1

Project ID: F0338411

Ecology and Conservation of the Four-horned antelope in the Eastern Ghats of India

Final Report

Project Location: Madanapalle Forest Range, Chittoor (West) Forest Division,

Andhra Pradesh, India.

(August 2011 to November 2013)

Aim: To understand the ecology of Four-horned antelope and improve its habitat conditions

by involving local communities

Submitted by Suresh Jones

LORIS-The Biodiversity Conservation Society

#V-I-282, Shanthi Nagar, Arogyavaram, P.O., Chittoor, Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India, PIN-517330

Email: suresh@loris.in; Phone: +91-9441-818-778; Website: www.loris.in

August, 2014

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Table of Contents

Page No.

Acknowledgments_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3

Summary_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4

Introduction_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4

Project Members_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6

Aim and Objectives_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7

Methodology_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7

Outputs and Results_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9

Achievements and Impacts_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14

Conclusion_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15

Problems encountered and lessons learnt_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15

In the future_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16

Appendices_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17

Bibliography_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22

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Acknowledgments

We extend our sincere thanks to the Conservation Leadership Programme (CLP), its partner

organizations, and the CLP Team for supporting us to undertake this project. We are also

grateful to Idea Wild for providing necessary equipment for field work. We are grateful to the

Andhra Pradesh Forest Department for permitting us to undertake this work and the

Divisional Forest Office of Chittoor (West) Forest Division for the help during the course of

the project.

We also thank Dr. Bivash Pandav of Wildlife Institute of India, Dr. Koustubh Sharma of

Snow Leopard Trust, Dr. G.V. Reddy of Indian Forest Service and Dr. Ajith Kumar of WCS

for their support. We are grateful to Ms. Neema Pathak Broome and Mr. Pankaj Sekhsaria of

Kalpavriksh for providing us with useful contacts, information on legal procedures and

guidelines for proposing a Conservation Reserve. We also thank Mr. Kiran of ATREE and

Dr. G. Areendran of WWF-India for helping us with GIS-related work. We are grateful to

Ms. Diya Paul, Mr. N. Ramachandra and Mr. Bharath Nadella for helping us during the

project. Our sincere thanks also go to Mr. K. Suryanarayana for providing training to the

team members.

We thank the elected leaders of village governing bodies and volunteers for facilitating

interactions with the communities and extending support to our efforts by encouraging the

local communities to actively participate. We are grateful to the Headmasters and teachers of

the three High Schools for extending their cooperation in undertaking Conservation

Education activities with their students during the project. We thank the students for eagerly

participating in the educational activities. We thank all the respondents who spared their time

and patiently answered our questions on conservation awareness both at the beginning and

end of the project. We are most encouraged by the voluntary action of local villagers who

assisted us in organizing village-level meetings and by involving in habitat improvement

activities like de-silting of waterholes. Our sincere thanks also go to the livestock herders and

other primary stakeholders for their cooperation, sharing of information and of course

criticism.

We are particularly grateful and highly indebted to the indigenous forest-dependent Yanadi

community for sharing their knowledge of natural history of the antelope and the vegetation

in the project area. Our very special thanks go to our local guides S. Anjaneyulu and B.

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Ramaiah, whose sincerity and resourcefulness helped us overcome highly demanding field

conditions on a difficult terrain.

Summary

This project aimed to understand the ecology of the Four-horned antelope outside Protected

Areas and address the anthropogenic pressures in its habitat. Two forest blocks in the Eastern

Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India, Viz. Noorukuppalakonda and Tavalam Reserve Forests

where the antelope are known to be present, were chosen. We worked towards enhancement

of conservation awareness among the local people, improving the habitat conditions with

their participation and addressing the biotic pressures. While our efforts to improve water

availability in the habitat helped the antelope overcome the crisis during summer, similar

efforts in the traditional grazing areas that helped their livestock won us the support of the

local villages. We understood the movement of the antelope in the study area during the dry

and wet seasons, which facilitated discussions on reducing livestock pressure on the habitat.

We understood that the persistence of the antelope in the area could be linked to the patchy

fires, which provides nutritious forage for extended periods during the year. Discussions

towards the collective effort of the communities to manage the resource were affected due to

the polarization of villages for political reasons towards the end of the project period, arising

out of the impending elections and abrupt bifurcation of the state.

