided due to physica"' techno"ogica" and economic constraints. The eergetic
efficiency for boi"er varies from $,.(, to $(.%&' for turbine' the efficiency is improved
to (+.*%& at 34)' for the condenser' the second "a! efficiency varies from %0.3(& at
fu"" "oad to 1%.%& at part "oad of 34) and for' feed !ater heaters and the eergetic
efficiency varies from +$.1*& at %%4) to ,%.+& at 34).
7igure $.% sho!s the eergy destruction in percentage /eergy destruction in a component
to the tota" eergy destruction in p"ant2 in subsystems of p"ant at %%4) and 34). This
figure sho!s that maimum eergy destruction taes p"ace in the boi"er and "east eergy
30
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destruction taes p"ace is feed !ater heaters at %% and34). The eergy destruction in
the boi"er increases from ,+.+$& to +.*&. It is observed that maimum eergy
destruction of tota" eergy destruction occurs !ithin the boi"er and destruction rate
increases at part "oad conditions. There are many sources of irreversibi"ity !ithin the
boi"er. The maor sources of eergy destruction first"y' is chemica" reaction in boi"er
combustion chamber !here chemica" reaction is the most significant source of eergy
destruction causing the incomp"ete combustion in a combustion chamber !hich is the
irreversib"e combustion itse"f. Primary source of destruction is that high potentia" fue" is
consumed in the spontaneous combustion. The eergy destruction at part "oad increases
due to improper heating of in"et combustion air. 8econd"y' the eergy destruction in the
combustion chamber a"so significant"y affected by ecess air and in"et temperature of air.
The efficiencies of combustion can significant"y increased by preheating the in"et
combustion air effective"y and contro""ing the air-fue" ratio effective"y. As discussed
ear"ier maimum eergy destruction occurs in the boi"er due to incomp"ete combustion'
ecess air' and poor performance of air pre-heaters and use of "o! grade fue" other than
designed fue". The temperature of air supp"ied to the boi"er at fu"" "oad is $3oC !here as
at 34) part "oads this temperature is $$oC. Third"y and "ast"y' the eergy destruction
a"so caused by the poor heat transfer from f"ue gas to steam !hich is the irreversib"e heat
transfer bet!een the hot combustion products and the f"uid in the boi"er tubes. The coa"
temperature at mi"" out"ets shou"d be in the range of (%-+ oC !here as actua" temperature
is in range of +3-+0oC at the a"" mi""s. A steep fa"" in the condenser efficiency may be
seen at part "oad condition because of the actua" high bac pressure and high termina"
temperature difference against designed va"ues. ;o!ering the condenser temperature'
conseuent"y' "o!ers cyc"e average temperature. Essentia" effect is that' the eergy "ost
through condenserMambient heat transfer decreases. Sua"ity and uantity of ra! !ater
supp"ied to coo"ing to!er is poor. Euiva"ent minera" acidity and G4
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in the course of heating the feed !ater. 7eed heating sho!n in 7igure 1 derives its
irreversibi"ity from t!o main sources' first' the miing of sub coo"ed "iuid !ith a
saturated miture of higher temperature' and' in the case of the "ater feed heating stages
and second' the miing of superheated steam !ith a saturated miture of "o!er
temperature. The thermodynamic data provided for of regenerative system !ere
insufficient for ca"cu"ation purpose. Ho!ever based on some assumed data' ca"cu"ation
for eergetic efficiency has been made. It is observed from the data that at part "oad' ;P1
is not in the service as there is no temperature gain in the heater. In turbine eergy
destruction drops from 1(., & to 13.%3& indicating that turbine performance improves
at part "oad condition from second "a! point of vie! !hereas in the condenser the eergy
destruction increases from $.1& to 3.*& and for the feed !ater heaters eergy
destruction increases from 1.3%& to *.%&.
According to 7irst ;a! ana"ysis turbine and feed !ater heaters are most efficient parts
!hereas the boi"er and condenser are eua""y efficient but comparative"y not efficient as
turbine. n comparing the 7igure $.$ and 7igure $.3' it is observed that boi"er
performance is not as good as from the eergetic efficiency point of vie! and same
conc"usion may be dra!n from other subsystems a"so. In this sense first "a! ana"ysis is
mis"eading. 8econd ;a! Ana"ysis serves to pinpoint the true po!er generation
inefficiencies occurring throughout the po!er p"ant.
3.7 CONCLUSIONS
In this !or an energy and eergy ana"ysis has been performed on a %%4) actua"
therma" po!er p"ant at 34) and %%4) output to find the "osses taing p"ace in the
p"ant. Eergy and percent of destruction a"ong !ith energetic and eergetic efficiencies
have been eva"uated. In the considered po!er cyc"e' maimum energy "oss !as found in
the condenser. 7eed !ater heaters and boi"er !ere the net. In the terms of eergy
destruction' it !as found that eergy destruction rate of boi"er is dominating over a"" other
irreversibi"ities in the p"ant.
