Final Steel Essentials Aug09

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SteelEssentialsYour pocket-sized guide to valuable advice

and useful references for building with steel



Contents Introduction

The topics covered in this guide are:

1. Health & Safety2. Economics & Programme

3. Sustainability

4. Structural Design

5. Connections

6. Fire Protection & Engineering7. Acoustic Performance

8. Corrosion Protection

9. Product Information

10. Codes & Standards11. Fabrication & Erection

12. Project Specications

The Steel Essentials guideprovides helpful advice and usefulreference across a number of steelconstruction topics. This pocket-sized guide is complemented bya website, which includes links toreference works as well as sourcesof further information.

www.steelessentials.info

Care has been taken to ensure that the contents o thispublication are accurate, but Corus and BCSA do not acceptresponsibility or liability or errors or inormation that is oundto be misleading.



1. Health & Saety 2. Economics & Programme

The constructional steelwork industry hasworked with the Health & Safety Executive(HSE) to deliver improvements in safetypractices and systems. This has resultedin signicant reduction in fatal and seriousinjuries while, at the same time maintainingthe production and quality targets needed toachieve an efcient and valuable service.

Constructional steelwork is prefabricatedaway from the project site providing a highdegree of accuracy and enabling signicantuse of mechanical processes. This alsoreduces the number of people needed on siteand the transport requirements for deliveries.

The steelwork requirements for a projectusually develop in three stages: scheme design,structural frame design, and detail design. Thecost plan develops from budget/guide pricethrough tender/contract to nal account inthree parallel stages. Often, quantity surveyors,general contractors and steelwork contractorswill use the overall tonnage of steel in thestructure as the basis for estimates and bills ofquantities. There are dangers in this approach ifthe structure is unusual, but databases of tenderprices linked to types of work are published.Similarly regularly published surveys of steelworkcontractors give guidance on programme.

Programme periods include two elements: offsite lead-in needed to procure steel, producedetails and fabricate the steel components; andthe on-site period for erection.

Inormation sources:

1. Steel the sae solution, Corus Construction & Industrial, 20042. Steel Buildings, Chapter 20, The British Constructional Steelwork

Association Ltd., 20033. Steel Industry Guidance Notes (SIGNs), Health and Saety on Site, Corus,

BCSA, SCI, 20064. Sae Site Handover Certicate, The British Constructional Steelwork

Association Ltd., 20055. Health and Saety on Site, The British Constructional Steelwork

Association Ltd., 2000

Inormation sources:

1. Steel Buildings, Chapters 1 & 19, The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd., 2003

2. Facts o Living, Comparing the cost o steel and concrete raming optionsor multi-storey residential buildings, Corus, 2004

3. Comparative Structure Cost o Modern Commercial Buildings, (2nd edition),The Steel Construction Institute, 2004

4. Design or Manuacture Guidelines, The Steel Construction Institute, 19955. Design or Construction, The Steel Construction Institute, 1997



3. Sustainability 4. Structural Design

Steel construction delivers quick, exible,adaptable, low waste, off-site, dust free andefcient construction, which regularly receivesthe highest BREEAM ratings. This is consistentwith the Government’s sustainable developmentstrategy of a construction industry that candeliver economic buildings, which can enhanceour quality of life while reducing the burdens onthe resources available to us.

Steel can be recycled or re-used repeatedlywithout ever degrading its quality. It is the mostrecycled of all construction materials. Worldwide,over 90% of scrap that becomes available iscaptured and UK studies indicate that up to 99%of steel sections are either recycled or re-used.

Sustainability is built into steel all alongthe supply chain, from an environmentallyresponsible approach to the sourcing ofmaterials, through manufacturing processesthat are based on a culture of continuous

improvement, to the production of steelconstruction products that are modern andefcient.

Three simple design steps to an efcient,economic steel frame:

Keep it light. Most structural design starts withassessing the loads to which the member/ structure will be subject. Dead loads are afunction of the materials and nishes used, andimposed loads relate to the occupancy class.Take advantage of legitimate imposed loadreductions, based on area supported, for beams,and number of storeys supported for columns.