Introduction

The Four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis (de Blainville, 1816), one of the six

antelope species of India (Rahmani, A.R. 2001), is primitive in both physical and behavioral

characteristics (Sharma, K. et al, 2005). Known to be found mostly solitary and elusive in

low densities in hilly forests (Sharma, K. et al, 2009) across its range, it is the least studied

antelope of the Indian subcontinent. Studies on their ecology and behavior outside Protected

Areas are lacking.

Through this project we aimed to understand their ecology and address conservation issues in

a habitat with high anthropogenic pressure. We attempted to address the threats of habitat

loss due to over-grazing and hunting by taking up conservation awareness activities with the

forest-dependent local communities and habitat improvement measures by involving them.

This was achieved through regular discussions with the resource user groups like livestock

herders, fuelwood collectors, and through awareness programs with the communities. To

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sensitize the next generation towards conservation, we undertook educational activities at

three select high schools attended by the children of the project villages. From our field

surveys we found that these small antelope populations have been able to persist in these

highly disturbed forests partly due to the role of forest fires that meet the habitat requirements

of the antelope. We also addressed the critical issue of water scarcity in the antelope‟s habitat

by enhancing water availability by de-silting waterholes and persuading the local villagers to

reduce grazing pressure in critical areas.

This semi-arid and highly populated landscape has varying degrees of anthropogenic

pressures, natural predation and availability of water. The forests are patchy with vegetation

comprising of Southern Tropical Mixed Dry Deciduous and Southern Tropical Thorn Forests

(Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. 1968) (Appendix3). They support relatively high diversity of

flora and fauna and harbor remnant populations of many species of global conservation

significance. The terrain is mostly rocky with pockets of open to dense vegetation along with

scrub and grassy patches. The project area is located at the southeastern edge of the known

distribution range of the Four-horned antelope (Sharma, K., 2006).

The local village communities comprise mostly of agro-pastoralists who are highly dependent

on the same resource shared by the antelope. We identified the primary user groups, local

leaders, influential people and elected representatives for discussions on the sustainable use

of the resource while also conserving the antelope habitat. The team involved them not only

in discussions but also in undertaking physical work for habitat improvement. We had regular

interactions with the Forest Department both for appraisal on the progress of the project and

to seek their help in addressing the issues of illegal hunting and brewing. Our focus was on

three high schools, two of which are run by the government and the third privately owned.

We oriented the teachers about our efforts and worked with them to sensitize the students

towards conservation. We encouraged and involved the forest-dependent indigenous „Yanadi’

community who are the earliest known people of this landscape by acknowledging their

traditional wisdom and practices. We have identified ten youth from this community for

future training as conservation volunteers to monitor the species.

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Fig.1: Map showing location of the project area in the district

Project Members:

Suresh Jones (Project Leader) has many years of experience working with local

communities on ecological issues and has also undertaken various ecological studies and

conservation activities in the area. He was involved in the planning, implementation, and

monitoring of the project, and networking with the government departments and other

institutions. He is the founder of LORIS-The Biodiversity Conservation Society, which

works for conservation of threatened species in the Eastern Ghats.

Anant Deshwal (Project Assistant), an engineer by training and a passionate

herpetologist, joined the team during the second year of the project. He conducted

conservation awareness programs in schools and with the communities, recorded plant

phenology and undertook GIS-related work for the project. He is currently pursuing

higher studies in the University of Arkansas, USA.

Joshi Jayakumar (Field Assistant) was a member of the previous „Future Conservationist

Award‟ team and has assisted in the current project during its first year. He was involved

in implementing habitat improvement measures, community meetings, social surveys and

field data collection.

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T. Seshunath (Field Assistant) has more than ten years experience in working with local

communities and was with the team during the first 16 months. He assisted the team in

organizing community meetings, undertaking awareness surveys, involving locals in

habitat improvement measures, recording plant phenology and implementing

conservation awareness programs in the schools.

Aim and Objectives

The main aim of the project is to understand the ecology of the Four-horned antelope in

habitats facing severe anthropogenic pressures and to involve the local communities in

improving the habitat conditions towards long-term conservation of the species.

