FINAL REPORT ON “FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR WASTE TO ENERGY ...setmnepal.org/images/downloads/1428483199waste_2_energy_potential_in... · Final Report on Feasibility Study for Waste

Final Report on Feasibility Study for Waste to Energy Potential in Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City

S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y a n d T e c h n o l o g y M a n a g e m e n t ( S E T M )

Page 1

FINAL REPORT ON

“FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR WASTE TO ENERGY POTENTIAL IN BIRATNAGAR SUB-METROPOLITAN

CITY”

Submitted to: Submitted by: National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP)

Sustainable Energy and Technology Management (SETM)

Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC) Kamaladi, Kathmandu PO Box: 14364, Khumaltar Height, Lalitpur Nepal Phone: +9771-5539390/5536843 Phone: +9771-4412078 Fax: 5539392 Email: [email protected] Website: www.aepc.gov.np PO Box No: 7039

JANUARY, 2015

http://www.aepc.gov.np/



Page 2

STUDY TEAM 1. Dr. RhiddiBir Singh – Team Leader

2. Ms. Sharada Shrestha – Technical Expert

3. Mr. Bibek Kanta Neupane –Environmental Expert

4. Mr. Ranjan Bhatta-Green Civil Engineer

5. Mr. Manish Kumar Yadav –Local Field Assistant, Biratnagar.



Page 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

SETM would like to express our sincere gratitude to AEPC for entrusting us to conduct the Feasibility Study for Waste to Energy Potential in Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City. SETM would like to express our deep acknowledgement to Mr. Ram Prasad Dhital, Executive Director of AEPC. The special thanks to Mr. Samir Thapa, Assistant Director of AEPC for his invaluable suggestions and advice during whole study period. We are grateful to Mr. Uttam Prasad Jha, Mr. Sushim Man Amatya, Ms. Jessica Stanford and Mr. Sujesh Shrestha for their valuable help and support.

SETM would also like to thank Mr. Gopal Prasad Regmi, Executive Officer of Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City, Mr. Gyanendra Singh, DEEU Morang, Mr. Poonam Dahal and Ms. Anita Koirala, Biratnagar SMC, Ms. Menuka Pokharel, Executive Director, Health and Peace for Environment Nepal (HPEN) for their kind support and information.

We highly appreciate all concerned stakeholders for their valuable information.

Study Team

Sustainable Energy and Technology Management (SETM)

Kamaladi, Kathmandu

Email: [email protected]



Page 4

ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS AEPC

:Alternative Energy Promotion Centre

GoN :Government of Nepal NRREP :National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme B-SMC :Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City MSW :Municipal Solid Waste CBS :Central Bureau of Statistics KM :Kilo Meter mm :Millimetre VDC :Village Development Committee DEEU :District Energy and Environment Unit HPEN :Health and Peace for Environment Nepal Kg :Kilo Gram gm :Gram NGOs :Non-Governmental Organizations ToR :Terms of Reference SETM :Sustainable Energy and Technology Management Ltd :Limited Pvt :Private BETs :Biomass Energy Technologies RET :Renewable Energy Technology WEL :Water Environment and Life Organization MJ :Mega Joule GJ :Giga Joule MT :Metric Tonne NPK :Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) DS :Digested Slurry CDM :Clean Development Mechanism SW :Solid Waste SMEs :Small and Medium Enterprises



Page 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................... 3

ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... 4

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ 7

LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. 8

1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 9

1.1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................... 9

1.2 Background ........................................................................................................... 11

1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 12

1.4 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................ 12

2 GENERAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ................................................ 13

2.1 Study Approach and Methodology ..................................................................... 13

2.1.1 Data collection and Interactions with SMC ............................................... 14

2.1.2 Consultation with SMC/Interaction with Local Stakeholders ................. 14

2.1.3 Waste Characterization and Data Interpretation Phase ........................... 15

2.1.4 Analysis &Reporting Phase ......................................................................... 15

3 INVENTORY OF CURRENT FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS ............................ 17

3.1 Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 17

3.1.1 About Biratnagar SMC ................................................................................ 17

3.1.2 Demography .................................................................................................. 18

3.1.3 Climate ........................................................................................................... 19

3.1.4 Seasonality ..................................................................................................... 19

3.1.5 Waste Generation Sources ........................................................................... 20

3.2 Review of the Solid Waste Status in B-SMC ..................................................... 20

3.3 Types of Solid Waste Generation and their Quantity Estimation ................... 21

3.4 Common Practice of Solid Waste Disposal ........................................................ 24

3.4.1 About HPEN .................................................................................................. 24

3.4.2 Human Resources ......................................................................................... 24

3.4.3 Material and transportation capacity ......................................................... 24

3.4.4 Regular Membership Status ........................................................................ 24

3.5 Waste Collection and landfill .............................................................................. 25

3.6 Quantity Estimation of Daily Collection ............................................................ 26

3.6.1 From Household (Door to Door) collection ................................................ 26

3.6.2 From Street Sweeping (Street waste) collection ......................................... 27



Page 6

3.6.3 Total Waste Collected ................................................................................... 27

3.7 Modus Operandi of the B-SMC Solid Waste Collection Status Report .......... 27

3.8 Legal binding with B-SMC .................................................................................. 28

4 ASSESSMENT OF FEASIBILITY ........................................................................... 29

4.1 Field Observation on Solid Waste ...................................................................... 29

4.1.1 Sector Wise Characterization ...................................................................... 29

4.1.2 Nature of the MSW ....................................................................................... 33

4.2 Resource Assessment of MSW ............................................................................ 33

4.2.1 Sector wise Waste quantity .......................................................................... 34

4.2.2 Yearly projection of waste generation ........................................................ 34

4.3 Estimation of MSW generation ........................................................................... 35

4.4 Waste to Energy Generation Assessment .......................................................... 36

4.4.1 Technology Recommendations .................................................................... 37

4.4.2 Feedstock for An-Aerobic Digestion of the B-SMC ................................... 38

4.5 MSW for Energy Generation System Application ............................................ 39

4.6 Assessment of Proposed Biogas Plant ................................................................ 40

4.6.1 Estimation of the An-Aerobic Digester Plant Size and Cost ..................... 40

4.6.2 Financial Aspect of the Installation and Operation of the biogas Plant .. 40

4.6.3 Pre-Investment Process Involvement .......................................................... 41

4.6.4 Tentative Timeframe for development of proposed biogas plant ............ 41

4.7 Social and Environmental Impact ...................................................................... 42

4.7.1 Social Impact: ................................................................................................ 42

4.7.2 Environmental Impact ................................................................................. 43

5 RISK ASSESMENT .................................................................................................... 44

6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEDATION ......................................................... 45

6.1 Conclusive Remark .............................................................................................. 45

6.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................. 45

7 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. 48

7.1 Technical Calculations ......................................................................................... 48

7.2 Financial Calculations ......................................................................................... 52

7.3 List of Meetings Conducted during Study ......................................................... 56

7.4 List of Field Visits during study: ........................................................................ 56

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 57

PHOTOGRAPHS / MAPS ................................................................................................. 58



Page 7

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Population projection .............................................................................................. 18 Table 2: Climate Data for Biratnagar Airport (1981-2010) .................................................. 19 Table 3: Sector wise waste quantity in 2006 ........................................................................ 21 Table 4: Type of solid waste and total generation quantity in 2010 ..................................... 21 Table 5: Destination of the solid waste disposal in Biratnagar SMC in 2010 ...................... 22 Table 6: Percentage of waste in 2010 (WEL) ....................................................................... 23 Table 7: The characteristics and quantity of the solid waste collected by the Scrap vendors in 2010 .................................................................................................................................. 23 Table 8: Type and number of vehicles for waste collection ................................................. 24 Table 9: Regular membership status in 2014 ........................................................................ 24 Table 10: Daily waste collection pattern .............................................................................. 25 Table 11: Solid waste collection pattern from daily waste ................................................... 26 Table 12: Waste fraction in percentage ................................................................................ 29 Table 13: Waste amount of surveyed hospital (daily) .......................................................... 31 Table 14: Waste Quantity of household ............................................................................... 31 Table 15: Waste Quantity of household ............................................................................... 31 Table 16: Waste Quantity of household ............................................................................... 32 Table 17: Waste amount from surveyed hotel ...................................................................... 32 Table 18: Nature of MSW based on field observation ......................................................... 33 Table 19: Resource Assessment MSW ................................................................................. 33 Table 20: Sector wise waste potential ................................................................................... 34 Table 21: Yearly projection of waste generation .................................................................. 34 Table 22: Tentative timeframe for biogas development in Biratnagar ................................. 42



Page 8

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: General Study Approach ....................................................................................... 13 Figure 2: Map showing Biratnagar SMC area (Source: Google Map) ................................. 17 Figure 3: Population Projection ............................................................................................ 19 Figure 4: Map of B-SMC showing Medical sector ............................................................... 30 Figure 5: Block scheme of an-aerobic digestion [12] ........................................................... 37 Figure 6: AEPC and SETM team in discussion with stakeholders at existing biogas plant site in district jail ................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 7: AEPC and SETM team in meeting with District Jailer about biogas plant at District Jail ............................................................................................................................ 58 Figure 8: SETM Team interacting with HPEN staffs in the field ........................................ 59 Figure 9: Medical waste found in hospital in mixed form (Without segregation) ............... 59 Figure 10: SETM team segregating medical waste manually for characterization .............. 60 Figure 11: SETM and Hospital representative holding segregated medical waste .............. 60 Figure 12: Street waste being collected in tricycle by worker .............................................. 61 Figure 13: Street waste from tricycle ready for segregation and characterization ............... 61 Figure 14: Manual segregation of street waste by SETM team members ............................ 62 Figure 15: Organic fraction of Street solid waste after segregation ..................................... 62 Figure 16: Inorganic waste fraction of street waste .............................................................. 63 Figure 17: Landfill site of Biratngar SMC ............................................................................ 63 Figure 18: Medical waste seen in landfill site. ..................................................................... 64 Figure 19: Kawadi workers and pigs in landfill site ............................................................. 64 Figure 20: AEPC, SETM, B-SMC team at proposed biogas plant development site. .......... 65



Page 9

1 INTRODUCTION This final report is the outcome of the requirement of the contract agreement signed between Alternative Energy Promotion Centre and Sustainable Energy and Technology Management Pvt. Ltd-SETM on 15 October 2014 for “Feasibility Study for Waste to Energy Potential in Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City”.

1.1 Executive Summary The solid waste management particularly in the urban centres emerged in the year 2004 with the report “A Diagnostic Report on State of Solid Waste and Management in Municipalities” (SWM & RMC 2004). The report indicated that 75 % of the solid waste in the urban centre originated from the residential sector and 25 % from the commercial and the public institutions. B-SMC, urban solid waste management report 2006, claimed that 113.63 MT solid wastes produced every day within the city that included 65.23 MT (57.4 %) from the residential sector and 42.27 MT (37.2 %) from the commercial sectors. The report was based on the per capita solid waste of 650 Gm per day record. The feasibility study of organic solid waste to bio-fertilizer considered the 29400 MT per year of organic solid waste at the rate of 70 % of the 42000 MT of total collection of the MSW every day (Singh, 2010).

For the study of the MSW to energy with reference to the an-aerobic digestion process technology the solid waste generation status recently available is WEL, 2010. The report specified the daily generation of the 57.86 MT of domestic waste at the rate of 313.12 Gm per person per day and the bio-degradable waste production of 46.98 MT (81.19 %).The daily commercial waste generation of 63.02 MT at the rate of 361.02 Gm per person day that produced 34.43 MT of bio-degradable solid waste. The street waste generation is 39.99 MT per day at the rate of 21.64 Gm per person per day. The report however did not contain any explanation on the practically collectable and the collected quantities of the solid waste within the city. The total organic and the non-organic quantity of the MSW generated were not studied from all the sectors. The net generation of the MSW at the rate of 157.83 MT in the year 2010 is worked out as the basis for the study purpose. The population as well as the solid waste generation is projected from the year 2009-2019. The details of the solid waste generation for the year 2011 is worked out and the quantity of the organic solid waste that could be estimated as the collectible is presented for the biogas generation by applying the norms of the non-collectable wastes.

The present condition scenario is developed for the actually collected MSW by the responsible NGO, HPEN for the an-aerobic digestion technology on the observed daily collected solid waste in Biratnagar. In other case the situation is analysed for the estimation of the waste that would be collectable solid waste for the biogas generation with the appropriate intervention of the daily solid waste management in Biratnagar SMC. To assist the workout the field observation data on the solid waste characterization is used that lack the data from the B-SMC reports.

