FINAL REPORT

“Odonata Diversity Relationship with Plant Vegetation Diversity in

Palimanan Quarry, Cirebon, West Java

Researchers: Geo Septianella

Researchers team :

Fatihah Dinul Qayyimah, Lulu’ Nisrina, Resti Aulunia, Rosnaeni, Yusuf Baskoro

Quarry Palimanan Cirebon- 2014

UNIVERSITY AL-AZHAR OF INDONESIA

ABSTRACT

Odonata or dragonflies are often referred to as the insects that are important for the environment

because they are bio-indicators of water areas. Odonata existence indicates that the environment

has good natural conditions. One area that has not been known to natural conditions related to

the presence of Odonata is the area around the Indocement factory, Palimanan, Cirebon, West

Java. Therefore, the research aims to analyze the relationship Odonata diversity of plants and

vegetation around the plant area Indocement, Palimanan. The results of this study may be the

first step of making the Eco Park as conservation of dragonflies and other animals in that area.

The study was conducted at 4 points, which is an 1, 2, 3 and 4 ponds, rice fields and villages

around the Palimanan Wetan plant. Identifications result toward these 778 individuals that were

collected at the study sites in 4 points are, 4 families consisting of 18 species. Plants were

identified consisting of 56 genus with 61 species. Plants that dominate Quarry Palimanan is

family Fabaceae. Other plants are influenced by the diversity of aquatic plants due to Odonata is

directly related to the life cycle of Odonate at nymph stage.

Key Words: Odonate diversity, plant vegetation, Indocement Palimanan factory

INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is the one of the country with the highest biodiversity after Brazil, so it is

known as Megabiodiversity (Mittermeier 1997) that include species, genetic, and habitat

diversities. Species diversity of animals, plants, and microorganisms and Insects are one of the

group of the animal with a very big diversity.

Group of Odonata or dragonfly is one of the insect group with quite high species

diversity. Odonata is divided in two major group which are Anisoptera (common dragonfly) and

Zygoptera (needle dragonfly). The number of Odonata species diversity in the world is around

5000-6000 species (Corbet 1999). Indonesia has about 900 species of Odonata (Rahadi et al.

2013), spesifically the Java island has around 29% which is 177 species

(Lupiyaningdyahpers.com). One of the Cirebon area that already have the Odonata diversity data

is in the area of Ciremai Mountain which is about 20 species (Aswari et al. 2011).

Natural condition that change every year derived this study to discover the natural

condition at cement industrial mining site. Mining exploration can damage the habitat of living

organism. Thus need to know the diversity in the location of this mine, and also the effort needed

to sustain existing species, and preserve the habitat for the creatures living in these locations.

Solution is needed to restore the habitat for living organism to make room for the existing

species as a form of responsibility for the environment around the mining site.

This research can be the first step in the conservation of dragonflies (Odonata) and

habitat at local site, not only for the dragonfly, but for other living organism such as plants that

play an important role for the Quarry environmental conditions. This conservation effort is

formed in an area called Eco Park. Eco Park is a park or land-based in a beautiful environment

with vegetation dominated by plants that contribute to other living creatures. Furthermore, Eco

Park can provide a positive impact for the people of Cirebon, especially in the vicinity of Quarry

Palimanan. The positive impact of, among others, for is health aspect, can reduce the rate of

diseases such as dengue fever. Odonata nymph eats mosquito larvae, the vector of disease.

Agricultural aspect is a natural predators to reduce agricultural pests, for example walang rice

pest and leafhoppers. Farming aspects that could reduce ectoparasites for farm animals, and as

bio-indicators of water in surrounding environment.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES In this study we wanted to know the diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) and its relationship with

vegetation plants located in Quarry Location Palimanan Cirebon, West Java. This study include

catching several species of dragonflies as inventory data of dragonfly species diversity,

distribution and activity of the dragonfly observation based on the observation time, analysis

plants in four study sites, determine dragonfly related to plants and other insects through

identification of other insects, as well as knowing abiotic conditions of the four study sites.

The information is expected to be the first step in the conservation of dragonflies

(Odonata) and habitat at a local site, as well as other organisms that play an important role for

Quarry environmental conditions. This conservation effort is formed in the area called Eco Park.

Eco Park is a park or land-based in a beautiful environment dominated by plants that contribute

to other living creatures. Furthermore, Eco Park can provide a positive impact for the people of

Cirebon, especially around the site of Palimanan quarry.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

This research is motivated by the role of Odonata as bio-indicators of water. Basically

there has been no information about the diversity of Odonata in Palimanan quarry Cirebon. This

study was conducted to determine the diversity of Odonata in several locations Palimanan

quarry.

Odonata’s life is known closely related to plant vegetation. Thus, we also identify the

vegetation diversity of plants with the intent to determine the relationship between Odonata with

the existing vegetation in the area of Palimanan quarry, Cirebon.

Odonata can be a role players in health, one of them as disease prevention. Prevention is

done by preying insects which become vectors of some diseases. These insects include

mosquitoes, flies, insect pests and parasites for livestock. That is, become the basis for us to

determine insects are bad for health, agriculture, and farm. We will identify the other insects in

the area of Cirebon Palimanan Quarry.

Location of the study divided by the watery areas surrounding PT. Indocement,

Palimanan, Cirebon. Locations include 1,2,3 pond (artificial pond) which became a point of

study sites (Figure 1a), 4 ponds the location of point 2 (Figure 1b), and rice field became the

3rd point location (Figure 1c) , and Palimanan Wetan villages as the location of the control point

is similar to that located in the factory (Figure 1d).

METHOD

Time and Research Location

This research was conducted at PT. Indocement Palimanan, Cirebon, West Java, and the

Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Zoology-

biology Research Center, Bogor Cibinong. Field research was conducted for 18 days in the three

study areas (pond 1-4, rice fields) and 1 location in the village as a control Palimanan Wetan,

with 4 times the catching in each research area.

Field research was divided into 2 periods. The first part starts at 06:00 to 10:00 am, and

in the second part continued from 14:00 to 18:00 pm. The study was divided into 2 periods per

activity aimed to look at the dragonfly species in the study sites. Laboratory research includes

identification of the Odonata species, and other insects to the family stage, and preserved some

specimens of Odonata and other insects.

Sweeping and Malaise trap Sweeping method is the method of catching insects by using insect nets (sweeping net). Insect

net is used to catch flying insects. Malaise trap is a passive trap to catch other insects, to

discover food or prey of Odonata (Faulds & Crabtree 1995).

Marking method

This method is used to estimate the Odonata population by marking the Odonata’s wing. This

marking using markers to give point and numbers on each catching. This marking is also

intended to avoid excessive taking in nature (Aguilar et al. 2008).

Temporary specimen storage

Storage is done to avoid specimen from decaying before preserved. Odonata specimens

is storage using triangle papilot paper for Anisoptera (dragonflies) and put in a plastic box, while

Zygoptera (needle dragonfly) is inserted in a small tube that contained 90% alcohol content. And

provision of camphor (Naptahlane) to avoid invading microorganisms and other insects such as

ants.