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in the condenser and feed !ater heaters is very "o!. Ca"cu"ated eergetic efficiency of
p"ant is **.1& at %%4) !hich is very "o! as compared to modern po!er p"ants.
7ina""y eergy based ana"ysis provides a measure of approach to idea"ity or deviation
from idea"ity.
%*
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CHAPTER-3
EXERGOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF COAL FIRED
NON;REHEAT THERMAL POWER PLANT
6.1 INTRODUCTION
In chapter III of this thesis' the energy and eergy ana"ysis of coa" fired non-reheat
therma" po!er p"ant has been performed. Eergy ana"ysis usua""y predicts the
thermodynamic performance of an energy system F;o=ano 4 A et a". /100$2 and 8=argut
? et a". /10++2. 7urthermore' eergoeconomic ana"ysis combines the eergy ana"ysis and
economic princip"es' estimates the unit cost of products and uantifies monetary "osses
due to irreversibi"ity F@ean A et a". /100(2 and Gotas T ? /10+%2. At present' such
ana"ysis is in great demand because proper estimation of production cost is essentia" for
companies. Eergoeconomics that integrates the eergy and economics inc"udes the
determination of9
• the appropriate a""ocation of economic resources
• the economic feasibi"ity and profitabi"ity of a system
A"" techniues have the fo""o!ing common characteristics9
• they combine eergy and economic princip"es
• they recogni=e that eergy' not the energy ' is the commodity of the va"ue
in a system' and they conseuent"y assign the costs and Kor prices to
eergy re"ated variab"es
In present study' eergetic and thermoeconomic ana"ysis has been performed for %%4)
non reheat therma" po!er p"ant. In this ana"ysis' mass and energy conservation "a!s !ere
app"ied to each component. Suantitative ba"ance of eergies and eergetic costs for each
component and for !ho"e system !as considered carefu""y. The eergy- ba"ance and cost
ba"ance euation mentioned in @ean et a". /100(2 has been used in these ana"yses.
%$
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Ca"cu"ation resu"t sho!s that unit cost of e"ectricity increases !ith decrease in "oad. In
this !or certain eergy-re"ated variab"es a"so has been ca"cu"ated to study the various
components of po!er p"ant.
6.2 THE NON REHEAT THERMAL POWER PLANT
A schematic of a %%4) non reheat therma" po!er p"ant is sho!n in 7igure $.1 and
sho!s main !or and eergy f"o!s and state points !hich !e accounted in these
ana"yses. The system consist of a boi"er' "o! and high pressures steam turbines'
condenser and feed !ater heaters. The mass f"o! rate of steam to the turbine is ,*.**
gs-1 at %$oC and 0$.1, bar !hen p"ant operates at %%4). The temperature and pressure
of ehausted steam from ;P turbine is 3(oC and .0+ bars respective"y. )ater enters to
economi=er at 103oC raising its temperature from %*oC through feed !ater heaters. The
incoming air to air pre-heater has a temperature of *% oC and pressure 1.1$ bars. The
temperature of incoming air increases to $3oC by air pre-heaters. Temperature of f"ue
gases "eaving air pre-heaters is 1%oC.Tota" cost of coa" consumed by the p"ant is Rs
(*,.$$ mi""ion in a year and *00 mega units of e"ectricity have been generated. The unit
has been designed for a ca"orific va"ue of *$1 G?Kg !ith ash content of **& and a
vo"ati"e matter of $+&. Ho!ever during recent years the average ca"orific va"ue of fue" of
about 10$$, G?Kg !ith ash content of $.(%& and vo"ati"e matter of *%.,$& is beingsupp"ied but in the ca"cu"ation the va"ue :CO of *$+ G?Kg has been used.
6.3 FORMULATION OF EXERGO;ECONOMIC BALANCE
EUATION
A genera" eergy- ba"ance euation' app"icab"e to any component of a therma" system is
formu"ated in chapter $.1 and is as fo""o!s9
∑ ∑+=+e i
' i' 6' ' e E E * E .
'
.
'
..
'
/3.12
Assigning a unit eergy cost to every eergy stream' !e can !rite the cost ba"ance
euation corresponding to euation /3.12
%%
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...
''
.
'
.
2/2/ ' ' ii
i' 6' 6' ' w' e
e
e ( E c E c* c E c ++=+ ∑∑ /3.*2
!here c denotes the unit eergy cost and term
.
'
( inc"udes a"" financia" charges
associated !ith o!ning and operating the t$'
p"ant component. Euations /3.12 and
/3.*2 are t!o main euations used in this ana"ysis. This eergy costing is simi"ar to that
suggested by ;o=ano and Oa"ero /100$2. The productive structure of the system can be
obtained by app"ying Euation /3.*2 to each component.
The other eergoeconomic variab"es are re"ative cost difference ' r
and eergoeconomic
factor ' .
. .The re"ative cost difference is as in @ean et a". /100(2.
