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VIENNA
1/24
Final Storage Landfills: Key Element of Sustainable Waste Management
Vertederos de almacenamiento finales – elemento clavede todo sistema de gestion sostenible de los residuos
Paul H. BrunnerVienna University of Technology
VIENNA
2/24
Resources, cycles and flows to sinks
Resource WasteAnthropo‐sphereStock
Recycling
Environment
VIENNA
3/24
Development of resource extraction
Coal mining then …
VIENNA
4/24
Unlimited progress of technology
Thyssen Krupp Excavator 288
… and now
VIENNA
5/24
“Input equals output”
300
200
150
350
250
020406080100120140160 20
CO2[ppm
]
CO2
todayx 1000 years before today
+ 75 %
500
020406080100120140160 20
1.000
1.500
CH4 [ppb
]
todayx 1000 years before today
CH4 + 300 %
input240.000 t/day
output240.000 t/dayAnthropo‐
sphereStock +/‐0
VIENNA
6/24
Consequences of resource extraction at the “back end”
Muir and Riggs Glaciers
VIENNA
7/24
CO2 not the only example: CFCs et al.
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/0/926/ozone_oct_sep_avg2000.jpg
VIENNA
8/24
„Planet earth“ as a limited sink
nach A. Nieman ergänzt durch G. Döberl
Atmosphere 4.200 [Mio. km³]
Pedosphere 0,3 [Mio. km³]
Hydrosphere 1.400 [Mio. km³]
.
VIENNA
9/24
Global produ
ction 19
50 ‐20
10
Financial crisis of 2008
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Concrete 1,5‐>30x109 t/y
20x
Automobiles 7‐>70x106 10x
30x
20x
10x
Ammonia 7‐>200x106 t/y 30x
Fast growing global material flows
4x
Chlorinated paraffins20‐>600x103t/y
Cadmium 5‐>20x103t/y
VIENNA
10/24
Substance flows to sinks are invisible (Cu)
copperVineyards and railway
VIENNA
11/24
Time [y]Cu in
ballast re
cycling residu
e [m
g/kg]
Landfill ordinance
geogenic Cu
Recycling material
Quality criteria:
0 10 20
III
Xtotal Cu in ballast residue
Ballast as a “sink” for Cu from railroads
2010
VIENNA
12/24
Investigating into Cu metabolism
VIENNA
13/24
+1.9 kg/y+1.8 kg/y
MFA for railway derived Cu
VIENNA
14/24
catenarywire
‐9.6 kg/km.year
~ 80 % of Cu flow uncontrolled into the environment
10.0
5.0
0.0
‐5.0
‐10.0
Losses to environ‐ment and possibly
others
+9,7 kg/km.year
~ 20 % of Cu flow to recycling and landfilling
trackballast
+2.6 kg/km.year
Chan
ge in
cop
per stocks [kg/km
. year]
‐2.7 kg/km.year
rolling stockcomponents
From sources to sinks – the full picture
VIENNA
15/24
Just a railway issue? Cf. urban surfaces…
where is the zinc?
VIENNA
16/24
Global Zinc flows to sinks
VIENNA
17/24
From inorganic to organic substances
recycling
Eol vehicles 0.6 t/y
stock 76 t (‐ 3.2)stock ?? (+ 2.6)
X
XX
plastics in c&dwastes 2,6 t/y
key controlprocess
consumption waste management X
Vyzinkarova et al, 2013
export
City of Vienna, 2010
pBDE
VIENNA
18/24
resource management waste management
The need for sinks and final sinks
ANTH
ROPO
SPHER
EEN
VIRO
NMEN
T
landfill
waste transformation
underground fill
residu
e
emissions emissionsemissions
air
soil water
ENVIRONMENTAL SINKS
ANTHROPOGENIC SINKSrecyclingflows
off‐flowscollection
&recycling
resources
production and utilization phase
final sinkIntermediate sink
VIENNA
19/24
Incineration: perfect sink for organics
Source: SGP‐VA
Off‐gas
Waste Water
Filter Cake
Scrap Metal
Bottom Ash
Filter‐Ash
Boiler Ash
WaterAlkaline Process WaterAcidic Process Water
H 2O
MSW
FURNACE BOILER ESP FLUE GAS CLEANING
ESP ... electrostatic precipitator
DENOX
WASTE WATERTREATMENT
VIENNA
20/24
Resource recovery from WTE‐bottom ash
Center for Sustainable Waste Recovery and Resource Use
VIENNA
21/24
Recovery of NF‐metals from separated ash
Recovery-Efficiency
1st generation 62 %2nd generation 95 %3rd generation >98 %
Center for Sustainable Waste Recovery and Resource UseSource:
Metal Concentration[g/100g]
Aluminum 70Copper 15Silver 0.06Gold 0.003Palladium 0.001
Recovery-Efficiency
62 %
VIENNA
22/24
The landfill: a “Final Sink” for wastes?
Organic waste (MBT) landfill Bottom ash landfill Filter ash landfill
CH4 CO2H2
TOC NH4 Cl etc.SO4 Cl etc.
emissions of leachate, gas, TOC and N
large small
VIENNA
23/24
“Reactor” versus “Final Storage” landfill
Reactor landfill Final Storage landfill
3
1
2
Barriers1st: Treated (mineralized) waste ‐> After care free!!!2nd: Top and bottom landfill liners to keep out water and for control3rd: Geogenic barrier (“natural attenuation”)
VIENNA
24/24
Conclusions
1. Sinks as ultimate resource?2. Zero waste is not feasible!3. New role and priorities for waste management:
‐> „clean“ cycles and „safe final sinks“4. “Design for sinks” as a new objective of WM5. WM must signal sink constraints!6. WM must supply sinks: incineration and landfills7. New knowledge base for planning:
‐> “Metabolism of the anthroposphere”!
VIENNA
25/24
Recycling is not …
….is the final sink