Plant and insect specimen identification in each area of research

Identification of plant is done as it is related to the purpose of this study is to determine

the relationship between the diversity of Odonata with plant. Identification of plant is done

directly by taking a picture and identified by LIPI staff Purwodadi Botanical Gardens. Identify

other insects for the supporting data, until the family stage. The specimens were identified in the

Research Center for Biology, Division of Zoology, LIPI Cibinong, Bogor using insect

identification books of Odonata (Orr 2003; Orr 2005; Rahadi et al. 2013), Coleoptera (Harde

KW 1999; Amir 2002), Diptera (Alexander 1981), Hemiptera (Cassis & Gross 1995),

Lepidoptera Butteflies (Peggie & Amir 2006), Moth (Zborowski & Ted 2007), Orthoptera

(Colles & Rentz 1985).

Specimen Preservation (Mounting)

Odonata and other insect specimens preserved by using the oven with a temperature of

450-50

0 C. Preservation by using the oven is intended to avoid the attack of microorganisms and

preservation can last long. This preservation using a needle insects (insect pin) which serves to

support the body of insects that can be placed neatly in the storage box.

Analysis of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson evenness index

Shannon-Wiener diversity analysis is used to determine the diversity of Odonata on each

study site by using the formula (H '= Σ pi In pi). Meanwhile, Simpson's evenness index to

determine the value of the dominance of each dragonflies species were caught at each study site

(E = H '/ Ln S).

Geographic Information Spatial (GIS)

This method is carried out for mapping Odonata species found per site. Where is the

method can determine the distribution of species in Quarry Palimanan Cirebon. This method uses

ArcGIS software (Photo 7 & 8).

RESULT

Odonata diversity

We managed to obtain 18 species of 778 individuals, of which 159 individuals caught,

were preserved. While the other 619 specimens were using tagged and released method. From

the 18 species caught consists of 4 families and 15 genus (Table 2). Number of families are most

commonly found is Libellulidae with 10 species. The lowest number of families is Gomphidae

and Platycnemididae consisting of 1 species.

In this study, the most commonly found species is Crocothemis servillia 250 individuals

and Orthetrum sabina as much as 128 individuals. All species caught is included into the

category of common species, but there are some that often and rarely found.

Crocothemis servilia has spread from Siam, Penang, Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra,

Bawean, Borneo, Jakarta, and Bali. This species can be found in rice fields habitat, ponds, lakes,

and areas of human habitation. species reaches a height limit in 2150 m (Lieftinck 1954).

Distribution Orthetrum sabina include Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo. This

species can be found at an altitude of 2400 m above sea level. This species is very common and

widespread (Lieftinck 1954).

Our observations are not only spreading at each point location, but also includes

observation time activity on the Odonata. Activity observation started at 06:00 to 18:00 it shows

the activity time of Odonata in nature. Generally the most common activity of Odonata perching

on plants from 07.00 to 09.00 (Figure 2). At 09.00-15.00 Odonata flying activities with the

purpose of seeking prey, looking for a mate, and seek for territorial to lay their eggs.

The results obtained were analyzed using the diversity Shannon-Wiener index diversity

and Simpson's index of diversity. The average yield SWI diversity index and SI in Palimanan

Quarry is H '= 2.866, E = 0.481. In (Figure 1) Pond 1,2,3 has the highest diversity index results

among 3 other locations (pond 4, Rice, and the Village Palimanan) that H '= 2.977 and E =

0.321. Pond 4 has the results of the index H '= 2.742 and E = 0.494. Rice Field Area at PT.

Indocement Palimanan is H '= 2.878 and E = 0.517. Last location Palimanan-Wetan Village the

control is H '= 2.821 and E = 0.590.

Our observations not only observations on spreading at each point location, but added the

observation time on the activity of Odonata found. Activity observation started at 06:00 to 18:00

it shows the activity time Odonata in nature. Based on general observations of activity Odonata

species most commonly found at 07.00 to 09.00 (Table 7). Species found at 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 as

many as 11 species, among others Brachythemis contaminata (Photos 2E), Crocothemis

servillia, Orthetrum sabina, Pantala flavescens, Potamarcha congener (Photos 2D),

Agriocnemis femina, Agriocnemis pygmaea (Photo 2G), Ischnura senegalensis (Photos 2H),

Pseudagrion microcepalum, Pseudagrion pruinosum, Pseudagrion rubriceps (Table 7).

Observation time activity that most rare Odonata is at 15:00 to 18:00. Species found at that time

only 5 species including Brachythemis contaminata, Crocothemis servillia, Diplacodes trivialis,

Orthetrum sabina, Pantala flavescens, and Potamarcha congener (Table 7).

Plant Vegetation

From the 61 species of plants were recorded in 4 locations of which consist of 3 types of

habitus which 17 types of trees, bushes or shrubs 18 types, and as many as 26 types of herbs.

Plants were recorded consisting of 20 families (Table 3), with three locations is dominated in

Quarry Area Palimanan the family Fabaceae, and the species of plants that are found in all four

locations is Mimosa pudica. Type of plant consists of terrestrial plants and aquatic plants. Water

plants are recorded only 2 types of Typha aungustifolia and Phragmites karka (Photo 5). Both of

these plants are in the location of the pond 1,2,3 and the Palimanan Wetan Village.

Other Insects

There are 6 ordo we manage to note with Malaise Trap method, they are Coleoptera,

Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera. Diptera Ordo has the most

number of individual of about 1277 of 5 families. Hymenoptera are 430 of 14 families,

Lepidoptera are 5 255 of 6 families, Orthoptera are 9 of 14 families and the least is Hemiptera, 6

individuals of 2 families. (Sheet no 3).

Order Diptera most commonly found in each site Palimanan Quarry. Family is most

commonly found in the order Diptera Tabanidae and Muscidae this is. Tabanidae and Muscidae

most commonly found in the location of pond 4 In order Lepidoptera Noctuidae family is most

prevalent in the location of the third point.

Walang sabngit that is included in the order Hemiptera with Alydidae family is also

found at the site pond and rice fields in the Area 4 Palimanan Quarry. Walang sangit known as a

pest of rice because it can suck plant sap and attack the rice so that the fruit pieces into a hollow,

and scars from stitches can cause white patches into place for the fungus.

Abiotic Condition of Palimanan Quarry

Abiotic conditions consisting of physical and chemical conditions. Obtained physical

condition, is temperature, altitude, wind speed, and humidity, while chemical conditions include

water quality conditions at Palimanan Quarry and PH at Palimanan-Wetan Village, Dissolved

Oxygen (DO), BOD (Biochemical Oxygent Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygent Density).

Abiotic conditions is important to determine the condition of an environment that can be said is

good or not, depends on the outcome abiotic conditions.