.
''
..
1
' P ' F
O)
'
C%
'
'
'
'
E c
( ( r
++
−=
ε
ε
/3.$2
!here ' F c ' cost per unit fue" eergy'
.C%
' ( 9 cost rate associated !ith capita" investment'
.O)
' ( 9 cost rate associated !ith operating and maintenance. This revea"s the rea" cost
associated !ith t$' component.
The eergoeconomic factor ' .
is as in the @ean et a". /100(2.
2/.
'
.
''
.
.
' 7' 3' F '
'
'
E E c (
(
.
++=
/3.32
The
.
' ( is tota" cost rate associated !ith t$'
component !hereas
..
and 7 3 E E represents the
eergy destruction rate and eergy "oss rate respective"y. The eergoeconomic factor
%,
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epresses as a ratio the contribution of the non-eergy-re"ated cost to tota" cost increase.
A "o! va"ue of the eergoeconomic factor ca"cu"ated for a maor component suggest that
cost saving in the entire system might be achieved by improving the component
efficiency even if the capita" investment for this component !i"" increase.
6.6 ECONOMIC ANALYISIS FOR THE POWER PLANT
COMPONENTS
The aim of economic ana"ysis in this thesis is to provide sufficient inputs to be used in the
eergoeconomic ana"ysis. These inputs are initia" investment or purchased euipment
cost' operation and maintenance cost and annua"i=ed cost for the p"ant components and
for !ho"e p"ant.
7o""o!ing steps has been app"ied in this ind of economic ana"ysis9
I. Purchased euipment cost shou"d be estimated and there are severa" !ays to
obtain purchased euipment costs of euipments. @est source is vender#s
uotations. ther !ays are cost estimates from past purchased orders' uotations
from eperienced professiona" cost estimates. Cost databases maintained by
companies. In this thesis' purchased euipment cost has been obtained from the
stoc register of cost database of po!er p"ants. A"" costs due to o!ning have been
taen from the stoc register and !ere purchased during year 10,( as "isted in
Tab"e 3.* in *nd co"umn.
II. ;eve"i=ed costs shou"d be ca"cu"ated as the costs of components vary significant"y
!ithin the economic "ife of the p"ant. In genera"' carrying charges decreases !hi"e
fue"' ra! materia" and D4 costs increase !ith increasing years of operation.
Therefore' "eve"i=ed annua" va"ues for a"" cost components shou"d be used to
simp"ify the eergoeconomic ana"ysis.
III. ;eve"i=ed annua" costs for a"" components shou"d be ca"cu"ated. In this thesis' the
annua"i=ed /"eve"i=ed2 cost method of 4oran /10+02 has been used.
The amorti=ation cost or present !orth for a particu"ar component may be !ritten as
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( )ni P*F C P* ni '−= /3.%2
C i' i.e. initia" capita" investments or purchased-euipment costs /PEC2 / #s.2 for the
components and has been taen from stoc register of the company. n and P*F denotes
the sa"vage va"ue and present !orth factor !hereas i and n denotes interest rate and
component "ife in years.
The present !orth of a component is converted to annua"i=ed cost by using the capita"
recovery factor C#F 8i, n9' i.e.
.
C / #s. : year 2 2'/6 niC#F P* /3.(2
ividing "eve"i=ed cost by +,( annua" operating hours' !e obtain the fo""o!ing capita"
cost for the t$'
component of the p"ant.
2+,(6$(K/..
' ' ' C ( φ = /3.,2
The maintenance cost can be taen into consideration through the factor(.1=
'
φ but in
the ca"cu"ation this va"ue has taen as unity for each p"ant component !hose epected "ife
is assumed to be *% years.
6.7 COST BALANCE EUATIONS FOR NON REHEAT THERMAL
POWER PLANT
The cost ba"ance euations for each component in the po!er p"ant' sho!n in 7igure $.1'
can be derived from the genera" cost-ba"ance euation given in Euation /3.*2. These cost
ba"ance euation may be so"ved for the cost per eergy unit of eiting steam !ith the
need of aui"iary re"ations. As a ru"e' n/1 aui"iary re"ations are reuired for the
component !ith n e&iting eergy streams F;o=ano 4.A et a" /100$2' @ean A et a" /100(2
and G!a H et a". /*$2.
(1
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3.%.1 @I;ER
The function of boi"er is to raise the temperature and pressure of feed !ater. The cost
ba"ance euation for boi"er is
3$
.
3$1
.
1
.
*0
.
*0.
..
3+ E c E c ( E c E c E c bbau&wCHE +=+++
/3.+2
c;
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3.%.* T>R@I
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.
1+1+
.
*0*0
...
*1*11(
.
1(
.
1$1$
.
11
.
,
.
