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7/31/2019 Final Report of Turkey Trade and Commerce.2003
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A
GLOBAL / COUNTRY STUDY AND REPORTON
General Overview of Trade and Commerce of TurkeySubmitted to
L.J.INSTITUTION OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THEREQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF BUSINESS ASMINISTRATIONIn
Gujarat Technological University
Under the guidance of faculty guidePRIYANKA SHAH
P f
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Students Declaration
We, Patel Mrugesh, Balla Arun, Mehta Chintan, Ram Ranjan, Jandhlani Neeta, Panchal Gopal
hereby declare that the report for Global/ Country Study Report entitled GENERAL OVERVIEW
OF TRADE AND COMMERCE in Turkey is a result of our own work and our indebtedness to other
work publications, references, if any, have been duly acknowledged.
Place: Ahmedabad
SignatureDate:
Patel Mrugesh
Balla Arun
Mehta Chintan
Ram Ranjan
Jandhlani Neeta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
1. CH.1 Brief introduction of Turkey 32. CH.2 History ofTurkey 4
3. CH.3 Introduction of Turkey Market 6
4. CH.4 General Overview of Trade and Commerce Of Turkey 7
5. CH.5 Trading Policies in Turkey 8
6. CH.6 Channels of Distribution of Turkey 9
7. CH.7 Trade statistics of Turkey 11
8. CH.8 Bibliography 20
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CH 1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF TURKEY
Turkey known officially as the Republic of Tureky, it is a Eurasian country locatedin Western Asia and in East Thrace in South-eastern.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The country's official language is Turkish,which is spoken by approximately 85% of the population as mother tongue.
Turkey today still holds a very strategic position on the world map.
This vast land of 67.8 million people has tackled the challenges of the future through its journeyalong the road towards modernisation and democracy.
Today, it has a vibrant society, a dynamic economy, an active political lire and great confidence in
its future.
Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Istanbul.
Turkey is a paradise of sun, sea, mountains, and lakes offering the holiday maker a completechange from the anxieties and routine of everyday life.
From April to October, most parts of Turkey have an ideal climate, providing perfect conditions in
which a visitor can relax on sandy beaches or enjoy the peace of mountains and lakes.
Turkey has a magnificent past and is a land full of historic treasures covering 13 successive
i ili ti
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_states_and_empireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_states_and_empires7/31/2019 Final Report of Turkey Trade and Commerce.2003
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CH.2 History of Turkey
The occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I
prompted the establishment of the Turkish national movement. Under the leadership ofMustafa KemalPasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during theBattle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking theterms of the Treaty of Svres.
By 18 September 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and the new Turkish state wasestablished. On 1 November, the newly founded parliament formally abolishedthe Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July
1923, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic ofTurkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officiallyproclaimed on 29 October 1923, in the new capital ofAnkara. The Lausanne treatystipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereby 1.1 million Greeksleft Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims transferred from Greece to Turkey.
Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President and subsequently introduced manyradical reforms with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of its
Ottoman past.[13] With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament bestowed uponMustafa Kemal the honorific surname "Atatrk".
Turkey remained neutral during most ofWorld War II, but entered the war on the side oftheAllies on 23 February 1945, as a ceremonial gesture; and on 26 June 1945, becamea charter memberof the United Nations. Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quellinga communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases inthe Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The
f G
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_of_the_Turkish_national_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausannehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-Ottoman_Turkey-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Straitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_of_the_Turkish_national_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausannehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey#cite_note-Ottoman_Turkey-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Straitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine7/31/2019 Final Report of Turkey Trade and Commerce.2003
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The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role. Thepresident is elected for a five-year term by direct elections.Abdullah Gl was elected aspresident on 28 August 2007, by a popular parliament round of votes, succeeding AhmetNecdet Sezer.
Executive poweris exercised by the Prime Ministerand the Council of Ministers which make
up the government, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament,the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Thejudiciary is independent of the executive andthe legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of lawsand decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort foradministrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others.