Based on the data obtained (Table 4) that the location of Quarry Palimanan has 30oC-

35oC temperature (Table 4). Data on height at the location which is between 45-52 m, wind

speeds of about 4-11 km / h, and the humidity was between 48-52%. The data obtained from the

measurement of pH of data on the four different locations are not too significant, which results

in a row pond 1 7.87, 2.88 Pond, Pond 3 ,89, Swimming 4 5.99, Rice 6.5, and Palimanan village

Wetan 6.8. Data were obtained from DO measurement results of data obtained from the

observation that the pond 1 was 5.6 mg / l, 2 ponds was 6.0 mg / l, 3 ponds was 5.8 mg / l, 4

ponds of 4, 5. While in the area of rice fields and village Palimanan- Wetan respectively of 4.4

and 4.3 mg/l. BOD in Pond 1, Pond 2 and Pond 3 respectively of 7.6; 8.805; and 9.97 mg/l.

While the pond 4, paddy fields, and village-Wetan Palimanan namely 8.63, respectively; 31.82;

and 21.73 mg/l. COD measurement results, obtained similar results in Pond 1, Pond 2 and Pond

3 is 25.8 mg/l. Meanwhile, in a row in Pond 4, paddy fields, and village-Wetan Palimanan is

21.2; 85.62; and 54.65 mg/l.

DISCUSSION

Analysis of Diversity Index (H ') and Evenness Index (E)

Based on data from Odonata diversity and evenness were obtained at each location in

Quarry Palimanan included into the category of being, but the location with the highest diversity

values pond 1,2,3, H '= 2.977 (see Figure 1) presumably because of the location points wider

than the third point which is 12 hectares of other locations, as well as various types of plants over

29 species (Table 3). At this location also has a water plant which is mostly dominated by Typha

aungustifolia and Phragmites karka. Diversity index showed that variability in the category is

moderate (Table 1). The lowest diversity index value H '= 2.742 at the location of pond 4 despite

being in the moderate category. 4 suspected because an area smaller than other woods all three

locations, but the plants are known there are 26 types of plants (Table 3). Species diversity is a

combination of species richness compiled by evenness. Factors affecting species diversity (H ')

among other geological conditions, the spread of a species, habitat conditions, the influence of

season, and sebagianya (Rusmendro 2007).

Evenness index were tested with Simpson index showed that the value of evenness at the

pond 1,2,3 E = 0.321 is included in the category of small populations. All three other locations in

the category is moderate. Locations with the highest evenness index values, is Palimanan Wetan

Village is E = 0.590. E values indicate higher category indicates that there is a more dominant

type in a community, or can be said to be relatively the same type obtained.

Odonata Habitat

Habitat for Odonata life is in need of water and plant aroud it There are two types of good

habitat for Odonata, the habitat with shallow water with a large variety of foreign plants and the

lush surrounding waters, and shallow water habitats with emerged plant (plants half submerged

in the water and half on the surface of the water ), and include with bushes and trees that are not

too dense (Aguilar et al. 2008).

In the first habitat the invaded habitat (Figure 2a), foreign tree cover the growing local

grasses and shrubs. This leads to changes in habitat structure and reduce the solar energy which

adult dragonfly depend on that (Samways 2006). It also affects the insects that live in the habitat

at the plant vegetation which will affect the existence of the dragonfly and dragonfly life support.

In the second habitat the recovered habitat (Figure 2b) solar energy penetrate the tree

cover and help local grasses and shrubs grow well. Local habitat structure and amount of solar

energy improve the quality that needed by endemic and rare habitat specialists and also can

increase the diversity of dragonfly habitat. The amount of water plant can increase the number

and types of Odonata to live in these habitats. The growth of shrubs that can either increase the

number of other insects that are food sources of Odonata (Samways 2006).

Plant vegetation for Odonata

The study was conducted in rice fields located in Indocement Palimanan Quarry area and

as a location for the control of rice fields in the Palimanan Wetan village. The number of

Odonata species which successfully caught is 11 species at rice field and 10 species at Palimanan

Wetan Village. Results The number of Odonata species is smaller than the number of Odonata

species in artificial ponds 1, 2, and 3.

Based on research Akhmad et al. (2002) the insect that found as the pest of rice plants is

the Hemiptera, Homoptera and Lepidoptera order. Some insects that act as predators of insects in

rice plants was found of the order Coleoptera. Odonata is the top predator insects in a rice field

habitat in the form of nymphs and adults, and the prey of various types of insects and other

organisms, including insect pests of rice crops, such as rice stem borer (Chilo sp.), Brown

grasshopper (Nilaparvata lugens), and walang sangit (Laptocorisa acuta) (Boror et al. 1992;

Shepard et al. 1992).

Odonata relationship research with other aspects, such as the relationship between the

population Odonata with rice phenology (plant growth) has not been widely studied. In the

development of Odonata life is affected by abiotic factors such as the use of insecticides that can

affect the declining abundance of Odonata. In research Asahina et al. (1970) also reported that

due to the use of insecticides against rice stem winches conducted in 1955-1959 in Japan,

resulting in Odonata population has decreased drastically. In this study suspected it was one of

the causes of the diversity of Odonata less than other locations.

Water plants around the area of rice fields is suspected can also influence the abundance

of Odonata nymphs, because Odonata nymphs prefer to live among aquatic plants or attached to

the roots of the plant crops (Ahmad 1982). As well as the types of plants found in the area of rice

fields also affect the diversity of Odonata.

The number of Odonata species diversity is influenced by plant vegetation. There are 18

species of Odonata with 25 species of plants in the pond 1,2, and 3 location, while the Palimanan

Wetan village there are 10 species of Odonata with 17 species of plants. The results showed a

relationship with a number of Odonata species with plants is directly proportional to the amount

of vegetation. Palimanan village location is a residential area of rice fields.

It is known that there are some adults Odonata who do not lay their eggs in the water of

rice field environment, but in the surrounding waters like streams of water in the drainage area of

rice fields. Based on this study that the village locations around the rice fields at Palimanan

Wetan rushing streams and allegedly was used as a breeding place Odonata nymps. This is

consistent with studies (Aguilar et al. 2008) the existence of some kind of dragonfly habits that

lay their eggs on the fast-flowing water or stagnant water.

Insects That Influence Environment

Tabanus sp. found in rice fields and pond 4 is the main vector of the trypanosomiasis

disease. Tabanus sp is flies of the family Tabanidae of Diptera order are most commonly found

in Palimanan Quarry Area (Figure 6). The genus is found in both the point location as close to

the farm owned by PT. Indocement Palimanan Cirebon which consists of chickens, goats, and

cows farm.

` Based on data from the Directorate of Animal Health (2012) Indonesia there are 28

species of Tabanus, Chrysops species 3, and 5 species of the genus Haematopota that bring the

trypanosomiasis disease vector. Trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi, the

protozoan that infects the blood plasma (Department of Agriculture and Forestry District.

