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Final Report: 9984941 Page 1 of 11 Final Report for Period: 04/2000 - 03/2005 Submitted on: 07/30/2005 Principal Investigator: Friedrichs, Carl T. Award ID: 9984941 Organization: William & Mary Marine Inst Title: CAREER: Sediment Dynamics of a Microtidal Partially-Mixed Estuary Project Participants Senior Personnel Name: Friedrichs, Carl Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: Sole PI. Name: Battisto, Grace Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: Senior level Research Associate who with PI co-led field work and co-mentored undergraduate and high school students in the SEDIMENT program. Led instrument assembly, instrument programming, data collection, laboratory analysis and data management. Worked approximately 4 months on this project each year with 2-4 months per year of direct support from NSF. Name: Brubaker, John Worked for more than 160 Hours: No Contribution to Project: Associate Professor at VIMS who collaborated on major field experiment during March 2002. Worked approximately 0.5 months on this project during year 3. Support provided for his field work but not salary. Name: John, Simpson Worked for more than 160 Hours: No Contribution to Project: Scientist from the University of Wales who collaborated on major field experiment during March 2002. Worked approximately 0.5 months on this project during year 3. Support provided for his field work but not salary. Name: Jones, Sarah Worked for more than 160 Hours: No Contribution to Project: Scientist from the University of Wales who collaborated on major field experiment during March 2002. Worked approximately 0.5 months on this project during year 3. Support provided for his field work but not salary. Name: Jago, Colin Worked for more than 160 Hours: No Contribution to Project: Scientist from the University of Wales who collaborated on major field experiment during March 2002. Worked approximately 0.5 months on this project during year 3. Support provided for his field work but not salary. Name: Suttles, Steve Worked for more than 160 Hours: No Contribution to Project: Senior level Research Associate from University of Maryland who collaborated on major field experiment during March 2002. Worked approximately 0.5 months on this project during year 3. Support provided for his field work but not salary. Post-doc Name: Fugate, David Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

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Page 1: Final Report: 9984941 Final Report for Period: 04/2000 ... · Final Report: 9984941 Page 1 of 11 Final Report for Period: 04/2000 - 03/2005 Submitted on: 07/30/2005 ... He was partially

Final Report: 9984941

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Final Report for Period: 04/2000 - 03/2005 Submitted on: 07/30/2005

Principal Investigator: Friedrichs, Carl T. Award ID: 9984941

Organization: William & Mary Marine Inst

Title:CAREER: Sediment Dynamics of a Microtidal Partially-Mixed Estuary

Project Participants

Senior Personnel

Name: Friedrichs, Carl

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Sole PI.

Name: Battisto, Grace

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Senior level Research Associate who with PI co-led field work and co-mentored undergraduate and high school students in theSEDIMENT program. Led instrument assembly, instrument programming, data collection, laboratory analysis and datamanagement. Worked approximately 4 months on this project each year with 2-4 months per year of direct support from NSF.

Name: Brubaker, John

Worked for more than 160 Hours: No

Contribution to Project: Associate Professor at VIMS who collaborated on major field experiment during March 2002. Worked approximately 0.5 monthson this project during year 3. Support provided for his field work but not salary.

Name: John, Simpson

Worked for more than 160 Hours: No

Contribution to Project: Scientist from the University of Wales who collaborated on major field experiment during March 2002. Worked approximately0.5 months on this project during year 3. Support provided for his field work but not salary.

Name: Jones, Sarah

Worked for more than 160 Hours: No

Contribution to Project: Scientist from the University of Wales who collaborated on major field experiment during March 2002. Worked approximately0.5 months on this project during year 3. Support provided for his field work but not salary.

Name: Jago, Colin

Worked for more than 160 Hours: No

Contribution to Project: Scientist from the University of Wales who collaborated on major field experiment during March 2002. Worked approximately0.5 months on this project during year 3. Support provided for his field work but not salary.

Name: Suttles, Steve

Worked for more than 160 Hours: No

Contribution to Project: Senior level Research Associate from University of Maryland who collaborated on major field experiment during March 2002. Worked approximately 0.5 months on this project during year 3. Support provided for his field work but not salary.

Post-doc

Name: Fugate, David

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

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Contribution to Project: Post-doctoral investigator who worked approximately 6 months on this project in year 3 with direct support from NSF and who participated in the SEDIMENT program. He studied the dynamics controlling particle suspension and flocculation. He also worked on this project approximately 5 months during year 1 and 7 months during year 2 as a PhD student.

Graduate Student

Name: Hinchey, Elizabeth

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: PhD student supported by this project for approximately 4 months during year 1 and who participated in the SEDIMENT programduring years 1 and 2. She graduated in 2002 with a dissertation entitled, 'Organism-sediment interactions: the role of seabeddynamics in structuring the mesohaline York River macrobenthic community'.

Name: Scully, Malcolm

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Malcolm was a MS student advised by me during years 1 and 2 of this project and a PhD student advised by me during years 2 and 3. He was partially supported by this grant (approximately 3 months in year 1, none in year 2 or 3 -- but his participation in the SEDIMENT program was continous). The title of his MS thesis was 'Application of an analytical model for gravity-driven sediment transport and deposition to the Eel River shelf'. Malcolm started his PhD during year 2 on the role of density stratification in estuarine hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport. Malcolm was supported by a VIMS fellowship for three years of his PhD, but his research activities were supported by this project. In addition, in spring 2002 he was a teaching assistant for MS 502 'Estuarine and Coastal Processes, Issues and Investigations', a course which was a central part of the educational component of this project. The teaching assistantship provided approximately four months of match support from my institution.

Name: Rhode, Jenifer

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Teaching assistant in Spring 2000 for MS 502 'Estuarine and Coastal Processes, Issues and Investigations', a course which is acentral component of the educational component of this project. Supported approximately 4 months by match from my institution.

Name: Sagasti, Alessandra

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Teaching assistant in Spring 2000 for MS 502 'Estuarine and Coastal Processes, Issues and Investigations', a course which is acentral component of the educational component of this project. Supported approximately 4 months by match from my institution.

Name: Lewis, Amy

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Teaching assistant in Spring 2001 for MS 502 'Estuarine and Coastal Processes, Issues and Investigations', a course which is acentral component of the educational component of this project. Supported approximately 4 months by match from my institution.

Name: Lerberg, Scott

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Teaching assistant in Spring 2001 for MS 502 'Estuarine and Coastal Processes, Issues and Investigations', a course which is acentral component of the educational component of this project. Supported approximately 4 months by match from my institution.

Name: Dowd, Wesley

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Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Teaching assistant in Spring 2002 for MS 502 'Estuarine and Coastal Processes, Issues and Investigations', a course which is acentral component of the educational component of this project. Supported approximately 4 months by match from my institution.

Name: Romine, Heidi

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: MS student co-advised by me (and Steve Kuehl) who worked on this project in years 2 to 4 supported in part by this award (4 months per year), and who participated in the SEDIMENT program. This project also paid her tuition and research expenses. The title of her thesis project was 'Documenting the suspended sediment and bottom sediment dynamics of a two estuarine turbidity maximum system using 7Be and 234Th'. In addition, in spring 2004 she was a teaching assistant for MS 502 'Estuarine and Coastal Processes, Issues and Investigations', a course which is a central part of the educational component of this project. The teaching assistantship provided approximately four months of match support from my institution.

Name: Brasseur, Lorraine

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: PhD student advised by John Brubaker, supported by VIMS fellowship for her PhD, and a participant in the SEDIMENT program. She worked approximately 0.5 months on the field component of this project during year 3. She was also a teaching assistant inSpring 2003 for MS 502 'Estuarine and Coastal Processes, Issues and Investigations', a course which is a central component of theeducational component of this project. A teaching assistantship from MS 502 provided an additional 4 months of match from myinstitution.

Name: Gascoigne, Jo

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Teaching assistant in Spring 2003 for MS 502 'Estuarine and Coastal Processes, Issues and Investigations', a course which is acentral component of the educational component of this project. Supported approximately 4 months by match from my institution.

Name: Williams, Eirwen

Worked for more than 160 Hours: No

Contribution to Project: PhD student at the University of Wales advised by John Simpson and a participant in the SEDIMENT program. She workedapproximately 0.5 months on the field component of this project during year 3.

Name: Darrow, Elizabeth

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Teaching assistant in Spring 2004 for MS 502 'Estuarine and Coastal Processes, Issues and Investigations', a course which is acentral component of the educational component of this project. Supported approximately 4 months by match from my institution.

Undergraduate Student

Name: Snyder, Carrie

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Undergraduate at College of William and Mary who was a part-time research assistant supported by the SEDIMENT programbetween May 2000 and May 2002. She also worked as an REU summer intern on this project in 2000. The title of herundergraduate research project was 'Properties of the upper seabed of the York River estuary'. Supported for about 4 months eachin years 1 and 2.

Name: Schott, Brian

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Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Undergraduate at Randolph-Macon College who spent January 2001 as part of the SEDIMENT program at VIMS working on thisproject via the Randolph-Macon College Internship in Environmental Studies.

Name: Ellis, Lynsey

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Undergraduate at College of William and Mary who was part of the SEDIMENT program between spring 2001 and spring 2002.Her senior research project for 2001-2002 was entitled 'The relationship of seabed conditions and turbidity in the water columnestuarine turbidity maximum of the upper Chesapeake Bay'. I mentored her as her summer intern advisor during the summer of2001 and as her senior thesis advisor during the 2001-2002 school year. This project supported her research expenses, summerintern salary, and part time research assistant salary during the school year.

Name: Zelenke, Brian

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Undergraduate at Humboldt State University who was a participant in the SEDIMENT program during the summer of 2001. Hissummer research project was entitled 'Determination of residence time in a shallow estuary using a two-dimensionalhydrodynamic model with dewatering'. I mentored him as his REU intern advisor. This project supported his research expenses.

Name: Roper, Rebecca

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Undergraduate at College of William and Mary who was a part-time research assistant supported by the SEDIMENT program from May 2002 to May 2003. The title of her undergraduate research project was 'Effect of grain size on 7Be activity of estuarine sediment'. Supported for about 3 months in year 3 and 1 month in year 4.