The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in thegovernment and is most often the head of the party having the most seats in parliament. Thecurrent prime minister is the former mayor of stanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdoan, whoseconservative Justice and Development Party won an absolute majority of parliamentaryseats in the 2002 general elections, organized in the aftermath of the economic crisis of2001, with 34% of the suffrage.
Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and everyTurkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. As of 2004, there were
50 registered political parties in the country. The Constitutional Court can strip the publicfinancing of political parties that it deems anti-secular orseparatist, or ban their existencealtogether.
There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-listproportional representation system from 85 electoral districts which represent the 81administrative provinces of Turkey. To avoid a hung parliament and its excessive politicalfragmentation, only parties winning at least 10% of the votes cast in a national parliamentary
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BClhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_System_in_the_Republic_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_System_in_the_Republic_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Council_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Appeals_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_general_election,_2002http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_thresholdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BClhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_System_in_the_Republic_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_System_in_the_Republic_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Council_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Appeals_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_general_election,_2002http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_threshold7/31/2019 Final Report of Turkey Trade and Commerce.2003
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CH.3 INTRODUCTION OF TURKEY MARKET
The Overall Economic Situation:
Turkey is normally called the Gateway to Europe from Asia as it is in the middle of the twocontinents. It is situated between Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraqand Syria, with theMediterranean, Aegean, Black and Sea of Marmara forming its coastline. The abundantnatural resources such as natural stone, marble, boron, chromium, thorimn, coal, with a total
value of US$2,000 billion. Natural stones and marbles account for 40% of the resourcereserves and also rank first in different varieties available. Boron trioxide reserves 700 billiontons, worth about US$356 billion while chromium reserves of 0.1 billion tons, and thoriumaccounts for 22% and the greatest amount ofany one country. Gold reserves stand at 450 tons, silver 1,100 tons and coal 8.5 billion tons,although oil and natural gas are in short supply and it is therefore necessary to import these.Water is also in short supply as there is only 1,430 cubic metres per head in storage.
Business Opportunities:
AgricultureTurkey is traditionally a farming country, therefore the foundation of agriculture is sound. Thecountry is self sufficient in grain, cotton, fruit, vegetables and meat. Agriculture accounts for20% of the gross domestic product and the population employed in agriculture accounts for
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CH.4 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF TRADE AND COMMERCE OF TURKEY
Turkey has one of the most liberal trade regimes, based on its 1.5 percent MFN Tariff TradeRestrictiveness Index (TTRI).1 It ranks as the 5th least restrictive tariff regime out of a 125country sample. Turkey has a trade regime that is less restrictive than that of an averageEurope and Central Asia (ECA) (4.4 percent) or upper-middle-income country (6.9 percent).The TTRI for non-agricultural products, for which the tariffs are based on the EU commonexternal tariff due to Turkeys participation in the customs union with the EU, is 1.3 percent,which is lower than that of its comparators. But Turkey is much more protective of its
agricultural products. Its latest TTRI for agricultural products is 21.8 percent.
Foreign Trade Overview
The spearheads of Turkish foreign trade are the automobile and textile industries , followedby the food industry, machinery and equipment and electronic equipment, steel andchemical sectors respectively. The European Union is by far Turkey's leading customer,
followed by the United States, China and Iraq. Yet the country shows a high trade deficitlevel because of its high energy dependency on Russia and its Middle Eastern neighbours.In addition, like the household appliance sector, which paradoxically is a high exportindustry, many components are imported to subsequently be assembled in Turkey. Despitegovernment efforts to promote innovation , Turkish exports have relatively low added value.Similarly, Turkish exports are still not very present on markets with high developmentpotential and suffer from being compared to German ones.
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CH.5 Trading Policies in Turkey
The objective of Turkeys trade policies at all levels is to effectuate the principle of "free and
fair trade" in its relations. The World Trade Organization (WTO), which regulates the courseof the multilateral trade system, and the ongoing Doha Development Round negotiations areconsidered as invaluable platforms by Turkey to voice its concerns and endorse its interests.
The Customs Union established with the European Community (EC) in 1995, which cameinto force in 1996 right after the completion of the Uruguay Round has also been acornerstone in Turkeys trade policies. The ECs determining influence in Turkeys traderelations has intensified even more with the beginning of the full membership process.