In Biratnagar SMC the total population recorded in the year 2011 was 201125, number of households 45131, number of industries 1004, 31 hospitals, 60 clinics, shops and business centres registered 3472, unregistered 6576, 1236 restaurants and hotels (CBS 2011). All together 57510 households and the institutions stand as the major solid waste generation points in B-SMC. But the MSW management undertaking within the city just maintain the



Page 10

4213 (7.32 %) regular memberships of the total possible members. The daily average collection of the MSW is in the tune of 18.6 MT with the possible extension of 5-10 % addition on the SW generation on the streets and the domestic as well the institutions output increment. There is a big gap between the daily solid waste generation potentiality and the practically collected and disposed MSW in the B-SMC at present.

Biratnagar city is the one of the major centre for the production of the Vermicompost, which consume most of the agriculture waste. The 62 Km long open sewerage canal also contained with the considerable quantity of the daily generation of the street solid waste. About 58 professional Kawadi vendors collect about 14 MT of the solid waste generated within the SMC.

With reference to the population base of the census 2011 and the MSW generation status of the year 2010 the feasibility study of the municipal solid waste to energy generation with the choice of an-aerobic digestion system has been worked out. The results of the three scenario projection of the biogas generation in Biratnagar SMC are summarized below:

The total waste generation potential of Birtnagar Sub-Metropolitan City in the year 2011 is projected to be 171.75 MT/day out of which only around 103.95 MT/day of waste is found to be collectable. Out of the total collectable waste, 66.22 MT/day of waste was estimated to be organic and 37.73 MT/day of waste was inorganic. Around 59 MT/day of waste was found to be an-aerobically digestible waste which fits for the an-aerobic digestion process.

Waste collection system of B-SMC was studied thorough detailed field observation. From the field observation study, it has been found that around 18.6 MT of gross MSW is being collected in B-SMC daily. Out of total MSW around 11.85 MT/day of waste is found to be organic and around 6.75 MT/day of waste is inorganic. With the currently available waste management system, around 10 MT of waste is available that fits for an-aerobic digestion process.

The total waste generation potential of B-SMC in 2014 is projected to be 182.63 MT/day out of which around 110.52 MT/day of waste is collectable. Quantity of collectable organic and inorganic waste was estimated to be 70.40 MT/day and 40.12 MT/day respectively. Out of collectable organic waste, about 63 MT/day was estimated to be an-aerobically digestible waste.

The estimation of waste quantity in 2016 found that around 190.27 MT/day of waste will be generated in B-SMC out of which around 116.07 MT/day will be collectable. Out of total collectable MSW around 73.94 MT/day of waste will be organic and around 42.13% of waste will be inorganic. Out of the organic fraction, around 66 MT/day of an-aerobically digestible waste will be available that fits for an-aerobic digestion process.

This way the waste to energy project in B-SMC based on the an-aerobic digestion process seems feasible in Biratnagar SMC. The study has found that the minimum daily collection of organic solid waste that can be fit to the an-aerobic digestion process exceeds the threshold of 25 MT/day (World Bank). However the total municipal solid waste management scheme primarily based on the application of waste to energy generation through the implementation of an-aerobic digestion process technology should be integrated with the zero waste management system operation.



Page 11

1.2 Background Energy sector is the most important and vital area required for the development initiative of the country. The energy sector of Nepal is largely dependent upon the local traditional sources of biomass fuel such as the fuel wood, cattle dung and agricultural / crop residues. The use of fuel wood in massive quantity is exhausting natural forest resources and degrading productive land, while their resource availability is declining against the demand of a growing population. Currently, millions of people are confronted with challenges including access to energy, reliability in supply and affordable cost. Also enterprises are challenged by this ‘energy poverty’. Energy development has largely focused on large-scale infrastructure and the urban population, whilst energy poverty has rarely been the entry point for national policy development. As a result, domestic small-scale Renewable Energy (RE) supply for cooking, heating and small and medium enterprises (SMEs),especially targeting rural, peri-urban and metropolitan areas, has received little attention and support.

The state of Nepal is one of the highest traditional biomass energy consuming countries in the South Asia; more than 86% of its total energy generation relies upon the traditional biomass fuel sources due to its natural availability and affordability. Use of such traditional fuel is very hazardous to woman and children who are exposed to harmful fumes in the kitchens. Costs and/or time to collect the biomass fuels are becoming a substantial burden. More than 45% of the total population (70% rural) does not have access to electricity. Farming practices are mostly based on an integrated system combining crop production and animal husbandry. Availability of sustainable, clean and reliable sources of energy is an essential driver for development: no country in modern times has substantially reduced poverty without a massive increase in its use of energy resources. In developing countries there is an opportunity to leapfrog energy poverty by realizing use of renewable energy (RE) where there is no access to fossil fuel energy resources.

Energy Resources (Biomass) Consumption Pattern in Nepal for Energy Generation

S. No

Biomass Resource Quantity Million (MT) Energy Million (GJ)

Percentage (%)

1 Fuel Wood 18.425 MT 311.1673 77.69 2 Cattle Dung 2.114 MT 23.017 5.74 3 Agricultural Residue 1.062 14.685 3.66 4 Biogas 0.593 2.593 0.64

Source: Sing, R.B., (2012)

In the year 2009/10 out of the total national contribution of 87.73 % of the biomass based energy resources biogas energy shared just 0.64 %. It clearly indicated that biomass based renewable energy generation in Nepal was in the range of 0.73 % and still 87 % of the non-renewable energy is being generated by the biomass resources consumption. It is likely that apart from the biogas technology application the RE generation from the rest of the other biomass sector is still far away in the country.

The Government of Nepal (GoN) and External Development Partners supporting Nepal's rural and renewable energy sector have designed National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP). Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC), the nodal government agency for promoting/executing renewable energy services in the country has given responsibility to implement the five year long NRREP program starting from mid-



Page 12

July 2012 to mid-July 2017. The biomass energy component of NRREP covers Biogas, ICS and other new and improved solid biomass based RETs such as Gasifier, bio-briquettes etc. The NRREP program has strategic emphasis development of domestic biogas plants with large scale of dissemination, large community and commercial biogas plants first on a pilot scale and later on a full scale, thus developing a new market segment. Similarly, the program has highlighted the promotion of community, commercial, institutional biogas plants and municipal scale waste to energy plants. Under the Biomass Component, Biogas is the prominent sub-component and NRREP targets to install 130,000 Domestic Biogas Plants, 1250 Community and Institutional Biogas. NRREP has also introduced the Waste Resources to Energy for thermal and electricity production.

1.3 Objectives The prime objective of this assignment is to conduct feasibility study for waste to energy potential in Biratnagar sub-metropolitan city. As indicated in the objective, the study intends to identify waste to energy potential in Biratnagar sub-metropolitan city through the conduction of feasibility study. Furthermore, the study intends to recommend sorting and pre-treatment options for extracting energy from the organic waste fraction and recommend treatment processes. The study also aims to suggest proven technologies readily available to treat the MSW with pre-digestion, digestion and post digestion of the digested slurry and technologies suitable for minimizing the amount of waste going to landfill. 1.4 Scope of the Study Part I: Determination of Potential of Biogas from Waste of Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City (Municipal Solid Waste (MSW))

• Quantification of the waste production in the Sub-Metropolitan City (SMC). The data has to be collected in association with the SMC

• Determination of the MSW resource availability • Determine the organic waste fraction of the different samples of waste using an

approved waste characterization protocol in the SMC. • Analyse the an-aerobically digestible waste fraction from the organic fraction of

MSW. • Assess the potential of biogas energy from the waste fractions generated in the

SMC. • Recommend sorting and pre-treatment options for extracting energy from the

organic waste fraction and recommend treatment processes • Obtain information and evaluate technologies suitable for minimizing the amount of

waste going to landfill. • Recommend proven technologies readily available to treat solid waste to help meet

the relevant environmental and other waste management obligations along with pre-digestion, digestion and post digestion of the digested slurry.

• Identify the most advantageous financing mechanism and the most efficient procurement process to help finalize the timeframe mentioned for above plants; and to liaise with representatives of municipality authorities for the sharing of experience and the resulting technical guidance.

• To analyse the economics associated with biogas use.



Page 13

2 GENERAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Study Approach and Methodology SETM Study team adopted following implementation strategies to effectively complete this assignment.

Phases

Activities

Output

1st Phase Preparation

2nd Phase Data

3rd Phase Data Analysis

Review of the secondary sources: • Desk study of previous reports and data • AEPC publications • Others documents/reports • Websites/Internet Consultation with Stakeholders • AEPC/NRREP • SMC officer • Others Preparatory works

4thPhase Finalization

Field Study: • Field plan preparation • Resource Allocations ( in close consultation with AEPC) • Field verification and interaction with SMC • Site inspection of existing technologies if available • Potential sites identification for development of facility Data collection: • Develop standard formats for data entry • Orientation for field enumerators • Primary data collection • Data entry, cleaning, tabulating, maps, charts etc

Assessment and Analysis: • Organic waste fraction determination using approved waste

characterization protocol in the SMC • Analysis of an-aerobically digestible waste fraction. • Assess the potential of biogas energy from waste generated in the SMC • Recommend economically and technically relevant technological

options and potential sites for the development of plant facility

Inception Report

Field Progress Report

Draft Report

Final Report

Final Report • Incorporate comments from stakeholders, Recommendations

Figure 1: General Study Approach



Page 14

2.1.1 Data collection and Interactions with SMC Based on the study objectives, data collection module was prepared for the quantification of waste production in the SMC. As per suggestions received from AEPC/NRREP, the modifications were carried out. Primary data was collected by means of interviews and interactions among the SMC officials, stakeholders, households, etc. Secondary data was collected from SMC officials, different institutions, relevant literature and documents. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. Detailed data was collected for waste production in the Biratnagar SMC in association with the SMC. Valuable Suggestions from SMC officials was considered and incorporated in data analysis. Representative places of SMC sub section 1/2/3 were visited for assessment of the current practice of residential solid waste collection and disposal system. Selected Industries, Agricultural Centres, Hospitals, Business / Community Centres were visited. Major Scrap Vendors (Kawadi) and other Solid Waste collectors for Reuse/Recycle/Resale were also visited for the assessment of the MSW. The working biogas plant sites, Major Vermicompost Production sites and other Compost fertilizers producers were visited. Field verification and interaction were conducted with the objective of generating information listed below; Total quantity of waste produced in the sub-metropolitan city. Types of waste generated in sub-metropolitan city i.e. organic waste, inorganic

waste. Sources of waste production in sub-metropolitan city i.e. institutional waste,

industrial waste, domestic waste, chemical waste, etc. An-aerobically digestible waste fraction from the organic fraction of MSW. Availability of resources in sub-metropolitan city. Existing biogas energy production technologies and their acceptance Economic and technical feasibility of existing technologies and waste handling

system Problems, issues and solutions related to the biogas operation and its

sustainability. Information on biogas use and its economic analysis Preliminary details on potential sites for the development of facility Others as deemed necessary

After getting information about the quantity of waste production in sub-metropolitan city, it helped to draw clear ideas about types of waste, source of MSW and potential of biogas energy from the waste fractions generated in the SMC. Information obtained in this phase was also helpful in preliminary selection of relevant technologies and potential site for the development of facility and its economic analysis.

2.1.2 Consultation with SMC/Interaction with Local Stakeholders The key informant interview was with SMC officer to acquire information about the various technologies available in SMC if any. The information obtained from data collection phase was also discussed with SMC officer for its accuracy and further use. Meetings were conducted with local stakeholders, entrepreneurs, waste knowledgeable persons, local learned persons, technicians, etc. to collect the information on waste and



Page 15

biogas activities. The local NGOs and Institutions involved or associated with the MSW collection, transportation and disposal were visited.

The interaction with SMC officers and local stakeholders was helpful to generate the following information.

Socio-cultural practices Waste characterization protocol in the SMC Relevant technological options Potential sites for development of plant facilities Demand supply chain analysis Problems and issues related to biogas Direct and indirect benefits Financial mechanism for development of plant facilities Economics of biogas use

2.1.3 Waste Characterization and Data Interpretation Phase Waste produced in SMC was characterized using an approved waste characterization protocol. The MSW Composition Characterization were determined by collecting the selected standard sample/dumping transportation package from the respective Residential, Business/Market Centre, Hospital/Centre, Industrial and Other collection centres. Organic fraction of waste was determined from the different samples of waste. For characterization of waste, field investigation were conducted which includes manual sorting of waste and weighing of samples in order to determine the percentage of each component of waste. This method was helpful to identify the overall physical characteristics of wastes. An-aerobically digestible waste fraction from the organic fraction of MSW was analysed. Thus characterized waste was further studied for estimation of potential of biogas energy from the waste fractions generated in the SMC. All the information/data obtained from the SMC and field survey were properly managed by using appropriate database tools. On the basis of such processed data, potential of biogas energy generation from waste fractions generated in the SMC was assessed. Such processed data were helpful to recommend relevant technologies for sorting, pre-treatment and treatment options for extracting energy from the organic waste fraction. Proven technologies are recommended to treat solid waste to help meet the relevant environmental and other waste management obligations along with pre-digestion, digestion and post digestion of the digested slurry. Information are also acquired on the suitable technologies for minimizing the amount of waste going to landfill.

