Final Report On virtualization

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Seminar Report

Titled

Virtualization and Hypervisors

Submitted

BY

Mr. Mukesh Buradkar (135)

Under the guidance ofMr. Sagar Badhiye

October, 2013-2014

Department of Computer TechnologyYESHWANTRAO CHAVAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Nagpur

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur

University)


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YESHWANTRAO CHAVAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGNAGPUR(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur

University)Department of Computer Technology(2012-13)

CertificateThis is to certify that the Seminar Report titled User Activity Monitoring issubmitted towards the partial fulfillment of requirement of seminar course inV Semester, B.E.(Computer Technology), degree awarded by RashtrasantTukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur.Submitted by:Mr.MukeshBuradkar(135)is approved.

Project Guide

Mr. Sagar Badhiye

Project Coordinator(s)Mrs. Prarthana Deshkar

Head, Department of Computer TechnologyMr. A. R. Bhagat Patil

Date:

Place: Nagpur.


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Abstract

Virtualization as a concept is not new; computational environment virtualization

has been around since the first mainframe system. But recently , the term virtualization

has become ubiquitous, representing any type of process obfuscation where a process is

somehow removed from its physical operating environment. Because of this ambiguity,

virtualization can almost be applied to any and all parts of an IT infrastructure. For

example, mobile device emulators are a form of virtualization because the hardware

platform normally required to run the mobile operating system has been emulated,

removing the OS binding from the hardware it was written for. But this is just one

example of one type of virtualization; there are many definitions of the term

virtualization floating around in the current lexicon, and all (or at least most) of them

are correct ,which can be quite confusing.

This seminar focuses on virtualization as it pertains to the data center before

considering any type of data center virtualization, its important to define what the

technology or category of service youre trying to virtualize.

Generally speaking, virtualization falls into three categories: Operating System, Storage,

and Applications. But these categories are very broad and dont adequately delineate

the key aspects of data center virtualization.


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Table of Contents

Title Page No.

1.0 Introduction.. 42.0 Background Knowledge.. 5

2.0.1 challenges

2.0.2 Present Day Scenario

3.0 Everything To Know About Virtualization

3.1 What is virtualization

3.2 How Does Virtualization Work?

3.3 Virtual Infrastructure

3.3.1 Virtual Infrastructure Benefits

3.4 Why Virtualization: A List of Reasons

4.0 Classification of Virtualization

4.1 Virtual machine

4.1.1 Virtual Machine Concept

4.1.1.1 System virtual machines

4.1.1.2 Process virtual machines

4.1.2 Techniques

4.1.2.1 Emulation of the underlying raw hardware

4.1.2.2 Emulation of a non-native system

4.2 Hypervisor

4.2.1 Type 1 Hypervisor

4.2.2 Type 2 Hypervisors

4.2.3 Are Type-1 Hypervisors better in performance than Type-2

5.0 Advantages and Limitations

5.0.1 Advantages

5.0.2 Limitations

6.0 Applications of Virtualization

7.0 Future Scope

8.0 Conclusion

References


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List of Figures

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

1. Virtual Machine

2. Virtual Infrastructure

3. Connectix Virtual PC version 3 in Mac OS 9,

Running a windows 95

4. VMware Workstation running Ubuntu, on Windows

Vista

5. Type 1 Hypervisor

6. Type 2 Hypervisor


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1.0 Introduction

Virtualization is a proven software technology that is rapidly transforming the IT

landscape and fundamentally changing the way that people compute. Todays powerful

x86 computer hardware was designed to run a single operating system and a single

application. This leaves most machines vastly underutilized. Virtualization lets you run

multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine, sharing the resources of that

single computer across multiple environments. Different virtual machines can run

different operating systems and multiple applications on the same physical computer.

Virtualization is a framework or methodology of dividing the resources of a

computer into multiple execution environments, by applying one or more concepts or

technologies such as hardware and software partitioning, time-sharing, partial or complete

machine simulation, emulation, quality of service, and many others.

Virtualization is technology for supporting execution of computer program code,

from applications to entire operating systems, in a software-controlled environment. Such

a Virtual Machine (VM) environment abstracts available system resources (memory,

storage, CPU core(s), I/O, etc.) and presents them in a regular fashion, such that guest

software cannot distinguish VM-based execution from running on bare physical

hardware.