,33 E c E c ( E c E c E c E c E c E c E c $trs$tau&w +=+++++++ /3.132
The $trs$tau& ( E
..
and denote aui"iary eergy to feed !ater heaters and the sum of charges
associated !ith feed !ater heater#s capita" investment and operating D maintenance
respective"y and aui"iary re"ations are
11+*11(1$1,3 cccccccc ======= /3.1%2
3.%.% OERA;; P)ER P;A
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for turbine unit is highest and "o!est for feed !ater heaters. The Tab"e 3.$ sho!s the
va"ues of eergy' cost rates associated !ith f"o!s and average unit costs of f"o!s for base
case design at %%4). These costs have been obtained by app"ying the cost euations
from /3.+2 to /3.1(2. The average unit cost va"ue of fue" /coa" on"y2' .0% Rs per 4?' has
been used in this ca"cu"ation. In this ana"ysis' the highest eergy unit cost !ith a va"ue of
.$0(0 Rs per 4ega ?ou"es is achieved at turbine-generator eit !here a"" eergy is
avai"ab"e at eit in e"ectrica" po!er' !hich is the most epensive product in the system. It
is a"so noted that cost per eergy unit is considerab"y higher for stream % and stream *0.
The monetary "osses associated !ith eergy "oss of stream 3$ and streams % are
,%%3.( Rs per hr and 0,1+*. Rs per hr respective"y. The cost of fina" product is
depends on the cost of input fue".
In Tab"e 3.3' thermoeconomic variab"es are summari=ed. These variab"es inc"ude average
costs per unit of fue" eergy F c ' product eergy P c ' cost rate f"o! rate of various streams
.
C ' investment and D4 cost rate.
( '..
( C 3 + /RsKhr2' re"ative cost difference BBr and
eergoeconomic factor BB . ' the boi"er and turbine have the highest va"ues of..
( C 3 + and
are' therefore most important components from the thermoeconomic vie!point. The "o!
va"ue of variab"e BB . for boi"er suggest that cost associated !ith boi"er is ec"usive"y due
to eergy destruction and cost saving might be achieved by improving the component
efficiency. n the other hand' the va"ue of BBr revea"s the rea" cost source associated
!ith any component. The high va"ue of BBr for the boi"er suggests that !hi"e optimi=ing
the component' this va"ue has to be minimi=ed instead of minimi=ing the cost per eergy
unit of the products for the component. Therefore the .1*& va"ue of BB . for boi"er
suggest to increase the eergetic efficiency' even if the capita" investment increases and
1(%.%,& va"ue or BBr suggest that this va"ue has to be reduced so that rea" cost
associated !ith boi"er decreases. Turning net' re"ative"y high va"ue of BB . for the steam
turbine suggests that capita" investment and D4 costs dominates but this va"ue of BB .
suggest that by reducing the eergy destruction' the eergetic efficiency of turbine can be
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improved further and cost saving in the system may be achieved by improving the
eergetic efficiency of component.
Tab"e 3.1 Pressure' temperature' mass f"o! rate and eergy f"o! rate at %% 4)
Tab"e 3.*Initia"
,1
P('# P%. T$5" F(
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investment costs' annua"i=ed costs and corresponding monetary f"o! rates of each
component in po!er p"ant
C(5"('$'# I'#!
I'-$#5$'#
+(#
A''*!$)
+(#
M('$#!%0
4( %!#$
@oi"er *1.0$1 *.31( *0*.$(
Turbine ,(.3+1 +.3*% 110.%(
Condenser 3.3+ .33( %$.0(
7eed !ater
heaters
.3+% .%$ (.3,
ther
euipments
1*+.1* 13.113 1,+.1%
P"ant *$1.3, *%.3%3 $+.%
Tab"e 3.$ Eergy' cost rates associated !ith f"o!s and unit costs of f"o!s at %% 4)
S#%$!5
N(.
.
E c
.
C
1 1%.0 .*%3$ 0(*0*.+
3 3.1+, .*%3$ $+$(.%*
, $.%*1 .*%3$ $**(.(1
1 1.%( .*%3$ 0(+.
1$ 1.3($ .*%3$ 1$3.%*
1( $.+0 .*%3$ $30.((+
1+ .*1( .*%3$ 10+.1
10 +.1% .*%3$ ,$33.$(
* .13+ .*%3$ 1$%.($
*1 .31* .*%3$ $,,.1,*
*0 11.,0, .$$(* 13*+.1*
C! %%. .$0(0 ,+%+(.*
3$ **.% .0% ,%%3.(
3+ *3,.(( .0% +3+%%.(
30 . . .
% ,.1+ .$,( 0,1+*.
%1 . . .
,$
C(5"('$'# U'# C(# (4
F*$ E$%/0
F c
U'# C(# (4
P%()*+#
E$%/0 P c
C(# 4(
R!#$ (4
S#%$!5
.
C
C(# (4
$$%/0
)$#%*+#('<
R@%>
3C .
.
(
..
( C 3 +
/&2r .