Turkey also makes efforts to achieve a liberalized world trade and beginning from its region,works to enhance its commercial and economic relations with its neighbours. Turkeyexpects its trade policy to contribute to the economic and also political stability in its region.Towards that end, Turkey also pursues ambitious trade agendas from a regional perspectivein organizations such as Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), Black Sea EconomicCooperation (BSEC), Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) and Developing-8 as a
member.
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CH.6 CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION OF TURKEY
RETAILERS
In 2011 for the first time, Turkey ranked among the ten most attractive destinations for retailinvestments. Compared to the previous year, the country thereby moved up eight positions. This isshown in the Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) 2011 of A.T. Kearney, the consulting firm,which, for the tenth consecutive time, assessed the attractiveness of 30 emerging markets fortrading companies. According to this assessment, the Turkish market shows great potential.
Especially in Istanbul and other major Turkish cities, the propensity to consume is constantlygrowing. The number of shopping centres, supermarkets and hypermarkets is growing. But also inmedium sized cities, retail companies are beginning to invest in more compact store formats andestablishing new locations.
Trade characterised by tradition: The Turkish retail landscape is still organised rathertraditionally. Currently, the top five retail companies hold a market share of less than tenpercent. Independent, family-owned shops, the so-called Bakkallar, as well as open marketsand bazaars are still very common across the country. According to estimates, Turkeycurrently has 550,000 Bakkalar shops. Especially in rural areas and smaller cities, wheremodern supermarkets and hypermarkets are still rare, traditional shops assume an importantlocal supply function.
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4. Magazines
5. Journals
Some of the leading newspaper of turkey are Zaman, Todays Zaman, Posta Saboh, Taraf, Agos.These are some news paper which are useful in the mass circulation of news in the turkey market.
Radio News Channnel like Deta FM, Billboard Radio, TRT- 3, and Radio Istanbul are some turkey
radio stations are available as free streaming audio service on internet.
Television network comprises of Satellite, cable, Terrestrial and mobile network.
CH.7 TRADE STATISTICS OF TURKEY
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Exports 1,1% 1,1% 1,0% Exports 4,0% 4,5% 4,7%
EU27 MERCHANDISE TRADE WITH TURKEY BY PRODUCT (2011) - SITC* (UN, WTO/ITS) & AMA/NAMA (WTO) BREAKDOWNS
Millions of euros Source: Eurostat (Comext, Statistical Regime 4)
32 513
17 622
8 653
Imports Exports Balance
14 891 12 113 13 7569 077
Millions of euros
80 00070 00060 00050 000 43 817
Imports Exports Balance
68 351
-10 000-20 000
3 831 2 101
-10 012
4 679 40 00030 00020 000
10 0000
3 490 3 274
24 534
286 1 039 753