Fig (1): Virtual Machine


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2.0 Background Knowledge

Virtualization is a proven concept that was first developed in the 1960s by IBM as a

way to logically partition large, mainframe hardware into separate virtual machines.

These partitions allowed mainframes to "multitask"; run multiple applications and

processes at the same time.

Virtualization was effectively abandoned during the 1980s and 1990s when client-

server applications and inexpensive x86 servers and desktops established the model of

distributed computing. The growth in x86 server and desktop deployments has introduced

new IT infrastructure and operational challenges

2.0.1 Challenges

Low Infrastructure Utilization - Typical x86 server deployments achieve an averageutilization of only 10% to 15% of total capacity. Organizations typically run one

application per server to avoid the risk of vulnerabilities in one application affecting the

availability of another application on the same server.

Increasing Physical Infrastructure Costs - The operational costs to support growingphysical infrastructure have steadily increased. Most computing infrastructure must

remain operational at all times, resulting in power consumption, cooling and facilities

costs that do not vary with utilization levels.

Increasing IT Management Costs - As computing environments become more complex,the level of specialized education and experience required for infrastructure management

personnel and the associated costs of such personnel have increased. Organizations spend

disproportionate time and resources on manual tasks associated with server maintenance,

and thus require more personnel to complete these tasks.

Insufficient Failover and Disaster Protection - Organizations are increasingly affected

by the downtime of critical server applications and inaccessibility of critical end user


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desktops. The threat of security attacks, natural disasters, health pandemics and terrorism

has elevated the importance of business continuity planning for both desktops and

servers.

High Maintenance end-user desktops - Managing and securing enterprise desktops

present numerous challenges. Controlling a distributed desktop environment and

enforcing management, access and security policies without impairing users' ability to

work effectively is complex and expensive.

2.0.2 Present Day Scenario

Today, computers based on x86 architecture are faced with the same problems of

rigidity and underutilization that mainframes faced in the 1960s.

Today's powerful x86 computer hardware was originally designed to run only a

single operating system and a single application, but virtualization breaks that bond,

making it possible to run multiple operating systems and multiple applications on the

same computer at the same time, increasing the utilization and flexibility of hardware.


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3.0 Everything To Know About Virtualization

3.1 What is Virtualization?

Virtualization is the process of mapping the resources and interfaces of a virtual

resource into the resources and interfaces of a host machine.

Issues in virtualization Complexity Correctnessincludes reliability, security

Performance (overhead of the mapping)

Virtualization commonly refers to native virtualization, where the VM platform and the

guest software target the same microprocessor instruction set and comparable system

architectures. Virtualization can also involve execution of guest software cross-compiled

for a different instruction set or CPU architecture; such emulation or simulation

environments help developers bring up new processors and cross-debug embedded

hardware.

A virtual machine provides a software environment that allows software to run on

bare hardware. This environment is created by a virtual-machine monitor, also known as

a hypervisor. A virtual machine is an efficient, isolated duplicate of the real machine. The

hypervisor presents an interface that looks like hardware to the guest operating system.

It allows multiple operating system instances to run concurrently on a single computer; it

is a means of separating hardware from a single operating system. it can control the

guests use of CPU, memory, and storage, even allowing a guest OS to migrate from one

machine to another.

It is also a method of partitioning one physical server computer into multiple

virtual servers, giving each the appearance and capabilities of running on its own


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dedicated machine. Each virtual server functions as a full-fledged server and can be

independently rebooted.

3.2 How Does Virtualization Work?

Virtualization platform transform or virtualize the hardware resources of an

x86-based computerincluding the CPU, RAM, hard disk and network controllerto

create a fully functional virtual machine that can run its own operating system and

applications just like a real computer. Each virtual machine contains a complete system,

eliminating potential conflicts. Virtualization works by inserting a thin layer of software

directly on the computer hardware or on a host operating system. This contains a virtual

machine monitor or hypervisor that allocates hardware resources dynamically and

transparently. Multiple operating systems run concurrently on a single physical computer

and share hardware resources with each other. By encapsulating an entire machine,

including CPU, memory, operating system, and network devices, a virtual machine is

completely compatible with all standard x86 operating systems, applications, and device

drivers. You can safely run several operating systems and applications at the same time

on a single computer, with each having access to the resources it needs when it needs

them.

3.3 Virtual Infrastructure

A virtual infrastructure lets you share your physical resources of multiple

machines across your entire infrastructure. A virtual machine lets you share the resources

of a single physical computer across multiple virtual machines for maximum efficiency.