@oi"er .1(1 .*%3$ 001$%.,* %%30.3 *0*.$( %%,1.,( 1(%.%,
Turbine .*%3$ .$0(0 0(*0*.+ *%((3.+ 110.%( *((+3.$( %*.00
Condenser .*%3$ .$,( ,$33.$( 3(*0.0% %$.0( 3(+$.01 1+.+
7eed )ater
Heaters
.*%3% .$$(* 1$*$0.3, **$1.(+ (.3, **$+.1% *.*0
P"ant .0% .$0(0 +3+%%.( %$,0$%.+ $+.% %311%.+% $((.(3
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Tab"e 3.3 Oa"ues of PEC and thermoeconomic variab"es at %% 4)
,%
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7urther' the condenser and feed !ater heaters are net components having the "o! va"ue
of ..
( C 3 + . 7or condenser and feed !ater heaters these va"ues are 3(+$.01 and **$+.1% Rs
per hr respective"y' !hereas the va"ues of BB . are .,% and .%& respective"y. This
suggest that by improving the performance' cost saving might be achieved by improving
the eergetic efficiency of these components even if the cost of capita" investment
increases. The va"ue of BBr for the condenser !hich is 1+.+&' is considerab"y on higher
side' therefore condenser can be optimi=ed by reducing this va"ue. 7or the overa"" p"ant
the va"ue of eergoeconomic factor BB . is 3.3(&' !hich is "o! and suggest that in
overa"" p"ant eergy destruction dominates and therefore cost of eergy destruction and
therefore cost saving can be reduced by improving the eergetic efficiency of the p"ant'
even if the capita" investment increases. )hi"e optimi=ing po!er p"ant' the re"ative cost
difference BBr ' !hich is $((.(3&' has to be reduced instead of minimi=ing the cost per
eergy unit of the fina" product. The co"umns $ rd and 3th of Tab"e 3.3 sho! the cost per
unit eergy for fue" and products respective"y for the various components. The average
unit cost of fue" eergy for the feed !ater heaters is s"ight"y higher !ith a va"ue of .*%3%
Rs. per 4? than the turbine and condenser !hose va"ue is .*%3$ Rs per 4? for both
components. The average unit cost of fue" eergy for the boi"er is "o!est !ith a va"ue of .1(1 Rs per 4?.
Tab"e 3.% Ca"cu"ated production rates of e"ectricity' eergetic efficiency at various "oadconditions
L(!)
C(')#('
M! 4( %!#$
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7igure 3.1 Average unit cost of fue" eergy /Rs. per 4?2 for subsystems and p"ant
.%
.1
.1%
.*
.*%
.$
.$%
%% 4) 3 4)
@oi"er
Turbine
Condenser
7eed !ater heaters
P"ant
>nit cost of fue" eergy
/Rs. per 4?2
been "isted in this tab"e. :enera""y' unit cost of e"ectricity produced by coa" based non
reheat po!er p"ant increases at part "oad conditions because fu"" capita" ependitures are
uti"i=ed at part "oad conditions. At the fu"" "oad condition i.e. at %%4) the unit cost of
product at turbine generator eit is Rs .$0(0 per 4? and at 34) part "oad the unit cost
of product is Rs .3,($ per 4?. The average unit cost of product eergy for the boi"er'
turbine' condenser and feed !ater heaters are .*%3$' .$0(0 .$,( and .$$(* Rs per
4? respective"y at %%4). This cost is minimum for the boi"er and maimum for turbine
generator. The 7igure 3.1 compares the average unit cost of fue" eergy in Rs per 4? for
the subsystems and overa"" p"ant at %% and 34). >nit cost of fue" eergy for the feed
!ater heaters remains s"ight"y high at %% and 34) having the va"ues of .*%3% and
.$133 Rs per 4? respective"y !hi"e unit cost of fue" eergy for the turbines and
condensers are same at both the "oads !ith the va"ues of .*%3$ and .$13* Rs per 4?
respective"y. >nit cost of fue" eergy for boi"er is .1(1 and .1*+* Rs per 4? at %%4)
and 34) respective"y and is the "o!est among a"" components.
,,
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7igure 3.* Average unit cost of product eergy /RsK 4?2 for subsystems and p"ant
.*
.3
.(
.+
1
%%4) 3 4)
>nit cost of product eergy/Rs per 4?2
@oi"er Turbine
Condenser
7eed !ater heaters
P"ant
7igure 3.* compares the average unit cost of product eergy for subsystems and overa""
p"ant at %%4) and 34). It has been observed that unit cost of product eergy for the
boi"er has increased to .$13* Rs per 4? from .*%3$ Rs per 4? !hen p"ant operates at
part "oad of 34). Thus unit cost of product eergy is higher at part "oad because eergy
destruction at part "oads increases and more than that because at part "oad product cost
has to bear the fu"" capita" ependiture for its process. >nit cost of product eergy for
turbine' condenser' and feed !ater is .3,($' .$0(0 and .+$(+ Rs per 4? respective"y
at part "oad of 34). The cost of product eergy for a"" subsystems increases at part "oad
as discussed ear"ier. It is a"so observed that rea" cost associated for the product i.e.