Agri. Prod. (Food(incl. Fish) & Raw
Materials)
Fuels and miningproducts
Chemicals Machinery andtransport equipment
Textiles & Clothing Other Products -10 000 -216
Agricultural Products
(AMA/WTO)
Non-Agricultural
Products (NAMA/WTO)
Other Products
* SITC Rev. 3: Agri. Prod. (Food (incl. Fish) & Raw Materials): 0, 1, 2, 4, excl. 27, excl. 28; Fuels and mining products: 3, 27, 28, 68; Chemicals: 5; Machinery and transport equipment: 7; Textiles & Clothing: 65, 84
TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES (SERVICES EXCLUDING "GOVERNMENT SERVICES")
TURKEY WITH THE WORLD EU27 WITH TURKEY
Billions of eurosImports Exports Balance Billions of euros Imports Exports Balance
30,0
25,0
20,0
23,4 23,4
13,9
25,215,0
10,0
5,0
12,8
6,8
11,5
6,4
13,7
8,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
11,3 12,1 11,1 12,2 11,30,0
-5,0
-10,0-6,0
-5,0 -5,8
2008 2009 20102008 2009 2010
Source: World Trade Organisation Source: Eurostat (NewCronos)
% OF THE WORLD (excluding Intra-EU Trade) 2008 2009 2010 % OF TOTAL EXTRA-EU27 2008 2009 2010
Imports 0,6% 0,7% 0,7% Imports 2,9% 2,8% 3,1%
Exports 1,2% 1,3% 1,2% Exports 1,3% 1,4% 1,5%
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTEU27 FDI WITH TURKEY EU27 STOCKS OF FDI WITH TURKEY
Billions of euros
7,0
6,0
6,2 6,5Inflows Outflows Balance
5,85,0
Billions of euros
70,0
60,0
Inward Stocks Outward Stocks Balance65,5
54,057,3
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EU'S TRADE BALANCE WITH TURKEY
European Union, Trade with Turkey millions of euro, %
Period ImportsVariation
(%, y-o-y)
Share oftotal
EU Imports
(%)
ExportsVariation
(%, y-o-y)
Share oftotal
EU Exports
(%)
Balance Trade
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
47 028 12,7
45 960 -2,3
36 197 -21,2
42 323 16,9
47 588 12,4
3,3
2,9
3,0
2,8
2,8
52 650 5,2
54 093 2,7
44 101 -18,5
61 253 38,9
72 588 18,5
4,2
4,1
4,0
4,5
4,7
5 621
8 133
7 903
18 930
24 999
99 678
100 053
80 298
103 577
120 176
2011Q1
2011Q2
2011Q3
2011Q4
2012Q1
2012Q2
2012Q3
2012Q4
12 461 -
12 186 -
11 271 -
11 670 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
3,0
2,9
2,7
2,8
-
-
-
-
18 590 -
19 230 -
17 597 -
17 170 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
5,1
5,1
4,6
4,3
-
-
-
-
6 129
7 044
6 325
5 501
-
-
-
-
31 052
31 417
28 868
28 840
-
-
-
-
Average annual growth (2007-2011) 0,3 8,4 4,8
80 000
70 000
60 000
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Imports Exports Balance
European Union, Trade with the World millions of euro, %
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TURKEY'S TRADE WITH MAIN PARTNERS (2010)
1 EU27 39 754,5 46,3%
23
4
5
Iraq 4 564,0 5,3%Russia 3 497,5 4,1%
United States 2 906,2 3,4%
United Arab Emirat 2 522,1 2,9%
6
7
8
9
10
Iran 2 300,3 2,7%
China 1 716,2 2,0%
Egypt 1 698,9 2,0%
Saudi Arabia 1 683,7 2,0%
Switzerland 1 587,2 1,8%
11
12
13
14
15
Israel 1 569,3 1,8%
Libya 1 464,4 1,7%
Syria 1 391,9 1,6%
Azerbaijan 1 173,1 1,4%
Algeria 1 134,1 1,3%
16
17
18
19
20
Ukraine 949,6 1,1%
Turkmenistan 861,4 1,0%
Kazakhstan 620,5 0,7%
Georgia 582,6 0,7%
Tunisia 539,0 0,6%
21
22
23
24
25
Morocco 469,8 0,5%
Brazil 466,3 0,5%
Lebanon 466,2 0,5%