Resources are shared across multiple virtual machines and applications. This resource

optimization drives greater flexibility in the organization and results in lower capital and

operational costs.


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Fig(2): Virtual Infrastructure

A virtual infrastructure consists of the following components:

Bare-metal hypervisors to enable full virtualization of each x86 computer. Virtual infrastructure services such as resource management and consolidated

backup to optimize available resources among virtual machines

3.3.1 Virtual Infrastructure Benefits

Delivering builtin availability, security and scalability to applications. It supports a

wide range of operating system and application environments, as well as networking and

storage infrastructure.

3.4 Why Virtualization: A List of Reasons

Following are some reasons for and benefits of virtualization:

Virtual machines can be used to consolidate the workloads of several under-utilized servers to fewer machines, perhaps a single machine (server


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consolidation). Related benefits are savings on hardware, environmental costs,

management, and administration of the server infrastructure.

The need to run legacy applications is served well by virtual machines. A legacyapplication might simply not run on newer hardware and/or operating systems.

Even if it does, if may under-utilize the server,

Virtual machines can be used to provide secure, isolated sandboxes for runninguntrusted applications. You could even create such an execution environment

dynamically - on the fly - as you download something from the Internet and run it.

Virtual machines can be used to create operating systems, or executionenvironments with resource limits, and given the right schedulers, resource

guarantees.

Virtual machines can provide the illusion of hardware, or hardware configurationthat you do not have (such as SCSI devices, multiple processors,) Virtualization

can also be used to simulate networks of independent computers.

Virtual machines can be used to run multiple operating systems simultaneously:different versions, or even entirely different systems, which can be on hot standby.

Some such systems may be hard or impossible to run on newer real hardware.

Virtual machines allow for powerful debugging and performance monitoring. Virtual machines can isolate what they run, so they provide fault and error

containment. You can inject faults proactively into software to study its

subsequent behavior.

Virtual machines are great tools for research and academic experiments. Sincethey provide isolation, they are safer to work with. They encapsulate the entire

state of a running system: you can save the state, examine it, modify it, reload it,

and so on. The state also provides an abstraction of the workload being run.

Virtualization can enable existing operating systems to run on shared memorymultiprocessors.

Driving out the cost of IT infrastructure through more efficient use of available

resources

Simplifying the infrastructure.

Increasing system availability


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4.0 Classification of Virtualization

Here we discuss about different types of virtualization

1. Platform virtualization, which separates an operating system from theunderlying platform resources

o Full virtualizationo Hardware-assisted virtualizationo Partial virtualizationo Para virtualizationo Operating system-level virtualizationo Hosted environment

2. Resource virtualization, the virtualization of specific system resources, such asstorage volumes, name spaces, and network resources

2.1 Storage virtualization, the process of completely abstracting logical storagefrom physical storage

2.1.1 RAID - redundant array of independent disks2.1.2 Disk partitioning

2.2 Network virtualization, creation of a virtualized network addressing spacewithin or across network subnets

3. Computer clusters and grid computing, the combination of multiple discretecomputers into larger meta computers

4. Application virtualization, the hosting of individual applications on alienhardware/software

4.1 Portable application4.2 Cross-platform virtualization4.3 Emulation or simulation

5. Desktop virtualization, the remote manipulation of a computer desktop

Centralizing systems, data, and infrastructure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravirtualizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_virtualization&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_virtualization&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resource_virtualization&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravirtualization


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4.1 Virtual machine

4.1.1 Virtual Machine Concept

Virtual machine (VM) is a software implementation of a machine (computer) that

executes programs like a real machine.

Fig(3)Connectix Virtual PC version 3 in Mac OS 9, running a Windows 95

A virtual machine was originally defined by Popek and Goldberg as "an efficient,

isolated duplicate of a real machine".

Virtual machines are separated into two major categories, based on their use and

degree of correspondence to any real machine. A system virtual machine provides a

complete system platform which supports the execution of a complete operating system

(OS). Process virtual machine is designed to run a single program, which means that it

supports a single process. An essential characteristic of a virtual machine is that the

software running inside is limited to the resources and abstractions provided by the virtual

machine -- it cannot break out of its virtual world.


