Final Report AE 2013 LOPEZM01

Name: Sebastian Lopez (LOPEZM01)

Class: Academic English Sept 1

Teacher: Tanya Noreen

Date: 23/05/2013

Happiness of people and effectiveness of the

Governments in South America

The University of Queensland Foundation Year AEs.1 Sebastian Lopez

2

Content

Content pp.

Abstract 3

Introduction 4

Methodology 6

Interpretation 8

Discussion &Conclusion 12

Recommendations 16

Reference List 17

Appendix 20


3

Abstract

Happiness and the effectiveness of the governments have been topics of relevant

importance in social researches. Nevertheless, the researches of whether the effectiveness of

the governments affects the happiness of the people have been focused in European and

North American countries. The purpose of this report is to investigate if the happiness of

South American people is related to their perception of the effectiveness of the government

and will aim to show that there is a relationship between those variables. This essay will

determine as well how the happiness of South American people is affected by the government

effectiveness and will answer and fulfil the need of the limited research in the relation

between government and happiness in South American people. A survey consisting of 20

questions searching the main opinions and factors was conducted to collect the data. The total

number of participants were 114, consisting of 69 females and 44 males. Related researches

confirm that historical and economical characteristics in a country will determine the level of

happiness of people. Although South American countries present the happiest countries in the

world, those levels had decreased during years. The results obtained proved that the happiness

of the people is related to their perception of the governments’ effectiveness.. Therefore, it is

recommended that governments should find the main reasons why those levels are

decreasing, and find relevant solutions to the disappointment of their perception to the

effectiveness of the governments.


4

Introduction

Happiness is defined by Pappas (2011) as that state of a person characterized by feelings

oscillating from gratification to strong joy, and the state to intense joy will depend on

emotions and events experienced. Therefore, events and experiences around an individual

person will define, in specific moments, the level of happiness. People around the world are

always exposed to politics. In South America, debating different political views is a way of

fun and social gathering activity, because the influence of the governments in people’s daily

life is very high (Mendoza 2003). However, people in South America tend to believe that the

effect of the government on them is very low. It has been proven by a series of social

experiments that people think the governments do not contribute at all to their happiness

(Anze 2011). That belief depends entirely in the way individual persons relate to the people

in their country, as well, as the types of governments that have been presiding during years in

the group of countries (Ott 2010, pp. 3-22). Besides, Debnath and Shankar (2013, pp. 1-19)

states that the happiness of the people will be fully related with the quality of the government

and not with the size of it, and those patterns applies to all the countries around the world and

not just western countries.

Lewis (2006) states that for many years South American countries suffered harsh and

oppressive dictatorships, for example: HumbertoBranco (1964-1967), Augusto Pinochet

(1973-1990) and Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (1953- 1957), which influenced the happiness and

liberty of the people. Even though those dictators oppressed their countries; Brazil, Chile and

Colombia respectively, the damage was the same for all the countries around the South

American continent. These dictatorships gave fear, rebellion and lack of liberty to their

citizens, despite the objective of the dictators of giving security and economical balance to

the country (Cummins et al. 2009, pp. 23-36). Renjilian-Burgy, Chiquito and Mraz (2007)

confirmed that the oppression given to the citizens lower the happiness of the people, and


5

affected during generations the conception of liberty and rights. Headey and Wearing (1992)

and Ott (2010) found that the effectiveness of the government had an important impact on the

happiness of the people, but proved that a country with historical oppressive governments

will always have less happiness than those with democratic governments.

On the other hand, South American people are characterized for being happy people

because of the personality and jokes to daily life situations. However, the levels of happiness

in some South American countries had decreased in the past decades. According to

Veenhoven (1993), the level of happiness in South American countries, such as Argentina

and Venezuela has decreased during the past decades because of the government’s actions

and current situations that the countries suffered. Veenhoven (1993) confirms that this

variation depends entirely on how the people are living in those countries, and the

possibilities to develop their life properly.