India 458,0 0,5%
Singapore 447,8 0,5%26
27
28
29
30
Jordan 434,0 0,5%
Canada 361,3 0,4%
Kuwait 302,7 0,4%
South Africa 280,9 0,3%
Norway 260,0 0,3%
31
32
33
34
35
Australia 253,5 0,3%
Yemen 250,6 0,3%
Serbia 230,9 0,3%
South Korea 229,2 0,3%
Kosovo 222,5 0,3%
1 EU27 94 364,1 42,0%
23
4
5
Russia 19 788,3 8,8%China 14 715,2 6,5%
United States 12 244,4 5,4%
Iran 8 091,5 3,6%
6
7
8
9
10
Iraq 5 586,3 2,5%
Switzerland 3 976,5 1,8%
Ukraine 3 853,2 1,7%
South Korea 3 838,1 1,7%
Saudi Arabia 3 529,1 1,6%
11
12
13
14
15
United Arab Emirate 3 049,3 1,4%
India 3 043,8 1,4%
Algeria 2 845,6 1,3%
Japan 2 700,9 1,2%
Israel 2 602,4 1,2%
16
17
18
19
20
Kazakhstan 2 480,4 1,1%
Egypt 2 399,0 1,1%
Syria 1 898,7 0,8%
Azerbaijan 1 826,7 0,8%
Libya 1 791,1 0,8%
21
22
23
24
25
Brazil 1 485,9 0,7%
Indonesia 1 306,4 0,6%
Turkmenistan 1 152,9 0,5%
Thailand 1 134,0 0,5%
Canada 1 052,7 0,5%26
27
28
29
30
Malaysia 1 020,9 0,5%
South Africa 958,4 0,4%
Norway 879,7 0,4%
Uzbekistan 866,0 0,4%
Georgia 802,6 0,4%
31
32
33
34
35
Morocco 770,8 0,3%
Bangladesh 769,8 0,3%
Pakistan 753,6 0,3%
Tunisia 750,8 0,3%
Vietnam 646,2 0,3%
The Major Imports Partners The Major Export Partners The Major Trade Partners
Rk Partners Mio euro % Rk Partners Mio euro % Rk Partners Mio euro %
World (all countrie 138 894,2 100,0% World (all countrie 85 949,4 100,0% World (all countrie 224 843,7 100,0%
1 EU27 54 609,7 39,3%
23
4
5
Russia 16 290,8 11,7%China 12 999,0 9,4%
United States 9 338,2 6,7%
Iran 5 791,1 4,2%
6
7
8
9
10
South Korea 3 608,9 2,6%
Ukraine 2 903,5 2,1%
India 2 585,8 1,9%
Japan 2 495,7 1,8%
Switzerland 2 389,3 1,7%
11
12
13
14
15
Kazakhstan 1 859,9 1,3%
Saudi Arabia 1 845,3 1,3%
Algeria 1 711,5 1,2%
Indonesia 1 117,1 0,8%
Israel 1 033,2 0,7%
16
17
18
19
20
Iraq 1 022,3 0,7%
Brazil 1 019,6 0,7%
Thailand 967,0 0,7%
Malaysia 849,9 0,6%
Egypt 700,1 0,5%
21
22
23
24
25
Canada 691,4 0,5%
South Africa 677,5 0,5%
Azerbaijan 653,6 0,5%
Uzbekistan 652,4 0,5%
Bangladesh 640,9 0,5%26
27
28
29
30
Norway 619,7 0,4%
Pakistan 567,7 0,4%
Vietnam 566,4 0,4%
United Arab Emirat 527,2 0,4%
Syria 506,8 0,4%
31
32
33
34
35
Nigeria 450,2 0,3%
Mexico 373,9 0,3%
Australia 337,2 0,2%
Libya 326,6 0,2%
Morocco 300,9 0,2%
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EUROPEAN UNION, TRADE WITH THE WORLD AND TURKEY, BY SITC SECTION (2011)*
European Union, Imports from the World European Union, Imports from... Turkey
SITC
CodesSITC Sections
Value
(millions of
euro)
Share of
Total (%)
SITC
CodesSITC Sections
Value
(Millions of
euro)
Share of
Total (%)
Share of
total EU
Imports
TOTAL 1 683 931 100,0% TOTAL 47 588 100,0% 2,8%SITC 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 485 445 28,8% SITC 7 Machinery and transport equipment 17 622 37,0% 4,0%
SITC 7 Machinery and transport equipment 438 645 26,0% SITC 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material 11 227 23,6% 6,1%
SITC 8 Miscellaneous manufacturedarticles 214 871 12,8% SITC 8 Miscellaneous manufacturedarticles 10 952 23,0% 5,1%
SITC 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material 183 699 10,9% SITC 0 Food and live animals 3 257 6,8% 3,9%