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4.1.1.1 System virtual machines

System virtual machines (sometimes called hardware virtual machines) allow

the sharing of the underlying physical machine resources between different virtual

machines, each running its own operating system. The software layer providing the

virtualization is called a virtual machine monitor or hypervisor. A hypervisor can run on

bare hardware (Type 1 or native VM) or on top of an operating system (Type 2 or

hosted VM).

The main advantages of system VMs are:

multiple OS environments can co-exist on the same computer, in strong isolationfrom each other

the virtual machine can provide an instruction set architecture (ISA) that issomewhat different from that of the real machine

The guest OSs do not have to be all the same, making it possible to run different

OSs on the same computer (e.g., Microsoft Windows and Linux, or older versions of an

OS in order to support software that has not yet been ported to the latest version).

4.1.1.2 Process virtual machines

A process VM, sometimes called an application virtual machine, runs as a

normal application inside an OS and supports a single process. It is created when that

process is started and destroyed when it exits. Its purpose is to provide a platform-

independent programming environment that abstracts away details of the underlying

hardware or operating system, and allows a program to execute in the same way on any

platform.

A process VM provides a high-level abstraction that of a high-level

programming language (compared to the low-level ISA abstraction of the system VM).

Process VMs are implemented using an interpreter; performance comparable to compiled

programming languages is achieved by the use of just-in-time compilation.

This type of VM has become popular with the Java (JVM). And .NET Framework,

which runs on a VM called the Common Language Runtime.


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4.1.2 Techniques

4.1.2.1 Emulation of the underlying raw hardware (native execution)

Fig (4): VMware Workstation running Ubuntu, on Windows Vista

This approach is described as full virtualization of the hardware, and can be

implemented using a Type 1 or Type 2 hypervisor. Each virtual machine can run any

operating system supported by the underlying hardware. Users can thus run two or more

different "guest" operating systems simultaneously, in separate "private" virtual

computers.

Full virtualization is particularly helpful in operating system development, when

experimental new code can be run at the same time as older, more stable, versions, each

in a separate virtual machine.

4.1.2.2 Emulation of a non-native system

Virtual machines can also perform the role of an emulator, allowing software

applications and operating systems written for another computer processor architecture to

be run.

Some virtual machines emulate hardware that only exists as a detailed specification.

For example:

The specification of the Java virtual machine. The Common Language Infrastructure virtual machine at the heart of the

Microsoft .NET initiative.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VMware_Workstation.png


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Open Firmware allows plug-in hardware to include boot-time diagnostics,configuration code, and device drivers that will run on any kind of CPU.

This technique allows diverse computers to run any software written to that

specification; only the virtual machine software itself must be written separately for each

type of computer on which it runs.


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4.2 Hypervisor

A hypervisor, also called virtual machine monitor(VMM), is computer hardware

platform virtualization software that allows multiple operating systems to run on a host

computer concurrently.

Classifications

Hypervisors are classified in two types:

Type 1 (ornative, bare-metal) hypervisors are software systems that run directlyon the host's hardware as a hardware control and guest operating system monitor.

A guest operating system thus runs on another level above the hypervisor.

Type 2 (or hosted) hypervisors are software applications running within aconventional operating system environment. Considering the hypervisor layer

being a distinct software layer, guest operating systems thus run at the third level

above the hardware.

4.2.1 Type 1 Hypervisor

Runs on bare metal Virtual machines run in user mode

VM runs the guest OS (which thinks it is running in kernel mode)

Virtual kernel Mode

If guest OS calls sensitive instructions, hypervisor will trap and executed

the instructions.

If application on guest OS calls sensitive instructions (system calls),

hypervisor traps to guest OS.


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fig (5) Type 1 Hypervisor

4.2.2 Type 2 Hypervisors

Runs from within a OS.

Supports guest OSs above it.

Boot from CD to load new OS

Read in code, looking for basic blocks

Then inspect basic block to find sensitive instructions. If found, replace with VM call

(process called binary translation)

Then, cache block and execute.

Eventually all basic blocks will be modified and cached, and will run at near native speed.


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fig(6) Type 2 Hypervisor

4.2.3 Are Type-1 Hypervisors better in performance than Type-2

Hypervisors and Why?