The report will investigate exactly if the happiness of South American people is related to

their perception of the effectiveness of the government. The aim of the research is to show

that there is a relationship between those variables and determine how the happiness of South

American people is affected by the government effectiveness. There has been limited

research in the relation between government and happiness in South American people, and

this report will answer and fulfil that need. Finally, the report will discuss the methodology

and survey design for the report, then the results obtained, followed by the discussion and

overall conclusions.


6

Methodology

This research was conducted based on mainly quantitative and partly qualitative research.

The reason of this is because it will be easy to analyse the data collected in the survey from

the large amount of participants in this research. It is noteworthy, that a questionnaire was

created to investigate the main reasons and trends of the happiness of the South American

people and their perception of the effectiveness of the governments in that region. The

questionnaire had 20 questions, where 15 questions were asked to label their option from a

scale of agree and disagreement, and the other 5 where asked to choose between ‘yes’ and

‘no’.

There were 114 participants in total, consisting of 44 males and 70 females. The

participants comprise of friends, relatives, professors from universities, ambassadors, judges

and legislators, doctors, presidents of companies in South America and international

consultants of UNESCO, UNICEF and non-governmental organizations. They all possessed

high school levels of education, with exceptions of 45 Bachelors, 12 Masters, 37 PhD. The

nationality of the participants were 79 Venezuelans, 20 Ecuadorians, 3 Brazilians, 1

Argentinean, 1 Spanish living in Venezuela, 1 Chilean, 2 Bolivian, 2 Colombians, 1

American, 1 Panamanian living in Colombia, 2 Italians living in Ecuador and 1 Mexican

living in Argentina. It should be noted, that the people that is not from South America have

been living in South American countries for more than 5 years. On the other hand, the

information was kept confidential by without asking the names of the participants. Then the

data collected was analysed.

The survey was successfully conducted; however, there was a shortcoming. The question

asked which countries the participants think have oppressive governments, and we had

answers that were not the expected. The participants answered by stating countries from the


7

American continent and not specifically from South America. According to the data collected

only 35% of the participants answered within the expectations and guidelines. Therefore, this

problem might have slightly limited the accuracy of the results.


8

Interpretation

The questionnaire can be divided into subsections for the purpose of correctly

analyzing the data collected. Questions 1 to 10 were questions that measure their perception

of the country, of the government and of their daily and future life in that country. According

to the data recorded it was found that:

75% of the participants thought the governments do not fulfill the need

of the citizens (Pie Chart 1).

74% of the participants think that the country can be much better with

another government controlling the country (Pie Chart 2).

On average 79% of the participants are unhappy with the economic

and political measures taken by their governments.

Only 18% of the respondents agree that the problems in their country

have diminished with the current government. 12% answered with a neutral

answer, and 71% disagree (48% strongly disagree- 23% disagree) with the

question asked (Pie Chart 3).

On the other hand, important results were obtained in the question 9

and 10. Only 30% of the participants think that the laws in their country are

sufficient, however, 91% of the participants agree that the laws in their country are

not fully respected.

Questions 11 to 15 were focused in what their participants think about the governments in

a general South American country. The results were the following:

The majority of the population agrees (41%) and strongly agrees (23%) that

the happiness of the people is linked with the effectiveness of the government.


9

According to the bibliography it was expected that the result was different from the

one obtained (Pie Chart 4)

There is a very significant tendency that there are oppressive governments in

South America and that the freedom of speech will be linked as well with the

happiness of the people.

Overall, 75% of the participants think that democratic governments will help

people to be happier because in some cases the objective of those governments is to

fulfill the needs of the citizens and increase the levels of acceptance.

Finally, the set of questions remaining had the aim of analyzing if the participants support

and voted for the actual government, and other relevant information. The results were the

following:

According to the responses of the participants, an average of 83.5% did not

vote for the actual government in their country and do not support it.

68% of the participants confirmed that there are oppressive governments in

South America. The majority of the responses confirmed “Venezuela” to be the

country with the perfect conditions to have an oppressive government.