difference of unit cost of product eergy and unit cost of fue" eergy increases at part
"oad as sho!n in 7igure 3.$. At %%4) this va"ue is highest for boi"er and minimum for
the condenser !ith va"ues of .13+* and .,0, Rs per 4? respective"y. 7or the turbine
and condenser rea" cost for the products eergy is .13*( and .1*1, Rs per 4?. 7rom
this ana"ysis boi"er and turbine are most critica" component and reuires the more
attention. At 34) rea" cost associated !ith the product eergy is highest for the feed
,+
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7igure 3.$ Rea" cost associated for products for subsystems and p"ants
.1
.*
.$
.3
.%
.(
%%4) 3 4)
Rs per 4?
@oi"er Turbine
Condenser
7eed !ater heaters
P"ant
!ater heaters !ith a va"ue of .%**3 Rs per 4? and reuires the more attention' !hereas
for the condenser' this va"ue is again "o!est !ith a va"ue of .+*, Rs per 4?. 7or the
other components boi"er and turbine at 34)' rea" cost is on higher side !ith the va"ue
of .1+( and .1(*1 Rs per 4? respective"y.
7igure 3.3 and 7igure 3.% sho!s the thermoeconomic variab"es !hich are re"ative cost
difference BBr and eergoeconomic factor BB . respective"y. Higher the va"ue of BBr in a
component' more attention is reuired for the component. At the fu"" "oad as !e"" as at
part "oad conditions boi"er and condenser is most critica" component. At part "oad of
34) the va"ue of BBr for boi"er increased to 1,3.$& from 1(%.%,& at %%4) and for
condenser this increases to111.1*& at 34) from 1+.+& at %%4). 7or the turbine this
va"ue drops to 3+& !hen p"ant operates at 34) and for the feed !ater heaters the va"e
of BBr becomes a"most doub"e !hen operates at 34). 7or the overa"" p"ant the va"ue of
BBr increased by 1(& !hen p"ant operates at 34).
,0
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7igure 3.3 Re"ative cost difference r /&2 for subsystems and p"ant
*
3
(
%% 4) 3 4)
r /&2
@oi"er Turbine
Condenser
7eed !ater heaters
P"ant
7igure 3.% Eergoeconomic factor f /&2 for subsystems and p"ant
1
*
$
3
%
(
%%4) 34)
@oi"er
Turbine
Condenser
7eed !ater heaters
P"ant
f /&2
The "o! va"ue of BB . "ess then 1 & for a"" components ecept for the turbine' as pointed
out ear"ier' suggests that cost associated !ith these components is ec"usive"y due to
eergy destruction and cost saving might be achieved by improving the component
efficiency.
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6.9 CONCLUSIONS
The eergoeconomic techniues presented here seems to be po!erfu" and systematic too"
for identifying a"" cost sources in any therma" system. An eergoeconomic ba"ance
app"ied to a process or !ho"e p"ant assesses the cost f"o! rates to the various f"o!s in the
system. This techniue a"so assesses the cost of consumed resources' money and system
irreversibi"ities in the terms of the overa"" production processes. Assessing the cost of the
f"o! streams and processes in a comp"e system he"ps to understand the process of cost
formation from input resources to the fina" products. @y using the eergoeconomicana"ysis in this thesis many conc"usions can be made. The unit cost of eergy product
increases from fu"" "oad condition to part "oad condition and unit cost of product eergy is
highest for feed !ater heaters at 34) !hereas the turbine unit cost of eergy is highest
at %%4). @oi"er is the main source of eergy destruction and therefore maimum cost of
eergy destruction goes to boi"er' ho!ever the average unit cost of fue" eergy is "o!est
for the boi"er. The maimum rea" cost associated for product goes to boi"er. The Rs
.$0(0 per 4? unit cost of the product eergy at turbine generator has been obtained at
%%4). These resu"ts are very c"ose to cost of e"ectricity estimated by company !hich is
.*$$$ Rs per 4? to .$++0 Rs per 4?. These costs are based on fied cost of the p"ant
on"y and D4 cost has not been considered. 7urther the re"ative cost difference and
eergoeconomic factor for the subsystems and for the !ho"e p"ant has been obtained at
%%4) D 34) and it !as observed that performance of the subsystems can be
improved by improving the eergetic efficiencies even if the capita" investment increases.
The ana"ysis sho!s that eergy and the eergoeconomic ana"ysis presented here can be
app"ied to any energy system systematica""y. If the correct information of initia"
investment' sa"vage va"ues and maintenance costs for each component can be supp"ied'
the unit cost of production can be estimated.
+1
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+(. Rosen 4. and incer I.' Eergy economic ana"ysis of po!er p"ants operating on
various fue"s' App"ied Therma" Engineering' *$' *$' (3$-(%+.