Pemalang 2014). Transmission from one animal to another animal do when flies feed on blood

(Directorate of Animal Health 2012).

Immune system and the lack of information makes it difficult to control the Tabanus sp.

Adult females slightly resistant to insecticides and who spend little on its host, which reduces the

effective time period for exposure to chemical substances (Brown & Lancaster 1973). Tabanus

sp responsible for spread of two major virus diseases in livestock, hog cholera virus and equine

infectious anemia virus. Hog cholera virus is the cause of fever in pigs: very acute, infectious

disease that causes death. There are several natural enemies of Tabanus sp. which is useful as a

biological control (Pechuman 1981). Tabanus sp. is the prey of adult dragonflies (Odonata),

robber flies (Asilidae), and wasps (Vespidae) from different genera (Pechuman 1981). Therefore,

the role of Odonata as natural predators of the genus is needed to reduce the population of

Tabanus sp. in nature.

Family Muscidae also found in the location of the pond 4, because the pond 4 is a point

location adjacent to the farm. This is the Muscidae flies berhabitat on poultry farms, and

mammals, as well as their life cycle in the feces, carcasses, soil, and decaying vegetation.

Muscidae penyaki commonly known as vectors of human and cattle. Muscidae or house flies are

vectors for disease-causing agents such as bacteria carriers of E. coli, Salmonella spp (Iqbal et al.

2014).

It has been found walang sangit which is included in the family Hemiptera in malaise

traps which is installed in the rice fields. Walang sangit is a serious pest in the agricultural

industry (Bendoy et al. 2013). Walang sangit pest usually perch in the generative phase of rice

crops to suck on rice grains (Pratimi & Soesilohadi 2011). This can affect grain quality and

viability of rice grains into low (Jahn et al. 2004).

Walang sangit can also cause discoloration of rice grains (Berg & Soehardi 2000). Rice has

walang sangit infestations have stylet puncture marks on the lemma and palea grain leather

which is indicated by the brown spots (Private 2012). The existence of walang sangit in rice

fields can not be left just like that due to the adverse impact of agriculture. With the 11 species of

Odonata in rice fields so they can be walang sangit biological control, because walang sangit is

one of the Odonata’s prey.

Noctuidae which is a family of Lepidoptera, and belongs to the group of moth most

commonly found in each location Quarry Palimanan,. Noctuidae may be an advanced prey for

Odonata. Noctuidae is a pest that is polifagus, where the host including tomato, tobacco, wheat,

and sunflower (Cunningham et al. 1999)

Abiotic condition for Odonata

Based on the data obtained, the dragonfly move with the ambient temperature of 30oC-

35oC (Table 5). Hot enough temperature is needed to assist the movement of a dragonfly wing,

because venation on the dragonfly can work effectively when the environment temperature is

more than 30oC. in addition, the temperature of the environment is need to hot enough for the

Odonata vision. Part of the dragonfly brain is used to analyze the visual information from the

vision of more than 80%. To sight as seeing prey, the compound eyes of dragonflies in dire need

of light (Miller 1995).

Dragonflies can live in forest, gardens, fields, rivers, and lakes habitat, even down to the

backyard and urban environment. Dragonfly at Indocement averagely found at altitudes 45-52 m

(Table 6). It is appropriate according to Ansori (2011), that dragonflies can be found from the

coast up to the altitude of 3,000 m above sea level.

Biological processes in insects is influenced by moisture. The optimum humidity range

73-100%. If the humidity is too high or low, it can inhibit the activity and insect life, except for a

few types of insects which is usually live in the wet environment (Sunjaya 1970)

Wind can indirectly give effect to the insect body temperature and water content. Air

motion greatly affects the dispersal and insect activity. As the wing that has a light body,

although the flight power is weak or not winged, the wind is able to move the insects to more

distant places. Therefore, this can happen because of the vertical air motion and the horizontal

motion of the air (Sunjaya 1970).

The degree of acidity (pH) is used to determine the levels of acid / alkaline in the water.

pH is a value to stated the value of the hydrogen concentration in a solution. The pH value which

good for the life-sustaining aquatic organisms 7-8.5 (Barus 2004). Dissolved oxygen (DO) is

required to decompose organic waste in waters. When compared with Class III water quality

standard for DO based on the parameters of the East Java Provincial Regulation No. 2 In 2008, a

class III water quality standard for DO is equal to 3 mg/l (Ward 2004). In addition, good water

and low pollution levels is > 5 mg/l. this indicates that the waters in the area are good

Indocement (Salmin 2005).

BOD is an analysis required to determine the amount of water pollutant load resulting

from wastewater and to conduct biological treatment systems (Alerts & Santika 1987).

Therefore, BOD is the amount of oxygen that is needed in the aquatic environment for

microorganisms to degrade organic waste material in the water to carbon dioxide (CO2) and

water. Clean water contains microorganisms that much less when compared to the polluted, so

the greater the BOD, the more polluted waters (Effendi 2003).

According to UNESCO/WHO/UNEP, 1992, the maximum allowed BOD5 levels for

drinking water use and sustain the lives of aquatic organisms is 3.0 to 6.0 mg/l. Based

kep.51/MENKLH/10/1995, for the BOD5 value of effluent quality standards derived from

industrial activity class I is 50 mg/l and class II is 150 mg/l. In addition, the quality of

wastewater BOD5 is 12 mg/l (Emery et al. 2013). Therefore the quality of BOD5 which are in

Pond 1, Pond 2, Pond 3 and Pond 4 is better than the area of rice fields and Palimanan Wetan

village.

COD is the amount of oxygen (mg O2) required to oxidize organic substances in 1 liter

water sample (Alerts & Santika 1987). According to government regulations NO. 82 of 2001 that

the chemical oxygen demand which is good for the waste water is 100 mg/l. generally,

uncontaminated waters have COD value of less than 20 ml/g and the waters which polluted COD

levels over 200 mg/l. while in the industrial wastewater COD concentration can reach 20,000

mg/l (UNESCO/WHO/UNEP 1992). The results of the analysis of COD in water pond levels 1,

2, 3, and 4 show that these waters better than paddy fields and Palimanan Wetan village. This is

because the area of rice fields and Palimanan Wetan village which is the area of rice fields in

residential areas has been mixed by organic waste resulting decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO),

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (Lestari 2008).

Conservation efforts

According Řehounkova et al. (2013) at the end of the study report Quarry Life Award

(QLA) stated that one of the species is important for conserve is Odonata. Odonata have an

important role for the environment which can be bio-indicators of water, as natural predators of

insects that is can harm the health, livestock, and agriculture, such as Tabanus sp. (Diptera) and

walang sangit (Hemiptera). The role of Odonata which can be predators by reducing the

population of harmful insects, also the balance of nature in these locations.

Based on research by Goertzen & Suhling (2013) in maintaining and introducing

dragonfly diversity in urban design with a natural make well vegetated ponds, and different types

of pond vegetation. It is also stated by Vermonden et al. (2009) that preserve and create a variety

of different types of pond water levels and stages of succession would be beneficial because of

the diversity of pond can be the key of species diversity.