Technically and economically feasible technologies are recommended with number of potential sites where such a facility may be developed. Site analysis was conducted for environmental and social screening of the potential sites as per feasibility study guidelines of AEPC. Project timeframe for the development of such facility is also proposed. Assessment included key considerations i.e. cost, size of facility, energy recovery content per MT of waste treated, quality and quantity of residue/emission, etc.

2.1.4 Analysis &Reporting Phase Based on the data/information obtained from various sources, SETM has quantified the waste production in the SMC and identified total biogas potential. The team has



Page 16

recommended relevant technological options for extracting energy from the organic waste fraction and solid waste treatment. The team has also obtained and evaluated suitable technologies for minimizing the amount of waste going to landfill. Furthermore the team has recommended preferred technologies and potential sites where such a facility may be developed with a proposed time frame. Financing mechanism for the plant with the most efficient procurement process has been identified by the team.



Page 17

3 INVENTORY OF CURRENT FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS

3.1 Data Collection 3.1.1 About Biratnagar SMC Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City is the major centre of the Eastern Development Region located in southeast part of the Morang District of Koshi Zone of Nepal. It is a historical town of Nepal which was made town municipality in 1953 AD and was converted into Sub-Metropolitan City in 1995 [12]. The city is recognized as the second largest city of the country after Kathmandu. Biratnagar city is the foremost industrial, commercial and the administrative centre of the eastern part of the country. The city is divided into 22 wards and covers 58.48 Square kilo meter area of the south eastern plain land of the country. This historic city faces Singiyahi in the east and Keshaliya River in the west, Tankesinbari VDC in the north and international border of India in the south.

Figure 2: Map showing Biratnagar SMC area (Source: Google Map)

(Source: Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City Development Plan, strategic Implementation 2068)



Page 18

Name Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City District Morang No of wards 22 No of Urban Wards 22 No. of Rural and semi Urban Wards 0 Total Area 58.48 sq. Km Major Rivers and Ponds Kesalya River, SingyaKhola Population (2011) 201125 Per capita Income ($) 730 (World Bank, 2013) No. of Households (2011) Total= 45131

Owned=30198 Rented= 13502 Institutional= 937 Others= 494

No. of Industries 1004 No. of Hospital/Clinics 31/60 No. of Shops and Business Centre Registered=3472

Unregistered= 6576 No. of Restaurants, Hotels 1236 Annual Population Growth Rate (2011) 2.07 % Sewerage canal length (km) 62 Agricultural land area 454375.74 sq.m (77.7 %) Forest land area 10091.22 sq.m (1.71 %) Waste land area 16931.57 sq.m (2.89 %)

3.1.2 Demography According to 2011 CBS census data, Biratnagar population was 201125. It is the headquarters of Morang district. Most people follow Hinduism followed by Islam, Buddhism, Jainism and Christianity. The main language is Nepali and Maithili, although the local dialect of Maithili differs from what is spoken further west. Biratnagar is situated within one of the most ethnically diverse regions of Nepal, and the rural hinterland is home to a diverse cross section of Terai communities. (Source: National Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS, Volume 06, NPHC2011) Population Projection has been made for Biratnagar SMC from the year 2009 to 2019 based on the population data of 2011 and annual growth rate provided from CBS data. Population on 2011 = 201125 Annual population growth rate = 2.07 %

(Source: Urban Population and density, CBS, 2011)

Table 1: Population projection

Year Population Year Population

Population on 2009 192884 Projected Population on 2015 218302



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai



Page 19



Figure 3: Population Projection 3.1.3 Climate Biratnagar SMC experiences the tropical climate. The average high temperature of Biratnagar reaches maximum of 33.9 °C in the month of April and minimum of 22.7 °C in the month of January. The average low temperature reaches maximum in the month of August and minimum in the month of January. The annual average rainfall of 1891.8 mm had been recorded.

Table 2: Climate Data for Biratnagar Airport (1981-2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average Maximum

Temperature °C (°F)

22.7 (72.9)

26.1 (79)

30.9 (87.6)

33.9 (93)

33.3 (91.9)

32.9 (91.2)

32.1 (89.8)

32.5 (90.5)

32.1 (89.8)

31.6 (88.9)

29.3 (84.7)

25.4 (77.7)

30.23 (86.42)

Average Minimum

Temperature °C (°F)

9.0 (48.2)

11.1 (52)

15.6 (60.1)

20.4 (68.7)

23.3 (73.9)

25.2 (77.4)

25.6 (78.1)

25.8 (78.4)

24.7 (76.5)

21.1 (70)

15.3 (59.5)

10.5 (50.9)

18.97 (66.14)

Precipitation mm (inches)

11.7 (0.461)

13.2 (0.52)

13.2 (0.52)

53.1 (2.091)

186.0 (7.323)

302.4 (11.906)

530.8 (20.898)

378.3 (14.894)

298.8 (11.764)

91.8 (3.614)

5.9 (0.232)

6.6 (0.26)

1,891.8 (74.483)

Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (Nepal)

3.1.4 Seasonality Municipal solid waste is generated every day and is available in Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City throughout the year. Quantity of waste and type of waste may vary seasonally. Quantity of waste generation increases mostly in festival and marriage season

192,

884

196,

961

201,

125

205,

288

209,

537

213,

875

218,

302

222,

821

227,

433

232,

141

236,

946

2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 4 2 0 1 5 2 0 1 6 2 0 1 7 2 0 1 8 2 0 1 9

POPULATION PROJECTION

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation



Page 20

3.1.5 Waste Generation Sources The total units of daily solid waste generating sources that can be accounted for the population of 201125 in the base year of 2011 were 57510. The households and the rest of the institutions within the Biratnagar SMC are politically divided into 22 municipal wards. For the purpose of solid waste collection and disposal management the entire SMC is divided into three sectors. The sector 1 the northern part includes the wards 1-6 with the access to 82.12 Km of road ways. The sector 2 the middle part includes wards 7-15 and road access of 74.25 Km. The sector 3 the southern most part includes wards 16-22 with the solid waste transportation access to 71.08 Km of roadways.

3.2 Review of the Solid Waste Status in B-SMC The municipal solid waste management history in the Biratnagar city is almost two decades old. But the official records of the MSW generation and management lack the required data base maintenance. In the past various NGOs / Private companies had participated in the management of the MSW, but their major objective used to be collection and transportation into the dumping site within the city area. The reuse, recycle and reprocess of the collected MSW used to be limited to the Scrap vendors (Kawadi), the solid waste vendors.

Practically the municipal solid wastes can be categorized into the following:

a) Residential sector b) Institutional professional centres c) Industrial profession and the industries d) Construction areas and profession e) Farming and agricultural professions f) Commercial professions g) Hotels, Restaurants and Lodges h) Vehicles and transportation professions i) Health related institutions j) Roadways and sewerage canals k) Other forest resources based professions

The solid waste data statistics and management are based on the detailed study report “Diagnostics’ Report on State of Solid Waste and Management on Municipalities, Solid Waste Management and Resource and Mobilization Centre (SWM & RMC) 2004. The first report of its kind reported that in the metropolitan area 75 % of the solid wastes are generated from the residential sector and 25 % are generated from the commercial and public institutions. The solid waste generation in the urban area range from a minimum of 110 Gm per person per day to a maximum of 700 Gm is confined to the residential sector. But still average per person per day 300 Gm solid waste had been generated from the household and 300 Gm from the municipal sector had been found in general and equivalent population density or involved in the economic activities had maintained the common status.

For the first time in Nepal the Municipal Solid Waste management were attempted under the Public Private Partnership (PPP) program in 1997/98 in Biratnagar SMC. From 1998-2008 BMC Silt, a local Private Organization was engaged in the management of the solid waste in Biratnagar city, which was based on the integrated solid waste management principle. In those days the limited solid waste from the



Page 21

selected municipal areas had been managed to some extent but the sustainable solid waste management of the B-SMC had still remained incomplete.

Based on the previous studies and Biratnagar SMC solid waste management report, 2006, the total solid waste production in Biratnagar City was 113.63 MT per day. The further details are illustrated below:

Table 3: Sector wise waste quantity in 2006 S. No Particular Quantity (MT) Percentage (%) 1 Residential Waste 65.23 57.4 2 Commercial Centres 45.27 37.2 3 Medical Waste 2.15 1.9 4 Other Waste 3.97 3.5 Total 113.23 100 Source: Singh, R. B. (2067)

3.3 Types of Solid Waste Generation and their Quantity Estimation The types of solid waste generation and their quantity estimation in Biratnagar SMC are based on the detailed study conducted by WEL in 2010 [6]. The data base had been used as the basis of solid waste generation in the year 2010.

Table 4: Type of solid waste and total generation quantity in 2010 Types of Solid Waste Quantity Total Generation

(Kg/day) Percentage (%)

1. Domestic Waste Bio degradable waste Kg 46988.30 81.19 Plastics Kg 3702.15 6.00 Glass/bottle Kg 1050.37 1.81 Metallic Kg 1071.94 1.84 Paper/cartoon Kg 5055.42 8.75 Total 57869.18 100 Per person/day (gm) 313.12

2. Commercial Waste Bio degradable waste Kg 34431.38 54.63 Plastics Kg 10482.56 16.63 Glass/bottle Kg 5212.10 8.27 Metallic Kg 312.98 0.5 Paper/cartoon Kg 12587.41 19.97 Total 63026.43 100 Per person/day (gm) 341.02

3. Medical Waste Hazardous Kg 608.53 37.23 Non-hazardous Kg 827.91 50.70 Pointed/sharp kg 197.12 12.06 Total 1633.56 100 Per person/day (gm) 8.84

4. Agricultural Waste Agricultural waste Kg 31297.59 Total waste Kg 31297.59 Per person/day (gm) 169.34

5. Miscellaneous waste Street waste Kg 3999.0 Total 3999.0 Per person/day (gm) 21.64



Page 22

Grand Total Kg 157825.77 Grand Total MT 157.83 Average per person/day (gm) 853.96

The detailed study conducted by Water Environment and Life Organization (WEL) on the waste management inside Biratnagar Sub Metropolitan City reported that with the population count of 184816 the field survey based on the households and other basic survey analysis found the total solid waste generation within the city area was 157.83 MT per day. The maximum share of the solid waste is being shared by the commercial waste which accounts 63.03 MT, followed by the household waste 57.87 MT. The third rank is occupied by the agricultural waste 31.30 MT, followed by the miscellaneous waste (Street waste) 4.0 MT. The minimum solid waste generation is from the health related waste 1.64 MT per day.

i. Road and sewerage disposed solid waste The road and the sewerage canal site are also the one of the major sources of the solid waste. But the waste in road and sewerage canal site is primarily originated from the residential area, commercial area, health and other institutional organizations. Such solid wastes are classed under the miscellaneous solid waste. The WEL report illustrated that apart from the disposed waste, the street solid waste generation is at the rate of about 250 gm per 100 square meters. The entire street area of the sub metropolitan city occupy about 1.60 square kilometre, which generate 3,999.00 kg (4MT) of solid waste on daily basis.

The detailed study report also analysed the common practice of solid waste disposal mostly by the household family members. The outcome of the analysis is presented in Table 5.

Table 5: Destination of the solid waste disposal in Biratnagar SMC in 2010 Location of the Waste Disposal Disposer % Sewerage/canals 19.00 Road/Road Side 46.30 Nearby Household 26.40 Open Ground 4.10

The solid waste generation within the Biratnagar Sub Metropolitan City is illustrated in the Chart (Excluding the Street Waste).

Sewerage/canals

Road/Road Side

Nearby Household

Open Ground

Destination of the solid waste disposal



Page 23

Table 6: Percentage of waste in 2010 (WEL) Object % (Percentage)

Biodegradable 52.93 Plastics 9.22

Glass/Bottle 4.07 Metals 0.90

Paper/Cartoon 11.47 Agricultural 20.35 Hazardous 0.40

Non-hazardous 0.14

The characteristics of the solid wastes generated within the city area indicate that about 53 % of the wastes are of biodegradable type. And the rest of 46 % wastes are of reusable and re-process able type. Only about 1 % is of health related waste.