Name: Lee, Macdonald

Worked for more than 160 Hours: No

Contribution to Project: Undergraduate at College of William and Mary who was a participant in the SEDIMENT program from January 2003 to May 2004. He worked with me on his Senior Research Project on the subject of tidal marsh sediment transport. Supported for about 3 months in year 4.

Name: Levitt, Joseph

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Undergraduate at Tulane University who participated in the SEDIMENT program during the summer of 2004 (during the no costextension of this project). Supported for about 2 months during year 5.

Name: Morton, John

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Senior from William and Mary Geology Department who participated in the SEDIMENT program during the fall of 2004 andspring of 2005 (during the no cost extension of this project). Supported for about 2 months during year 5.

Technician, Programmer

Name: Gammisch, Bob

Worked for more than 160 Hours: No

Contribution to Project: VIMS Departmental technician who led side-scan collection, diving, and boat operation. Worked approximately 0.5 months onthis project each year.

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Name: Nelson, Todd

Worked for more than 160 Hours: No

Contribution to Project: VIMS Departmental technician who provided electronics support to project. Worked approximately 0.5 months on this projecteach year.

Name: Reisner, Wayne

Worked for more than 160 Hours: No

Contribution to Project: VIMS Departmental technician who contributed to diving, boat operation and instrument fabrication. Worked approximately 0.5months on this project each year.

Name: Snyder, Steve

Worked for more than 160 Hours: No

Contribution to Project: VIMS Departmental technician who contributed to boat operation, instrument assembly and instrument programming. Workedapproximately 0.5 months on this project during year 1.

Name: Barbosa, Alayde

Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Contribution to Project: Laboratory Specialist who provided field and laboratory support for this project. Worked approximately 3 months on this projectduring year 3.

Other Participant

Research Experience for Undergraduates

Organizational Partners

Other Collaborators or Contacts1. New Horizons Governor's School for Science and Technology The New Horizons Governor's School offers college-level courses to high school students who have demonstrated a strong interest in science, technology, computer science and mathematics. Students attend classes for 1, 2 or 3 hours per day, 5 days a week at the Governor's School while also completing a year-long Research Mentorship Project. As part of my CAREER project, I worked with Sue Greiner, the director of the Research Mentorship Project, to place high school students in the SEDIMENT program. One New Horizons student joined SEDIMENT in fall 2000, two more joined in fall 2001, and one more joined in fall 2002. I gave an hour lecture about my research at New Horizons in spring 2001 and also acted as a science judge at the New Horizons student presentation of completed research projects in the spring of 2001. 2. VIMS/NASA Governor's School The Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) Governor's School is a five-week summer residential school provided in cooperation with Christopher Newport University. This program serves high achieving high school students throughout the state of Virginia and providing participants with exceptional, authentic experiences in marine research. Each summer, VIMS hosts six gifted/talented students who have demonstrated interest in and aptitude for marine science. The program is structured as an apprenticeship, and is administered concurrently with a similar program sponsored by the National Aeronautics

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and Space Administration (NASA). We had a VIMS Governor's School high school student work with us full time in the summer of 2001. A second full time VIMS Governor's School high school student began working with us in the summer of 2002, but a family emergency required her to drop out of the program. A third VIMS Governor's School high school student participated in field work with us in summer 2002. 3. VIMS Summer Intern Program Each year the Summer Intern Program (SIP) at VIMS places twelve to fifteen undergraduates with faculty mentors for a summer research experience. Internships are available in many areas of marine science, including biological, geological, chemical, physical, environmental science, fisheries and management emphases. SIP participants are funded by a variety of sources including the NSF REU program. I worked with Dr. Linda Schaffner, the head of SIP and PI of the VIMS REU program, to recruit Summer Interns to join SEDIMENT. In the summer of 2000 one undergraduate supported by my NSF award entered SEDIMENT via SIP, and in summer 2001 two undergraduates entered SEDIMENT via SIP. 4. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science I was funded as part of a collaborative NSF project (OCE-0002529) with scientists at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), entitled 'How do estuarine turbidity maxima entrap particles, retain zooplankton, and promote recruitment of fish?'. The budget of my component of this collaborative proposal focusing on the upper Chesapeake Bay was trimmed with the expectation that resources would be shared between this collaborative work and my CAREER Award. This was a sensible approach since both proposals employed similar observational techniques to address the issue of estuarine sediment transport. Thus students funded by my CAREER Award also participated in the field work and analysis associated with OCE-0002529. Besides teaming up in the upper Chesapeake Bay through work explicitly planned through OCE_0002529, UMCES personnel and equipment joined us in our large field experiment in the York River estuary in spring of 2002. 5. University of Wales, School of Ocean Sciences VIMS has an official international partnership with the School of Ocean Sciences at the University of Wales. SOS/Wales is the largest Ocean Sciences department at any university in the U.K. and one of the largest in all Europe. Leveraging support from this relationship, four scientists from SOS/Wales joined us in our large spring field experiment in the York River estuary in the spring of 2002. They also provided additional instruments for documenting turbulence and sediment transport. We hope to continue this close collaboration through future similar joint experiments.

Activities and Findings

Research and Education Activities: (See PDF version submitted by PI at the end of the report)

Findings: (See PDF version submitted by PI at the end of the report)

Training and Development:1. Research Skills 1.1. High School Students

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High school interns participating in the SEDIMENT program via the New Horizons and VIMS/NASA Governor's Schools learned computer programming skills and experienced the day-to-day working environment of a research institution. They also learned about the organization of a real research project from hypothesis through field data collection through interpretation and presentation. 1.2. Undergraduate Students In addition, the undergraduates participating in SEDIMENT learned how team work is essential to a successful research program. They learned to prepare a mini-research proposal, directly participated in planning and execution of field work, analyzed their own field samples and data, and prepared and presented posters and talks for local symposia and national meetings. 1.3. Introductory Graduate Students This project helped support field costs and technical personnel time for the lab portion of MS502. In this course, introductory graduate students work together as a team to develop a series of testable hypotheses based on historical data and recent scientific literature. The students then use a wide range of state-of-the-art instrumentation to collect environmental data to test and refine these hypotheses. Over the course of the project they learn teamwork, experimental planning, data analysis skills, scientific writing, presentation skills, etc. 1.4. Advanced Graduate Level This project also trained upper-level graduate students in the pursuit of advanced independent research in the classical manner of non-CAREER proposals. 1.5. Technical Staff Finally, this project supported the ongoing training of technical staff in operation of new instrumentation and application of state-of-the-art analysis techniques. For example, Grace Battisto, the lead technician on this project, traveled to Seattle in 2001 to attend a workshop on new applications and upgrades for our LISST laser diffraction particle sizer. New instrumentation and sampling gear is being purchased and constructed as part of this project, including an underway undulating profiler. Technical staff are also encouraged to pursue graduate degrees within my program. Grace completed her MS in 2000 while working for me as a full-time technician and began her PhD in the fall of 2004 again while continuing her work as a full-time technician. 2. Teaching skills 2.1. High School As part of SEDIMENT, I lectured on estuarine physical processes to high school students at the New Horizons Governor's School. One explicit purpose of this talk was to demonstrate to the high school students how an active research scientist gives a professional talk on his or her research. I also aided the New Horizon's program as a science judge/grader in evaluating high school student presentations in which they teach others about their internship projects with scientists throughout the region. 2.2. Undergraduates As part of the SEDIMENT team, undergraduates learned to teach each other about their research ideas and help each other with their research. They furthermore learned about successful mentoring by simultaneously being mentored by faculty and graduate students

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while, in turn, helping mentor high school students. 2.3. Introductory Graduate Students In the introductory graduate course I co-led, first-year graduate students worked in teams in their field work in the York River estuary. An important component of the course was student presentations by which the groups taught each other about the disciplinary material and techniques that their group was studying in detail. 2.4. Upper Level Graduate Students As part of the CAREER proposal, institutional match was committed to supporting two teaching assistantships for upper level graduate students to participate in teaching the large introductory level course required of all first-year students. The teaching assistants ran help sessions, helped lead field and lab work, and participated in grading. Because the School of Marine Science is a graduate program, this is one of the few opportunities on our campus for student involvement in SMS classroom teaching. The SEDIMENT program provided additional opportunities for upper level graduate students to learn mentoring skills as they worked with undergraduates and high school students on SEDIMENT-related research problems. 2.5. Technical Staff The SEDIMENT program is not limited only to students and faculty. Grace Battisto, the technician leading the field effort funded by this grant, has helped to lead the MS502 'physical processes team' data collection and also acted as a mentor to high school, undergraduate and first-year graduate students.

Outreach Activities:In spring 2001, I lectured to a broad cross-section of science-oriented high school students on the subject of Estuarine Physics and Geology at the New Horizons Governor's School for Science and Technology. In Febuary 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005 I was a moderator for the Blue Crab Bowl, a state-wide high school academic competition in marine science sponsored by the Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education. In spring 2001, I was also a science judge/grader of New Horizons High School students when they gave presentations summarizing their internship projects with scientists throughout the region.