We planned to achieve our goals by the objectives of enhancing conservation awareness

among the local forest-dependent village communities and their school-going children;

focus on initiating discussions with various resource user groups to reduce biotic

pressures on the antelope‟s habitat, encourage active involvement of these communities

to undertake habitat improvement measures by addressing the issues of water scarcity

during summer, illicit brewing at waterholes, over-grazing and felling in the habitat.

Other objectives included the attempt to understand the impact of forest fires on the

habitat and the corresponding behavioral responses of the antelope by monitoring

vegetation changes and antelope‟s movement in its habitat. We also aimed to actively

involve the villagers in discussions towards working for proposing the project area to be

declared as a Conservation Reserve and gain legal status for its long-term management by

the local communities.

Methodology

Team‟s Preparation: We started with permission from the Forest Department to

implement the project and also procured GIS database

of the project area and topographic sheets to plan our

intervention. This was followed by defining the roles

and responsibilities of each team member. Over a

period of 5 days, reconnaissance visits were made to the

forest areas and the dependent villages and sample

surveys were conducted. We identified the primary Internal training for team members

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resource user groups and local influential leaders in all the dependent villages. Three high

schools were identified and discussions held with the Headmasters. The teachers were

briefed about the work we intended to do with a select group of students i.e. of Class IX.

Baseline survey questionnaire was prepared and critical waterholes for physical

intervention were identified. Internal training for team members for five days on

conducting awareness programs and surveys, executing habitat improvement measures,

organizing community level meetings, and documentation was also held.

Conservation Awareness: Baseline surveys on conservation awareness were conducted by

choosing random respondents from villages and Class IX students of three High Schools.

A questionnaire with 25 questions was administered. Conservation awareness programs

using audio-visual media and talks by the team members were conducted at both village

and school levels. Environmental and Conservation educational activities were taken up

for the students using modules prepared by WWF-India and Center for Environmental

Education for the specific age group.

Habitat Improvement: Critical waterholes frequented by the antelope were identified and

local villagers including livestock herders were encouraged to participate in the de-silting

activity. Individual brewers were identified and enlightened about the damage being done

to the quality of the waterholes due to their actions and persuaded them not to use these

waterholes for brewing. Discussions with the Forest Department resulted in the

confiscation of some illegal guns used for hunting in three villages. This deterred other

hunters in the area from hunting wildlife to a large extent.

Impact of fire on habitat use: We noticed that the antelope movement during certain

periods of the year is restricted to areas that get regularly burnt. Five species identified as

food plants by the indigenous people were monitored post-fire and their phenological

states were compared with those in areas with no incidence of fire. Burnt areas were

mapped and GPS coordinates of the midden locations obtained and overlaid on the layer

depicting the extent of fire using QGIS and Google Earth imagery, and maps indicating

presence of the antelope were derived.

Preparations for proposing a Conservation Reserve: We obtained information on legal

provisions available and steps to follow for proposing a Conservation Reserve. We got

the guidelines under the Scheduled Tribes and Forest Dwellers‟ Act (2006) of India

compiled by the national NGO „Kalpavriksh’ translated in to the local language

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(Appendix2) and distributed among the local villagers, their elected leaders before

initiating further discussions.

Outputs and Results

Conservation Awareness in schools and villages: Baseline surveys on conservation

awareness using questionnaire (Appendix 1) were conducted in 26 villages and 3 high

schools at the beginning of the project and the same was repeated at the end of the

project. This helped us to understand the impact of our efforts in improving conservation

awareness among the people. We assessed the performance based on answers for 5

important questions out of the 25. They are a) “What is Biodiversity?” (Q.No.7); b) “What

is conservation?” (Q.No.10); c) “Is having rich biodiversity useful for you or your village?”

(Q.No.22); d) “In your opinion, what are the major threats to biodiversity?” (Q.No.23); and e)

“What do you suggest to improve the biodiversity in your forests?” (Q.No.24). The details

of participation and performance are given in Tables 1 & 2.