Conservation efforts which can be done to keep the population of Odonata and other

living organisms is with creation of a more beautiful living space for living things around him.

Indocement Palimanan factory need to think about the interests of Odonata role for plant

environment. Abiotic data obtained, as well as collected plants data, it created a need for new

living space like Eco Park. Eco Park has a great added value for the company and Cirebon

society, especially around Palimanan. It also can make Indocement Palimanan factory as an good

factory with a good environmental standards. As for some of the purpose of the Eco Park is can

be use as an education for students, as well as children, and can be a tourist place with good

security at the site. Conservation efforts are consistent and in line with objectives of

HeidelbergCement is increasing awareness and understanding of biodiversity.

Conclusion

Quarry Palimanan PT. Indocement, Cirebon based on the results of our study found as

many as 18 kinds of dragonfly species and a total of 61 variety of plant species. The level of

diversity of dragonflies are in a condition that indicates that the productivity is high enough, the

condition of a balanced ecosystem, and ecological pressure is medium (Krebs 1978). Meanwhile,

abiotic conditions here are obtained during the study describes the environmental conditions are

included in either category. However, it is necessary dragonfly conservation efforts for the

species of plants and vegetation in the area.

Vegetation existing plants need to be maintained and enriched with planting other types

of plants that can support life of dragonflies and other insects. The types of plants in the form of

terrestrial plants and water local plant. Reduced or increased diversity of plant species also affect

the existence of Odonata and other insects, as a perch, nest, breed, hiding from predators, rest,

and feed resource provider.

Tabanus sp. and walang sangit found in Quarry Palimanan have a negative impact on the

environment from agricultural, health, and farm aspect. Therefore, the existence and preservation

of Odonata in Palimanan Quarry can play an important role as control agents of insect

populations which can harm humans in addition to its primary role as a bioindicator of aquatic

environments.

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank the Quarry Life Award Project for the support of this program,

and the employees of PT. Indocement Palimanan, Cirebon, West Java, which has helped and

supported during the study, especially the Indonesia Quarry Life Award committee. We also

thank the supervisor of this study is Mrs. Pungki Lupiyaningdyah, M. Sc as Cibinong LIPI

researchers, and Bogor dragonfly’s observer in Indonesia and Mrs. Dr. Dewi Elfidasari for their

guidance and prayer. In addition, to Mr. Matrani and Dwi Narko as LIPI staff Purwodadi

Botanical Gardens which has helped identify plant data that collected.

APPENDIX

References

Alaerts G, Santika SS. 1987. Metode Penelitian Air. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional.

Alexander CP. 1981. Manual Neartic Diptera Vol 1. Ottawa. Agriculture Canada.

Aguilar AC, Anholt BR, Rivera AC, Crowley PH, Crumrine PW, Block MD, Forbes MR,

Honkavaara J, Johansson F, Koenig WD, Kotiaho JS, Marden JH, Matthews JH, May

ML, McPeek MA, Mikolajewski DJ, Newman DJS, Oertli B, Rantala MJ, Robb T,

Samways MJ, Meneses MAS, Sheratt TN, Simaika JP, Stoks R, Suhonen J, Svensson EI,

Switzer PV, Székely T, Tynkkynen K, Van Gossum H, Wootton RJ. 2008. Dragonflies

And Damselflies Model Organisms For Ecological And Evolutionary Research. New

York: Oxford University Press.

Ahmad I. 1982. Kehadiran Nimfa Odonata Di Beberapa Habitat Persawahan. [Skripsi] Institut

Teknologi Bandung. Bandung.

Amir M. 2002. Kumbang Lembing Pemangsa Coccinellidae (Coccinallinae) di Indonesia.

Bogor: Puslit Biologi LIPI.

Amril A, Refilda, Arifin B. 2013. Analisis Ph, BOD, COD, Logam (Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe, dan Zn)

pada Drainase Fakultas MIPA dan Fakultas Farmasi UNAND. Jurnal Kimia Unand 2(1):

Ansori I. 2011. Keanekaragaman Nimfa Odonata (Dragonflies) Di Beberapa Persawahan

Sekitar Bandung Jawa Barat. Bandung: UNIB.

Asahina S. 1970. Indian Paddy Field Odonata. Japan.

Aswari P, Noerdjito WA, Peggie D. 2011. Capung di Kawasan Gunung Ciremai dalam Fauna

Gunung Ciremai. Jakarta: LIPI Press.

Barus T. 2004. Pengantar Limnologi Studi Tentang Ekosistem Air Daratan. Medan: USU Press.

Bendoy CP, Socorro MMLd, Enguito MRC, Dacayana CML. 2013. Forewing Shape Variability

Between Sexes And Across Populations Of The Rice Bug, Leptocorisa varicornis

Fabricius (1803) Using Geometric Morphometrics. J Multidisciplinary Studies. 2 (1) : 1-

27.

Berg HVD, Soehardi. 2000. The Influence Of The Rice Bug Leptocorisa Oratorius On

Rice Yield. Journal Of Applied Ecology. 37 : 959-970.

Borror DJ, Triplehorn CA, Johnson NF. 1992. An Introduction To Study Of Insect 6 Ed,

Saunders College Pub. A Division Of Holt Rinehaest Winston Inc.

Brown L, Lancester Jl. 1973. Controlling Horse Flies On Cattle. Ark. Farm Res. 22(5): 6.

Cassis G, Gross GF. 1995. Zoological Catalogue of Autralia Hemiptera Heteroptera

(Coleorrhyncha to Cimicomorpha). Australia: CSIRO.

Colles DH, Rentz DCF. 1985. A monograph of the Tettigoniidae of Ausralia Vol 1The

Tettigoniinae. Australia: CSIRO (Commonwealth Sciencetific and Industrial Research

Organization).

Corbet PS, 1999. Dragonflies Behavior And Ecology Of Odonata. Cornell University Press.

Cunningham JP, Zalucki MP, West SA. 1999. Learning in Helicorpera armigera (Lepidoptera;

Noctuidae) : a New Look at the Behavior and contorl of a poliphagus pets. Bull. Entomol

Res 89: 201-207.

Dinas Pertanian dan Kehutanan Kab. Pemalang. 2014. Penyakit Surra Tewaskan 5 Kerbau.

http://www.Pemalangkab.go.id/dipertanhut/?page_Id=20. [accessed 20 September 2014].

Direktorat Kesehatan Hewan. 2012. Mengenal Peran Lalat Tabanid.

http://keswan.ditjennak.deptan.go.id/index.php/blog/read/artikel/mengenal-peran-lalat-

tabanid [accessed 20 september 2014].

Effendi MI. 2003. Biologi Perikanan. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Nusantara.

Faulds W, Crabtree R. 1995. A System For Using A Malaide Trap In The Forest Canopy. New

Zeland Entomologist.18: 97-99.