Yes, the Type-1 Hypervisors are better in performance as compared to Type-2

hypervisors because Type-1 hypervisors does n through a host OS, they utilize all

resources directly from Host hardware .In cloud implementation Type-1 hypervisors are

use than Type-2 because Cloud servers need to run multiple OS images and it should be

noted that if OS images are run on host case of Type-2, the resources will get wasted


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5.0 Advantages and Limitations

5.0.1 Advantages

Server Consolidation

It is not unusual to achieve 10:1 virtual to physical machine consolidation. This means

that ten server applications can be run on a single machine that had required as many

physical computers to provide the unique operating system and technical specification

environments in order to operate. Server utilization is optimized and legacy software can

maintain old OS configurations while new applications are running in VMs with updated

platforms.

Although a server supporting many VMs will probably have more memory, CPUs, and

other hardware it will use little or no more power and occupy the same physical space

reducing utilities costs and real estate expenditures.

Testing and development

Use of a VM enables rapid deployment by isolating the application in a known andcontrolled environment. Unknown factors such as mixed libraries caused by numerous

installs can be eliminated. Severe crashes that required hours of reinstallation now take

moments by simply copying a virtual image.

Dynamic Load Balancing and Disaster Recovery

As server workloads vary, virtualization provides the ability for virtual machines that are

over utilizing the resources of a server to be moved to underutilized servers. This

dynamic load balancing creates efficient utilization of server resources.

Disaster recovery is a critical component for IT, as system crashes can create huge

economic losses. Virtualization technology enables a virtual image on a machine to be

instantly re-imaged on another server if a machine failure occurs.


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Virtual Desktops

Multinational flexibility provides seamless transitions between different operating

systems on a single machine reducing desktop footprint and hardware expenditure.

Improved System Reliability and Security

Virtualization of systems helps prevent system crashes due to memory corruption caused

by software like device drivers. VT-d for Directed I/O Architecture provides methods to

better control system devices by defining the architecture for DMA and interrupt

remapping to ensure improved isolation of I/O resources for greater reliability, security,

and availability.


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6.0 Applications of Virtualization

Serverconsolidation

Legacy Applications within legacy OSes

Secure isolated sandboxes for running untrusted applications

Application mobility

Testing and debugging environments

Clean (single) service design

Freedom of choice in using multiple os at once

Soft user migration path


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7.0 Future Scope

Virtualization Monitor will become part of a standard "boot loader"

in scope: Linux/*BSD & Reactors will be the "Any OS" with best possible hardware

support

Whenever needed: Virtualization will become a key technologies in privacy

enforcement

No more hassels with Copyright Enforcement Technologies


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8.0 Conclusion

Virtualization dramatically improves the efficiency and availability of resources

and applications. Earlier Internal resources are underutilized under the old one server,

one application model and users spend too much time managing servers rather

innovating. By virtualization platform, users can respond faster and more efficiently than

ever before. Users can save 50-70% on overall IT costs by consolidating their resource

pools and delivering highly available machines.

Other major improvements by using virtualization are that they can:

Reduce capital costs by requiring less hardware and lowering operational costswhile increasing your server to admin ratio

Ensure enterprise applications perform with the highest availability andperformance

Build up business continuity through improved disaster recovery solutions anddeliver high availability throughout the datacenter

Improve desktop management with faster deployment of desktops and fewersupport calls due to application conflicts.

Even after the implementations of distributed computing and other technologies,

virtualization proved to be an effective in using the available resources of a system fully

in an efficient way.


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References

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, Christian Limpach, Ian Pratt, Andrew Warfield University of

Cambridge Computer Laboratory

,Department ofComputer

Science

[2]. Sundaram, V. Wood, T.; Shenoy, P., "Efficient Data Migration in Self-managing

Storage Systems," Autonomic Computing, 2006. ICAC '06. IEEE International

Conference on , vol., no.,

pp.297,300, 13-16 June 2006

doi: 10.1109/ICAC.2006.1662410036

[3]. Tin-Yu Wu; Wei-Tsong Lee; Jhih-Siang Huang; Chien-Yu Duan; Tain-Wen Suen,

"An enhanced approach for estimating writable working set by pre-copy and prediction,"

Information Networking (ICOIN), 2013 International Conference on , vol., no.,

pp.227,231, 28-30 Jan. 2013

doi: 10.1109/ICOIN.2013.6496381

[4]. Fei Ma; Feng Liu; Zhen Liu, "Live virtual machine migration based on improved pre-

copy approach," Software Engineering and Service Sciences (ICSESS), 2010 IEEE

International Conference on , vol., no., pp.230,233, 16-18 July 2010

doi: 10.1109/ICSESS.2010.5552416

1.

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Final Report On virtualization