10

Pie Chart 1

Pie Chart 2


11

Pie Chart 3

Pie Chart 4


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Discussion and Conclusion

The purpose of this report is to investigate if the happiness of South American people is

related to their perception of the effectiveness of the government. The participants answered

all the questions and gave sufficient data to develop concepts and ideas helpful for the aim of

the research. In addition to this, the population that answered the questionnaire had very

strong opinions on the way the governments in their countries are controlling it. The results

from the survey showed that almost 70 % of the population did not support the government

nor do they support the measures taken by the government in the political and economic

aspects. Salomone (2008) states that the happiness of the people will be based in whether or

not they are satisfied with what they experience. On the other hand, Ott (2012) confirms that

a better government will result in more happiness in the people. As well, Ott (2012) discusses

that if a country has more democratic aspects; high levels of freedom of speech, any

discrimination to political parties and the right to people vote freely, will make the levels of

happiness to increase (more democracy-more happiness). Therefore, results can be related

with the theories established before. The participants were not satisfied with the performance

of their government, by expressing that they were not happy with the role played by their

country in international reunions, and that the laws were not fully respected, between others.

Another main trend that was evident in the results was that the levels of happiness and

satisfaction of South American people were very low. Nevertheless, South American

countries were worldwide recognized for being countries with high levels of happiness. The

Happy Planet Index (2013) searched and developed a chart with the rankings of the happier

countries around the world. It is significant to state that South American countries are in the

top 45. For example: Colombia is in third place, Venezuela in the ninth place and Argentina

in the seventeenth place (Happy Planet Index 2013). Therefore these results contradict the

overall responses of the participants because the chart and ranking are based on the situation


13

of the country in economy, political and environmental issues, and those aspects are directly

influenced by the government's running the country. The Happy Planet Index (2013) state

that the ranking does not measure how well is the country doing, but, the characters that they

measure: Experienced well-being, life expectancy and ecological footprint, are things that are

extremely related with the security and measures taken by the government in that country.

Therefore, if the governments are not effective, those rankings will be different and will be

lower. The reason of this contradiction is because the supporters and the staff of this Index

are not from South America, and all of them are European or from North America. In

addition to this, the numbers that they use for the ranking are not from real people living in

South America, because they do not actually ask people living in that region.

The Commission for the Study and Promotion of the Wellness in Latin America (2011)

states that in South America the objective of make people happier has been lost during the

years. The Commission for the Study and Promotion of the Wellness in American Latina

(2011) argues that presidents and chief of states are more focused on imposing their type of

government into the country rather than responding for the problems that are constantly

presented. One of the main objectives of the governments in South America should be to

make their people happier and give them the conditions to live a proper life, by giving people

freedom of speech, increasing the economic income and safety on social and political aspects

(Commission for the Study and Promotion of the Wellness in Latin America 2011). Ubeda

(2011) affirms that even though each president in South America has objectives when they

come into power, those objectives are ‘lost in track’. Ubeda (2011) also agrees with The

Commission for the Study and Promotion of the Wellness in Latin America (2011) because

they established that governments in South America are very selfish and influenced by

opinions or decisions of other politicians around the region. Those trends appeared as well in

the results obtained. The results demonstrate that people agree that the objective should be to


14

make people happier and the effectiveness of the government is not as good as the

government promised.

Another trend found in the results obtained, was the high percentage of people that think

that there are some countries with oppressive governments in South America. Dutt and

Radcliff (2009) confirm that there is an affinity for countries in South America to have non-

democratic governments. Bremmer (2009) and Ott (2010) argue that oppressive governments

are more likely to be in South America and in Central America because of the historic events

that those countries had. Lechin (2011) confirms that the countries that can be classified for

having an oppressive government are: Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia. The participants were

asked to state which countries in South America they think had an oppressive government.

According to the responses, Venezuela, Ecuador and Argentina were the countries the

participants chose the most. However, only a very low percentage chose Bolivia, and this

might be because there is not actually an oppressive government in Bolivia, or because the

participants did not answer the question correctly. The question asked for the participants to

state which countries in South America they think had that type of government, but the

participants answered by stating countries in Central America and Europe. Therefore, this

might had influenced the results because of the confusion presented at the time of answering

the question.