Journal Publications

Friedrichs, C.T., M.E. Scully, G.M. Battisto, and L.C. Schaffner, "Sediment transport associated with tidal asymmetry in stratification, mixingand resuspension in the York River estuary", Proceedings, Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, 10th International Biennial Conference,Norfolk, VA, p. 214-216, vol. , (2000). Published

Fugate, D.C., C.T. Friedrichs, L.C. Schaffner, and G.M. Battisto, "Tidally varying suspended particle populations in lower Chesapeake Bay",Proceedings, Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, 10th International Biennial Conference, Norfolk, VA, p. 217-220, vol. , (2000). Published

Fugate, D.C., and C.T. Friedrichs, "Determining concentration and fall velocity of estuarine particle populations", Continental Shelf Research,p. 1867-1886, vol. 22, (2002). Published

Fugate, D.C., and C.T. Friedrichs, "Controls on suspended aggregate size in partially mixed estuaries", Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, p.389-404, vol. 58, (2003). Published

Herman, J.D., C.T. Friedrichs, and C.H. Hershner, "Use of long-term monitoring data to estimate sediment loads and contributions fromestuarine sediment transport processes, York River, Virginia", Estuaries, p. , vol. , ( ). Submitted

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Battisto, G.M., and C.T. Friedrichs, "Monitoring suspended sediment plume formed during dredging using ADCP, OBS, and bottle samples",Coastal Sediments 2003, ASCE, p. 14 p., vol. , (2003). Published

Friedrichs, C.T., L.H. Brasseur, M.E. Scully, and S.E. Suttles, "Use of backscatter from acoustic Doppler current profiler to infer eddydiffusivity of sediment and bottom stress", Coastal Sediments 2003, ASCE, p. 14 p., vol. , (2003). Published

Scully, M.E., and C.T. Friedrichs, "Influences of asymmetries in stratification on near bed turbulence and sediment suspension in apartially-mixed estuary", Ocean Dynamics, p. 208-219, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Yang, S.L., C.T. Friedrichs, Z. Shi, P.X. Ding, J. Zhu, and Q.Y. Zhao, "Morphological response of macrotidal marsh, flats and channels of theouter Yangtze River mouth to a major storm", Estuaries, p. 1416-1425, vol. 26, (2003). Published

Scully, M.E., and C.T. Friedrichs, "The influence of asymmetries in stratification on sediment transport in a partially mixed estuary",Proceedings, Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, 11th International Biennial Conference, Hamburg, Germany, p. 216-219, vol. , (2002).Published

Schuttelaars, H.M., C.T. Friedrichs, and H.E. de Swart, "Formation of estuarine turbidity maxima in partially mixed estuaries", Proceedings,Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, 11th International Biennial Conference, Hamburg, Germany, p. 180-183, vol. , (2002). Published

Fugate, D.C., and C.T. Friedrichs, "Versatility of the Sontek ADV: measurements of sediment fall velocity, sediment concentration, and TKEproduction from wave contaminated velocity data", Coastal Sediments 2003, ASCE, p. 14 p., vol. , (2003). Published

Souza, A., and C. Friedrichs, "Near-bottom boundary layers", In: H. Baumert, J. Simpson, and J. Sundermann (eds.), Marine Turbulence:Theories, Observations and Models. Cambridge University Press, p. 283-296, vol. , (2005). Published

Sanford, L.P., P.J. Dickhudt, L. Rubaiano-Gomez, M. Yates, S.E. Suttles, C.T. Friedrichs, D.C. Fugate and H. Romine, "Variability ofsuspended particle concentrations, sizes and settling velocities in the Chesapeake Bay turbidity maximum", In: I.G. Droppo, G.G. Leppard, P. Liss, and T. Milligan (eds.) Flocculation in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems. CRC Press, p. 211-236, vol. , (2005). Published

Scully, M.E., C.T. Friedrichs, and J.M. Brubaker, "Control of estuarine stratification and mixing by wind-induced straining of the estuarine density field", Estuaries, p. 321-326, vol. 28, (2005). Published

Friedrichs, C.T., and J.E. Perry, "Tidal salt marsh morphodynamics", Journal of Coastal Research, p. 7-37, vol. SI 27, (2001). Published

Books or Other One-time Publications

Friedrichs, C.T. and A. Valle-Levinson (editors), "International Biennial Conference on Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, ExtendedAbstracts Proceedings Volume", (2000). Report, PublishedBibliography: SRAMSOE Report No. 366, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 343 p.

Valle-Levinson, A., and C.T. Friedrichs (editors), "Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas", (2002). Special Issue, PublishedBibliography: Continental Shelf Research, 22, Nos. 11-13

Friedrichs, C.T., and A. Valle-Levinson (editors), "Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas II", (2002). Special Issue, PublishedBibliography: Continental Shelf Research, 22, Nos. 18-19

Ellis, L.E., "Seabed conditions in the Chesapeake Bay estuarine turbidity maximum region", (2002). Thesis, PublishedBibliography: Senior Honors Thesis, Department of

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Geology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 75 p

Fugate, D.C., "Estuarine suspended aggregate dynamics and characteristics", (2002). Thesis, PublishedBibliography: School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 163 p

Hinchey, E.K., "Organism-sediment interactions: the role of seabed dynamics in structuring the mesohaline York River macrobenthic community", (2002). Thesis, PublishedBibliography: PhD Dissertation, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 245 p

Romine, H.M., "Documenting the suspended and bottom sediment dynamics of a two estuarine turbidity maximum system using 7Be and 234Th", (2004). Thesis, PublishedBibliography: MS Thesis, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 100 p.

Web/Internet Site

URL(s):http://www.vims.edu/physical/projects/CHSD/projects/CAREER/Description:The above URL is the website for my CAREER Award project. The institutional policy of VIMS is to maintain research project websites for data and metadata archive purposes even after a project is over and even if the project's PI permanently leaves the institution. The website clearly states that all raw data resulting from this project is publicly available upon request.

Other Specific Products

Product Type:

Data or databases

Product Description:Time series data of velocity, water density, and sediment concentration has been collected as part of the two major benthic-tripod based field experiments. Spatial surveys of these same parameters plus bed properties such as grain size and water content has been collected as part of numerous cruises along the York River estuary.

Sharing Information:These data will be place on CDs and permanently archived in the VIMS library. Copies of the CDs will also be sent to NOAA's National Oceanographic Data Center.

Contributions

Contributions within Discipline: Beyond the scientific significance of our results (see Findings section), my work with David

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Final Report: 9984941

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Fugate developed new methods for extracting additional information from the Sontek ADV current meter. Even though the ADV was designed specifically to provide high resolution measurements of currents from a stable platform, we showed that it can also be used to (i) measure suspended sediment concentration via acoustic backscatter more accurately than optical backscatter sensors specifically designed for concentration, (ii) measure sediment fall velocity by assuming a balance between gravitational settling and vertical Reynolds flux of sediment, and (iii) measure turbulent properties from an unstable platform by high pass filtering the recorded velocity record. These new techniques are immediately advancing the discipline of coastal and sediment transport by significantly expanding the measurement options available to observational oceanographers.

Contributions to Other Disciplines: Contributions to Human Resource Development: See earlier discussion of education and outreach.Contributions to Resources for Research and Education: See earlier discussion of education and outreach.Contributions Beyond Science and Engineering:

Categories for which nothing is reported: Organizational Partners

Contributions: To Any Other Disciplines

Contributions: To Any Beyond Science and Engineering

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PROJECT ACTIVITIES 1. Summary of Objectives In this project, I aimed to critically examine two classical paradigms in sediment dynamics of microtidal, partially-mixed estuaries: that gravitational circulation is the dominant mechanism for landward transport of fine sediment, and that convergent transport of sediment within the water column is the immediate cause of the along-channel turbidity maximum. Observations from the York River estuary are more consistent with substantially different models for estuarine sediment transport and turbidity. Landward sediment transport in the lower water column of the York River estuary appears to often be due to ebb-flood asymmetries in salinity stratification and turbulence brought about by tidal straining of the horizontal density gradient. Furthermore, along-channel maxima in turbidity appear to be due to spatial variations in stratification along with the distribution of easily-eroded surficial mud. By providing opportunities for interdisciplinary coastal and estuarine research, I also aimed to facilitate hands-on science learning involving faculty-supervised teams of graduate, undergraduate, and high school students in a manner highly consistent with recent national reports recommending reform of science education. In particular, this proposal enhanced the study of sediment transport-related processes among the otherwise impressive suite of programs encouraging interdisciplinary marine science education at VIMS. Many topics related to estuarine sediment dynamics can provide seeds for interdisciplinary inquiry. For example, zooplankton and fish larvae may be adapted to feed and hide in the estuarine turbidity maximum; however, intense estuarine sediment transport may also limit primary production, suppress macrobenthos, and impact the biogeochemistry of the upper seabed. 2. Research Activities 2.1. Field Work We completed cruises in the York River estuary in support of this project during 2000 in March, May, September, October, November, and December, and during 2001 in March, May and September. In all but the first cruise we collected surface grabs at five stations at ~5 km intervals along the axis of the central stretch of the estuary and then analyzed the uppermost seabed for water content, Eh potential, grain size and Beryllium-7 activity. These analyses were done at 1 cm intervals over the uppermost 5 to 15 cm, depending the particular analysis technique and depth of our surface grabs. During the September 2000 through September 2001 cruises we also collected water column data at the same locations timed to keep in phase with peak flood and peak ebb currents. The water column samples at each station included profiles at ~0.25 m intervals of conductivity, temperature, optical and acoustic backscatter, light transmission, laser diffraction particle size distribution, three component velocity determined by an RDI ADCP and three component velocity determined by a Sontek ADV. In addition, pump samples of total suspended solids were collected near bottom, near surface and in the middle water column at most stations. The March 2000 cruise focused on a lateral transect in the middle estuary. Water column profiles were collected at six stations over a 13-hour tidal cycle across a depth-varying cross-