Goertzen D, Suhling F. 2013. Promoting dragonfly diversity in cities: major determinants and

implications for urban pond design. J. Insect Conserv 17: 399-409.

Harde KW. 1999. A Field Guide to Colour to Beetles. Czech Republic: Franckh’sche

Verhagulhuenburg.

Hidayah SNI. 2008. Keanekaragaman dan Aktivitas Capung (Ordo: Odonata) di kebun Raya

Bogor. [Skripsi]. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.

Iqbal W, Malik MF, Sarwar MK, Azam I, Iram N, Rashda A. 2014. Role of housefly (Musca

domestica, Diptera; Muscidae) as a disease vector; a review. Journal Entomology and

Zoology Studies 2(2): 159-163.

Jahn, GC, Domingo I, Liberty M., Almazan P, Pacia J. 2004. Effect Of Rice Bug Leptocorisa

Oratorius (Hemiptera: Alydidae) On Rice Yield, Grain Quality, and Seed Viability

(Abstrak). Journal Of Economic Entomology 97(6):1923-1927.

Krebs CJ. 1978. Ecological Methodology. New York: Harper and Row Publisher.

Krebs CJ. 1985. Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Third

Edition. New York : Harper and Row Publisher Inc.

Lestari WP. 2008. Perbedaan EM-4 dan Starbio Limbah Cair Batik Brotojoyo di Desa

Karangpilang, Kecamatan Masaran Kabupaten Sragen. [Skripsi]. Universitas

Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Surakarta.

Lieftinck AM. 1954. Malaysian Odonata a catalogue of the dragonflies of the Malay Peninsula,

Sumatra, Java, and including the adjacent small islands. TREUBIA Vol 22.

Miller LP. 1995. Dragonflies Naturalist Handbook. Great Britain: The Richmond Publishing Co.

Ltd.

Mittermeier RA, Gil PR, Mittermeier CG. 1997. Megadiverisity Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest

Nations. South America: Cemex Inc.

Molles MC. 1999. Ecology Concepts and Applications. WCB-McGraw-Hill. University New of

Mexico.

Orr AG. 2003. A Guide to the Dragonflies of Borneo, Their Identification and Biology. Natural

History Publication.

Orr AG. 2005. Dragonflies of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Natural History Publication.

Pechuman LI. 1981. The Horse Flies and Deer Flies Of New York (Diptera, Tabanidae). Search.

18: 1-66.

Peggie D, Amir M. 2006. Panduan Praktis Kupu-kupu di Kebun Raya Bogor. Puslitbang

Biologi. Bogor: LIPI Press. Pratimi A, Soesilohadi RCH. 2011. Population Fluctuation Of Rice Bug Leptocorisa Oratorius

F. (Hemiptera : Alydidae) on Paddy Community, In Kepitu Village, Sleman, Daerah

Istimewa Yogyakarta. Bioma. 13(2): 54-59.

Pribadi S. 2012. Kemelimpahan Populasi Walang Sangit, Leptocorisa Oratorius F.

(Hemiptera : Alydidae) Dalam Hubungannya Dengan Tingkat Kerusakan Biji Padi Di

Kelurahan Trimulyo, Kecamatan Sleman.[Tesis]. Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Rahadi W Sigit, Feriwibisono B, Nugrahani MP, Dalia BPI, Makitan T. 2013. Naga Terbang

Wendit Keanekaragaman Capung Perairan Wendit, Malang Jawa Timur. Malang.

Indonesia Dargonfly Society.

Řehounkova K, Bogusch P, Boukal D, Boukal M, Čižek L, Grycz F, Hesoun P, Lencová K,

Lepšova A, Máca J, Marhoul P, Řehounková, Řehounek J, Schmidtmayerová L, Tropek

R. 2012. Sand pit for Biodiversity at Cep II quarry. Czech Republic: Final Report Quarry

Life Awards.

Rusmendro. 2007. Komposisi Jenis dan Keanekaragaman Jenis Tumbuhan. Bahan Kuliah

Ekologi Tumbuhan. Fak. Biologi Universitas Nasional.

Salmin. 2005. Oksigen Terlarut (DO) dan Kebutuhan Oksigen Biologi (BOD) Sebagai Salah

Satu Indikator untuk Menentukan Kualitas Perairan. Jurnal Oseana 30: 21-26.

Samways MJ. 2006. Threat Levels To Odonate Assemblages From Invasive Alien Tree

Canopies. In Cordero Rivera, A. Forest And Dragonflies. 209-224.

Sunjaya. 1970. Dasar-Dasar Ekologi Serangga. Ilmu Hama Tanaman Pertanian. Fakultas

Pertanian. Bogor: IPB.

Ubaidillah R, Suhardjono YR. 1999. Pengelolaan koleksi serangga dan artropoda lainnya

dalam Buku Pegangan Koleksi Spesimen Zoologi. Bogor: LIPI.

Vermonden K, Leuven RS, van der Velde G, van Katwijk MM, Roelofs JGM, Hendriks AJ.

2009. Urban drainage system: an undervalued habitat for aquatic macroin vetebrates. Biol

Conserv 142: 1105-1115.

Wardhana, W. 2004. Dampak Pencemaran Lingkungan. Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta.

Zborowski P, Ted E. 2007 . A Guide to Autralian Moths. Australia: CSIRO Publishing.

APPENDIX Table 1 Results

Table 1. Range Shannon-Wiener index category and Simpson index

Table 2. Data dragonfly at the study site

Family Species Name Location Total

Pond 4 Pond1, 2, 3

Rice

Field

Palimanan

Village

Coenagrionidae Agriocnemis femina 2 17 7 1 27

Agriocnemis pygmaea 18 6 8 11 43

Ischnura senegalensis 4 54 22 4 84

Pseudagrion microcepalum 1 3 0 0 4

Pseudagrion pruinosum 1 2 6 0 9

Pseudagrion rubriceps 0 1 0 28 29

Gomphidae Ictinogomphus decoratus 0 1 0 0 1

Libellulidae Brachythemis contaminata 6 5 13 4 24

Crocothemis servillia 33 96 43 33 205

Diplacodes trivialis 10 4 3 2 19

Orthetrum sabina 58 49 7 14 128

Pantala flavescens 34 19 35 16 104

Potamarcha congener 22 42 4 11 79

Rhodothemis rufa 0 1 0 0 1

Rhyothemis phylis 0 2 0 0 2

Tholymis tillarga 0 1 0 0 1

Trithemis festiva 0 1 0 0 1

Platycnemididae Copera marginipes 0 11 2 0 13

Total 189 315 150 124 778

= The species with the highest number of individuals in Pond 1,2,3 and Rice Field

= The species with the highest number of individuals in the Palimanan Village

= The species with the highest number of individuals in the Pond 4

Index Name Range Category

Indeks Shannon-Wiener

(SWI)- Diversity (H’)

Molles (1999)