Environmental Education and Conservation awareness activities in local schools

Table1. Participation in the conservation awareness survey at the beginning and end of the project

At the beginning of the project At the end of the project

No. of villages No. of respondents No. of villages No. of respondents

Male Female Total Male Female Total

26 548 289 837 26 412 232 644

No. of schools Male Female Total No. of schools Male Female Total

3 174 129 303 3 146 118 264

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Table2. Comparison of responses to the five questions on conservation awareness

At the beginning of the project At the end of the project

Students (n=303) (n=264)

Q.No. No. of respondents who answered

either “No” or “Do not know”

% No. of respondents who answered

either “No” or “Do not know”

%

7) 264 87 14 5

10) 271 89 23 9

22) 143 47 12 4

23) 156 51 37 14

24) 169 55 42 15

Villagers (n=837) (n=644)

7) 311 37 206 32

10) 187 22 128 20

22) 68 8 3 0.4

23) 77 9 0 0

24) 23 3 7 1

Results show while there is significant learning among the students, the adults of the

villages showed little progress in learning particularly on “Biodiversity” and

“Conservation”. This probably is due to the fact that we had more interactions with the

students than individual villagers. However, almost all the villagers had clear knowledge

about uses of and threats to biodiversity while also offering suggestions for improved

protection and management of the habitat.

Habitat improvement: De-silting and repair of existing waterholes in the antelope habitat

was undertaken (Table3) by involving local communities. A total of 13 waterholes in

areas frequented by the antelope were de-silted by using hired labor from the villages. We

also helped the livestock herders by making water available at the foot hills away from

the antelope habitat and closer to their settlements. This helped us in the form of their

voluntary participation in similar work in the forest. A total of 38 waged man-days were

spent on this activity to which, the livestock herders‟ voluntary contribution added

another 14 man-days. Since 2012 summer, shortage of water in the habitat has been

addressed as 9 of these waterholes are providing a perennial supply. No illicit brewing of

liquor has been noticed at any of these 13 waterholes ever since.

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Table3. Details of de-silting of waterholes as part of habitat improvement measures

No. of

waterholes

identified

No. of

waterholes

de-silted

No. of

man-days

(waged)

No. of man-

days

(volunteered)

Availability of water

Before

intervention

After

intervention

15 13 38 14 All seasonal 6 seasonal and

9 perennial

De-silting of waterholes as part of habitat improvement work

Fire and Phenology of food plants: We recorded the incidence of fire for the two

summers of 2012 and 2013. The extent of fire was mapped and the presence of antelope

in these areas was identified and plotted using QGIS and Google Earth images (Fig.4).

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We also obtained data on the flowering and fruiting of five species of food plants of the

antelope from an area of 200x200m in both burnt and un-burnt areas (Fig. 2 & 3). The

phenology of these food plants varied in burnt areas as the plants were found to be at

various stages of flowering and fruiting in different places. Flowering of two species Viz.

Randia dumetorum and Zizyphus mauritiana was more in burnt areas. However, in un-

burnt areas, fruiting was significantly lower for all but one of the species, i.e. Pterolobium

indicum, which is also the most abundant in the habitat. We understand that, between the

two areas, the availability of flowers and fruits are not uniform and hence this preferred

forage of flowers and fruits is available for a longer period. We assume this could be a

factor drawing the antelope to the burnt areas at a particular time of the year.

Fig.2: Flowering of food plants of the antelope in burnt and un-burnt areas between Aug2012 and June2013

Fig.3: Fruiting of food plants of the antelope in burnt and un-burnt areas between Aug2012 and June2013

02468

101214161820

Randia dumetorum

Zizyphus aenoplea

Zizyphus mauritiana

Acacia sundra

Pterolobium indicumA

vera

ge N

o. o

f P

lan

ts w

ith

Flo

we

rs

Without Fire

With Fire

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Randia dumetorum

Zizyphus aenoplea

Zizyphus mauritiana

Acacia sundra

Pterolobium indicum

Ave

rage

No

. of

pla

nts

wit

h f

ruit

s

Without Fire

With Fire

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Fig.4: Images showing burnt areas (in Red) and the points of antelope presence within the Noorukuppalakonda Reserve (Green)

Fire-affected areas of 2012 Fire affected areas of 2013

Preparations for proposing a Conservation Reserve: All the households in the villages of

the project area are either directly or indirectly dependent on the forest. We identified

various groups like livestock herders, fuel wood and green manure collectors, charcoal

makers, medicinal plants and honey collectors, hunters, brewers, etc. We conducted 23

village-level meetings involving all these user-groups and the identified local leaders. We

discussed their needs and enlightened them about the sustainable use of the resource and

regulated extraction as the forest also harbors threatened species like the Four-horned

antelope. We shared with them the legal provisions available for proposing the area as a

conservation reserve and the norms for its management by the community. While there

was initial progress in the discussions, a majority of the groups was apprehensive about

the rights for resource use in a conservation reserve and felt restrictions will be imposed.