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section, including the main channel, shoals and a secondary channel. The instrumentation and sampling procedure were similar to the water column observations described above. Bottom grabs were collected at the same locations and analyzed for grain size, organic carbon, and PAH concentration. In 2002, we focused on one large experiment rather than several smaller experiments. Two upward looking RDI ADCPs were placed in the middle estuary for the last two weeks of March and collected along-beam velocities in the new high resolution "Mode 12". This mode allows remote resolution of turbulent velocity throughout the water column. Two moorings were placed in the middle estuary to constrain stratification and the along-estuary density gradient for a month (March 18 to April 16). Each mooring included two InterOcean S4 current meters to measure current velocity, conductivity, and temperature at heights of 3 and 6 m above the bed. A bottom tripod was placed near the ADCPs with four turbulence resolving ADVs spaced over the lowest 1.5 m of the water column. The tripod also supported two Aquatec ABSs which profile acoustic backscatter at 1 cm intervals over the lowest meter of the water column. A major goal of these time-series measurements was to address in detail the influence of tidal straining and resulting asymmetries in stratification and turbulence on sediment transport. During March 2002, the above autonomous instrument deployments were supported by tidal anchor station during spring and neap tides. The anchor station supported one profiler with CTD, OBS, ADV, LISST and pump samples and a second higher resolution temperature gradient microprofiler (SCAMP) which resolved turbulent dissipation. An "Owen tube" settling chamber was also used to measure suspended sediment fall velocity. During the March 2002 anchor stations a second boat was used to simultaneously collect spatial surveys of CTD, OBS, LISST and pump samples to establish a spatial context for the experiment. The March 2002 experiment involved collaboration with the University of Maryland and the University of Wales. Personnel from the University of Maryland brought their SCAMP and Owen tube while personnel from the University of Wales supplied another LISST and another high resolution ADCP. Experiments in March 2001, March 2002, March 2003 and March 2004 also included intense participation by students in the MS 502 introductory graduate course. The students in MS 502 participated in multiple cruises which collected nutrient and phytoplankton data as well as data on suspended sediment and velocity. Their standard suite of physical data include CTD, OBS and pump samples. A subset of their cruises also included LISST and/or ADV data collection. In December 2003-January 2004, we again focused on one large experiment tripod-based experiment. Instrumentation was maintained at two laterally adjacent locations in the estuarine cross-section near Clay Bank, located roughly 13 km up-estuary from Gloucester Point. Instruments were deployed along the southwestern side of the main channel at a water depth of approximately 7 m to avoid interfering with navigation, and in the middle of the secondary channel with a maximum water depth of roughly 6 meters. During the experiment, detailed velocity measurements were collected by four ADVs mounted at discrete elevations over the lowest 1.2 m of the water column. Three CTDs were also on the channel-flank tripod, spaced over the bottom two meters. An adjacent mooring had a CTD located roughly 2.8 m above the bed and an S4 sensor location roughly 3.5 m above the bed. An upward looking ADCP was also located on the west flank of the main channel. In the secondary channel, two CTDs spaced over the lowest 1.5 m and an S4 with CTD was located 3.5 m above the bed. Finally, a Sontek PC-

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ADP was placed on each tripod with the aim of imaging concentration and velocity in 2 cm bins over the lowest 50 cm of the water column. 2.2. Presentations Friedrichs, C.T., Sediment dynamics of a microtidal partially-mixed estuary. Applied Physics and Ocean Engineering Department Seminar Series, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 12 July 2000. Friedrichs, C.T., M.E. Scully, G.M. Battisto, and L.C. Schaffner, Sediment transport associated with tidal asymmetry in stratification, mixing and resuspension in the York River estuary. Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, 10th International Biennial Conference, Norfolk, VA, USA, 7-11 October 2000. Fugate, D.C., C.T. Friedrichs, L.C. Schaffner, and G.M. Battisto, Tidally varying suspended particle populations in lower Chesapeake Bay. Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, 10th International Biennial Conference, Norfolk, VA, USA, 7-11 October 2000. Friedrichs, C.T., Estuarine Processes. Geology 301: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Guest Lecture, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23 October 2000. Friedrichs, C.T., M.E. Scully and G.M. Battisto, Sediment transport associated with tidal asymmetry in stratification, mixing and resuspension in the York River estuary, Virginia. American Geophysical Union 2000 Fall Meeting, 13-17 December 2000. Fugate, D.C., C.T. Friedrichs, L.C. Schaffner and G.M. Battisto, Suspended sediment particle populations in the lower Chesapeake Bay. American Geophysical Union 2000 Fall Meeting, 13-17 December 2000. Friedrichs, C.T., Estuarine Physics and Geology. Governor's School for Science and Technology, 6 April 2001. Friedrichs, C.T., The role of stratification in coastal and estuarine sediment transport. Spring Seminar Series, Marine Sciences Program, University of Connecticut/Avery Point, Groton, CT, 27 April 2001. Friedrichs, C.T., Coastal Morphodynamics, Summer Intern Program Seminar Series, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 29 May 2001. Ellis, L., C. Friedrichs, and G. Battisto, The estuarine turbidity maximum in the northern Chesapeake Bay. Undergraduate Science Research Symposium, College of William and Mary, 26 September 2001. Snyder, C., C. Friedrichs, and G. Battisto, Seasonal variability in the active mud layer of the York River estuary. Undergraduate Science Research Symposium, College of William and Mary, 26 September 2001.

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Friedrichs, C.T., Estuarine sediment transport and sedimentation, Geology 301: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Guest Lecture, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 26 October 2001. Fugate, D. and C. Friedrichs, Determining characteristics and dynamics of multiple particle subpopulations in estuaries using optical and acoustic instruments. Estuarine Research Federation 16th Biennial International Conference, St. Pete Beach, 4-8 November 2001. Lee, G., W.B. Dade, and C.T. Friedrichs, Spectral analysis of suspended-sediment concentrations in an estuarine boundary layer. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Boston, 5-8 November 2001. Romine, H.M, R.M. Daniels, D.S. Grusha, J.Y, Kim, Y. Li, B. Vogt and C.T. Friedrichs, Suspended sediment dynamics of the York River estuary, Virginia. Estuarine Research Federation 16th Biennial International Conference, St. Pete Beach, 4-8 November 2001. Scully, M.E., C.T. Friedrichs, and J.M. Brubaker, Comparison of estuarine turbulence measurements. Estuarine Research Federation 16th Biennial International Conference, St. Pete Beach, 4-8 November 2001. Snyder, C.L., and C.T. Friedrichs, Spatial and temporal distribution of the active mud layer of the York River estuary, Virginia. Estuarine Research Federation 16th Biennial International Conference, St. Pete Beach, 4-8 November 2001. Friedrichs, C.T., and M.E. Scully, Sediment transport associated with tidal asymmetry in stratification, mixing and resuspension in the York River estuary. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Boston, 5-8 November 2001. Ellis, L., and C.T. Friedrichs, The relationship of seabed conditions and suspended sediment in the water column of the Chesapeake Bay ETM region. AGU 2002 Ocean Sciences Meeting, Honolulu, 11-15 February 2002. Friedrichs, C.T., and A. Valle-Levinson, Across-channel tidal velocity and axis-parallel tidal convergence in straight, weakly-stratified estuaries. AGU 2002 Ocean Sciences Meeting, Honolulu, 11-15 February 2002. Belt, E., T.W. Lyons, C.T. Friedrichs, R.L. Martino, and P.H. Heckel, Upper Freeport Roof Shales, Appalachian Basin. Geological Society of America, Northeastern Section 37th Annual Meeting, Springfield, MA, 25-27 March 2002. Friedrichs, C.T., Coastal Morphodynamics. Summer Intern Program Seminar Series, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 31 May 2002. Fugate, D.C., and C.T. Friedrichs, Particle aggregation dynamics in partially mixed estuaries. Coastal and Ocean Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Seminar Series, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 26 July 2002.

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Friedrichs, C.T., Estuarine sediment transport and sedimentation. Geology 301: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Guest Lecture, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 21 October 2002. Brasseur, L.H., J.M. Brubaker, C.T. Friedrichs, and M.E. Scully, A comparison of Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy measurements in the York River. Mid-Atlantic Bight Physical Oceanography and Meteorology Meeting, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 24-25 October 2002. Fugate, D.C., and C. Friedrichs, Controls on suspended aggregate size in partially mixed estuaries. Mid-Atlantic Bight Physical Oceanography and Meteorology Meeting, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 24-25 October 2002. Scully, M.E., and C. Friedrichs, The influence of asymmetries in stratification on sediment transport in a partially-mixed estuary. Mid-Atlantic Bight Physical Oceanography and Meteorology Meeting, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 24-25 October 2002. Fugate, D.C., and C.T. Friedrichs, Particle aggregation dynamics in partially mixed estuaries, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences Seminar Series, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 25 November 2002. Scully, M.E., and C. Friedrichs, The influence of variations in stratification on sediment transport in a partially mixed estuary. American Geophysical Union 2002 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 6-10 December 2002. Friedrichs, C.T., Introduction to Coastal sediment dynamics and hydrodynamics research at VIMS. Geology 404: Introduction to Geologic Research Guest Lecture, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 20 January 2003. Friedrichs, C.T., 2003. Tidal salt marsh morphodynamics. Spring Seminar Series, Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 27 February. Romine, H.M., C.T. Friedrichs and S.A. Kuehl, Documenting the suspended and bottom sediment dynamics of a two estuarine turbidity maximum system using 7Be and 234Th. SC-SE GSA Joint Annual Meeting, Memphis, TN, 12-14 March 2003. Friedrichs, C.T., 2003. Tidal marsh morphodynamics: Feedbacks among vegetation, hydrodynamics and sedimentation. Ray Krone Commemorative Lecture Series, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 7 April. Scully, M.E., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2003. The role of density stratification on estuarine turbulence, sediment transport and hydrodynamics. ECI 264B: Transport, Mixing and Water Quality in Estuaries and Wetlands, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 7 April.

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Friedrichs, C.T., 2003. Tidal marsh morphodynamics: Feedbacks among vegetation, hydrodynamics and sedimentation. Spring Seminar Series, College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, 15 April. Roper, R., 2003. Reexamining the relationship of Beryllium-7 adsorption to grain size. Senior Thesis Presentation. Geology Department, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 21 April. Friedrichs, C.T., 2003. My NSF CAREER Award Experience. On the Cutting Edge Early Career Faculty Workshop, Sponsored by NAGT/DLESE, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 5-10 June. Friedrichs, C.T., 2003. Introduction to marine turbulence and turbulence closure. Estuarine and Coastal Fluid Dynamics Summer School, Friday Harbor Marine Laboratory, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, 17 July. Friedrichs, C.T., 2003. Example applications of turbulence closure in coastal and estuarine environments. Estuarine and Coastal Fluid Dynamics Summer School, Friday Harbor Marine Laboratory, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, 17 July. Friedrichs, C.T., 2003. Barotropic estuarine tides. Estuarine and Coastal Fluid Dynamics Summer School, Friday Harbor Marine Laboratory, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, 18 July. Brasseur, L.H., C.T. Friedrichs, and S.E. Suttles, 2003. Eddy diffusivity and bottom stress estimated from acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) backscatter measurements. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September. Friedrichs, C.T., 2003. Tides in river valley estuaries. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September. Fugate, D.C., C.T. Friedrichs, G.M. Battisto, and L.P. Sanford, 2003. The role of lateral shoals in sediment transport processes in the ETM region of the Chesapeake Bay. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September. Herman, J.D., C.T. Friedrichs, and C.H. Hershner, 2003. Use of long-term monitoring data to estimate sediment loads and the importance of tidal pumping in a microtidal estuary. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September. Romine, H.M., S.A. Kuehl, and C.T. Friedrichs, 2003. Documenting the suspended and bottom sediment dynamics of a two estuarine turbidity maximum system using 7Be and 234Th. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September. Sanford, L.P., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2003. Particle dynamics in estuaries: a review. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September.