The quantitative solid waste estimation workout is based on the waste generation by each household per day, which is converted to per person per day value and lastly multiplied by the total population of the Sub Metropolitan City had been used.

Various studies have shown the different per capita value of the total and organic/inorganic solid waste generation quantity which varies with the population change. Therefore the uniform value of per capita solid waste and the total waste generation figures varies considerably in different reports. Such variations have been found even in those studies carried out under the cooperation of the Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City.

ii. Municipal Solid Waste Managed By the Kawadi-Waste Vendor Like in many other municipalities the Scrap waste vendor command and manage substantial quantities of the waste products in their profession. According to WEL report, in the year 2010 there were about 53 Scrap vendors, whose collection and then selling of the solid waste provide the notable reuse and or reprocessing the municipal solid waste within and outside the district or the country. The Scrap collection centres had directly employed 185 workers (69 female and116 male). The characteristics and quantity of the solid waste collected by the 53 Scrap collections Centre within the B-SMC is illustrated below:

Table 7: The characteristics and quantity of the solid waste collected by the Scrap vendors in 2010 Solid Waste Collection quantity/day

(kg) Percentage (%)

Iron 3990 30.94 Tin 1624 12.59 Plastic 3118 24.17 Glass 497 3.85 Paper 2727 21.14 Wood 152 1.18 Other Jute/Plastic sac 792 6.14 Total 12902 100

In 2010, the scrap vendors collected about 3.3MT of organic solid waste out of the municipal solid waste on daily basis. The organic solid waste consists of paper, wood and other jute sac.



Page 24

3.4 Common Practice of Solid Waste Disposal 3.4.1 About HPEN Health and Peace for Environment Nepal (HPEN) is an NGO based in Biratnagar, Nepal established in the year 1998 AD. HPEN is undertaking the management of municipal solid waste of Biratnagar SMC since 2011 under a bilateral agreement with Biratnagar SMC.

3.4.2 Human Resources Total number of employee involved in waste management sector in B-SMC is 152, out of which 42 employees are from B-SMC and 110 employees are from HPEN.

3.4.3 Material and transportation capacity There are three different transportation means for collection of waste i.e. Tricycle, Tractor and Tripper. Type and number of vehicles that are being used for waste collection in B-SMC are presented in Table 8:

Table 8: Type and number of vehicles for waste collection

S. N. Vehicle Type Number of Vehicle/Ownership SMC NGO

1 Tricycle 11 12 2 Tractor 3 13 3 Tripper 0 2

3.4.4 Regular Membership Status From the data book of HPEN, ward wise number of members and waste collection points is obtained. Ward wise number of members and waste collection point is shown in Table 9:

Table 9: Regular membership status in 2014 Ward No Membership No Waste Collection Point

1 423 7 2 95 4 3 234 3 4 52 7 5 42 2 6 288 4 7 621 3 8 78 2 9 87 1

10 105 5 11 143 2 12 251 2 13 508 8 14 288 2 15 421 6 16 227 6 17 158 4 18 158 4



Page 25

19 34 4 20 - 4 21 - 3 22 - 6

Total 4213 89

The current memberships for the daily collection of MSW collection for the payment of a fixed monthly fee reportedly maintained by HPEN is 4213, that is inclusive of all the sectors of solid waste generators within the B-SMC. The regular memberships of the city solid waste generators make just 7.32 % of the total potential members with reference to the base year of 2011.

3.5 Waste Collection and landfill Solid Waste is collected from various waste generation points i.e. households, hospitals, industries, streets, etc. Waste generated on streets are accumulated by sweepers and taken to collection points by tricycles. Waste from collection points are later taken to landfill site by tractors and trippers. Whereas waste generated from households, hospitals, industries and institutions are directly collected by tractors and taken to landfill site for dumping. Waste is collected from generation point/collection point without segregation. So, collected waste consists of mixed waste including both organic, inorganic solid waste and hazardous waste.

Landfill site is located at bank of river Keshaliya River nearly 5 km away from main city centre. Landfill is taken in lease and managed by NGO which is open type. Open incineration of solid waste is in practice to reduce bulk waste accumulated in landfill although the method is not recommended by SMC.

Daily collection of Solid Waste in B-SMC

The existing solid waste generation pattern was studied during field observation. The solid waste collection pattern from daily sweeping collection is shown in Table 10:

Table 10: Daily waste collection pattern

Date Waste volume Tractor No Ward covered Distance Covered

(km)

2071/08/16 Full tractor 552 1-13 Main road 8 km

2071/08/17 Full tractor 2909 9-14 Bazar Area 10

2071/08/18 Full tractor 405 16-22 15

2071/08/19 Full tractor 2073 7,14,15 Sabjimandi area 8

2071/08/20 Full tractor 3353 6-17 10

2071/08/21 Full tractor 757 Collection of waste from drain 8

2071/08/22 Full tractor 2006 6-14 15

All tractors mentioned in above table collects the road/street waste twice a day (Double trip basis).



Page 26

The solid waste collection pattern from daily sweeping collection is shown in Table 11:

Table 11: Solid waste collection pattern from daily waste

Date Waste volume Tractor No Ward Covered Distance covered(km)

2071/08/17 Full Tractor 2909 3-5 14 2071/08/18 Full Tractor 8879 13 8 2071/08/19 Full Tractor 434 1-14 20

2071/08/20 Full Tractor 535 Hospital Waste Collection 15

2071/08/21 Full Tractor 36 3-16 20 2071/08/22 Full Tractor 2052 7-15 18 2071/08/23 Full Tractor 35 3-5 14

All tractors mentioned in above table collect the household and institutions waste once in a day (Single trip basis).

3.6 Quantity Estimation of Daily Collection The daily collection of the MSW, which is currently in practice serve the manual collection of the waste from the door to door for those, who pays for the management cost including the households and the institutions. Besides, the solid waste collections from the major routes of the streets are also conducted on the daily basis that may or may not include the paid members. The door to door solid waste collection with the regular fixed monthly fee is still limited to just 4213 (7.32 %) out of the possible net figure of 57510. The regular sweeping collections of the street solid waste do not include the entire roadways from the three sectors or the 22 wards of the SMC. The MSW collection and disposal responsibility undertaken by the HPEN as per the bilateral contract between the B-SMC and the HPEN actually fulfil the part and parcel of the total solid waste generated within the SMC.

The quantity estimation of daily collection of solid waste is made based on the primary field observation and conversation with HPEN staffs. The field observation included segregation and measurement of solid waste. Quantification of waste is made based on the average volume and quantity of waste per tractors, trippers and tricycles. The maximum, minimum and average quantity of waste per tractor and trippers are estimated based on the sample field measurement and conversation with HPEN staff. The sample measurement was carried out for one full tricycle of waste.

The current practice of waste collection in B-SMC is from door-to-door collection and street collection. So for quantification of total solid waste collected from B-SMC, waste quantification has been made from door to door collection and street waste collection.

3.6.1 From Household (Door to Door) collection Total of 8 tractors are used on daily basis for collection of household waste from door to door. Each tractors collects household waste in single trip basis. Total Number of Tractors=8 Total Number of trips per day =1 Maximum quantity of waste per tractor (Kg) =1000 Minimum quantity of waste per tractor (Kg) = 800 Average quantity of waste per tractor (Kg) =900 Average Total quantity of waste from Household collection per day (Kg/day)



Page 27

= 8*1*900 = 7200 Kg/Day 3.6.2 From Street Sweeping (Street waste) collection Total of 8 tractors and 2 trippers are used on daily basis for the collection street waste. Each tractors collects waste from street collection points twice a day. Total Number of Tractors=8 Total Number of Tripper= 2 Total Number of trips for tractor per day =2 Total Number of trips for tripper per day =1 Maximum quantity of waste per tractor per trip (Kg) =800 Minimum quantity of waste per tractor per trip (Kg) = 400 Average quantity of waste per tractor per trip (Kg) =600 Maximum quantity of waste per tripper (Kg) =1000 Minimum quantity of waste per tripper (Kg) = 800 Average quantity of waste per tripper (Kg) =900 Average Total quantity of waste from Sweeping collection per day (Kg/day)

= 8*2*600+2*1*900 = 11400 Kg/Day

3.6.3 Total Waste Collected Total waste collection per day (Average) (Kg) = (Average Total quantity of waste from Household collection + Average Total quantity of waste from street sweeping collection)

= (7200+11400) Kg/day = 18600 Kg/day

Total waste collection per day (Average) (Kg) = 18600 Kg/day

The total waste collection per day in B-SMC is estimated to be 18.6 MT/day however the value may differ by 5-10 % because of estimation based quantification technique.

3.7 Modus Operandi of the B-SMC Solid Waste Collection Status Report The solid waste management in the B-SMC is being maintained since few years back as the collection of the solid waste and the dumping into the new dumping site without any other activities on the solid wastes. The entire activity of the solid waste collection, transportation and disposal is being carried out by the local NGO, Health and Peace for Environment Nepal. The entire package of the solid waste management within the B-SMC is based on the bilateral contract signed between the Biratnagar Sub Metropolitan City and the HPEN. As per the contract the HPEN is authorized to collect the solid waste collection and management fee charge from each household, shop, hotel, restaurant, hospital, clinic, industry and other individual or institution which dispose the solid waste on the streets of the city area. The waste management fee fixed by Biratnagar SMC is minimum of NRs. 40 per month for ordinary household (collection for two times per week) to a maximum of NRs 4000per month for hospitals and nursing homes with daily collection of solid waste. Field observation has revealed that at least some hospitals are paying as high as NRs 25000 per month with a system of daily collection but as and when the hospital request, there is immediate collection of additional solid waste at any time of duty hour. The total volume of the current daily solid waste collection in the city cover only a part/parcel of the total solid waste



Page 28

generated. So far the total memberships regularly maintained is just 4213 that include all class of membership. The current system of solid waste collection covers only about 18 MT on an average, which can go up to 30 MT/day in festival and marriage season when solid waste generation is high. The current practice of waste collection is only able to collect some fraction of waste generation in B-SMC. With proper management and methodology for collection of solid waste, quantity of daily collection can easily be increased above 25 MT/day which is also the minimum daily waste collection required for the commercial viability of plant.

All the solid wastes are being dumped to the land fill site situated in ward number 7 with an open space of 10-15 Katha land along with other nearby site in ward number 6 with an open space of 6 Katha land. The NGO had hired the dumping site that cover a total of 16 Katha of open pit land particularly hired to dump the B-SMC solid waste dumping for the monthly fee of Rs. 50,000.

3.8 Legal binding with B-SMC The Health and Peace for Environment Nepal, which is currently undertaking the Municipal Solid Waste management within the Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City, can continue for till March/April 2016. The bilateral agreement is still live. Therefore, without the termination of the live agreement no amendment can be made for the new venture on the MSW to energy program. With the continuation of the agreement also the required preconditions for the new activity will have face a series of obstacles.

The prospects of required solid waste collection for the new project need the additional inputs in order to continue with the HPEN. The aim and objective of the HPEN that operate on the MSW management do not fulfil the required condition of the solid waste collection system requirement and the quantitative delivery.

If the private company under take the entire collection of the B-SMC MSW the current legal system will have to be followed, that need to break down the currently binding bilateral agreement. For the collection right of the B-SMC municipal solid waste the new practical ways and means will have to be formulated for the access of the organic solid waste required to convert to biogas energy in time to come.



Page 29

4 ASSESSMENT OF FEASIBILITY 4.1 Field Observation on Solid Waste 4.1.1 Sector Wise Characterization Field characterization of solid waste was carried out to quantify organic and inorganic fraction of solid waste. Manual segregation and weighing of solid waste was done for field characterization. Also for segregation of an-aerobically digestible solid waste, organic waste which could be evenly and smoothly digestible under an-aerobic condition were manually segregated and weighed. Such an-aerobically digestible waste included paper, food, vegetables, etc.

Street Solid Waste

Waste generated from streets are accumulated by sweepers and taken to collection points by tricycles. There are total of 85 collection points inside Biratnagar SMC area. Waste from collection points are later taken to landfill site by tractors for dumping. For quantification and characterization of street waste, total waste collected by a tricycle was studied and assessed the results obtained are illustrated below:

Total quantity of waste in a tricycle (Total Sample weight) = 26.90 kg Quantity of organic fraction of waste= 18.86 kg Quantity of inorganic fraction of waste= 8.04 kg

Table 12: Waste fraction in percentage Waste Type Organic Inorganic Total

Weight of waste (kg) 18.86 8.04 26.90 Percentage (%) 70.11 29.89 100

Quantity of an-aerobically digestible waste fraction (out of organic fraction) = 16.41kg Percentage of an-aerobically digestible waste fraction of street solid waste out of total street solid waste = 61.00 % Percentage of an-aerobically digestible waste fraction of street solid waste out of organic fraction of solid waste = 87.00 % This is the indicative percentage of an-aerobically digestible waste for street solid waste.