This report had as a purpose to determine if there is a relation between happiness and the

effectiveness of the governments in South America. The results obtained and the theory

established before help us understand and prove the hypothesis. Ott (2012) states that if a

country has more democracy the people will be happier, but a high percentage of the

participants confirmed that there is a lack of democracy in South America, making people

unhappy about the government and daily life. Oswald (1997) confirms that the effectiveness

of a country will be measured by the good performance in economic, political and


15

environmental factors, and the levels of happiness of the people living in the country will be

highly related with the effectiveness of the government. The results show:

Unhappiness with the economic and political measures in South

American countries.

The Governments in that region are not as effective as they promised.

The Governments in South America are highly influenced by other

countries actions.

Therefore, it can be concluded that people are unhappy in South America because of the

main reasons stated before, and that there is a very high likelihood that the happiness of the

people in South America is affected by their perception to the governments’ effectiveness.

Even though of the problems and contradiction found, our hypothesis has been proven

correct, giving us conclusive results.


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Recommendations

Since the happiness of the people is related with their perception of the government

effectiveness, it can be stated that the happiness of South American people will change and

vary according to the government effectiveness in that country and the environment in which

this person or people are surround it. Ott (2012) states that the happiness of the people in

South America, and around the world, will raise if democratic procedures and principles are

done and taken into account in a country. Governments should impose and search the

happiness of the people by being effective and ‘having as a flag’ democratic principles. The

people in South America should find a better way to communicate with their governments

and find the way in which both sides can be satisfied. Therefore, if this is done the levels of

happiness can raise and the people in South America can be more satisfied on their life and

proud of living in their countries.


17

Reference List

Anze, EG 2011, El legado maligno: despotismo y dictaduras en Latinoamérica, Casa de

Tharsis, viewed 23 March 2013,

<http://books.google.com.au/books?id=9Mc1MwEACAAJ&dq=dictadura+en+latinoam%C3

%A9rica&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-ZdNUZOiKLGjiAfZooGgDg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA>.

Bremmer, I 2009, The J Curve, Simon and Schuster, Buenos Aires.

Commission for the Study and Promotion of the Wellness in LatinAmerica 2011 ‘Medición,

Investigación, e Incorporación a la Política Pública del Bienestar Subjetivo: America Latina’,

thesis, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City.

Cummins, RA, Lau, AA, Mellor, D & Stokes, MA 2009, ‘Encouraging Governments to

Enhance the Happiness of Their Nation: Step 1: Understand Subjective Wellbeing’, Social

Indicators Research, vol. 91, no.1, pp. 23-36, viewed 23 March 2013,

<http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11205-008-9324-6?LI=true#page-2>.

Debnath, R & Shankar, R 2013, ‘Does Good Governance Enhance Happiness: A Cross

Nation Study’, Social Indicators Research, vol. 91, no.1, pp. 1-19, viewed 10 April 2013,

<http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11205-013-0275-1>.

Dutt , AK & Radcliff, B 2009, Happiness, Economics and Politics, Mixed Sources, London,

viewed 21 May 2013, <http://books.google.com.au/books?id=s-

YPDQIlJAYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false>.

Happy Planet Index 2013, Explore the Data, viewed 21 May 2013,

<http://www.happyplanetindex.org/data/>.


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Headey, B &Wearing, A 1992, Understanding happiness: A theory of subjective well-being,

Longman Cheshire Pty Limited, Melbourne, viewed 23 March 2013,

<http://books.google.com.au/books/about/Understanding_Happiness.html?id=2bIHAgAACA

AJ&redir_esc=y>.

Lechín, J 2011. The Masks of Fascism. El Universal Ediciones, Caracas.

Lewis, P 2006, Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America, Rownan&Littlefield Publishers,

Oxford, viewed 10 April 2013, < http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LAvw-

YXm4TsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=dictatorships+in+south+america&hl=en&sa=X&ei=U8

tkUauqLsXVkwW5toHoBg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dictatorships%20in%20south%20a

merica&f=false>.