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Schuttelaars, H.M., C.T. Friedrichs, and H.E. de Swart, 2003. Formation of estuarine turbidity maxima in partially mixed estuaries. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September. Scully, M.E., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2003. Observations of suspended sediment-induced stratification in a partially mixed estuary. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September. Yang, S.Y., C.T. Friedrichs, P.X. Ding, J. Zhu, Q.Y. Zhao, 2003. Morphological response of tidal marshes, flats and channels of the outer Yangtze River mouth to a major storm. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September. Sanford, L.P., P.J. Dickhudt, L. Rubaiano-Gomez, M. Yates, S.E. Suttles, C.T. Friedrichs, D.C. Fugate and H. Romine, 2003. Variability of suspended particle concentrations, sizes and settling velocities in the Chesapeake Bay turbidity maximum. Workshop on Flocculation in Natural and Engineered Systems, September. Friedrichs, C.T., L.E. LeMay, E.K. Hinchey, H.M. Romine, L.P. Sanford, E.W. North, 2003. Seabed conditions in the estuarine turbidity maximum region of the Chesapeake Bay. 7th International Conference on Nearshore and Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Transport Processes. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 1-4 October. Kim, S.-C., C.T. Friedrichs, J. P.-Y. Maa, and L.D. Wright, 2003. Suspended sediment-induced stratification effect on bottom boundary layer structure of a tidal estuary - York River. 7th International Conference on Nearshore and Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Transport Processes. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 1-4 October. Romine, H.M., S.A. Kuehl, and C.T. Friedrichs, 2003. Documenting the suspended and bottom sediment dynamics of a two estuarine turbidity maximum system using 7Be and 234Th. 7th International Conference on Nearshore and Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Transport Processes. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 1-4 October. Scully, M.E., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2003. Observations of suspended sediment-induced stratification in a partially mixed estuary. 7th International Conference on Nearshore and Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Transport Processes. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 1-4 October. Fugate, D.C., C.T. Friedrichs, and L.P. Sanford, 2003. Atypical bottom shear stress asymmetry in a parttially stratified estuary. Mid-Atlantic Bight Physical Oceanography and Meteorology Meeting, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA, 16-17 October. Friedrichs, C.T., 2003. Estuarine sediment transport and sedimentation. Geology 201: Seidmentology and Stratigraphy, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 7 November. Friedrichs, C.T., 2004. Tides in river valley estuaries, Spring Seminar Series, Department of Physical Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 22 January.

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Scully, M.E., 2004. Wind control of estuarine stratification and circulation, Spring Seminar Series, Department of Physical Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 26 February. Romine, H.M., S.A. Kuehl, and C.T. Friedrichs, 2004. Documenting the suspended and bottom sediment dynamics of a two estuarine turbidity maximum system using 7Be and 234Th. NSF Coastal Ocean Processes Program, Coastal Benthic Exchange Dynamics Workshop, St. Petersburg, FL, 5-7 April. Friedrichs, C.T., 2004. My NSF CAREER Award experience. On the Cutting Edge Early Career Faculty Workshop, Sponsored by NAGT/DLESE, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 15 June. Friedrichs, C.T., 2004. Across-channel tidal velocity in straight, weakly stratified estuaries. Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas 12th International Biennial Conference, Merida, Mexico, 18-22 October. Scully, M.E., C.T. Friedrichs, and J.M. Brubaker, 2004. Control of estuarine stratifcation and mixing by wind-induced straining of the estuarine density field. Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas 12th International Biennial Conference, Merida, Mexico, 18-22 October. Friedrichs, C.T., 2004. Across-channel tidal velocity in straight, weakly stratified estuaries. Mid-Atlantic Bight Physical Oceanography and Meteorology Meeting, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 4-5 November. Scully, M.E., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2004. Wind forcing in a partially-mixed estuary. Mid-Atlantic Bight Physical Oceanography and Meteorology Meeting, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 4-5 November. Scully, M.E., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2004. Control of estuarine stratification by lateral dynamics, AGU 2004 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 13-17 December. 3. Educational Activities 3.1. High School and Undergraduate Teaching Although my educational interaction with high school and undergraduate students in this project was focused on mentoring, I also actively pursued opportunities to teach high school and college students. In April 2001 I guest lectured for a high school science class at the New Horizons Governors School in Hampton, Virginia. I guest lectured to undergraduates at the College of William and Mary in October of 2000, 2001, and 2002 in Geology 301: Sedimentology and stratigraphy, and in January 2003 in Geology 404: Introduction to Geologic Research. In both May 2001 and May 2002 I lectured to undergraduates in the VIMS Summer Intern Program (funded by a REU Grant from NSF) on the subject of coastal sediment processes. 3.2. Graduate Teaching

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My NSF CAREER Award specifically proposed to (i) include hands on field work and research on estuarine physical processes in the introductory graduate "core course" I co-led (MS 502) and (ii) to establish an informal seminar course to encourage exchange on issues of estuarine and coastal physical processes. (i) MS 502 Coastal and Estuarine Processes and Issues (Spring 2001, Spring 2002, Spring 2003, Spring 2004), Friedrichs co-lead instructor. Some of the results from the students' investigations are presented in the "Findings" section of this report. The titles of the reports written by the spring 2000 and 2001 student teams focusing on sediment transport, as listed below, summarize their research topics well: Chen, M., 2000, "The effect of lateral and intra-tidal variation on suspended sediment concentration in the York River". Gaylor, M., 2000, "Parameters controlling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distribution in sediments along a lateral transect in the middle York River". Goff., K., 2000, "Lateral transitions between mixed and stratified waters in the York River during a semidiurnal tidal cycle". Kwon, J., 2000, "Lateral variation in bottom shear stress across the York River during the tidal cycle". Trembanis, A., 2000, "Cross-sectional velocity and density variation in the upper York River". Daniels, R., 2001, "Investigation of sediment transport in the York River estuary". Grusha, D., 2001, "Suspended sediment dynamics of the York River estuary, Virginia". Kim, J., 2001, "The mechanisms of turbidity maximum in the York River estuary". Romine, H., 2001, "Tides and muds: Sediment transport and estuarine turbidity maximum formation in the York River estuary, Virginia". Vogt, B., 2001, "Unresolved asymmetries: Sediment transport in the York River". In the spring of 2002, the hands on research approach of the class shifted from some teams focusing specifically on physical processes (with other teams focusing nutrient dynamics or on higher trophic levels or some other distinct topic) to common interdisciplinary goals for each team. In 2003, the approach shifted to team-oriented, more disciplinary projects. In the spring of 2003, groups of MS502 students gave the following team presentations focusing on estuarine hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics: Browder, G., J. Douglas and P. McGrath, 2003, "Hydrodynamics and water column structure".

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Scott, T., J. Cho, B. Metcalf, M. Xia and V. Saba, 2003, "Tides, currents and river flow". Ha, K., K. Xu and J. Ye, 2003, “Suspended solids". In all years, 1n observation of all cruise participants was the extraordinary change in the TSS concentration along the longitudinal salinity gradient of the York River. They were confronted with such basic questions as: What physical processes determine the distribution of TSS along the York River system and how? These dynamics change over a variety of spatial and temporal scales. What are the relevant temporal scales for TSS in the York River system? (ii) Physical Sciences Seminar, Friedrichs coordinator (Fall 2000, Spring 2001, Fall 2001, Spring 2002, Fall 2002, Spring 2003, Fall 2003, Spring 2004). This seminar provides a venue for students, faculty, and visitors to exchange ideas regarding estuarine and coastal physical processes. Talks over the four funded years of my CAREER Award included: 5 September 2000. Friedrichs, C., "Sediment dynamics of the York River estuary". 11 September 2000. Scully, M., "Gravity-Driven Sediment Transport and Deposition on the Eel River Shelf, Northern California". 18 September 2000. Traykovski, P., "Particle Size in the Current Boundary Layer Based on LISST Measurements". 26 September 2000. Battisto, G., "Field measurement of mixed grain size suspension under waves". 3 October 2000. Schuttelaars, H., "Morphodynamic equilibria in tidal embayments with decreasing cross-section". 25 October 2000. Fugate, D., "Properties of suspended particles in the Elizabeth River". 31 October 2000. Farnsworth, K., "Is the Monterey Canyon a Conduit of Modern Sediment to the Deep Ocean?" 7 November 2000. Arzayus, K., "Role of Physical Mixing on Organic Matter and PAH Diagenesis in Sediments". 21 November 2000. Trembanis, A., "3652 Days at the Beach: Daily Wave Climate and Beach Variation from the Gold Coast of Australia". 5 February 2001. McNinch, J., "Underlying Geology in the Nearshore". 12 February 2001. Chen, M., "Results of her preliminary research on wave modeling". 19 February 2001. Walker, S., "Polycyclic hydrocarbon sources and distribution in the Elizabeth River".