Medical Solid Waste

Since medical waste is considered as highly hazardous, Biratnagar SMC has made it mandatory for all hospitals, nursing homes, labs and medicals to manage their waste by themselves. But with a mutual understanding between HPEN and hospitals, HPEN is managing waste from at least 15 out of 31 hospitals in Biratnagar SMC. The hazardous medical wastes from hospitals are going to landfill without any treatment.



Page 30

Figure 4: Map of B-SMC showing Medical sector

For the study of quantity and characteristics of medical waste of Biratnagar SMC one of the biggest hospitals of the area: Green Cross Hospital Pvt. Ltd was chosen. Green Cross Hospital is assumed to represent hospital sector of B-SMC.

Green Cross Hospital Pvt. Ltd. Waste generated from the hospital is collected and managed by HEPN on daily basis. Although hospitals have arranged separate dustbins for dry and wet waste with proper labelling, waste is not segregated at point of generation because of negligence of employees/Staffs.

Bed Capacity: 15 beds Average number of Patients: 150 patients / daily Waste Collection Frequency: Daily (by HPEN)



Page 31

For study of medical waste, available two buckets of waste generated from Green Cross Hospital were studied by manual segregation and weighing result of which are illustrated below:

Table 13: Waste amount of surveyed hospital (daily)

Waste Type Organic Inorganic (Plastic)

Inorganic (Syringe +glass + Metal)

Bucket 1 (KG) 0.72 0.47 0.03 Bucket 2 (KG) 0.61 0.69 0.52

Total (KG) 1.33 1.16 0.55 % Waste 43.75 38.16 18.09

Primary field observation on medical solid waste suggests that in an average around 90% of medical organic waste fraction is an-aerobically digestible waste. This is the indicative percentage of an-aerobically digestible waste for medical solid waste. However, in case of medical waste, segregation should be technically and rationally preceded.

Domestic Solid Waste

Waste generated in household sector is collected from door to door by tractors. Since it was not possible to study the household waste in detail, only few representative households were taken for the quantification and characterization; results obtained from the study are presented below:

Case I: House owner Name: Ms. Menuka Pokharel Address: Biratnagar-15 Total Household member: 5

Table 14: Waste Quantity of household

Waste Type Total SW generated

Total Organic fraction

Total Inorganic fraction

Quantity of waste (kg) 0.490 0.340 0.150 Percentage (%) 100 69.38 30.62

Case II: House owner Name: Mr. Raman Gautam Address: Biratnagar-6 Total Household member: 6

Table 15: Waste Quantity of household Waste Type Total SW

generated Total Organic

fraction Total Inorganic

fraction Quantity of waste (kg) 1.310 1.160 0.150

Percentage (%) 100 88.54 11.46

Case III: House owner Name: Mr. Rudra Nath Timilsina Address: Biratnagar-13 Total Household member: 10



Page 32

Table 16: Waste Quantity of household

Waste Type Total SW generated

Total Organic fraction

Total Inorganic fraction

Quantity of waste (kg) 3.030 2.300 0.730 Percentage (%) 100 75.90 24.10

Average of all three household cases: Type of Waste Total Waste Generated Organic fraction Inorganic fraction

Quantity (kg) 4.83 3.8 1.03

% Composition 100 78.67 21.33

Primary field observation on household solid waste suggests that in an average around 90% of household organic waste fraction is an-aerobically digestible waste. This is the indicative percentage of an-aerobically digestible waste for domestic solid waste.

Per capita household waste=Total quantity of waste/total household member

= 4.83/21

= 230 gm/person

Hotel Solid Waste

Characterization of solid waste generated from hotel and restaurant sector was studied. For this purpose one of the biggest hotels of Biratnagar was selected for field observation and detailed characterization. Ratna Hotel is assumed to represent hotel sector of B-SMC.

Ratna Hotel, Biratnagar

The waste generated from the hotel is collected by HPEN on daily basis. The hotel has around 40 staffs and number of guest reaches around 60 in peak season. When sample was taken 25 guests were residing in hotel. There is no proper segregation system for waste generated from hotel so waste collected from hotel is mixed type. Hotel was requested to segregate waste in to two buckets one for organic waste type and other for inorganic waste type for period of 24 hrs. The organic waste fraction of hotel waste was found to be 13.64 Kg and inorganic waste fraction was found to be 11.21 Kg.

Table 17: Waste amount from surveyed hotel Waste Type Organic Inorganic Total Weight (kg) 13.64 11.21 24.85 Percentage (%) 54.88 45.12 100

Primary field observation on household solid waste suggests that in an average around 90% of household organic waste fraction is an-aerobically digestible waste. This is indicative percentage of an-aerobically digestible waste for hotel solid waste.

Industrial Sector

Although large industries are not there inside Biratnagar SMC area but there are some small cottage industries i.e. shoes industries, candle industries, etc. Most of the industries manage their waste by themselves.



Page 33

4.1.2 Nature of the MSW Nature of MSW in B-SMC is mostly organic which constitute about 63.7 % of total waste whereas inorganic wastes constitute about 36.3 % of municipal solid waste. Based on the detailed sector wise field characterization, nature of MSW in B-SMC is presented in Table 18.

Table 18: Nature of MSW based on field observation

Sector Wt. of organic fraction (kg)

Organic fraction

(%)

Wt. of inorganic fraction (kg)

Inorganic fraction

(%) Domestic/Household

SW 3.8 79.17 1.03 20.83

Medical/Hospital SW 1.33 43.75 1.16 56.25 Street SW 18.86 70.11 8.04 29.89

Hotel / Restaurant SW 13.64 54.88 11.21 45.12 Total (Weighted

Average) 37.63 63.7 21.44 36.3

The organic and inorganic waste fraction as calculated from above table is used later for the quantification of organic and inorganic waste. Although the organic and inorganic waste fraction is available from WEL study report, actual measured characterization data by SETM during field observation and measurement is taken in to account for further quantification. This is mainly because the field data measured by SETM are precisely measured and indicative of present situation. However, the sample size taken for characterization is small and for the required purpose, range of error may be up to ±5 % based on the field observation procedure.

Also the study report of WEL has only segregated organic and inorganic solid waste fraction for domestic and industrial waste so it can’t be fully relied for quantification of all sector waste.

4.2 Resource Assessment of MSW Many studies had been carried out in the Biratnagar sub metropolitan city about the municipal solid waste. Each study indicates some degree of solid waste generation. So the resource assessment of municipal solid waste is carried out with reference of population and household data of CBS/2011 and study report of Water Environment and life organization (WEL/2010). The municipality report-2010 is also referred to assess the estimation of collectable municipal solid waste of B-SMC.

Table 19: Resource Assessment MSW

No. of Households (2011)

Total= 45131 Owned=30198 Rented= 13502 Institutional= 937 Others= 494

No. of Industries 1004 No. of Hospital/Clinics 31/60

No. of Shops and Business Centre Registered=3472 Unregistered= 6576

No. of Restaurants, Hotels 1236 Annual Population Growth Rate (2011) 2.07 Sewerage canal length (km) 62 Agricultural land area 454375.74 sq.m



Page 34

Forest land area 10091.22 sq.m Waste land area 16931.57 sq.m

4.2.1 Sector wise Waste quantity Based on the waste quantity of 2010 provided by WEL study report, projection has been made for the estimation of waste quantity of 2014.

Population on 2010= 184816 Population on 2014= 213875

Table 20: Sector wise waste potential

Waste Quantity as of 2010

Per capita/day as of 2010

Waste Quantity as of 2014

Domestic Waste 57.869 313.12 66.954 Commercial Waste 63.026 341.02 72.921

Medical Waste 1.633 8.84 1.889 Agricultural Waste 31.297 169.34 36.211

Road/Street Waste 3.999 21.64 4.626

Total 157.83 853.96 182.601

4.2.2 Yearly projection of waste generation With reference to the study report of WEL/2010 available in SMC, the projection on quantity of waste generation is made on the basis of population.

Table 21: Yearly projection of waste generation Year Waste Quantity (MT/Day) Population 2010 157.83 184816 2011 171.75 201125 2012 175.30 205288 2013 178.93 209537 2014 182.63 213875 2015 186.41 218302 2016 190.27 222821 2017 194.20 227433 2018 198.22 232141 2019 202.33 236946



Page 35

4.3 Estimation of MSW generation With reference to the population base of the census 2011 (CBS/2011) and the MSW generation status of the year 2010 (WEL/2010) the feasibility study of the municipal solid waste to energy generation with the choice of an-aerobic digestion system has been worked out. Waste generation in 2011 has been taken as base case. For the present case, waste generation and waste collected in 2014 is projected and estimated in case II. As per the timeframe proposed in this report, plant facility is proposed to be developed in the year 2016, so detailed waste estimation is made for 2016 in case III. Detailed technical calculations are presented in APPENDICES

Case I: Waste generation estimation in 2011 (Base case)

The total waste generation potential of Biratnagar SMC in 2011 = 171.75 MT/day

Total municipal waste collectable from Biratnagar SMC = 103.95 MT/day

Quantity of collectable organic waste = 66.22 MT/day

Quantity of collectable inorganic waste = 37.73 MT/day

The quantity of an-aerobically digestible waste = 59 MT/day

Case II: Waste Generation and Collection in 2014

Waste Collection in 2014

Total daily waste collection of Biratnagar SMC in 2014 = 18.6 MT/day

Quantity of collectable organic waste = 11.85MT/day

Quantity of collectable inorganic waste = 6.75MT/day


Waste generation in 2014



157.83171.75 175.3 178.93 182.63 186.41 190.27 194.2 198.22 202.33

0

50

100

150

200

250

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Was

te Q

uani

ty

Year

Waste Quantity (MT/Day)



Page 36




Case III: Waste generation in 2016



Quantity of organic waste generated = 73.94 MT/day

Quantity of inorganic waste generated = 42.13 MT/day


The total waste generation potential of Biratnagar SMC in the year 2016 is estimated to be 190.27 MT/day out of which the collectable MSW will be around 116.07 MT/day. About 39% (74.2 MT/day) of total waste generation potential remains in the municipality as non-collectable waste. For collection and management of non-collectable solid waste generated within the Birtnagar SMC need a separate assessment and evaluation study.

For collection of estimated 116.07 MT/day of waste from Biratnagar SMC, that includes about 70% of residence and all other institutions and individuals solid waste will have be collected. At present, only 7.32% (4213 out of 57510) of the total household and institutions are under regular membership of HPEN. In the year 2016 it is expected that 70% of the household membership waste generated will be available and collected. Similarly all other institutional and individual potential solid waste generator will be brought under the solid waste management scheme under taken by new management team. If that condition is fulfilled 116.07 MT/day waste could be materialized. But still there is serious attention to be paid for collection and management of the collectable organic refuge (7.39 MT/day) which is unfit for the an-aerobic digestion process along with 42.13 MT/day of inorganic/non-organic solid waste material generated within B-SMC every day. Therefore it is essential to have a scheme for the total management of the collectable non-useful solid waste (49.52 MT/day) generated every day need to be considered well.

Apart from the organic solid waste management of waste to energy scheme there is a need of total management initiative that is required for the gross management of the total daily collectable municipal solid waste in Biratnagar SMC. Therefore waste to energy project in the B-SMC should be integrated with the zero waste management schemes at least for the daily collectable municipal solid waste.

4.4 Waste to Energy Generation Assessment About 66 MT of the segregated an-aerobically digestible organic solid waste can be collected daily in the B-SMC in the year 2016. The solid waste material can be utilized to generate the energy through the application of various technical processes. The direct combustion through the bio-briquette conversion to generate the thermal energy or the electricity production can be worked out. But the safe and sound technology that is available to generate the biogas through the application of the an-aerobic digestion is preferred. Such technology not only generates efficient and clean energy output but also



Page 37

recover the valuable bio-fertilizer commodity in the form of by-product. The choice of technology to be applied to treat the municipal solid waste will be the an-aerobic digestion process. It is a proven set of technology that is available in worldwide scale.

4.4.1 Technology Recommendations Various technologies for the pre-treatment, digestion and post-digestion of an-aerobically digestible organic waste have been suggested.

Figure 5: Block scheme of an-aerobic digestion [12]

Pre-treatment of the Organic Solid Waste

The organic solid waste that is recovered from the B-SMC will contain a miscellaneous aggregate of the all sector of solid waste. The quality of the solid waste will be a heterogeneous mass of organic solid remarkably of various shape, size and nature. For the purpose of the technical intervention that comprise of the an-aerobic fermentation process require to follow up a pre-treatment process.

a. The organic solid waste that is free from the inorganic and plastic polymers and other undesired dirt materials need to be collected in the separate containers.