+,. Rosen 4. and incer I.' Eergy-cost-energy-mass ana"ysis of therma" systems
and processes' Energy Conversion and 4anagement' *$' 33' 1($$-1(%1.
++. Rosen 4. and incer I.' Thermoeconomic' Ana"ysis of po!er p"ants9 an
app"ication to a coa" fired e"ectrica" generating station' Energy Conversion and
4anagement' *$' 33' *,3$-*,(1.
+0. Rosen 4.A.' incer I. and Ganog"u 4.' Ro"e of eergy in increasing efficiency
and sustainab"e and reducing environmenta" impact' Energy Po"icy' *+' $('
1*+-1$,.
0. Rosen 4.' Eergy and economics9 Is Eergy profitab"eU Eergy' An Internationa"
?ourna". **5 *' *1+-**.
01. Rosen 4.' 8hou"d !e educate the pub"ic about eergyU Eergy' An Internationa"
?ourna"' **' *' *11-*1$.
0*. 8ahoo P.G.' Eergy economic ana"ysis and optimi=ation of a cogeneration system
using evo"utionary programming' App"ied Therma" Engineering' *+' *+' 1%+-
1%++.
0%
8/17/2019 Final Thesis Num
60/67
0$. 8a"a ?.' :on=a"e= ;.' Adana 4.' 4igue= ?.' Eguia ?. and 7"ores I.' Eergetic and
thermoeconomic study for a container-housed engine' App"ied Therma"
Engineering' *(' *(' 1+3-1+(.
03. 8ciubba E.' @eyond thermoeconomicsU The concept of etended eergy
accounting and its app"ication to the ana"ysis and design of therma" systems'
Eergy' An Internationa" ?ourna"' *1' *' (+-+3.
0%. 8ong T.' 8ohn ?.' Gim ?.' Gim T. and Ro 8.' Eergy based performance ana"ysis
of heavy duty gas turbine in part "oad operating conditions' Eergy' An
Internationa" ?ourna"' **' *' 1%-11*.
0(. 8ue . and Chuang C.' Engineering design and eergy ana"yses for combustion
gas turbine based po!er generation system' Energy' *3' *0' 11+$-1*%.
0,. 8=argut ?. and 4orris .' Cumu"ative eergy consumption. Energy Research
10+,5 11' *3%-(1.
0+. 8=argut ?.' 4orris .R. and 8te!ard 7.R.' Eergy ana"ysis of therma"' chemica"
and meta""urgica" processes' Hemisphere'
8/17/2019 Final Thesis Num
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1(. Tsatsaronis :.' Invited papers on eergy economics' Energy Int ?.' 1003' 10' *,0-
$+1.
1,. Tsatsaronis :.' Thermoeconomic ana"ysis and optimi=ation of energy systems'
Progressive Energy Comb.' 100$' 10' **,-*%,.
1+. Tsatsaronis :.' ;in ;. and Pisa ?.' Eergy costing in eergy economics' ?ourna" of
Energy Resources Techno"ogy' 100$' 11%' 0-1(.
10. Tsatsaronis :. and 4oran 4.?.' Eergy aided cost minimi=ation' Energy
Conversion and 4anagement' 100,' $+' 1%$%-1%3*.
11. Tsatsaronis :. and Par 4.H.' n avoidab"e and unavoidab"e eergy destructions
and investment costs in therma" systems' Energy Conversion and 4anagement'
**' 3$' 1*%0-1*,.
111. Tsatsaronis :. and Pisa ?.' Eergy economic estimation and optimi=ation of
energy systems5 app"ication to C:A4 prob"em' Energy' 1003' 10' *+,-$*1.
11*. Tsatsaronis :.' Ta!fi T.' ;in ;. and :a""aspy .T.' Eergetic comparison of t!o
GR) based I:CC po!er p"ants' ?ourna" of Engineering for :as turbine and
Po!er' 1003' 11(' *01-*00.
11$. Tsatsaronis :.' Ta!fi T.' ;in ;. and :a""aspy .T.' Eergetic comparison of t!o
GR) based I:CC po!er p"ants' ?ourna" of Engineering for :as turbine and
Po!er' 1003' 11(' $-$(.
113. Tsatsaronis :.' Recent deve"opments in eergy ana"ysis and eergy economics.
Internationa" ?ourna" of Eergy' *+' %' %-(.
11%. Tsatsaronis :. and )inho"d 4.' Eergy economic ana"ysis and estimation energy-
conversion p"ants-1. A ne! genera" methodo"ogy' Energy' 10+%' 1' (0-+.
11(. Oa"ero A. and Torres C.' n causa"ity in organi=ed energy systems9 II. 8ymbo"ic
eergy economics' >niversity of arago=a' 8pain.
11,. Oa"ero A.' ;erch 7.' 8erra ;. and Royo ?.' 8tructura" theory and thermoeconomic
diagnosis9 Part II' App"ication to actua" po!er p"ant' Energy Conversion and
4anagement' **' 3$' 1%10-1%$%.