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26 February 2001. Friedrichs, C., "Tidal Salt Marsh Morphodyanmics". 13 March 2001. Elliot, C., Quester-Tangent, "Seabed Imaging and Classification". 19 March 2001. Wright, D., VIMS, "Inner Continental Shelf Sediment Transport Processes: Recent Advances and New Frontiers". 26 March 2001. Wang, H., VIMS, "Hydrodynamic Model Study for Lower James River and Elizabeth River". 2 April 2001. Scully, M., VIMS, "Analytical modeling of sediment gravity flows and flood deposition on the Eel River shelf, northern California". 9 April 2001. Milliman, J., VIMS, "Precipitation and fluvial sediment yield - re-evaluating (and disproving) an old paradigm". 23 April 2001. Kuehl, S., VIMS, "MARGINS research in Papua New Guinea". 30 August 2001. Friedrichs, C., VIMS, "Insights into Sediment and Nutrient Dynamics in the York River: Results from the 2001 MS502 Class Cruise and Plans for 2002". 6 September 2001. Bronk, D., VIMS, "Photochemical Nitrogen Production in a Range of Marine and Aquatic Environments" 13 September 2001. Liu, P. and J. Milliman, VIMS, "Rapid Post-Glacial Sea-Level Rise and Related Oceanographic and Climatic Events" 20 September 2001. Harris, C., VIMS, "Winter-time Sediment Transport in the Hudson Shelf Valley". 27 September 2001. See, J., VIMS, "Humic Nitrogen Shuttle: Get on the Bus" 4 October 2001. Sisson, M., VIMS, "Assessment of Impacts of Craney Island Expansion on the Elizabeth and Lower James Rivers". 25 October 2001. Barbosa, A., VIMS, "The Anthropogenic Impact of Sedimentation in Coastal Regions. An Example of Bracu Bay, Angra dos Reis (RJ), Brasil". 1 November 2001. Scully, M., VIMS, "Comparison of Estuarine Turbulence Measurements". 15 November 2001. Poag, W., USGS, "Geology of Bolide Impact in the Chesapeake Bay". 7 February 2002. Trembanis, A., VIMS, "Observations and Predictions of Ripple Development on a Complex Shoreface", Friedrichs, C., VIMS, "The Effects of Spatially Complex Shoreface Roughness on Boundary Layer Turbulence and Wave Friction".

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28 February 2002. Brasseur, L., VIMS, "Turbulent Characteristics of Tidal Flows in the Vicinity of the Chesapeake Bay Turbidity Maximum". 7 March 2002. Milliman, J., VIMS, "Post-glacial sea-level rise and geological implications", Liu, P., VIMS, "Movie Preview: How did the sea level flood the shallow, flat, epicontinental shelf seas". 14 March 2002. Chang, R., USGS, "Evaluation of the UnTRIM Model for 3-D Tidal Circulation". 27 March 2002. Simpson, J., U. Wales, "Turbulent dissipation and production in tidal and density driven flows". 18 April 2002. Kim, J., VIMS, “Wind-wave prediction using artificial neural networks”. 25 April 2002. Edwards, R., ODU, “Atmospheric flux of iron to the East Antarctic Sea ice zone: from the last glacial maximum to the present”. 2 May 2002. Romine, H., VIMS, “Documenting the suspended and bottom sediment dynamics of a two estuarine turbidity maximum system using 7Be and 234Th”. 5 June 2002. Hume, T., NIWA, “Estuarine environment classification for resource management”. 7 August 2002. Hetland, R., TAMU, “Cross-frontal entrainment of plankton into a buoyant plume: the frog tongue mechanism”. 29 August 2002. Cacchione, D., USGS, “Shaping of oceanic slopes by internal waves and tides”. 16 September 2002. Jago, C., U. Wales, “Sediment flux and budget on tidal to decadal time scales in a macrotidal estuary”. 31 October 2002. Brubaker, J., VIMS, “Assessing controls on inner-shelf stratfication in the Mid-Atlantic Bight”. 5 November 2002. Meade, R., USGS, “The great Mississippi River flood of 1993”. 14 November 2002. Dickhut, R., VIMS, “Fractionation of D and 13C labeled phenanthrene during atmospheric transport”, Cincinelli, A., VIMS, “Aerosol associated organic pollutants in an industrialized area of Prato (Italy)”. 3 December 2002. Haq, B., NSF, “Marine Geosciences – trends and forecasts: a scientist-cum-administrator’s viewpoint”. 5 December 2002. Hardaway, S., VIMS, “Shoreline management in Chesapeake Bay”, Milligan, D., “An integrated habitat enhancement approach to shoreline stabilization for a Chesapeake Bay island community”.

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9 January 2003. Kuehl, S., VIMS, “Tracking sediments from source to sink: the MARGINS Papua New Guinea and New Zealand focus areas”. 16 January 2003. Fugate, D., VIMS, “Controls on suspended aggregate size in partially mixed estuaries”. 30 January 2003. Hobbs, C., VIMS, “Three stories from the geological history of the Chesapeake Bay region”. 6 February 2003. Shen, J., VIMS, “Integrated modeling approach for TMDL development of Virginia’s small coastal basins with fecal coliform impairment”. 13 February 2003. Wang, H. and Li, Y., VIMS, “The Chesapeake Bay modeling efforts: the past and VIMS next generation code”. 20 February 2003. Trembanis, A., VIMS, “Adventures in seabed scour: measuring and modeling scour burial from military mines to Blackbeard’s shipwreck”. 27 February 2003. Mopper, K., ODU, “Estuaries and photochemical reactors”. 13 March 2003. Brubaker, J., VIMS, “Three Different Ways the Tide Can Affect Light in the York River”. 20 March 2003. Canuel, E., VIMS, “Sources of Organic Matter in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, CA”. 27 March 2003. Chiuchiolo, A., VIMS, “POP(s) into the Antarctic”. 3 April 2003. Scully, M., VIMS, “The Role of Density Stratification on Estuarine Turbulence, Sediment Transport and Hydrodynamics”. 10 April 2003. Hardaway, S., VIMS, “Chesapeake Bay Dunes: Evolution and Status”. 17 April 2003. Harris, C., VIMS, “Sources and Dispersal of Sediment in the Western Adriatic”. 24 April 2003. Hobbs, C., VIMS, “Potential Environmental Consequences of Beach Nourishment and a New Method for Quantifying Shoreline Change”. 28 August 2003. Friedrichs, C., VIMS, “Sediment gravity flows supported by ambient waves and currents: a new mechanism for shelf progradation and equilibrium shelf geometry”. 4 September 2003. Kniskern, T., VIMS, “Sediment dispersal and accumulation patterns on the Waiapu River shelf, New Zealand”. 11 September 2003. Maa, J. and J. Kwon, VIMS, “Simulation of suspended sediment transport in the York River”.

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18 September 2003. Coco, G., NIWA, “Beach cusps: from simple modeling to complicated simulations”. 9 October 2003. Shen, J., VIMS, “Storm surge modeling: Hurricanes Andrew and Isabel”. 16 October 2003. Murray, B., Duke, “Large scale grain size sorting on inner shelves: amazing and/or really pretty patterns”. 23 October 2003. Wright, D., VIMS, “National to local hierarchy of coastal observing systems: current status and VIMS plans for the future”. 30 October 2003. Minor, E., ODU, “Changes in the molecular-level characteristics of sinking marine particles with water column depth: a window into organic matter preservation mechanisms?” 6 November 2003. Dickhut, R., VIMS, “Persistent organic pollutant distributions along the Western Antarctic Peninsula”. 13 November 2003. Brubaker, J., VIMS, “A quick and dirty assessment of the importance of wind mixing in tidal estuaries”, Brasseur, L., VIMS, “A quick and easy way to estimate bottom stress and eddy diffusivity from ADCP measurements”. 20 November 2003. Conrad, C., VIMS, “Innovative techniques for investigating contaminant behavior in aquatic systems”, Pohlman, J. VIMS, “Fire in the ice: a primer on the significance and biogeochemistry of gas hydrates”. 4 December 2003. Bronk, D., VIMS, “Nitrogen cycling in the Gulf of Mexico”. 22 January 2004. Friedrichs, C., VIMS, “Tides in river valley estuaries”. 29 January 2004. Boon, J., VIMS, “Tides & tidal currents in oceans, seas, gulfs and bays”. 5 February 2004. Spivak, A., VIMS, “Trophic structure, biodiversity, and carbon cycling: Evidence of cascading effects in an experimental eelgrass system”. 12 February 2004. Miselis, J., VIMS, “Exploring the relationship between shoreline change and surf zone sand thickness”. 19 February 2004. Kuehl, S., VIMS, “At the mouths of giants: The Amazon and Ganges deltas”. 26 February 2004. Scully, M., VIMS, “Wind control of estuarine stratification and circulation”. 4 March 2004. McNinch, J., VIMS, “Bar And Swash Imaging Radar (BASIR): New technology for mapping surf zone sandbars”, Browder, G., VIMS, “Correlation of underlying, relict channels with gravel outcrops and shore-oblique sandbars in the nearshore”. 25 March 2004. Xu, K., VIMS, “The Yangtze River (Changjiang): Source to Sink”.

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1 April 2004. Wang, H. & J. Shen, “A Brief Introduction to Application of Numerical Modeling from Small Basins in the Estuary to the Coastal Ocean”,VIMS, Li, Y., “Hydrodynamic Simulation in a Shallow Water System--Lynnhaven River Inlet Using UnTRIM”,VIMS, Cho, J., “An Introduction to ELCIRC Model and Its Applications”. 8 April 2004. Ha, H., & J. Maa VIMS, “Acoustic Approach for Measuring Near-Bottom Bed Structures”. 22 April 2004. Bradley, P., VIMS, “Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Competition for Nitrogen: A New Approach”. 3.3. Student Mentoring My NSF CAREER Award specifically proposed to establish the SEDIMENT program (Science EDucation Inspired through MENToring) involving a team of high school, college, introductory graduate and advanced level graduate students. As discussed in the "Collaborators and Contacts" section of this report, I worked with the New Horizons Governor's School for Science and Technology and the VIMS/NASA Governor's School to recruit high school students into SEDIMENT and worked with the VIMS Summer Intern/REU Program to recruit college students. At the graduate level, this project supported teaching assistantships for the introductory graduate course I co-led through institutional match. In addition, research assistantships were provided directly for several graduate students involved in SEDIMENT. The students mentored through this project and involved in the SEDIMENT program to date include: High School D. Norfleet, Senior at Gloucester High School, Virginia, fall of 2000 as part of the New Horizons Governor's School for Science and Technology Mentorship Research Program. E. Buckner, rising Senior at Clarke County High School, Virginia, summer 2002 as part of the VIMS/NASA Governor's School B. Nobile, Junior at Poquoson High School, Virginia, fall of 2001 to spring 2002 as part of the New Horizons Governor's School for Science and Technology Mentorship Research Program. M. Shay, Senior at James City High School, Virginia, fall of 2001 to spring 2002 as part of the New Horizons Governor's School for Science and Technology Mentorship Research Program. A. Suber, rising Senior at Chilhowie High School, Virginia, summer 2002 as part of the VIMS/NASA Governor's School. J. Evans-Wall, rising Senior at Percellville High School, Virginia, summer 2002 as part of the VIMS/NASA Governor's School. L. Richmond, Senior at Grafton High School, Virginia, fall of 2002 to spring 2003 as part of the New Horizons Governor's School for Science and Technology Mentorship Research Program.