This, coupled with political disturbances, could not bring a common understanding of the

need for a conservation reserve to protect the threatened fauna. We feel that more

discussions over a longer period of time are required before all the stake-holders could

equally participate and contribute to the preparation of the proposal.

Discussions with village elders, resource user-groups and others on the benefits of a conservation reserve

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Achievements and Impacts

The project has enhanced the capacity of the team members to address social issues

arising out of conservation priorities. This is a very useful learning as we are likely to

face similar situations in future. The importance given to addressing the needs of the

stake-holders before developing a long-term perspective for conservation was welcomed

by the villagers, who otherwise feared exclusion.

The success of imparting conservation awareness and education in the schools, while

having a lasting impact on the students, has also generated interest among the school

authorities. This has given us the hope that we can take forward the efforts put in during

this project through a long-term plan for the conservation of the antelope in the area in

future by working with schools.

All the volunteers who helped in the de-silting of waterholes for habitat improvement

have assured their continued support in future for the maintenance and upkeep of the

waterholes by offering their free services.

The livestock herders were particularly satisfied when their need for water for their

animals was met. They have assured us that they will regularly get their animals

vaccinated against contagious diseases, a service provided for free by the Government.

This will prevent spread of diseases by sharing the same waterholes with the wild

animals.

The information we shared from the „Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 of India‟ wherein the

legal protection offered to Scheduled species including the Four-horned antelope, and the

gravity of the punishment if convicted were mentioned, was hitherto unknown to these

people involved in hunting.

Our understanding of how fire impacts the habitat preference of the antelope was first-

time information for the species. However, while it requires similar exercise over a larger

area to confirm the finding, this study has provided some leads to investigate, which when

confirmed would be a major contribution to the preparation of species management plan.

Two summers have passed without a crisis for water in the antelope habitat after our

interventions. Also, no brewing has been observed at these waterholes. This is the first

time the villagers have willingly changed their ways that are detrimental to wildlife in the

area.

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Conclusion

The primary aim of the project was to work for the conservation of the antelope by

addressing critical habitat requirements. This has been achieved by addressing the issues

of water scarcity, illicit brewing, hunting and competition from livestock. The other

important aim of understanding the ecology of the antelope outside Protected Areas was

achieved by gaining insight into the role of fire on habitat use. Our finding that fire is

positively contributing to the availability of preferred forage at an otherwise dry period of

the year is first time information for the species. The project area is part of an important

bio-geographic region as it has a landscape connectivity between two protected areas and

harbors many remnant species of global conservation significance. This warrants for more

studies and conservation efforts to be focused in this area. The cooperation of the locals

earned through this project provides valuable social base for such future interventions and

will also aid in networking with other villages through them.

Problems encountered and lessons learnt

The habitat improvement activities received a good response from the local villagers and

the results were encouraging. The reason for the success of this effort is the involvement

of the locals in both decision making and participation in the execution of the work. It not

only helped the antelope but also the stakeholder group of herders as water was a pressing

issue even for their livestock. Making water available for domestic animals away from the

antelope habitat not only reduced the pressure on the few perennial waterholes but also

minimized the threat of diseases spreading from livestock to wild animals.

We also felt that an ecological study like understanding the influence of fire on plant

phenology requires more vigorous scientific inputs and intense monitoring over larger a

spatial scale before arriving at definite conclusions.

An important learning for the team from this project is that in order to involve the local

communities, in a biomass-dependent country like India, it is imperative to understand the

traditional or customary linkages that the community has with the resource and the need

for addressing their livelihood issues. In an economically poor society, it is natural for the

community to seek immediate monetary or material benefits than invest efforts in long-

term ecological returns. The commitment and participation from the villages is not very

16

encouraging if there is no immediate financial benefit from our interventions, but for few

exceptions.