Mendoza, O 2003, ‘La situación Sudamericana: Los Objetivos de Autonomía y los Dilemas

de la Democracia’, National University of San Juan, San Juan, viewed 23 March 2013,

<http://www.cartapacio.edu.ar/ojs/index.php/rcicso/article/viewFile/974/805>.

Oswald, AJ 1997, ‘Happiness and Economic Performance’, University of Warwick, England.

Ott, J 2010, ‘Government and Happiness in 130 Nations: Good Governance Fosters Higher

Level and More Equality of Happiness’, Social Indicator Research, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 3-22,

viewed 23 March 2013,<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3068254/>.

Ott, J 2012, An Eye on Happiness, Erasmus University of Rotterdam.

Pappas, S 2011, ‘Does Big Government Make People Happy’, LiveScience, 13 May, viewed

23 March 2013, <http://www.livescience.com/14156-government-size-happiness.html>.


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Renjilian-Burgy, J, Chiquito, AB & Mraz, SM 2007, Caminos, Cengage Learning, viewed 23

March

2013,<http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8IfHisdHKtUC&pg=PA84&dq=personalidad+d

e+los+latinos&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pl9NUeWBB7CTiAfx8IGgCA&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=

onepage&q=personalidad%20de%20los%20latinos&f=false>.

Salomone, M 2008, La ciencia descubre las claves de la felicidad, El Pais, viewed 21 May

2013,

<file:///H:/Academic%20English/Research%20Project%202013/Sources/La%20ciencia%20d

escubre%20las%20claves%20de%20la%20felicidad%20%20%20Edici%C3%B3n%20impre

sa%20%20%20EL%20PA%C3%8DS.htm>.

Ubeda, JE 2011, Sistemas Político-Constitucionales en el Mundo¸ Aebius, Madrid, viewed 21

May 2013,

<http://books.google.com.au/books?id=d3seEjWMalcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q

&f=fals>.

Veenhoven, R 1993, Happiness in Nations, World Database of Happiness, Rotterdam,

viewed 10 April 2013, <http://www2.eur.nl/fsw/research/veenhoven/Pub1990s/93b-

part1.pdf>.


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Appendix A

Happiness of people and Effectiveness of the Governments in South America

Investigator: Sebastian Lopez – University of Queensland Foundation Year - Academic

English (AE) student

You are invited to participate in a research study that aims to investigate how the happiness

of South American people is related to their perception of effectiveness of the government.

Please read this sheet carefully and be confident that you have understood the information

prior to agreeing to participate. If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to

contact the investigator via [email protected] (email).

What is this study about?

This study is a designed to help us understand wether the happiness of the people in a South

American country is related to the effectiveness of the government. People in South America

have always been considered as happy and joyful people, but a decrease in people´s

happiness has been confirmed by several investigators. The purpose is to investigate if that

decrease is related to the effectiveness of the governments in this region and how does a bad

government affect people´s daily life.

Privacy Statement

Ethics approval for this study has been granted by the relevant staff member of the University

of Queensland Foundation Year Program (www.foundationyear.com). Completion and

submission of this questionnaire indicates informed consent. All responses are anonymous.

Should you have any concerns about ethics or your participation in the research, please feel

free to contact relevant staff member via email: [email protected]

Note

The researcher involved in this project is a vocational student and has had little, if any, formal

research experience. All efforts have been made to ensure legibility and clarity of questions;

however, as part of an academic learning process accuracy may not always be apparent.

Questionnaire must be filled by South American people or by people who has been living in

South America for more than 5 years.

Gender

Age

Nationality

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundationyear.com&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHC8iKJch0KOt2pdugvPbRd31IYHQ

mailto:[email protected]


21

The government in my country has fulfilled the need of the citizens

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

I'm happy with the role played by my country in international reunions and conferences

United Nations, MERCOSUR, ALBA, UNASUR, ALCA etc.