11+. Oa"ero A. ;o=ano 4.A. and 8erra ;.' C:A4 prob"em9 efinition and
conventiona" so"ution' Energy' 10' 1003' *,0-*+(.
00
8/17/2019 Final Thesis Num
62/67
110. Oa"ero A. ;o=ano 4.A.' 8erra ;. and Torres C.' App"ication of the eergetic cost
theory to the C:A4 prob"em' Energy' 1003' 10' 0$0-0(.
1*. Oerda O.' 8erra ;. and Oa"ero A.' The effects of contro" system on
thermoeconomic diagnosis of po!er p"ants' *3' *0' $$1-$%0.
1*1. )a"" :.' Eergy f"o!s in industria" processes' Energy' 10++' 1$' 10,-*+.
1**. )a"" :. and :ong 4.' n eergy and sustainab"e deve"opment-Part19 Conditions
and concepts' Eergy Internationa" ?ourna"' *1' $' 1*+-13%.
1*$. Ories @. and
8/17/2019 Final Thesis Num
63/67
APPENDIX I
2./ plant power t$er-al re$eat nonbased Coal plant o5erall
and subsyste- plant .or e6uationse..iciencye&ergeticand ratendestructio E&ergy
−
8ubsystem Eergy destruction rate Eergy efficiency
@oi"er ...'
.
out in .uel o. e&ergyC$e-ical 1oil er 3 E E E E −+=.
..
'
.uel o. e&ergyC$e-ical
ininboiler %%
E
E E −=η
Turbine
Turbineout inTurbine 3 * E E E
....
'
.
−−=..
.
'
.
' 1
out in
Turbine 3
Turbine %%
E E
E
−−=η
Condenser out inCondenser 3 E E E ..
'
.
−=
out
inCondenser %%
E
E
.
.
' =η
7eed !ater
heaters
out in$eaterswater Feed 3 E E E ..
'
.
−=
.
.
'
.
' 1
in
$eaterswater Feed 3
$eaterswater Feed %%
E
E −=η
P"antco-ponents 4ll 3
Plant 3 E E '
.
'
.
∑= .uel o. e&ergyC$e-ical
out Net
Plant %%
E
* .
'
.
' =η
1$
8/17/2019 Final Thesis Num
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APPENDIX;II
Plant Turbine=asCycleOpen .or Plant and co-ponents
plant .or #ation 3estructio E&ergyand #aten 3estructio E&ergy E..iciency E&ergetic '
.
'
.
.
'
.
.
.
'
.
.
.
'
..
'
.
..
'
.
'
.
sup'
.
.
'
.
plant .uel
inco-pout co-p
co-p 3
inco-pout co-pco-p 3
co-p
inco-pout co-p
pco-p
co-p P
co-p
E
E E y
#ation 3estructio E&ergy
E E E
n 3estructio E&ergy
*
E E
E
E
E..iciency E&ergetic
CO)P#EO#
−=
−=
−==ε
pla nt .uel
out co-bin .uel inco-b
co-b 3
out co-bin .uel inco-bco-b 3
in .uel inco-b
out co-b
pco-b
co-b P
co-b
E
E E E y
#ation 3estructio E&ergy
E E E E
n 3estructio E&ergy
E E
E
E
E
E..iciency E&ergetic
CO)1"TO#
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
sup'
.
'
.
−+=
−+=
+==ε
(*
8/17/2019 Final Thesis Num
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plant .uel
net out turbinturb
turb 3
net out turbinturbturb 3
out turbinturb
net
pturb
turb P
turb
E
* E E y
#ation 3estructio E&ergy
* E E E
n 3estructio E&ergy
E E
*
E
E
E..iciency E&ergetic
T"#1%NE
'
.
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
.
sup'
.
'
.
−−=
−−=
−==ε
turb 3co-b 3co-p 3 plan t 3
plan t .uel
net
plan t
E E E E
n 3estructio E&ergy
E
*
E..iciency E&ergetic
P74NT
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
'
.
.
++=
=ε
(*
8/17/2019 Final Thesis Num
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APPENDIX;III
1*
1$
6
1*
6
1$
1
6
1
1
6
1
6
1$
6
1*
6
%
6
3
6
3
6
1
6
*
6
1*
6
*
6
1
cos
E
E
E
E
E E
E E
E E E E
E E E
E E E
plant power
turbine gascycleopen .or tse&ergetict$e g calculatin .or used E6uations
=
=
==
=−−−
=−+
=+−
(3
8/17/2019 Final Thesis Num
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APPENDIX;IV
plant power turbine gascycle
open .or PEC tse6uip-ent purc$ased t$e g calculatin .or E6uations 2/cos
Co-pressor 0.CWK/gKs2'1.,1
"n
1*11
1
*
1
*
1*
.
111
==
−=
C
p
p
p
p
C