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L. Trobick, Senior at Gloucester High School, Virginia, summer of 2004 as part of the Rappahannock Community College Governor’s School. Undergraduate C. Synder, undergraduate at College of William and Mary who participated as a VIMS/REU summer intern in summer 2000, worked with me on her senior research project through spring 2001, and continued working as a part-time research assistant through spring 2002. B. Schott, undergraduate at Randolph-Macon College who participated during the month of January 2001 as part of the Randolph-Macon College Internship in Environmental Studies. L. Ellis, undergraduate at College of William and Mary who participated as a VIMS/REU summer intern in summer 2001 and worked with me on her senior honors thesis through spring 2002. B. Zelenke, undergraduate at Humboldt State University who participated in summer 2002 as a VIMS/REU intern. R. Roper, undergraduate at College of William and Mary who participated as a part-time research assistant in summer 2002 and worked with me on her senior research project through spring 2003. M. Lee, undergraduate at College of William and Mary who participated as a part-time research assistant in summer 2003 and worked with me on his senior research project from spring 2003 to spring 2004. J.Levitt, undergraduate at Tulane University who participated as a part-time research assistant in summer 2004. J. Morton, undergraduate at College of William and Mary who participated as a part-time research assistant in fall 2004 and spring 2005. Graduate Level Teaching Assistants J. Rhode and A. Sagasti (Spring 2000), S. Lerberg and A. Lewis (Spring 2001), W. Dowd and M. Scully (Spring 2002), L. Brasseur and J. Gascoigne (Spring 2003), E. Darrow and H. Romine (Spring 2004), all VIMS students, all Teaching assistants for MS 502 "Estuarine and Coastal Processes, Issues and Investigations", a course which plays a prominent role in the educational component of this project: Other MS

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M. Scully, VIMS student co-advised by me and partially supported by project during year 1. The title of his thesis was “Application of an analytical model for gravity-driven sediment transport and deposition to the Eel River shelf”. H. Romine, VIMS student co-advised by me and partially supported by project during years 2 and 3. Title of thesis is "Documenting the suspended and bottom sediment dynamics of a two estuarine turbidity maximum system using 7Be and 234Th". Other PhD D. Fugate, VIMS student advised by me and partially supported by project during years 1 and 2. The title of his dissertation is "Study of hydrodynamics and sediment transport in an urban estuary". L. Brasseur, VIMS student advised by John Brubaker and whose field work was supported by this project during year 3. The subject of her dissertation is estuarine turbulence and mixing. E. Hinchey, VIMS student advised by Linda Schaffner and whose salary was supported by this project during year 1. The title of her dissertation is “Organism-sediment interactions: the role of seabed dynamics in structuring the mesohaline York River macrobenthic community”. M. Scully, VIMS student advised by me and whose field work was supported by this project during years 3 and 4. The subject of his dissertation is the role of density stratification in estuarine hydrodynamics and sediment transport. E. Williams, University of Wales student advised by John Simpson and whose field work was supported by this project during year 3. The subject of her dissertation is estuarine dynamics and mixing associated with tidal straining. Post-Doctoral D. Fugate, Post-doctoral investigator partially supported by this project in year 3. He studied the dynamics controlling particle suspension and aggregation.

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PROJECT FINDINGS

1. Determining Concentration and Fall Velocity of Estuarine Particle Populations Using

ADV, OBS and LISST

As part of the SEDIMENT program, several months of support in each of the first two years of

this project were provided to my PhD student, David Fugate, who graduated in 2002. Although

this first paper from his dissertation is based on data collected before the start of my CAREER

Award, it involved observational techniques which are presently being applied in the CAREER

project, and David was supported by my CAREER Award to use these data to address closely

related questions regarding estuarine sediment dynamics. A summary of this paper by Fugate

and Friedrichs, which appeared in Continental Shelf Research (22: 1867-1886), follows:

In describing suspended sediment conditions in the lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, U.S.A., this

paper reports and develops methods for distinguishing multiple particle populations in the

bottom boundary layer of estuaries in general. In addition, a novel application of the Acoustic

Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) is shown to estimate in situ particle fall velocity at a single point

without affecting the ambient turbulence. In situ estimates of suspended sediment concentration

from ADV, Optical Backscatter (OBS), and Laser In Situ Scattering and Transmissometry

(LISST) instruments are compared with gravimetrically determined mass concentrations from

pumped water samples. In this environment, acoustic backscatter from the ADV proved to be

the best estimator of mass concentrations due to its apparent insensitivity to the size or density

of muddy aggregates (Figure 1). The concentration estimates and the relative sensitivities of the

instruments to particle size and density combined with size distribution information from the

LISST reveal the characteristics of multiple particle populations in the bottom boundary layer.

Two rapidly settling sediment populations are suggested with similar fall velocities but distinct

critical erosion stresses. A slowly settling background population is also identified whose

concentration varies over meteorological time scales. Fall velocities are estimated analytically

from a balance of settling and diffusive flux gradients using two methods, one employing

Reynolds concentration flux, and the other estimating eddy diffusivity using the von-Karman

Prandtl equation (Figure 2). Comparison of the local change and advective terms in the solute

transport equation to the magnitude of the settling term suggests that a balance between the

settling and resuspension term is a good first order approximation at this site, validating the

indirect method for estimating settling velocity. Single elevation estimates of fall velocity using

the ADV to estimate Reynolds concentration flux produced the best estimates of fall velocity

which are on the order of 1 mm/s.

2. Tidal Formation of Lateral Fronts

One of the most interesting results of the March 2000 field experiment was the observation of

lateral transitions between mixed and stratified waters in the York River estuary over the course

of a semidiurnal tidal cycle. These observations were collected by the "physical processes team"

of first-year graduate students in my introductory graduate course MS 502 "Coastal and

Estuarine Processes and Issues". Figure 3 is from a term paper on the subject by Kevin Goff, a

fisheries student who would have also excelled as a physical oceanographer. The students in my

course observed unusually intense stratification in the York River estuary during the spring

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freshet. The stratification was persistent in the main and secondary channels but tidally

modulated over the western shoal and the shoal separating the two channels. At slack after ebb

and slack after flood the entire cross-section was stratified (hours 2, 8) whereas at peak flood

(hour 5) the western shoal was entirely mixed and the central shoal partially so. At peak ebb

(hour 11) mixing was less intense, most likely due to the stabilizing influence of tidal straining.

Lateral circulation and formation of tidally-driven lateral fronts and transverse circulation in

partially mixed estuaries have been a focus of increased attention recently as evidenced by the

recent CAREER Awards on the subject to Arnoldo Valle-Levinson and to Mark Stacey. I am in

the process of finishing up a manuscript "Across-channel tidal velocity and axis-parallel

convergence in straight, weakly-stratified estuaries". In the above manuscript (presented at the

AGU 2002 Ocean Sciences Meeting), I provide analytical solutions for tidally-modulated axis-

parallel fronts over depth-varying topography due to (i) across-channel density gradients induced

by differential along-channel advection of density, (ii) across-channel gradients in the Coriolis

force due to across-channel differences in tidal amplitude and phase, and (iii) kinematic continuity

constraints imposed by along-channel gradients in depth-averaged along-channel velocity. The

results of Kevin Goff's term project in conjunction with the MS502 "physical processes team"

highlight another important mechanism for formation tidally-induced axis-parallel fronts.

3. Particle Aggregation Dynamics in Partially Mixed Estuaries

As well as investigating lateral circulation, the March 2000 field experiment also included a 48-

hour anchor station in the York River estuary focusing on the interaction of turbulence and

suspended particle dynamics. In the second paper from his dissertation, David Fugate combined

the March 2000 anchor station data set with similar data sets from the Chesapeake Bay and

Elizabeth River estuary to examine the affect of different levels of physical and biological activity

on particle aggregation. A summary of this paper by Fugate and Friedrichs, which appeared in

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science (58: 389-404), follows:

Knowledge of aggregate size in estuaries is important to determining the fate and transport of

suspended sediment and particle adherent contaminants. We have used a suite of in situ

instruments to determine the controls of aggregate size distributions in three muddy, partially

mixed estuaries in the mid-Atlantic U.S.A. A novel method is presented to estimate turbulent

kinetic energy (TKE) production and the resulting Kolmogorov microscale (�) using a profiling

acoustic Doppler velocimeter that has been contaminated by boat motion. The physical

processes that control particle size distribution differ in the three estuaries due to the different

hydrodynamics and benthic characteristics. Controls within each estuary also vary with different

depth regimes. Surface particle size dynamics in all of the studied estuaries are affected by

irregular advection events. In the hydrodynamically energetic York River, mid-depth regions are

controlled tidally by the combined processes of small � decreasing particle size at high TKE and

differential settling increasing particle size during lower TKE, more stratified conditions (Figure

4). Mid-depth regions in the lower energy Elizabeth River are controlled by irregular

resuspension and trapping at the pycnocline of large low density particles. Bottom regions in all

estuaries are most strongly influenced by resuspension, tidally in the energetic estuaries and

irregularly in the low energy estuary. Near-bed particle size distributions are controlled by both �

and the distribution of particles in the bed in the higher energy estuaries. Just above the bed,

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large porous particles survive resuspension in the lower energy Elizabeth R., particles become

smaller with decreased � in the more energetic York R. (Figure 4), and biological aggregation

causes large dense particles to resist turbulent breakup in the Chesapeake Bay, which has a more

active benthic community. The net result just above the bed is that particle size and settling

velocity are positively correlated to TKE production and sediment concentration in the estuary

with higher currents and a biologically active bed, negatively correlated in the estuary with higher

currents and a bed reworked by rapid erosion and deposition, and poorly correlated in the

estuary with lower currents and a disturbed and contaminated bed.