SITC 5 Chemicals and related prod, n.e.s. 152 490 9,1% SITC 5 Chemicals and related prod, n.e.s. 2 069 4,3% 1,4%
SITC 0 Food and live animals 83 827 5,0% SITC 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 1 201 2,5% 1,6%
SITC 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 76 944 4,6% SITC 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 765 1,6% 0,2%
SITC 9 Commodities and transactions n.c.e. 30 003 1,8% SITC 9 Commodities and transactions n.c.e. 223 0,5% 0,7%
SITC 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 8 596 0,5% SITC 1 Beverages and tobacco 165 0,3% 2,3%
SITC 1 Beverages and tobacco 7 061 0,4% SITC 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 18 0,0% 0,2%
European Union, Imports from the World European Union, Imports from... Turkey
SITC 5
9,1%
SITC 0
5,0%
SITC 2
4,6%
SITSCSITI
O9TCtCh4e
1r
1,8%00,05
,4,%1%%
SITC 3
28,8%
SITC 0
6,8%
SITC
2SITSCSISTIO3TI
CTtChC9e1r4
SITC 5 2,5%1,6%00,05,3,%02%%
4,3%
SITC 7
37,0%
SITC 610,9% SITC 8
23,0%
SITC 8
12,8%SITC 7
26,0% SITC 6
23 6%
European Union, Exports to the World European Union, Exports to... Turkey
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* The sums of the individual SITC product categories are less than the totals due to confidentiality reasons. DG TRADE
Source: EUROSTAT (Comext, Statistical regime 4); World excluding Intra-EU trade and European Union: 27 members. 21-Mar-12
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23 6 709,9 14,1% 1,0%
8
8
19
6
20
31
14
39
34
23
95
3 830,4 8,0% 2,9%
3 477,4 7,3% 3,2%
241,7 0,5% 1,3%
3 235,7 6,8% 3,7%
353,0 0,7% 1,3%
2 879,4 6,1% 0,5%
811,1 1,7% 1,9%
765,2 1,6% 0,2%
629,8 1,3% 0,2%
135,4 0,3% 0,1%
1 303,1 2,7% 3,1%40 547,2 85,2% 4,3%
4
14
13
7
16
5
6
15
21
11
25
3
2
8
5
8
6
5
2
2
8
6
2 066,7 4,3% 6,1%
2 069,0 4,3% 1,4%
243,6 0,5% 0,5%
881,2 1,9% 4,6%
944,1 2,0% 1,2%
4 113,6 8,6% 4,8%
17 621,9 37,0% 4,0%
1 410,1 3,0% 0,8%
70,4 0,1% 0,1%
1 317,6 2,8% 1,8%
22,2 0,0% 0,1%
10 535,3 22,1% 10,3%
9 131,5 19,2% 18,7%
1 403,7 2,9% 2,6%
5 676,6 11,9% 3,6%
417,2 0,9% 1,4%
1 892,5 4,0% 2,9%
3 366,8 7,1% 5,4%
3 743,8 7,9% 16,7%
8 366,4 17,6% 11,6%
2 565,9 5,4% 1,8%
924,4 1,9% 2,6%
5 12 344,2 17,0% 4,8%
8
10
36
10
4
4
2
5
5
13
5
5
3 779,5 5,2% 3,3%
2 561,9 3,5% 2,7%
13,9 0,0% 0,4%
2 548,0 3,5% 2,8%
1 217,6 1,7% 5,8%
8 564,8 11,8% 6,0%
3 420,0 4,7% 17,6%
3 857,8 5,3% 3,9%
3 771,1 5,2% 4,1%
86,7 0,1% 1,3%
1 286,9 1,8% 5,0%
58 764,7 81,0% 4,8%
2
6
8
1
6
7
4
6
6
4
16
44
6
5
6
4
5
4
6
8
8
6
3 428,9 4,7% 8,4%
11 857,8 16,3% 4,7%
2 680,3 3,7% 2,7%
3 981,9 5,5% 11,3%
5 195,7 7,2% 4,4%
4 487,2 6,2% 4,0%
32 471,8 44,7% 5,0%
4 352,2 6,0% 5,4%
1 345,4 1,9% 5,4%
2 781,7 3,8% 6,8%
225,1 0,3% 1,5%
14 737,9 20,3% 6,1%12 019,3 16,6% 7,4%
2 718,6 3,7% 3,4%
13 308,2 18,3% 4,1%
1 538,5 2,1% 3,3%
8 716,4 12,0% 4,3%
3 053,4 4,2% 4,2%
1 282,0 1,8% 7,5%
819,0 1,1% 4,0%
4 414,6 6,1% 3,3%
694,2 1,0% 2,8%
1 544,7 2,1% 3,4%
5 634,4
-51,0
-915,6
-227,8
-687,7
864,6
5 685,4
2 608,9
3 092,6
3 141,3
-48,7
-16,2
18 217,5
1 362,2
9 788,9
RANK OF TURKEY IN EUROPEAN UNION TRADE (2011)*
EU Imports EU Exports EU Balance
SITC Rev.3 (UN, WTO/ITS) & AMA/NAMA** (WTO)
Product GroupsRank