≤ 1,5 Low

1,5 < H' ≤ 3,5 Moderate

> 3,5, High

Indeks Simpson (SI)-

Evenness (E)

Krebs (1985)

0 < E ≤ 0,4 Low

0,4 < E < 0,6 Moderate

E ≥ 0,6 High

Table 3. Data of plant species in Quarry Palimanan, Cirebon

No. Family Genus Species Local Names

Location Habitus Type

Pond 1, 2, 3 Rice Field Pond 4 Palimanan Village

1 Malvaceae Abroma mollis

√

shrubs

2 Fabaceae Acacia auriculiformis Akasia √

tree

3 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera

√

√

shrubs

4 Fabaceae Aeschynomene elegans

√

shrubs

5 Fabaceae Albizia julibrissin

√

tree

6 Moraceae Artocarpus integer Cempedak

√

shrubs

7 Polypodiaceae Athyrium esculentum Paku-pakuan

√ shrubs

8 Poaceae Bambusa vulgaris

√ √ √ tree

9 Asteraceae Blumea lasera

√

√

Herb

10 Apocynaceae Calotropis gigantae Biduri √

tree

11 Caricaceae Carica papaya Pepaya

√

shrubs

12 Fabaceae Centrosema pubescens

√

tree

13 Asteraceae Chromolaena odorata

√

√

shrubs

14 Araceae Coloasia esculenta Taro/ talas √

tree

15 Fabaceae Crotalaria zanzibarica

√

Herb

16 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus Mentimun

√

Herb

17 Cyperaceae Cyperus rotandus

√

√ Herb

18 Fabaceae Dalbergia lafiola

√

tree

19 Fabaceae Delonia regia

√

tree

20 Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum

√ √ Herb

21 Asteraceae Elephantopus scaber

√

√ Herb

22 Asteraceae Emilia javanica Bunga Tessel √

√ √ Herb

23 Fabaceae Enterolobium cyclocarpum Telinga gajah

√

Herb

24 Poaceae Eulalia amaura

√

√

Herb

25 Moraceae Ficus benjamina

√

√

shrubs

26 Fabaceae Glycine max Kacang kedelai

√

Herb

27 Bignoniaceae Handroanthus chrysanthus

√

shrubs

28 Malvaceae Hibiscus sabdariffa Rosela (teh)

√ shrubs

29 Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens

√

Herb

30 Convolvulaceae Ipomea batatas Sweet potato √ √

shrubs

31 Convolvulaceae Ipomea fistulosa

√ √

Herb

32 Euphorbiaceae Jatropha gossypiifolia Jarak √

shrubs

33 Euphorbiaceae Jatropha urens

√

shrubs

34 Verbenaceae Lantana camara

√

√

shrubs

35 Poaceae Leersia hexandra Rumput sejati

√

√ Herb

36 Fabaceae Maghania strobilifera Mahoni

√

shrubs

37 Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Mangga

√

tree

38 Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta

√

tree

39 Asteraceae Micania cordata

√

Herb

40 Fabaceae/Legumenosae Mimosa invisa

√

√

shrubs

41 Fabaceae/Legumenosae Mimosa pudica Putri malu √ √ √ √ Herb

42 Fabaceae Moghania lineata

√

√

Herb

43 Fabaceae/Legumenosae Phaseolus radiatus Kacang hijau

√ √

Herb

44 Poaceae Phragmites karka

√

Herb

45 Asteraceae Pluchea indica

√

√ Herb

46 Polygonaceae Polygonum barbatum

√ Herb

47 Fabaceae/Legumenosae Prosopis alba

√

shrubs

48 Euphorbiaceae Reutealis trisperma

√ √

tree

49 Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum Ilalang

√ √

Herb

50 Arecaceae Salacca Zalacca Salak

√

tree

51 Fabaceae Sesbania grandiflora TanamanKolibri

√ tree

52 Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia Kawat liar √

√ shrubs

53 Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis

√

shrubs

54 Meliaceae Swetenia mahagoni

√

tree

55 Lamiaceae Tectona grandis Kayu jati

√ tree

56 Poaceae Themeda arguens

√

Herb

57 Poaceae Themeda giganthes

√

Herb

58 Thypaceae Typha aungustifolia

√

√

Herb

59 Malvaceae Urena labata

√

√ shrubs

60 Fabaceae/Legumenosae Vigna radiata Kac.Panjang

√

√ Herb

Table 4. Type of insects in Quarry Palimanan, Cirebon

Order Family Location Total

Pond 1, 2, 3 Pond 4 Rice Field

Coleoptera Carabicidae

1

1

Coccinellidae

2 3 5

Curculionidae

1

1

Scarabidae

1

1

Diptera Tabanidae 35 127 19 181

Tachinidae 110 55 11 176

Muscidae 337 503 17 857

Nyamuk 25 23 15 63

Hymenoptera Apiidae 3 3

Braconidae

12

12

Diapriidae

1

1

Encyrtidae

2

2

Eurytomidae

1

1

Gasteruptiidae

3 3

Formicidae 128 169 83 380

Ichneumonidae

3

3

Megachilidae

2 2

Mutilidae 2 2 6 10

Sapygidae 1 1

2

Scoliidae

1

1

Tipiidae 2 2 4 8

Vespidae 2 2

Hemiptera Cycindilidae 1 1

Alydidae 2 4 6

Lepidoptera Hesperiidae 2 1

3

Lycaenidae

2

2

Lymantridae

3

3

Noctuidae 33 132 70 235

Nympahlidae 2 3 7 12

Orthoptera Acriididae 2 2 4

Gryllacrididae

1 1 2

Gryllotalphidae 1

1

Tettigonidae 1 1 2

Table 5. Abiotic conditions at Quarry Palimanan, Cirebon

Location

Physical-Chemical Conditions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pond 1 06˚42.767' 108˚24.299' 30˚ C 48 m 5 km/jam 80,9 % 7,87 5,6 mg/l 7,64 25,8

Pond 2 06˚42.752' 108˚24.277' 30˚ C 48 m 5 km/jam 80,9 % 7,88 6,0 mg/l 8,805 25,8

Pond 3 06˚42.667' 108˚24.282' 30˚ C 48 m 5 km/jam 80,9 % 7,89 5,8 mg/l 9,97 25,8

Pond 4 06˚42.982' 108˚24.304' 34.4˚C 52 m 4.3 km/jam 78 % 5,99 4,5 mg/L 8,63 21,2

Rice Field 06˚42.721' 108˚24.356' 32.1˚C 45 m 3,9 km/jam 84 % 6,5 4,4 mg/L 31,82 85,62

Palimanan Wetan Village 06˚71.138' 108˚42.166' 33.7˚C 47 m 10,2 km/jam 48,6 % 6,8 4,3 mg/L 21,73 54,65

Specification South East Temperature Altitude Wind speed Humidity pH DO BOD COD

Specification : = Physical Condition

= Chemical Condition

61 Asteraceae Wedelia trilobata Bunga Wed

√ Herb

Table 6. Types of dragonflies in different abiotic conditions at Quarry Palimanan, Cirebon