Keep it simple. With the exception of singlestorey portal frames, a braced frame approachis often the best and most economic solution.Member design is simple and straightforward,connections are easy to design and fabricate,and erection uses well-established safeprocedures.

Keep it tight. For members that repeat, not onlyis it important to get it right, it’s also got to be

tight to maximise economy. Designs shouldutilise at least 90% of the members’ capacity.

Inormation sources:

1. Sustainable Steel Construction, Corus Construction & Industrial, 20072. The Right Direction, Corus Construction & Industrial, 20083. The Bigger Picture, Corus Construction & Industrial, 20084. www.corusconstruction.com5. www.sustainablesteel.co.uk6. www.targetzero.ino

Inormation sources:

1. Steel Designers’ Manual (6th Edition),The Steel Construction Institute,2003

2. Steelwork Design Guide to BS 5950-1:2000 - Volume 2: WorkedExamples, The Steel Construction Institute, 2003

3. Advance sections - Interactive Blue Book, The Steel ConstructionInstitute, 2008

4. Design or Manuacture Guidelines,The Steel Construction Institute, 19955. Design or Construction, The Steel Construction Institute, 1997



5. Connections 6. Fire Protection &

EngineeringThe design and detailing of connections is akey issue for steel buildings. They are vital tothe overall integrity of a steel frame and caninuence between 40% and 60% of the framecosts. A range of standardised economicconnections is available, and it is good practiceto use these where possible.

For design, connections may be consideredas either pinned (simple), xed (moment) orsemi rigid, and they can be made using boltswelds or a combination of both. Typically,bolted connections are used on site and weldedconnections used in the fabrication shop.

The UK has a highly competitive and efcient reprotection industry that has created a market formaterials for re protection of steel structuresdominated by high volume, low margin supply.

For high-rise and complex buildings requiringlong periods of re resistance, the UK isfortunate to be home to many of the mostinnovative re engineering specialists inthe world.

They take advantage of the extensive researchcarried out on steel framed buildings to offerbespoke building solutions for re which can becreated at a cost much less than that incurred byfollowing prescriptive advice.

Inormation sources:

1. Joints in steel construction: Simple connections, The Steel ConstructionInstitute and The BCSA, 2005

2. Joints in steel construction: Moment connections, The Steel ConstructionInstitute and The BCSA, 1997

3. Steel Details, The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd., 20054. Steel Designers’ Manual (6th Edition), Section 5, The Steel Construction

Institute, 20035. Steel Buildings, Chapter 5, The British Constructional Steelwork

Association Ltd., 20036. Interaces: Connections between steel and other materials, The Steel

Construction Institute, 19967. Castings in construction, The Steel Construction Institute, 1996

Inormation sources:

1. Fire Resistance o Steel Framed Buildings, Corus Construction& Industrial, 2006

2. Fire Protection o Structural Steel in Buildings, Association or SpecialistFire Protection, 2007

3. Guide to the Advanced Fire Saety Engineering o Structures, Institutiono Structural Engineers, 2007

4. Approved Document B, Department o Communities &Local Government, 2007

5. The one stop shop or inormation on materials in re, Universityo Manchester www.structuralresaety.org



7. Acoustic Perormance 8. Corrosion Protection

The acoustic requirements of residentialbuildings are given in national buildingregulations (e.g. Part E). Associated guidancedocuments (e.g. Approved Document E)provide guidance on how the regulations maybe satised and set acoustic performancestandards for separating and internal wallsand oors.

The acoustic performance of a building willdepend not only on the materials involvedbut also the interface details and quality ofworkmanship as gaps or loss of insulation willseverely impair sound insulation. Compliancewith the regulations can be demonstrated byeither on-site testing or by the adoption of robustdetails that have been shown to satisfy therequirements by rigorous testing.

Steel construction is widely used in residentialdevelopments, and a range of proven acousticsolutions are available that exceed the

requirements of the building regulations.