Value
(in millions
ofeuro)
Share of
Product in
Total (%)
Share of
Partner in EU
Imports
(%)
Rank
Value
(in millions
ofeuro)
Share of
Product in
Total (%)
Share of
Partner in EU
Exports
(%)
Value
(in millions
ofeuro)
TOTAL 7 47 588,4 100,0% 2,8% 5 72 587,6 100,0% 4,7% 24 999,2
1000 - Primary products
1100 - Agricultural products (Food (incl. Fish) & Raw Materials)
1110 - Food
1111 - Fish
1112 - Other food products and live animals
1120 - Raw materials
1200 - Fuels and mining products
1210 - Ores and other minerals
1220 - Fuels
1221 - Petroleum and petroleum products
1222 - Other fuels
1230 - Non ferrous metals2000 - Manufactures
2100 - Iron and steel
2200 - Chemicals
2210 - Pharmaceuticals
2220 - Plastics
2230 - Other chemicals
2300 - Other semi-manufactures
2400 - Machinery and transport equipment
2410 - Office and telecommunication equipment
2411 - Electronic data processing and office equipment
2412 - Telecommunications equipment
2413 - Integrated circuits and electronic components
2 436,6
3 100,7
4 251,6
373,6
14 849,9
2 942,0
1 275,0
1 464,1
202,9
2420 - Transport equipment
2421 - Automotive products
2422 - Other transport equipment
2430 - Other machinery
4 202,6
2 887,8
1 314,8
7 631,6
2431 - Power generating machinery 1 121,3
2432 - Non electrical machinery 6 823,9
2433 - Electrical machinery -313,5
2500 - Textiles -2 461,8
2600 - Clothing -7 547,5
2700 - Other manufactures 1 848,7
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* The sums of the individual SITC product categories are less than the totals due to confidentiality reasons. DG TRADE
** Based on: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/markacc_e/namachairtxt_dec08_e.pdf
Source: EUROSTAT (Comext, Statistical regime 4); Share by products in EU 27 Total Trade excluding Intra-EU trade.
21-Mar-12
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/markacc_e/namachairtxt_dec08_e.pdfhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/markacc_e/namachairtxt_dec08_e.pdf7/31/2019 Final Report of Turkey Trade and Commerce.2003
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EU Exports to
TDC Sections World
Turkey
Share ofMillions Share of
total EUof euro Total
Exports
EU Balance with
TDC Sections World Turkey
TOTAL 1 531 122 72 588 100,0% 4,7%
TDC 16
TDC 17
TDC 15
TDC 06
TDC 07
TDC 05
TDC 11
TDC 18
TDC 10
TDC 04
TDC 01
TDC 02
TDC 20
TDC 13
TDC 08
TDC 09
TDC 14
TDC 12
TDC 03
TDC 19
TDC 21
425 431
224 819
109 013
223 961
59 934
104 786
38 722
69 879
30 249
53 583
21 813
20 493
23 413
17 106
13 408
10 093
49 608
7 072
3 946
2 326
4 611
20 359
12 422
9 249
8 047
5 472
4 211
2 451
2 098
1 572
1 239
794
663
639
520
445
432
401
349
27
24
23
28,0%
17,1%
12,7%
11,1%
7,5%
5,8%
3,4%
2,9%
2,2%
1,7%
1,1%
0,9%
0,9%
0,7%
0,6%
0,6%
0,6%
0,5%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
4,8%
5,5%
8,5%
3,6%
9,1%
4,0%
6,3%
3,0%
5,2%
2,3%
3,6%
3,2%
2,7%
3,0%
3,3%
4,3%
0,8%
4,9%
0,7%
1,0%
0,5%
TOTAL -152 809 24 999
TDC 06 87 026 6 854
TDC 15 3 611 3 857
TDC 17 133 928 3 148
TDC 07 11 181 2 839
TDC 05 -413 721 2 737
TDC 18 15 028 1 885
TDC 10 13 985 1 229
TDC 01 530 534
TDC 09 -444 390
TDC 12 -10 522 245