Species Name Physical-Chemical Conditions

Temperature Elevation Wind Speed Humidity

(m) (km/hour)

Agriocnemis femina 30˚ C- 35˚ C 45 - 52 3,9 - 10,2 48,6 - 80,9

Agriocnemis pygmaea 30˚ C- 35˚ C 45 - 52 3,9 - 10,2 48,6 - 80,9

Ischnura senegalensis 30˚ C- 35˚ C 45 - 52 3,9 - 10,2 48,6 - 80,9

Pseudagrion microcepalum 30˚ C- 35˚ C 48 - 52 4,3 - 5 78 - 80,9

Pseudagrion pruinosum 30˚ C- 35˚ C 45 - 52 3,9 - 10,2 78 - 84

Pseudagrion rubriceps 30˚ C- 33˚ C 47 - 48 5 - 10,2 48,6 - 80,9

Ictinogomphus decoratus 30˚C 48 5 80,9

Brachythemis contaminata 30˚ C- 35˚ C 45 - 52 3,9 - 10,2 48,6 - 80,9

Crocothemis servillia 30˚ C- 35˚ C 45 - 52 3,9 - 10,2 48,6 - 80,9

Diplacodes trivialis 30˚ C- 35˚ C 45 - 52 3,9 - 10,2 48,6 - 80,9

Orthetrum sabina 30˚ C- 35˚ C 45 - 52 3,9 - 10,2 48,6 - 80,9

Pantala flavescens 30˚ C- 35˚ C 45 - 52 3,9 - 10,2 48,6 - 80,9

Potamarcha congener 30˚C 45 - 52 5 80,9

Rhodothemis rufa 30˚C 48 5 80,9

Rhyothemis phylis 30˚C 48 5 80,9

Tholymis tillarga 30˚C 48 5 80,9

Trithemis festiva 30˚C 48 5 80,9

Copera marginipes 30˚ C- 33˚ C 45 - 52 3,9 - 5 80,9 - 84

Table 7. Distribution of the species of dragonfly is based on the observation time at each

location Quarry Palimanan, Cirebon

Species Observation time

07.00 - 09.00 09.00 - 12.00 12.00 - 15.00 15.00 - 18.00

Subordo Anisoptera

Family Libellulidae

Brachythemis contaminata √

Crocothemis servillia √ √ √ √

Diplacodes trivialis

√

Orthetrum sabina √ √ √ √

Pantala flavescens √ √ √ √

Potamarcha congener √ √

√

Rhodothemis rufa

Rhyothemis phylis

√

Tholymis tillarga

√

Trithemis festiva

Family Gomphidae

Ictinogomphus decoratus

√

Subordo Zygoptera

Family Coenagrionidae

Agriocnemis femina √ √

Agriocnemis pygmaea √ √

Ischnura senegalensis √

Pseudagrion microcepalum √ √

Pseudagrion pruinosum √ √

2,977 2,742

2,878 2,821

0,321 0,494

0,517 0,590

Kolam 1,2,3 Kolam 4 Sawah Desa Palimanan

Shannon-Wiener Index and Simpson Index

SWI (H') SI (E)

Pseudagrion rubriceps √

Family Platycnemididae

Copera marginipes √

Appendix 2. Graphics Results

Figure 1. Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson index Evenness

Figure 2. Number of odonata species Family

196

1 564

13 6

1

10

1

The number of species and individuals per family

Coenagrionidae

Gomphidae

Libellulidae

Platycnemididae

2

18

4 1

1 6

33

10 58

34

22

The number of individuals per species Af

Ap

Is

Pm

Pp

Bc

CS

Dt

Os

Pf

Pc

17

5

54 2

1 1

1

6

96

3

49

19

42

1

2 1 1 11

The number of individuals per species AfApIsPmPpPrIdBcCsDtOsPfPcRrRpTtTfCm

7 8

22

6

13

43

3

7

35

4

2

The number of individuals per species

Af

Ap

Is

Pp

Bc

Cs

Dt

Os

Pf

Pc

1

11 4

28

4 33

2

14

16

11

The number of individuals per species

Af

Ap

Is

Pr

Bc

Cs

Dt

Os

Pf

Pc

Figure 3. Number of types of Odonata on location. (A) Pond 1,2,3, (B)Pond 4 (C) Rice Field,

(D) Palimanan-Wetan Village. Agriocnemis femina (Af), Agriocnemis pygmaea (Ap),

Ischnura senegalensis (Is), Pseudagrion microcepalum (Pm), Pseudagrion pruinosum

(Pp), Pseudagrion rubriceps (Pr), Ictinogomphus decoratus (Id), Brachythemis

contaminata (Bc), Crocothemis servillia (Cs), Diplacodes trivialis (Dt), Orthetrum

sabina (Os), Pantala flavescens (Pf), Potamarcha congener (Pc), Rhodothemis rufa

(Rr), Rhyothemis phylis (Rp), Tholymis tillarga (Tt, Trithemis festiva (Tf), Copera

marginipes(Cm).

A B

C D

Appendix 3. Photographs at Study Sites

Photo 1. Plan dots research sites in Quarry Palimanan, Cirebon

Photo 2. Some species of Odonata (Anisoptera and Zygoptera) were found in Quarry

Palimanan Cirebon. (A) Crocothemis servillia, (B) Ictinogomphus decoratus, (C)

Potamarcha congener, (D) Crocothemis servillia, (E) Brachythemis contaminata, (F)

Pantala flavescens, (G) Agriocnemis pygmaea, (H) Ischnura senegalensis, (I) Copera

marginipes.

Photo 3. Odonata that capture prey. (A) Odonata and Orthoptera, (B) Odonata and Diptera

A B

A B C

D E F

G H I

Photo 4. Type parasitic insects into the environment. (A) Tabanus sp., (B) Walang sangit

Photo 5. Type of aquatic plants in the pond location 1,2,3. (A) Phragmites karka, (B)

Typha aungustifolia

Photo 6. Other insect type Palimanan Quarry, Cirebon. (A) Lepidoptera, (B) Orthoptera, (C)

Hemiptera

A B

B A

C B A

Photo 7. Map of the distribution of family Coenagrionidae, Gomphidae, and

Platycnemididae Palimanan Quarry caught in Cirebon.

Agriocnemis femina

Agriocnemis pygmaea

Ischnura senegalensis

Pseudagrion microcepalum

Pseudagrion pruinosum

Pseudagrion rubriceps

Ictinogomphus decoratus

Copera marginipes

Photos 8. Map Libellulidae distribution Palimanan Quarry caught in Cirebon.

Brachythemis contaminata

Crocothemis servillia

Diplacodes trivialis

Orthetrum sabina

Pantala flavescens

Potamarcha congener

Rhodothemis rufa

Rhyothemis phylis

Tholymis tillarga

Trithemis festiva

Trithemis festiva