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

I think people who support the government in my country have better resources

salaries, jobs, personal belongings etc

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

I think my country can be much better with another government controlling the country

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

I'm happy with the economic measures taken by my government

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree


22

Strongly agree

I'm happy with the political measures taken by my government

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

The problems in my country have diminished with the current government

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

The laws in my country are sufficient for the problems occurring within it

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

The laws in my country are fully respected

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

I think my country will be economically and politically better in a range of 2 to 4 years

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

I think democratic governments help people to be happier


23

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

I think the happiness of the people is linked with the effectiveness of the government

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

I think oppressive governments in South American countries have influenced the levels of

happiness of the people

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

I think that people´s happiness will be affected by a limitation in the freedom of speech

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

I think that an objective of the governments might be to make people happier

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

I voted for the actual government in my country

Yes

No


24

I support the actual government in my country

Yes

No

The government in my country is as effective as it promised

Yes

No

I think some countries in South America have an oppressive government

Yes

No

If you answered "Yes", please state which country or countries

The government´s actions and objectives in my country have been influenced by other

country´s governments

Yes

No

Submit


25

Appendix B

Questionnaire

Title: Happiness of people and Effectiveness of the Governments in South America

Investigator: Sebastian Lopez – University of Queensland Foundation Year - Academic

English (AE) student.

Summary of Responses: 114 responses

Gender Amount of People Percentage

Male 44 38.59%

Female 70 61.40%

Age Amount of People Percentage

<18 12 11%

18-28 32 28%

29-38 20 18%

39-49 12 11%

>50 37 33%

Nationality Amount of People Percentage

Venezuelan 79 69.29%

Ecuadorian 20 17.5%

Brazilian 3 2.63%

Argentinean 1 0.87%

Spanish 1 0.87%

Chilean 1 0.87%

Bolivian 2 1.75%

Colombian 2 1.75%

Italian 2 1.75%

Mexican 1 0.87%

Panama 1 0.87%

United Sates of America 1 0.87%

Questions Strongly

Disagree

Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Agree The government

in your country

has fulfilled the

need of the

citizens

31% 44% 10% 13% 3%

I'm happy with

the role played

by my country

in international

reunions and

conferences

41% 27% 9% 15% 7%

I think people

who support the 11% 19% 23% 31% 17%


26

government in

my country

have better

resources

I think my

country can be

much better

with another

government

controlling the

country

9% 8% 9% 26% 48%

I'm happy with

the economic

measures taken

by my

government

57% 19% 4% 14% 5%

I'm happy with

the political

measures taken

by my

government

53% 23% 7% 12% 5%

The problems in

my country

have diminished

with the current

government

48% 23% 12% 13% 5%

The laws in my

country are

sufficient for

the problems

occurring

within it

28% 29% 13% 25% 5%

The laws in my

country are

fully respected

61% 30% 5% 2% 3%

I think my

country will be

economically

and politically

better in a range

of 2 to 4 years

16% 29% 29% 21% 6%

I think

democratic

governments

help people to

be happier

2% 5% 9% 43% 41%

I think the

happiness of the

people is linked

with the

effectiveness of

the government

5% 11% 20% 41% 23%

I think

oppressive

governments in

South American

countries have

influenced the

levels of

happiness of the

9% 8% 14% 47% 22%


27

people

I think that

people´s

happiness will

be affected by a

limitation in the

freedom of

speech

3% 5% 8% 45% 40%

I think that an

objective of the

governments

might be to

make people

happier

6% 12% 16% 39% 26%

Questions Yes No I voted for the actual government

in my country 17% 83%

I support the actual government in

my country 20% 80%

The government in my country is

as effective as it promised 13% 87%

I think some countries in South

America have an oppressive

government******

68% 32%

The government´s actions and

objectives in my country have been

influenced by other country´s

governments

87% 13%

Number of Daily Responses

****** People who answered YES they needed to state which country in South America

presented an oppressive government

Countries Percentage

Venezuela 65.72%

Ecuador 26.32%

Argentina 2.63%

Paraguay 1.31%

Bolivia 1.31%

Peru 1.31%

Documents

Final Report AE 2013 LOPEZM01