Page 38

b. These organic solid wastes should be subjected to the homogenizer plant, under which all the solid materials will attain a uniform shape and size.

c. The segregated organic solid with a uniform shape and size will be ready to feed up the digester plant.

d. It is a conventional practice to determine the Carbon Nitrogen ratio of each batch of the homogenized solid mass before feeding to the digester plant.

e. There should be a technical expert to decide the required dose of the CN ratio of the batch / continuous feed of the organic solid mass as per the type of technology being followed.

An-aerobic Digestion

Several different types of an-aerobic processes and several different type of digesters are applicable for an-aerobic digestion. The type of digester depends on the type of organic waste so it is strongly recommended to conduct detailed laboratory testing of organic waste before the choice of digester is made. Mostly continuous an-aerobic digestion process is recommended since it is suitable for commercial biogas plant in large scale.

Post-digestion process

After the digestion of substrate, additional treatment is necessary based on the utilization of digested substrate. The digested substrate can be mechanically dewatered first and then liquid and solid part can be used separately. Solid digestible after dewatering can be used as a fertilizer or can be stabilized by composting. Whereas, the liquid part shall be further treated as a wastewater.

4.4.2 Feedstock for An-Aerobic Digestion of the B-SMC The total daily availability of the solid organic waste in the year 2016 will be 73.94MT per day. After the segregation the total organic solid, waste fit for the an-aerobic digester will be 66 MT per day. Biogas calculation tool v3.1 of AEPC is used for the calculation of biogas potential [13].

Biogas potential generation calculations in 2014:

Total quantity of biogas production from 10 MT of waste = 560 m3/day

Net heating value of 560 m3/day of waste = 12320 MJ

= 12.32 GJ

Biogas potential generation calculations for 2016:

Total quantity of biogas production from 66 MT of waste = 3696 m3/day

Net heating value of 3696 m3/day of waste = 81312 MJ

= 81.312 GJ



Page 39

4.5 MSW for Energy Generation System Application The municipal solid waste subjected to energy application through the an-aerobic digestion process is relatively a new introduction to Nepal. So there is no such example available that work in a commercial scale. However, there are many such process and plant of different sizes available in different countries of the world.

For the commercial scale of operation the desired process to follow up will be a continuous process operation. The size and the technical process followed will be determined by the specification of the digester plant that can be made available through the turn key project from the manufacturers. Once the desired size of the digester plant will be finalized the rest can be made available through the appropriate manufacturing company on global competition.

The basic parts of the technical requirement of an-aerobic digestion of the Municipal Solid Waste to Biogas energy are summarized below:

a. All organic solid waste with the CN ratio of more than 20 up to the less than 30 analytical rating values.

b. For mesophile bacterial based process the temperature maintenance within the digester will be in the range of 30-35ºC.

c. The digester will have an inlet for the continuous feed of the solid biomass and the appropriate volume of the water, an out let for the recovery of the effluent after the generation of the biogas.

d. The biogas generation will be in the range of 35 litres up to the 45 litre per Kg of solid feed. On an average 40 litres of biogas per kg of solid will be recovered.

e. The effluent mass will have the NPK (Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium) value more than the influent biomass and hence can be utilized as the bio-fertilizer for the agriculture application.

f. Once the digester plant will be fully functional the continuous consumption of the B-SMC municipal solid waste will have the directed outlet instead of dumping to the land fill site.

Calculation of compost for 2014

Percentage of Digested Slurry (DS) is kept at 50% for the calculation of compost production from an-aerobic digestion process with the waste available in 2014. Biogas calculation tool v3.1 of AEPC is used for the calculation of compost production.

The quantity of compost production from an-aerobic digestion process with the available feedstock in 2014 is calculated to be 2080 kg/day.

Calculation of Compost for 2016

Percentage of Digested Slurry (DS) is kept at 50% for the calculation of compost production from an-aerobic digestion process with the waste available in 2016. Biogas calculation tool v3.1 of AEPC is used for the calculation of compost production.

The quantity of compost production from an-aerobic digestion process with the available feedstock in 2016 is calculated to be 13728 kg/day.



Page 40

4.6 Assessment of Proposed Biogas Plant 4.6.1 Estimation of the An-Aerobic Digester Plant Size and Cost The total cost of biogas plant varies depending up on various parameter i.e. technological process, cost of equipment, location of site, manufacturer, design and construction materials, etc. The calculations for plant sizing and costing are made using biogas calculation tool v3.1 of AEPC [13].

Estimation of plant size and cost for 2014

Volume of biogas plant = 1833 m3

Normal large biogas plants of MGGC2047 size biogas plant costs NRs. 20000 per m3, so it is assumed that the cost of biogas plant with pre-treatment facility is NRs. 30000 per m3 [AEPC].

Total cost of biogas plant with pre-treatment facility = 1833 * 30000

= NRs. 54990000.

Estimation of plant size and cost for 2016

Volume of biogas plant = 12100 m3

Total cost of biogas plant with pre-treatment facility = 12100 * 30000

= NRs. 363000000.

This is just a glimpse of biogas plant and its cost and subject to change if another type of biogas plant is taken into consideration and need to be finalized during DFS period. The cost of the manufactured digester plant will be different for different design and the specifications even for the same size limitation. The desired plant can be made available under the turn key project from the particular manufacturer from the international bidding.

4.6.2 Financial Aspect of the Installation and Operation of the biogas Plant The tentative financial estimation of existing incurring and collectable cost of waste management sector (HPEN/2014) is used as basis for the financial estimation of 2016. Tentative incurring and collectable cost of existing waste management sector is calculated as (Detailed financial calculations in APPENDICES):

Present incurring and collectable cost for waste management (2014):

Estimated (Tentative) total incurring monthly waste collection and management cost (Monthly) = NRs. 1600896

Estimated (Tentative) total revenue from monthly collectable waste management cost from domestic and institutional waste generating client (Monthly) = NRs. 1714556

Future financial projection (2016)

Following major financial projections have been made and summarized below for the proposed biogas plant in 2016. (Detailed financial calculations in APPENDICES):

1) The collectable an-aerobically digestible organic waste in the year 2016 is more than three times of the present total MSW collection. For the management of net



Page 41

an-aerobically digestible organic solid waste, the cost seems almost three times the total cost involved in 2014 MSW operation. But the total non-usable solid with reference to an-aerobic process amount to about 49.52 MT/day. The management of non-useable solid waste is a new born management cost for the municipal solid waste management of the B-SMC. Hence waste management cost of only an-aerobically digestible waste of 2016 has been taken in to account during calculation. So based on the present cost, the tentative running cost of waste management in the year 2016 will be around NRs. 4802688 monthly.

2) If only biogas generation plant is to be developed, around 125 cylinders of LPG can be replaced. Daily revenue collection (savings) of NRs. 187500 can be achieved by selling of 125 cylinders of biogas at NRs. 1500/cylinder

3) If electricity generation plant is to be developed, daily available 3696 m3 of biogas can generate 6098.4 KWh/day of electricity. Daily savings of around NRs. 73,180 can be achieved from selling of electricity at the rate of NRs. 12/KWh.

4) The compost generated from the an-aerobic digestion process can be sold to the local farmers. The total revenue of NRs. 137280 can be collected from selling of compost daily.

5) If the proposed biogas plant is implemented as CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) project, extra financial revenue could be collected through the selling of carbon credit. 1 MT carbon dioxide equivalent carbon credit of US$ 5-7 can be earned through the implementation of CDM project

On the basis of collectable an-aerobically digestible organic solid material in the range of 66 MT per day, the size and the type of the digester plant need to be decided. The consumption of 66 MT in one plant will be difficult to handle. The choice of 10 MT or 20 MT or 30 MT digester plant size will be the choice of the investor, only after this decision, the financial part can reach to a conclusion.

4.6.3 Pre-Investment Process Involvement The proposed land for the an-aerobic digester plant implementation has an access to 1.5 Bigha of land in the Budhanagar of Jatuwa Village. If the land area is allowed to be the part of the project the planning process will be required to decide the entire set of the an-aerobic digestion process technology and the accessories within the allocated land area.

After the feasibility study of the waste to energy project the detailed feasibility study has to be conducted after which the major decisions can be made to actually implement the first major waste to energy project in Biratnagar

4.6.4 Tentative Timeframe for development of proposed biogas plant Based on the current situation, following tentative time frame is proposed for the development of biogas plan facility.



Page 42

Table 22: Tentative timeframe for biogas development in Biratnagar

S. N. Activity

Months

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 Detailed Feasibility Study

2 Project Site Selection And Development

3 Biogas Plant Detailed Design

4 Procurement and Installation

5 Test Operation

6 Final Phase Operation and Maintenance

4.7 Social and Environmental Impact 4.7.1 Social Impact: Socio-economic characteristics is a key component to success development projects thus there is a need for better understanding the social consequences of projects, programs and policies. It is important to consider the social equity or distribution of both benefits and impacts in the rural society.

The proposed biogas plant site is located in Jatuwa VDC to the southern sector of Biratnagar city. It is the sub-urban area which is around 9-10 km away from Biratnagar city area. Currently, there is no presence of any huge physical structures, natural resources and any other assets that would be affected due to sub-project interventions. But a small sewerage canal and temporary road passes by the proposed site which could be diverted and managed with minimum effort. The proposed biogas plant site has spread into around 1.5 Bigha of land currently owned by Biratnagar SMC. Since the land is already purchased by Biratnagar SMC, additional land procurement is not required. There is no presence of squatter, encroacher, leaseholder in the proposed site at present. The land of proposed site was previously an agricultural land so there is no any presence of community resource properties and natural resources. Presently the land is barren and there is no presence of tree and crops, so there won’t be any impact on livelihood, trees and crops. The area around proposed site is agricultural field and there is no presence of any households residing within or adjacent to project site.

Depending on the detailed design and size of plant facility, additional area may be required later, which entirely depends upon the further detail study for the feasibility of project. The procurement process for additional land may be finalized in negotiations with Biratnagar SMC. Biratnagar SMC also possesses around 17 Bigha of land without any application as of now which could also be proposed for the total municipal solid waste management in B-SMC including waste to energy project.

The sub-project intervention can have various benefits for the local community. The local community people can get employment opportunities if the sub-project is established within their locality. The main beneficial impact of the project is to increases the use of clean energy for cooking/heating/electricity purpose instead of traditional biomass/petroleum products etc. Another major benefit is urban solid waste



Page 43

management in Biratnagar Sub Metropolitan City. There are several significant positive impacts in wellbeing of the urban population. Hence, the proposed project can create more benefits and opportunities for the local community.

If project is to be implemented in the proposed site, proper planning is required. The existing site condition and locality of the proposed site suggests that the sub-project intervention will have minimum negative social impacts.

4.7.2 Environmental Impact Like all other development projects, the construction and operation of the proposed project is also likely to produce impacts on local environment, both adverse and beneficial. There will be less adverse impact on the local environment of the project because of proper waste management proposed in this report. Several such possible impacts have been identified based on site observation, field survey and information obtained from the stakeholders.

The project site is located in sub-urban area of Biratnagar and there are no nearby settlements, community facilities around the site. The project site is typically an agricultural field so there is no presence of forest area within or nearby project site. Project site doesn’t have any water sources/water bodies in and around the project site. If the proposed plant is to be established in this site with the suggested timeframe, around 40 trippers will be used per day and each tripper will have the capacity of 1 MT/trip. The road condition in and around the proposed site is earthen. The estimation of number of vehicle to be used and their capacity is made based on the current waste collection practice of Biratnagar SMC. The possible land use change by the development of facility and its various components won’t have much impact such as, loss of private land, loss of agricultural product, loss of private structures/community structures, loss of forest and vegetation. The type of waste that will be used in the project is an-aerobically digestible organic municipal solid waste. Around 66 Ton of collectable an-aerobically digestible waste will be available per day in the year 2016 which will be collected from Biratnagar SMC area.

After implementation of the project, post digestion effluent semisolid waste or compost will be generated. Almost all the waste generated will be reused as fertilizer whereas some waste might need to be stored on site. There is no need of discharging effluent generated from the project to a sewer or combined drained system. There won’t be high risk for health and safety because of project intervention but there are risk of some construction related accidents and respiratory problem due to dusty environment/vehicular emission. During implementation of period some health and safety issues may arise due to accidents associated with firing and explosion, spreading of disease due to increased disease vectors, flies, mosquitoes etc., handling of slurry (with pathogens). Other health and safety issue will depends upon the type of plant facility and its implementation methodologies. Since there are no nearby settlements around the proposed project site, there is very less chance of spreading of vector disease and spreading of foul odour. The slurry generated from the project shall be used as bio-fertilizer. Some solid, liquid and gas by-product out of the stored and post digestion process may involve to be looked after for proper management during operation and management of the plant.