Durability is an important issue to consider whendesigning and detailing steel structures. Variousprotection systems are currently available, andcoating technology is advancing at a rapidpace. Consequently, cost effective corrosionprotection of structural steelwork should presentlittle difculty for common applications andenvironments if the factors that affect durabilityare recognised at the outset.

The key to success lies in recognising thecorrosivity of the environment to which thestructure will be exposed, in dening clearand appropriate coating specications, and inensuring the correct application of coatings bytrained operatives.

Inormation sources:

1. Acoustic Detailing or Steel Construction, The Steel ConstructionInstitute, 2008

2. Robust Details Handbook, Robust Details Limited, 20083. Steel Details, Chapter 10, The British Constructional Steelwork

Association Ltd., 2005

Inormation sources:

1. A Corrosion Protection Guide, Corus Construction& Industrial, 2004

2. Corrosion Protection o Steel Bridges, Corus Construction &Industrial, 2005

3. Steel Designers’ Manual (6th Edition) Chapter 35, The Steel ConstructionInstitute, 2003

4. Steel Bridge Group: Guidance notes on best practice in steel bridgeconstruction (Issue 4) – Section 8, The Steel Construction Institute, 2006

5. Weathering Steel Bridges, Corus Construction& Industrial, 2005



9. Product Inormation 10. Codes & Standards

All construction materials used in the UK,including fabrications, must comply with the EUConstruction Products Directive (CPD 89/106/ EEC). Corus offers a wide range of CE marked(CPD compliant) structural products including:

• Advance® sections (beams, columns,channels, angles etc.)

• Plates• Celsius® structural hollow sections• Composite oor decks

Corus has also actively developed a range ofsystems offering advantages to constructionclients including:

• Slimdek® shallow depth integratedoor system

• Corefast modular lift/stair core system

In the UK structural safety is controlled througha range of European and national regulations.Most of these regulations contain no informationon structural design and instead reference ismade to codes and standards, most of which arepublished by the British Standards Institute.

British Standards for structural design (eg BS5950-1) will be withdrawn in March 2010, andEuropean Standards called the Eurocodes (egBS EN1993-1-1) will begin to be introduced.However, British Standards can continue to beused after March 2010.

Inormation sources:

1. Advance® sections, Corus Construction & Industrial, 20072. Celsius® structural hollow sections, Corus Tubes, 20063. Composite foor decks, Corus Panels and Proles, 20074. Slimdek® Manual, Corus Construction & Industrial, 20085. Corus Advance® sections - Interactive Blue Book, The Steel

Construction Institute, 2008

Inormation sources:

1. Approved Document A – Structure, (2004 edition), The Oce o theDeputy Prime Minster (now the DCLG)

2. BS 5950: Structural use o steelwork in building - Part 1: Code opractice or design. Rolled and welded sections, 2000. - Part 3: Designin composite construction. Section 3.1: Code o practice or design osimple and continuous composite beams, 1990

3. BS EN 1993: 2005 Eurocode 3 Design o steel structures- Part 1.1 General rules and rules or buildings- Part 1.2 General rules. Structural re design- Part 1.8 Design o joints

4. www.eurocodes.co.uk5. www.access-steel.com6. www.steel-ncci.co.uk



11. Fabrication & Erection 12. Project Specifcations

Most of the work needed to produce a steelstructure for a building is undertaken offsite inthe steelwork contractor’s fabrication factory.There the steel sections and plates from therolling mills are cut, drilled and welded to makethe steel components that are then delivered tothe project site.

The fabrication process is controlled using acomputer model of the structure that generateselectronic data for automatic machines anddetailed fabrication drawings for assembly andwelding. At the site the steelwork contractoruses cranes and access equipment to undertakethe erection of these fabricated beams, columns,bracings etc. The structure has to be plumbed,lined and levelled to meet the specicationbefore the frame is ready for handover to thegeneral contractor.