4. Seasonal Variation of the York Estuary Sea Bed

This proposal for this CAREER Award was partly motivated by the observation that near bed

turbidity in the middle York Estuary fluctuates seasonally such that a "secondary" turbidity

maximum forms in this region with greatest intensity in the spring and weakest intensity in the

fall. My CAREER proposal hypothesized that the formation of the secondary turbidity

maximum is closely linked to bed conditions such that higher turbidity occurs over regions of less

consolidated, more easily suspended sediment. This is a key point in that high turbidity is not

simply a response to water column hydrodynamics. More directly, high turbidity responds to

the erodability of the bed which, in turn, may be high because previous (or ongoing) convergent

transport processes have deposited unconsolidated sediment in that area.

All else being equal, water content is a relative measure of the erodability of muddy sediment.

Recently deposited muddy sediment has a high water content and is easily resuspended; as mud

consolidates, it dewaters and becomes much more difficult to erode. Thus the proposal

hypothesized that seasonal cycles in the secondary turbidity maximum would correlate with

seasonal cycles in the water content of the upper sea bed. Figure 5 shows some results from the

monthly to seasonal bottom-sampling cruises in the middle York River estuary described in the

activities section. Water content was sampled at 5 km intervals over the uppermost 4-10 cm of

the sea bed in collaboration with Carrie Snyder, a undergraduate geology major at William and

Mary working on her senior research project as part of the SEDIMENT program. The results of

bottom sampling for water content appear to be qualitatively consistent the annual cycle in near

bed turbidity. During fall/winter the water content in the uppermost sea bed was observed to be

lower than during the spring. This sea bed result is consistent with the concept that spring

runoff favors temporary deposition of mobile mud beds in the middle estuary.

5. Student Team Presentation from 2001 Class Cruises

In March 2001, the six students of the "physical processes team" in my introductory graduate

course MS 502 "Coastal and Estuarine Processes and Issues" worked with me to sample water

column properties along the length of the estuary at two peak flood tides and two peak ebb tides.

Figures 6, 7 and 8 display results for salinity, bed stress measured by acoustic Doppler

velocimetry, concentration measured by in situ calibrated optical backscatter, and median particle

size determined by laser diffraction. Heidi Romine, a first-year graduate student and member of

the "physical processes team" presented these results at the 2001 Estuarine Research Federation

meeting in St Petersburg, Florida. A summary of the students’ co-authored presentation follows:

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Hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of the York River estuary, Virginia, were investigated in

March 2001 as part of an introductory graduate course on estuarine and coastal processes.

Physical measurements of the water column during four cruises included acoustic Doppler

current profiling and velocimetry, conductivity-temperature-depth, pump sampling of suspended

solids, optical and acoustic backscatter, and laser particle sizing. Other teams of first-year

graduate students simultaneously documented ecological processes in the water column and

seabed. Key physical processes identified during the cruises include: (i) tidal straining of the

salinity gradient, which enhanced turbulence and sediment transport on flood relative to ebb, (ii)

presence of a primary turbidity maximum near the along-channel transition from brackish to fresh

water, (iii) rapid response of salinity and the position of the primary turbidity maximum to a

runoff event, (iv) a consistent landward increase in maximum bottom stress, which resulted in an

along-channel transition in stratification and development of a secondary turbidity maximum in

the middle estuary, and (v) an increase in particle size in regions of low stress, suggesting active

aggregation and disaggregation in response to shear.

6. Influence of Asymmetries in Stratification on Estuarine Sediment Suspension

During the third year of this project, my PhD student, Malcolm Scully, began working full time

on this project through his investigations of the influence of stratification on estuarine sediment

suspension. For his first paper on the topic, Malcolm combined results of the March 2002 field

experiment with observations from previous York River anchor stations (including the data sets

which motivated the original proposal for this project). A summary of this paper by Scully and

Friedrichs, which appeared in the journal Ocean Dynamics (53: 208-219) follows:

Data collected from the York River estuary demonstrate the importance of asymmetries in

stratification to the suspension and transport of fine sediment. Observations collected during

two 24-hour deployments reveal greater concentrations of total suspended solids during the flood

phase of the tide despite nearly symmetric nearbed tidal current magnitude (Figure 9). In both

cases, tidally averaged net up-estuary sediment transport near the bed was observed despite the

fact that tidally averaged residual nearbed currents were zero to slightly seaward. Tidal straining

of the along-channel salinity gradient resulted in a stronger pycnocline lower in the water column

during the ebb phase of the tide and appeared to limit sediment suspension. Indirect

measurements suggest the lower, more intense pycnocline on ebb acted like a barrier, limiting

turbulent length scales and reducing eddy diffusivity well below the pycnocline, even though the

lower water column was locally well mixed. In order to more conclusively link changes in

stratification to properties of near-bed eddy viscosity and diffusivity, longer duration tripod and

mooring data from an additional experiment are examined that included direct measurement of

turbulent velocities. These additional data demonstrate how slight increases in stratification can

damp near-bed turbulence and impact the structure of the eddy viscosity below the pycnocline

(Figure 10). We present evidence that the overlying pycnocline can remotely constrain the

vertical turbulent length scale of the underlying flow, limiting suspended resuspension. As a

result, the relatively small changes in stratification caused by tidal straining of the pycnocline

allow sediment to be resuspended higher in the water column during the flood phase of the tide,

resulting in preferential up-estuary transport of sediment.

7. Estuarine Stratification and Mixing by Wind-Induced Straining of the Density Field

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During the fourth year of this project, Malcolm Scully designed a wet season field experiment to

contrast with the anomalously dry conditions observed in March 2002. His first paper utilizing

both the March 2002 data and this new data set (collected in December 2003-January 2004),

focused the control of estuarine stratification and mixing by wind-induced straining of the

estuarine density field. A summary of this paper by Scully, Friedrichs, and Brubaker, which

appeared in the journal Estuaries (28: 321-326), follows:

Data from two contrasting experiments demonstrate that the along-channel wind plays a

significant role in driving the estuarine exchange flow. During two experiments in both wet and

draught conditions, the estuarine exchange flow was most highly correlated with the along-

channel component of the wind. This exchange flow interacts with the along-channel salinity

gradient so that down-estuary winds favor the development of vertical stratification, while up-

estuary winds inhibit it. Thus, “wind straining” of the along-channel salinity gradient often

results in greater changes in stratification than asymmetries associated with tidal straining. This

suggests that in many estuarine environments the along-channel wind stress may play a larger role

in straining the along-channel salinity gradient than in promoting turbulent mixing. During periods

of down-estuary winds, a positive feedback exists in which increased exchange flow increases

salinity stratification, which in turn reduces the vertical eddy viscosity (Fig. 11). The magnitude

of the resulting exchange flow is more closely related to changes in eddy viscosity due to wind-

induced straining than to changes in the along-channel density gradient. Furthermore, changes in

eddy viscosity associated with wind straining fundamentally impact the efficiency of both wind

and tidal mixing. These data suggest that in order to accurately model the temporal evolution of

estuarine stratification, one must account for these feedback mechanisms associated with wind-

induced straining.

8. Effects of tidal and lateral asymmetries on residual circulation

The second paper by Malcolm Scully utilizing the winter 2003-2004 field data from the York

focuses on the importance of tidal and lateral asymmetries in stratification to residual circulation

in partially-mixed estuaries. A summary of this paper by Scully and Friedrichs, which will soon

be submitted to the Journal of Physical Oceanography, follows:

Measurements collected in the York River estuary, Virginia (Fig. 12), demonstrate the important

impact the tidal and lateral asymmetries in turbulent mixing have on the tidally-averaged residual

circulation. The reduction in turbulent mixing during the ebb phase of the tide caused by tidal

straining of the axial density gradient results in increased vertical velocity shear during the ebb

tide. In the absence of significant lateral differences in turbulent mixing, the enhanced the ebb-

directed transport caused by tidal straining is balanced by a reduction in the net seaward-directed

barotropic pressure gradient, resulting in laterally uniform two-layered exchange flow (Fig. 13a;

note that down-estuary defined as negative). However, the channel-shoal morphology of many

drowned river valley estuaries often leads to lateral gradients in turbulent mixing. In these

systems, tidal straining may lead to tidal asymmetries in turbulent mixing over the deeper channel

areas while the shallower shoals can remain relatively well-mixed. As a result, the largest lateral

asymmetries in turbulent mixing occur at the end of the ebb tide when the channel is significantly

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more stratified than the shoals. The reduced internal friction at the end of ebb delays the onset of

the flood tide, increasing the duration of ebb in the channel and resulting in a more strongly ebb-

directed residual over the channel (Fig 13b). Conversely, over the shallower shoal regions where

stratification is more inhibited by tidal mixing, there is greater internal friction and the transition

from ebb to flood occurs more rapidly. Because the largest lateral asymmetries in stratification

occur in the York River during spring tides, the lateral shear of the residual circulation

demonstrates a spring-neap modulation.

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Figure 4.

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Figure 9.

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2

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mab

mab

d) 6 April 99 velocity e) 6 April 99 conc. f) 6 April 99 salinity

max ebb

max flood

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Figure 10.

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a) Salinity Stratification (37-hour running mean)m

/sD

psu

b) Current Magnitude 112 cmab

c) Drag Coefficient 112 cmab (37-hour running mean)

d) Eddy Viscosity (37-hour running mean) 94 60 27 cmab

e) Spectral Slope (37-hour running mean)

cm

2/s

Day 2002

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Down-estuary wind

Up-estuary wind

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Figure 11 .

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Figure 12 .

77 W

54' 48' 42' 36' 30' 24'

Sweet Hall March CTD(CBNERRS)

Taskinas Creek CTD(CBNERRS)

Clay Bank CTD(CBNERRS)

Goodwin Island CTD(CBNERRS)

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18'

37 N

24'

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42'

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Figure 13 .

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1

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5

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7

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1

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3

4

5

6

7a) Residual Circulation (neap) b) Residual Circulation (spring)

m/s m/s

mabm

ab

Location A

Location B

Location A

Location B