Application of design standard and specification on effective implementation of the proposed mitigation measures would avoid and minimize the adverse impact on the environment. The predicted adverse environmental impacts can be mitigated if not avoided by implementing the proposed mitigation measures. Even after mitigation, it is



Page 44

envisaged that there will be some amount of residual impacts and they will be under tolerable limit.

As the total project cost is NRs. 363,000,000 (which is greater than 25 Crore), Environment Protection Rules 1997 Schedule 2 (Related to Rule 3 of EPR) - "L", mandates EIA level study prior to project implementation. Regarding social assessments, there is no need of conducting social Impact Assessment because the project does not displace any households and people and the project does not require acquisition of land [15].

The environmental/social implications shall be changed if the location/project technology is changed and accordingly environmental and social screening must be repeated after finalization of technology during DFS. During DFS study; it is recommended to follow the guidelines on "Social Management Framework (SMF)" and "Environment Management Framework (EMF)" prepared by AEPC/NRREP.

5 RISK ASSESMENT During the feasibility study of waste to energy potential of Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City, various risk consequences have been assessed. Major risk consequences with their likelihood and mitigation measures are discussed below:

a) The current practise of solid waste collection and management in Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City seems to have some shortcomings because of which only fraction of waste generated is being collected from B-SMC area. The proper management and implementation of scientific waste management protocol can resolve the existing issue and significantly increase the quantity of waste collection in B-SMC.

b) For the effective implementation of this project, proper solid waste collection, transportation and management to the project site is necessary. Lots of intervention might be necessary for regular collection of solid waste and delivery.

c) Current practice of solid waste collection and management on the basis of

membership is only able to cover around 4312 members however; around 57510 memberships can be created including all sector of solid waste generation in Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City.

d) Site location where plant facility is to be established is not finalized yet, so

finalization process of project site need to be initiated considering various circumstances such as, availability of land area, adequacy of space for development of facility, social and environmental impacts, etc.

e) More than 35 % of total collectable solid waste generated from Biratnagar Sub-

Metropolitan City is inorganic which can’t be useable for biogas plant. So there is huge management risk for handling of inorganic waste which can be reuse, recycle and reprocessed for sustainable management.

f) Legal ownership of responsibility of waste collection and management of municipal

solid waste for the proposed project should be discussed and finalized. For this bilateral or trilateral agreement should be made between B-SMC, private groups and NGO.



Page 45

6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEDATION 6.1 Conclusive Remark The estimation for waste quantity is made on the basis of field observations, population data of CBS/2011 and WEL report of 2010. The result of estimation shows that, when the population of B-SMC was 201125 in the year 2011, the total quantity of waste generation was 171.75 MT/day. The average per capita waste generation in the 2011 is projected as 0.853 kg per person per day. The population of 2014 is projected on the basis of CBS data of 2011. The population of 2014 is projected to be 213875 and the waste generation potential is estimated to be 182.63 MT/day. The total collectable MSW in 2014 was estimated to be 110.52 MT/day out of which only around 16.83% (18.6 MT/day) of MSW is being practically collected. This data is actually based on the total collective regular waste generator membership of 4213 (7.32 % of total potential waste generator in B-SMC). However this kind of initiative will assess to lead the sustainable waste management in the city by applying the process of waste to energy production based on the an-aerobic digestion process.

From the results of field observation on B-SMC waste, the present daily collection of waste is found to be 18.6 MT/day which is only indicative value. Detail database on waste collection and its financial data were not available during field observations which were the major limitation for the entire study.

Similarly, the quantity of waste generation and collectable waste quantity in the year 2016 is projected and estimated. The projected quantity of waste generation in the year 2016 is found to be 190.27 MT/day with the projected population of 222821. The average per capita waste generation in 2016 is estimated to remain at the 2011 level of 0.853 kg per person per day. The feasibility study of the municipal solid waste in B-SMC for the waste to energy project seems feasible based on the actually collectable solid waste in the tune of 73.94 MT of total gross organic waste in the year 2016. The per capita collectable solid waste in B-SMC is worked out to be 0.521 kg per person per day. After the required processing the segregated organic solid waste at the source of generation point that can be made available as a feedstock for the an-aerobic digester plant will be 66 MT/day at the rate of 0.332 kg per person per day. This is based on the model which defines the 70 % of the residential households and all other institutions which generate the daily solid waste would be worked out as the collectable. The worked out value is three times the quantity of the currently collected figure of gross municipal waste. To achieve this goal all those solid waste generators from the entire domestic as well as the institutional sectors will have to bring under the Municipal Solid Waste Management Act 2011, and the sustainable management of the MSW for the generation of the renewable energy and the bio-fertilizer scheme of the Biratnagar-SMC. The quantitative estimated values of the organic solid waste that can be collected in the tune of above 25 MT/day also support the threshold value required by World Bank for large biogas plant. Also the waste management team should work effectively to achieve this goal. Therefore waste to energy project in Biratnagar City by application of an-aerobic digestion process will be practically feasible only by taking the initiatives of zero waste management.

6.2 Recommendation Following major recommendations are made based on the study:



Page 46

a. The total municipal solid waste that is generated within the city area is in appreciable quantity but the current practise of municipal solid waste collection and disposal mechanism is highly inefficient.

b. Based on the per capita solid waste and other institutional solid waste, the actual amount of solid waste that can be collected on daily basis is very high but to achieve this there is need of entire management system intervention with reference to the human resources mode of transportation and financial investment.

c. The current system of solid waste management undertaken along with the implementation of a bilateral agreement between B-SMC and HPEN (NGO) will have to be revised as per the situation created by the solid waste generation, collection, disposal and other management.

d. In this report, for calculation of total quantity of waste generation and quantity of an-aerobically digestible waste useable as feedstock for Biogas plant, waste from the medical sector is also considered as collectable potential waste. However, because of hazardous and infectious nature of medical waste, proper treatment of medical waste in mandatory before considering it as potential waste for biogas generation. Since the quantity of waste generated from medical sector is minimum, it can also be discarded from considering as collectable potential waste for biogas generation.

e. The waste management team is required to have complete data base of collectable and collected waste quantity in B-SMC and should be regularly maintained.

f. In B-SMC the daily collected MSW (18.6 MT/day) have been collected and simply dumped in the unmanaged open landfill site, therefore waste to energy generation project should be able to manage all the collectable municipal solid waste in to the energy products and the gross solid refuge thereof should be properly managed on day to day basis.

g. The waste to energy project primarily based on the an-aerobic digestion process should be well integrated in the zero waste management schemes in the B-SMC.

h. The total waste generation potential of B-SMC in the year 2016 is projected as 190.27 MT/day out of which only 116.07 MT/day is found to be collectable. Out of the total collectable MSW, around 63.7% (73.94 MT/day) of waste is found to be organic and 36.3% (42.13 MT/day) is found to be non-organic/inorganic. Around 56.86 % (66 MT/day) of segregated organic solid waste will be sustainably managed through the waste to energy project by applying an-aerobic digestion technical processes which generate biogas and bio fertilizer for local consumption. This also provides opportunity for the initiation of the CDM project based on biogas technology. But remaining 43.14 % (49.52 MT/day) of mostly non-organic solid waste material need to be managed sustainably within the city. The recommended selective technology for the management of the remaining part of the solid waste could be bio-composting technology, bio-briquetting technology or thermo chemical conversion technology based on the



Page 47

selective available solid waste material. And other selective solid material may be managed sustainably by applying reuse, recycle and reprocessing technologies.



Page 48

7 APPENDICES 7.1 Technical Calculations Estimation of MSW Generation

Case I: Waste generation estimation in 2011 (Base case)

The total solid waste generation potential of Biratnagar SMC projected in 2011 is 171.75 MT/day. The total quantity of the solid waste would not be possible to collect for the practical application. The non-collectible quantities of the solid wastes are illustrated below:

i. Agricultural waste consideration

The major quantity of the Agricultural wastes in Biratnagar is consumed by 5 established Vermicomposting industries. Annually 16224 MT of the agro by products are consumed for Vermicomposting (Singh, 2067). It is unlikely that the agricultural waste would be collectible as the MSW in B-SMC. Total quantity of agricultural waste generated= 34.05 MT/day The non-collectable quantity of agricultural waste after reduction of agricultural waste= 171.75 – 34.05 = 137.7 MT/day ii. Domestic waste Situation

Around 30% of household in Biratnagar SMC manages their waste by themselves [7]. Most of them manage their waste in their backyards and garden. The solid organic waste from the 30% of the household would not be available for the regular daily collection purpose.

Total quantity of waste after reduction of 30% household waste= Total quantity of waste generated after reduction of agricultural waste – waste generation potential of 30% household = 137.7 – 18.89 = 118.81 MT/day iii. Street waste omission due to sewerage The open sewerage canals extend up to 62 Km within the B-SMC. The street waste disposed over the sewerage canals cannot be taken as potential waste for biogas generation, so it also is assessed as the non-collectable quantity of the daily generated solid waste.

Total quantity of waste generation from street= 4.35 MT/day

Sewerage waste constitutes around 19% of street waste.

Total quantity of waste after reduction of sewerage waste = Total quantity of waste generated after reduction of agricultural waste and 30% household waste – quantity of sewerage waste = 118.81 – 0.83 = 117.98 MT/day iv. Reduction due to waste collected by Scrap Vendors Scrap vendors command and manage substantial quantities of the waste products in their profession. According to WEL report, in the year 2010 there were about 53 Scrap



Page 49

vendors, whose collection and then selling of the solid waste provide the notable reuse and or reprocessing the municipal solid waste within and outside the district or the country. Reduction of such waste is considered in the estimation of total collectable waste.

Total quantity of waste after reduction of agricultural waste and 30% household waste, sewerage waste and Scrap waste= Total quantity of waste after reduction of sewerage waste – quantity of Scrap waste

= 117.98 – 14.03

= 103.95 MT/day


As per the primary observation, the organic fraction of waste in Biratnagar SMC is 63.7 % and inorganic fraction is 36.3 %.



Out of organic fraction of waste, around 90 % of waste is an-aerobically digestible.

The quantity of an-aerobically digestible waste = 66.22 – 6.62

= 59.6. MT/day

= ~ 59 MT/day


Case II: Waste Generation and Collected in 2014

Waste Collected in 2014

Based in the primary observation of this study it has been found that the total daily waste collection of Biratnagar SMC in 2014 is 18.6 MT/day.

As per the primary observation, the organic fraction of waste in Biratnagar SMC is 63.7% and inorganic fraction is 36.3 %.

Quantity of collectable organic waste = 11.85MT/day

Quantity of collectable inorganic waste = 6.75MT/day



= 10.665 MT/day

= ~ 10 MT/day


Projected Waste Generation in 2014

The total waste generation potential of Biratnagar SMC in 2014 is 182.63 MT/day but, some quantity of waste need to be reduced. The reduction in waste quantity is calculated as:



Page 50

i. Agricultural waste Consideration

The major quantity of the Agricultural wastes in Biratnagar is consumed by 5 established Vermicomposting industries. Annually 16224 MT of the agro by products are consumed for Vermicomposting (Singh, 2067). It is unlikely that the agricultural waste would be collectible as the MSW in B-SMC. Total quantity of agricultural waste generated= 36.21 MT/day Quantity of waste after reduction of agricultural waste= 182.63 – 36.21 = 146.42 MT/day ii. Domestic waste situation

Around 30% of household in Biratnagar SMC manages their waste by themselves [7]. Most of them manage their waste in their backyards and garden. The solid organic waste from the 30% of the household would not be available for the regular daily collection purpose.

Total quantity of waste after reduction of 30% household waste= Total quantity of waste generated after reduction of agricultural waste – waste generation potential of 30% household = 146.42 – 20.09 = 126.33 MT/day iii. Street waste omission due to sewerage The open sewerage canals extend up to 62 Km within the B-SMC. The street waste disposed over the sewerage canals cannot be taken as potential waste for biogas generation, so it also is assessed as the non-collectable quantity of the daily generated solid waste.

Total quantity of waste generation from street= 4.63 MT/day

Sewerage waste constitutes around 19% of street waste.