A project specication is an essential part ofthe design, and states how the work should beexecuted to ensure that it meets the designer’sassumptions. Each project generally requires itsown project specication. In the simplest termsthis might be an engineer’s drawing with thespecication written as notes on the drawing. Onmore complex projects the project specicationis usually issued as a separate contractdocument.

The project specication should ideally conformto well-recognised ‘standard’ specications, e.g.the National Structural Steelwork Specicationfor Building Construction (NSSS) and theModel Project Specication for the Executionof Steelwork in Bridge Structures. These havebeen developed by industry to reect bestpractice, and their use will reduce uncertaintyand minimise cost.

Inormation sources:

1. National Structural Steelwork Specication or Building Construction (5thEdition), The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd. andThe SCI, 2007

2. Commentary on the NSSS or Building Construction, (4th Edition), TheBritish Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd. and The SCI, 2003

3. Steel Buildings, Chapters 11 & 14, The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd., 2003

4. Steel Details, Chapter 6, The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd., 2005

Inormation sources:

1. National Structural Steelwork Specication or Building Construction (5thEdition), The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd. andThe SCI, 2007

2. Commentary on the NSSS or Building Construction, (4th Edition), TheBritish Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd. and The SCI, 2003

3. Model Project Specication or the Execution o Steelwork in BridgeStructures, The Steel Construction Institute, 2008

4. Steel Buildings, Chapter 15, The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd., 2003



Steel Essentials - Further inormation and guidance

1. Health & Saety 4. Structural Design

2. Economics & Programme 5. Connections

3. Sustainability 6. Fire Protection & Engineering

1. The British Constructional Steelwork Association LtdT. +44 (0) 207 839 8566 www.steelconstruction.org

2. The Steel Construction Institute,T. +44 (0) 1344 636 525 www.steel-sci.org

3. Corus Construction Services & Development,T. +44 (0) 1724 405 060 www.corusconstruction.com4. The Metal Cladding and Roong Manufacturers

Association, T. +44 (0) 151 652 3846 www.mcrma.co.uk5. The Advisory Committee for Roofwork

www.roofworkadvice.info

1. Corus Construction Services & Development,T. +44 (0) 1724 405 060 www.corusconstruction.com

2. The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd.,T. +44 (0) 207 839 8566 www.steelconstruction.org

3. BCSA’s Member Companies are also available for adviceand may be approached directly using the contactdetails on the BCSA website


2. Steel Construction Sustainability Charter,T. +44 (0) 20 7839 8566 www.steelconstruction.org

3. Building Research EstablishmentT. +44 (0) 1923 664 000 www.bre.co.uk


2. The Steel Construction Institute (SCI),T. +44 (0) 1344 636 525 www.steel-sci.org





2. Association for Specialist Fire Protection,T. +44 (0) 1252 357 832 www.asfp.org.uk



7. Acoustic Perormance 10. Codes & Standards

8. Corrosion Protection 11. Fabrication & Erection

9. Product Inormation 12. Project Specifcations



3. Robust Details Limited,T. +44 (0) 870 240 8210 www.robustdetails.com


2. The Galvanizers Association,T. +44 (0) 121 355 8838 www.hdg.org.uk

3. Thermal Spraying & Surface Engineering Association,T. +44 (0) 870 760 5203 www.tssea.co.uk

4. The Paint Research Association,T. +44 (0) 208 4870 800 www.pra-world.com

5. The Institute of Corrosion, T. +44 (0) 1525 851 771www.icorr.org








2. BCSA’s Member Companies are also available for adviceand may be approached directly using the contact

details on the BCSA website






Corus and BCSA care about the environment –

this brochure is printed with biodegradable

vegetable inks and using material with at least

50% recycled content.

Corus

PO Box 1

Brigg Road

Scunthorpe

North Lincolnshire

DN16 1BP

The British Constructional

Steelwork Association Ltd

4 Whitehall Court

Westminster

London

SW1A 2ES

www.steelessentials.info

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Final Steel Essentials Aug09