The major setback the team suffered was lack of efficient manpower. Both the Project

Assistants who expressed their willingness to be part of the team decided not join after

the award was received and we could not find a replacement for one year. The first half of

the project period was managed with just two Field Assistants who lack technical skills.

Due to this, we could not invest in equipment as the field assistants were not capable of

using them. However, during the latter half of the project period, we could employ a full-

time Project Assistant on salaried basis using funds meant for the equipment. The

problems continued as both the Field Assistants left the team after the first year due to

personal reasons. This affected the quality of our work.

Just as we had initiated discussions with the various stakeholders as a step towards

proposing the project area for recognition as a Conservation Reserve, political

disturbances arising out of abrupt bifurcation of the state led to lot of public unrest and

agitations that went on for three months. Transport was adversely affected and the

Government departments did not function during this period. This was followed by

national and state elections during which, the villages got highly polarized due to political

compulsions and we found it difficult to get them onto a common platform for pursuing

our goal of a collective action towards preparation of the proposal.

In the future

There is an urgent need to understand the status and ecology of the Four-horned antelope

across its distribution range. We intend to replicate our work in other unprotected areas of

the Eastern Ghats towards the long-term conservation of the species. In order to

understand the ecology, behavior and population biology of the Four-horned antelope in

the entire Chittoor (West) Forest Division, a research proposal is being prepared in

collaboration with the Department of Endangered Species Management at the Wildlife

Institute of India.

----------

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Appendix1

Conservation Awareness Questionnaire-Page1 Conservation Awareness Questionnaire-Page2

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Appendix2

Salient features of the Forest Rights Act (2006)

Page1 Page2

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Appendix3

Map showing land use and cover in the project area

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Appendix4

Media Reports in local newspapers on the project activities

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Appendix5

Expenditure Details of the project

Itemized expenses Total CLP requested (USD)

Total CLP used (USD)

PHASE I - PROJECT PREPARATION

Communication (Telephone, Internet, Postage) 760.00 768.00

Insurance (Nine installments for two team members) 667.00 620.00

Reconnaissance (Food and travel expenses for Recon. Visits) 355.00 355.00

Team training (Food & Stationery expenses during training workshops )

100.00 105.00

Medical supplies/First Aid 0.00 0.00

Other 0.00 0.00

EQUIPMENT

Scientific/field equipment and supplies 528.00 528.00

Photographic equipment 733.00 733.00

Camping equipment 0.00 0.00

Vehicle Hire 0.00 0.00

Other 0.00 0.00

PHASE II - IMPLEMENTATION

Accommodation for team members and local guides (During outstation visits for consultations with scientists, meeting Govt. officials for maps and permission, etc. )

290.00 284.00

Food for team members and local guides (During field visits for the team, snacks for school children during awareness programs, and outstation travel of team members @ Rs. 200 per peson per day during survey, Rs. 250 per person per day during outstation travel and Rs. 25 per person for snacks per session during awareness programs )

3,500.00 3,507.00

Travel (For field and village visits,local and outstation travel by team members )

7,000.00 7,024.00

Outreach/education activities and materials 0.00 0.00

Workshops 0.00 0.00

Stipend and Wage: (Stipend for Team Leader @$100 per month and salary for Project Assistants= $4000; wages for for de-silting and local guide=$1453)

5,453.00 5,460.00

PHASE III - POST-PROJECT EXPENSES

Report production 100.00 102.00

Other 0.00 0.00

Total 19,486.00 19,486.00

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Bibliography

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Publications, New Delhi, India.

2. Rahmani, A.R. 2001: Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.

Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. SSC Antelope Specialist Group.IUCN,

Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.viii + Pp.178-187.

3. Sharma, K., Rahmani, A.R. & Chundawat, R.S. 2005: Ecology and Distribution of

Four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis in India. Final Report-DST. Bombay

Natural History Society, Mumbai.

4. Sharma, K., Rahmani, A.R., Chundawat, R.S. 2009: Natural history observations of

the Four-horned antelope, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 106(1),

Mumbai.

5. Sharma, K. 2006: Distribution, Status and Behaviour of the Four-horned antelope

Tetracerus quadricornis. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Mumbai, Mumbai.

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Tetracerus quadricornis in a tropical dry deciduous forest in Central India, Journal of

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