Total quantity of waste after reduction of sewerage waste = Total quantity of waste generated after reduction of agricultural waste and 30% household waste – quantity of sewerage waste = 126.33 – 0.88 = 125.45 MT/day iv. Reduction due to waste collected by Scrap vendors Scrap vendors command and manage substantial quantities of the waste products in their profession. According to WEL report, in the year 2010 there were about 53 Scrap vendors, whose collection and then selling of the solid waste provide the notable reuse and or reprocessing the municipal solid waste within and outside the district or the country. Reduction of such waste is considered in the estimation of total collectable waste.

Total of waste after reduction of agricultural waste and 30% household waste, sewerage waste and Scrap waste= Total quantity of waste after reduction of sewerage waste – quantity of Scrap waste

= 125.45 – 14.93

= 110.52 MT/day




Page 51






= 63.36 MT/day

= ~ 63 MT/day


Case III: Waste Generation in 2016

The total waste generation potential of Biratnagar SMC in 2016 is 190.27 MT/day but, some quantity of waste need to be reduced. The reduction in waste quantity is calculated as:

i. Agricultural Waste Consideration

The major quantity of the Agricultural wastes in Biratnagar is consumed by 5 established Vermicomposting industries. Annually 16224 MT of the agro by products are consumed for Vermicomposting (Singh, 2067). It is unlikely that the agricultural waste would be collectible as the MSW in B-SMC. Total quantity of agricultural waste generated= 37.72 MT/day Quantity of waste after reduction of agricultural waste= 190.27 – 37.72 = 152.55 MT/day ii. Domestic Waste Situation

Around 30% of household in Biratnagar SMC manages their waste by themselves [7]. Most of them manage their waste in their backyards and garden. Hence the waste potential of 30% household needs to be reduced from total quantity of waste generation potential as:

Total quantity of waste after reduction of 30% household waste= Total quantity of waste generated after reduction of agricultural waste – waste generation potential of 30% household

= 152.55 – 20.93 = 131.62 MT/day There is no reduction made for sewerage waste in case of waste generated in 2016 because, Government/B-SMC is planning to close the entire sewerage canal before 2016. iii. Reduction due to waste collected by scrap vendors Scrap vendors command and manage substantial quantities of the waste products in their profession. According to WEL report, in the year 2010 there were about 53 Scrap vendors, whose collection and then selling of the solid waste provide the notable reuse and or reprocessing the municipal solid waste within and outside the district or the country. Reduction of such waste is considered in the estimation of total collectable waste.



Page 52

Total of waste after reduction of agricultural waste and 30% household waste, sewerage waste and Scrap waste= Total quantity of waste after reduction of sewerage waste – quantity of Scrap waste

= 131.62 – 15.55

= 116.07



Quantity of organic waste generated = 73.94 MT/day

Quantity of inorganic waste generated = 42.13 MT/day

Out of organic fraction of waste, around 90 % of waste is an-aerobically digestible


= 66.55 MT/day

= ~ 66 MT/day


7.2 Financial Calculations Existing Case (2014)

In present condition, for collection and management of around 18.6 MT of MSW, 152 staffs are being employed including managerial level staff, skilled employees and labours.

Estimated (Tentative) incurring waste collection and management cost calculations:

Estimated incurring cost calculations have been made based on the field observations and data from HPEN. Following are the major expenses of HPEN.

1) Cost of Manpower

Tentative salary/payment of different level of manpower is tabulated below:

Particular Number Rate (NRs.) Total (NRs.) Managerial level staff 12 25000 300000 Skilled labour 40 8000 320000 Unskilled labour 100 6000 600000 Monthly Labour cost 1220000

2) Dumping site has been taken in lease by HPEN

Monthly cost of dumping site = NRs. 50000

3) Fuel cost for transportation.



Page 53

Based on the primary observation, it has been found that the total distance travelled by all the vehicles for waste management is around 463.4 km weekly.

Total cost of transportation fuel in a week = 463.4 * 100

= NRs. 46340

Monthly total cost of transportation fuel = NRs. 185360

Total monthly expenses for manpower, dumping site and fuel = NRs. 1455360

Around 10% of operation and maintenance cost is added to the sub total.

Monthly O & M cost = NRs 145536

Estimated (Tentative) total incurring monthly waste collection and management cost = NRs. 1600896

Estimated (Tentative) Revenue generation (Collectable cost):

1) Waste management cost from SMC The waste management cost paid by SMC to HPEN on monthly basis = NRs. 751000 2) B-SMC provides 42 labours out of total 152 manpower. Monthly income from payment of salary of 42 labours from B-SMC = NRs. 25200 3) Selling of recyclable waste Around 2% of recyclable and reusable solid waste collected can be sold at the rate of around NRs. 6/kg Monthly savings from selling of recyclable and reusable waste = NRs. 66960 Estimated (Tentative) revenue from total monthly collectable waste management cost from domestic and institutional waste generating client = NRs. 843160

HPEN also charges some fee from its 4213 members for the waste management which has not been added in the income calculations yet. The average waste management fee per member is estimated on the basis of income and expenditures calculated above. Estimated amount of revenue (Collectable waste management cost) and incurring expenditure shows that the difference of incurring expenses and revenue (Collectable waste management cost) is around NRs. 757736. Let us assume HPEN is running with the profit of 15 %. Now the difference of incurring cost and revenue (Collectable waste management cost) becomes NRs. 871396.4. Since the exact number of members and waste management fee charged by HPEN to its member was not accessible, it is assumed that the difference of income and expenditures is maintained by membership fee with profit of around 15%. Based on this, average membership charge is estimated as: Average membership fee per member = Total difference of income and expenditures/number of members

= 871396.4/4213



Page 54

= NRs. 206.84 Now, The revenue including membership fee = NRs. 1714556

Financial Calculation for Biogas Generation plant:

If only biogas generation plant is to be developed, savings of LPG from the biogas plant is estimated below with reference to biogas calculation tool v3.1 of AEPC:

In case of liquid Petroleum Gas, net heating value is 45.6 MJ/kg.

Calorific Value of 1 m3 of Biogas = 22 MJ

This implies, 1 kg of LPG is equivalent to 2.07 m3 of biogas

Total net heating value which can be obtained from 3696 m3 of biogas available in the year 2016 is 81312 MJ.

Quantity of LPG equivalent of biogas available with 3696 m3= 3696/2.07

= 1785.51 kg

A gas cylinder available in Nepal weighs 14.2 Kg and costs around NRs. 1500 (current market rate /cylinder)

The total number of cylinder that can be replaced with daily available biogas

= 1785.51/14.2

= 125.74

Around 125 cylinders can be filled daily with biogas generated from proposed plant in 2016.

Daily savings from selling of biogas (Revenue) = 125 * 1500

= NRs. 187500

Financial Calculations for Electricity Generation Plant:

If biogas plant is to be developed for electricity generation,

Daily available 3696 m3of biogas can generate 6098.4 KWh/day of electricity (From Biogas calculation tool v3.1 of AEPC).

The cost of electricity according to current rate of Nepal Electricity Authority ranges from around NRs. 8- NRs. 13 per KWh. The cost is different based on the applications and usage (e.g. domestic, institutional, industrial, etc.). Higher value is taken for the calculation since the electricity consumed could be used for industrial applications.

Daily savings from selling of electricity at the rate of NRs 12/KWh (Revenue)

= 6098.4 * 12

= NRs. 73180.8

Revenue from selling of compost:



Page 55

By using Biogas calculation tool v3.1 of AEPC the calculation of compost production is worked out.

The quantity of compost production from an-aerobic digestion process in the year 2016 is calculated to be 13728 kg/day

At present, the vermicompost produced in Biratnagar area is sold at average rate of NRs. 10/kg. So based on the current practice, the rate of selling of compost is assumed as NRs. 10/kg.

If produced compost is sold at the rate of NRs. 10/kg,

The total daily revenue collection from selling of compost = 13728 * 10

= NRs. 137280



Page 56

7.3 List of Meetings Conducted during Study Besides regular weekly meeting of SETM study Team for planning and implementation of project, following major meetings were conducted during study period:

i. Various meetings with AEPC during field planning and reporting phases. ii. Meeting with Green Field Pvt. Ltd. before commencement of Field Visit to

Biratnagar and during field visit in Biratnagar iii. Three sets of meetings with Executive officer of Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan

City Office iv. Various sets meetings with District Energy and Environment Unit (DEEU) of

District Development Committee (DDC) v. Various discussions and meeting with Environment section staffs of Biratnagar

Sub-Metropolitan City vi. Various sets of meetings and discussions with Health and Peace for

Environment Nepal (HPEN) vii. Various meetings with major stakeholders of waste management sector of

Nepal

7.4 List of Field Visits during study: Two weeks long Field visit was conducted by SETM study team in the month of November 2014. Field visit mainly included:

i. Visit to Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City Office, District Development Committee Office (DDC), Health and Peace for Environment Nepal (HPEN) and other stakeholders Offices for meeting, discussion and observation.

ii. Meeting with Stakeholders with AEPC Team iii. Site visit to various existing biogas plants in Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City iv. Site visit to vermicomposting plant of Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City v. Site visit to potential site for development of biogas plant facility

vi. Visit to Ratna Hotel Pvt. Ltd for assessment of Hotel/Restaurant waste vii. Visit to various hospitals in Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City for assessment of

medical waste viii. Visit to various industries in Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City

ix. Visit to street collection centres for assessment of street waste x. Visit to existing landfill site of Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City

xi. Visit to various household for assessment of household waste in Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City.



Page 57

REFERENCES

1. Singh, R. B., (2012),The Role of Biomass Energy Resources in Nepal and Its Prospects in the Generation of Renewable Energy for National Development, Celebrating 500,000 + ICS, Biomass Energy Support Program, AEPC/ERSAP.

2. National Population and Housing Census 2011, Central Bureau of Statistics, Volume 06, NPHC2011

3. Singh, R. B., (2067), Feasibility study of Municipal Solid Waste based Organic Bio-fertilizer production in Biratnagar Sub Metropolitan City, CEO, B-SMC.

4. SWM & RMC, (2004), A Diagnostic Report on State of Solid Waste and Management on Metropolitan City, 2011

5. Report on Solid Waste Management Baseline Study in Biratnagar Municipality, July 2012, GoN, Ministry of Local Development, Solid Waste Management Technical Support Centre (SWMTSC) Shree Mahal, Tech. Asst.,ADB.

6. A Detailed Study on Management of waste inside Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City, Water Environment and Life Organization (WEL), 2067 BS.

7. Communication with the Environment Section of B-SMC (2014) 8. Urban Population and density, Central Bureau of Statistics, 2011 9. Singh, R.B., (2004), A Technical Evaluation of Renewable Energy Biogas in

Nepal, SCITECH Journal, Vol.7, No.2, NEC, Nepal 10. Singh, RB. And Aryal, S., Technical Viability of Methane Generation from

Green Grasses with or without cow dung, first National Conference on renewable energy Technology for rural development 12-14 Oct. 2006, AEPC/MOEST, Centre for Energy Studies, IOE/TU, Nepal Solar Energy Society.

11. Energy Sector Synopsis Report, Water and Energy Commission Secretariat, 2010.

12. Rimal, B., Urban Growth and Land use/Land Cover Change of Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal, Applied Remote Sensing Journal, 2011.

13. Biogas Calculation tool v3.1, AEPC, 2014 14. Meetings and communication with various stakeholders of waste management

sector in B-SMC. 15. Environment Protection Rule, (2057) 1997 16. Social Management Framework, AEPC, 2013 17. Environment Management Framework, AEPC, 2013 18. Nepal Electricity Authority.



Page 58

PHOTOGRAPHS / MAPS

Figure 6: AEPC and SETM team in discussion with stakeholders at existing biogas plant site in district

jail

Figure 7: AEPC and SETM team in meeting with District Jailer about biogas plant at District Jail



Page 59

Figure 8: SETM Team interacting with HPEN staffs in the field

Figure 9: Medical waste found in hospital in mixed form (Without segregation)



Page 60

Figure 10: SETM team segregating medical waste manually for characterization

Figure 11: SETM and Hospital representative holding segregated medical waste



Page 61

Figure 12: Street waste being collected in tricycle by worker

Figure 13: Street waste from tricycle ready for segregation and characterization



Page 62

Figure 14: Manual segregation of street waste by SETM team members

Figure 15: Organic fraction of Street solid waste after segregation



Page 63

Figure 16: Inorganic waste fraction of street waste

Figure 17: Landfill site of Biratngar SMC



Page 64

Figure 18: Medical waste seen in landfill site.

Figure 19: Kawadi workers and pigs in landfill site



Page 65

Figure 20: AEPC, SETM, B-SMC team at proposed biogas plant development site.

Documents

FINAL REPORT ON “FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR WASTE TO ENERGY ...setmnepal.org/images/downloads/1428483199waste_2_energy_potential_in... · Final Report on Feasibility Study for Waste