TDC 14 2 650 170
TDC 08 430 86
TDC 21 1 664 21
TDC 03 -4 899 6
TDC 19 1 259 4
TDC 20 -13 557 -187
TDC 04 15 132 -216
TDC 13 6 217 -387
TDC 02 -23 060 -1 184
TDC 11 -54 338 -9 688
EU TRADE WITH THE WORLD AND EU TRADE WITH TURKEY (2011)*(Ranking by Trade Flows in 2011)
EU Imports from
TDC Sections World
Turkey
Share ofMillions Share of
total EUof euro Total
Imports
TOTAL 1 683 931 47 588 100,0% 2,8%
TDC 11
TDC 17
TDC 16
TDC 15
TDC 07
TDC 02
TDC 05
TDC 04
TDC 06
TDC 13
TDC 20
TDC 08
TDC 10
TDC 01
TDC 14
TDC 18
TDC 12
TDC 09
TDC 03
TDC 19
TDC 21
93 060
90 891
350 449
105 402
48 752
43 553
518 507
38 451
136 934
10 889
36 970
12 978
16 265
21 283
46 959
54 851
17 595
10 536
8 845
1 067
2 947
12 140
9 274
8 568
5 391
2 633
1 847
1 474
1 455
1 193
907
826
358
343
260
231
214
104
42
21
20
3
25,5%
19,5%
18,0%
11,3%
5,5%
3,9%
3,1%
3,1%
2,5%
1,9%
1,7%
0,8%
0,7%
0,5%
0,5%
0,4%
0,2%
0,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
13,0%
10,2%
2,4%
5,1%
5,4%
4,2%
0,3%
3,8%
0,9%
8,3%
2,2%
2,8%
2,1%
1,2%
0,5%
0,4%
0,6%
0,4%
0,2%
1,9%
0,1%
TDC sections (Harmonized System):
TDC 01 Ch.01-05 Live animals; animal products TDC 11 Ch.50-63 Textiles and textile articles
TDC 02 Ch.06-14 Vegetable products TDC 12 Ch. 64-67 Footwear, headgear, umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking-sticksTDC 03 Ch.15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products TDC 13 Ch.68-70 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar material
TDC 04 Ch.16-24 Prepared foodstuffs; beverages, spirits and vinegar; tobacco... TDC 14 Ch.71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones
TDC 05 Ch.25-27 Mineral Products TDC 15 Ch.72-83 Base metals and articles of base metal
TDC 06 Ch.28-38 Products of the chemical or allied industries TDC 16 Ch.84-85 Machinery and mechanical appliances; electrical equipment
TDC 07 Ch.39-40 Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof TDC 17 Ch.86-89 Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment
TDC 08 Ch.41-43 Raw hides and skins, leather, furskins and articles thereof TDC 18 Ch.90-92 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision
TDC 09 Ch.44-46 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal; cork and articles ofcork TDC 19 Ch. 93 Arms and ammunition; parts and accessories thereof
TDC 10 Ch.47-49 Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; paper or paperboard TDC 20 Ch.94-96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles
TDC 21 Ch.97 Works of art, collectors pieces and antiques
* The sums of the individual TDC categories are less than the totals due to confidentiality reasons. DG TRADE
Source: EUROSTAT (Comext, Statistical regime 4); World excluding Intra-EU trade and European Union: 27 members.
21 Mar 12
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21-Mar-12
CH.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. WWW.ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM2. WWW.WTO.COM3. WWW.TURKSTAT.GOV.COM
4
http://www.wto.com/http://www.wto.com/7/31/2019 Final Report of Turkey Trade and Commerce.2003
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4.