PeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodization

Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000

High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250

Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

Roman Empire CollapsesRoman Empire Collapses

• Officially in 476Officially in 476

• No Roman GovernmentNo Roman Government

• No protection from invading BarbariansNo protection from invading Barbarians

• Results:Results:– Collapse of trade and townsCollapse of trade and towns– Loss of literacyLoss of literacy

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

• GeographicallyGeographically

– Not much different than that of the Not much different than that of the old Roman Empire at is greatest old Roman Empire at is greatest extentextent

– Only thing different is the capital Only thing different is the capital moves from Rome to moves from Rome to ConstantinopleConstantinople

– Peninsula – surrounded almost Peninsula – surrounded almost totally by watertotally by water

– Controlled shipping between Black Controlled shipping between Black and Mediterranean Seasand Mediterranean Seas

– Natural Harbors, Natural Natural Harbors, Natural Crossroad for tradeCrossroad for trade

– Wealthiest part of Roman EmpireWealthiest part of Roman Empire

JustinianJustinian

• Eastern Roman Emperor (527)Eastern Roman Emperor (527)

• Most important contribution:Most important contribution:

– Codification of Roman Law (Code of Codification of Roman Law (Code of Justinian)Justinian)

– The Body of Civil LawThe Body of Civil Law– Law code is used in West and becomes Law code is used in West and becomes

basis for the European legal systembasis for the European legal system

Justinian & TheodoraJustinian & Theodoracampus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/EastEurope/Theodora.gifcampus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/EastEurope/Theodora.gif

• Wife of JustinianWife of Justinian• Served as major Served as major

adviser to husbandadviser to husband

• Other Plans:Other Plans:– Mobile MilitaryMobile Military– New Military strategies New Military strategies

and tacticsand tactics– Mix Greek culture and Mix Greek culture and

Roman LawRoman Law

Church ProblemsChurch Problems• Five churches: Antioch, Constantinople, Five churches: Antioch, Constantinople,

Jerusalem, Alexandria, and RomeJerusalem, Alexandria, and Rome

• Ideas that caused Problems:Ideas that caused Problems:

– Authority: Pope (Bishop of Rome) claims Authority: Pope (Bishop of Rome) claims authority over every churchauthority over every church

– Language of services: West (Latin), East Language of services: West (Latin), East (Vernacular – language of the region)(Vernacular – language of the region)

– Use of Icons (symbols representing religious Use of Icons (symbols representing religious figures): West – Uses Icon, East: no Iconsfigures): West – Uses Icon, East: no Icons

Break in the Christian ChurchBreak in the Christian Church10541054

Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church

biblicalstudies.qldwide.net.au/roman_church_and_symbols.jpg www.religiousmall.com/rq_/pr_images/classic/02451.jpg.html&id=religionfacts&domainid=2033

DifferencesDifferences

Roman CatholicRoman Catholic• PopePope• Services in LatinServices in Latin• Uses iconsUses icons• Crosses themselves Crosses themselves

from left to rightfrom left to right

Eastern OrthodoxEastern Orthodox• PatriarchPatriarch• Services in the Services in the

vernacularvernacular• Little use of iconLittle use of icon• Cross themselves Cross themselves

from right to leftfrom right to left

Frankish Leaders Frankish Leaders pascale.olivaux.free.fr/Histoire/Photos/Clovis.jpgpascale.olivaux.free.fr/Histoire/Photos/Clovis.jpg

• ClovisClovis– First of Frankish leaders First of Frankish leaders

to convert to Christianityto convert to Christianity

• Pepin IIPepin II– Rules from 687-714Rules from 687-714– Continues to unite Continues to unite

Frankish kingdomFrankish kingdom

Frankish LeadersFrankish Leaderswww.omdurman.org/martel.jpgwww.omdurman.org/martel.jpg

• Charles MartelCharles Martel

– Defeated Tariq and Defeated Tariq and the Moors (Spanish the Moors (Spanish Muslims) at the Muslims) at the Battle of Tours in Battle of Tours in 732732

– Stops Islam invasion Stops Islam invasion into Europeinto Europe

– Who was the Who was the Greatest of all Greatest of all Frankish Rulers?Frankish Rulers?

Charlemagne: 768 to 814Charlemagne: 768 to 814Charlemagne: 768 to 814Charlemagne: 768 to 814

• Rules from 768-814Rules from 768-814• Greatest of all Frankish Greatest of all Frankish

rulers rulers • Builds tremendous Builds tremendous

empireempire• Spends most of life at Spends most of life at

warwar• Declared “Emperor of Declared “Emperor of

the Romans” by Pope, the Romans” by Pope, December 25, 800 December 25, 800

Charlemagne Charlemagne

• Man: Athletic, well-spoken, charismatic, married 4 timesMan: Athletic, well-spoken, charismatic, married 4 times

• Administrator: Delegated authority to nobles, Kept local Administrator: Delegated authority to nobles, Kept local laws in areas conquered, districts, Missi Dominici laws in areas conquered, districts, Missi Dominici (Messengers of lord king)(Messengers of lord king)

• Conqueror: aggressive Warrior, Strengthens Frankish Conqueror: aggressive Warrior, Strengthens Frankish MilitaryMilitary

• Patron of Learning: Revived classical studies, Preserved Patron of Learning: Revived classical studies, Preserved Latin Culture, Monastic and Palace schoolsLatin Culture, Monastic and Palace schools

Importance of CharlemagneImportance of Charlemagne

• United most of Western Europe for first United most of Western Europe for first time since fall of Roman Empiretime since fall of Roman Empire

• Set up an efficient governmentSet up an efficient government

• Emphasized educationEmphasized education

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

What become of What become of Charlemagne’s Empire?Charlemagne’s Empire?

Charles the Bald > FranceCharles the Bald > France

Louis the German > Louis the German > GermanyGermany

Lothair > Rhineland (Alsace-Lothair > Rhineland (Alsace-Lorraine) – Germany and Lorraine) – Germany and France will go to war over France will go to war over area many timesarea many times

New Barbaric InvadersNew Barbaric Invaders• Vikings – Vikings –

- from Northern Europe and from Northern Europe and ScandinaviaScandinavia

- also called Norsemenalso called Norsemen- Most fishermen/farmersMost fishermen/farmers- Very skilled in navigationVery skilled in navigation- Led numerous raids into Led numerous raids into

England, France, Kiev, and England, France, Kiev, and Constantinople Constantinople

- Used swords, spears, axes, Used swords, spears, axes, and shields in battleand shields in battle

- Sold captives into slaverySold captives into slavery

• MagyarsMagyars- invaded from the east- invaded from the east- fierce warriors, fought - fierce warriors, fought

on on horsebackhorseback- nomadic, at first- nomadic, at first- raids eventually - raids eventually

crushed crushed

• MuslimsMuslims

- Invaded from Northern Africa- Invaded from Northern Africa

- Tried to take Spain- Tried to take Spain

- Changed tactics from large - Changed tactics from large invasions to small raidsinvasions to small raids

- Raided Rome and stopped trade - Raided Rome and stopped trade with Byzantine Empirewith Byzantine Empire

- Forced Popes to turn to Franks - Forced Popes to turn to Franks (France) for help(France) for help

Invasions Cease around 1000Invasions Cease around 1000

ReasonsReasons

1. Europeans find new and quicker ways 1. Europeans find new and quicker ways to respond to guerilla attacksto respond to guerilla attacks

2. Vikings (all invaders) gradually accept 2. Vikings (all invaders) gradually accept ChristianityChristianity

3. Warmer climate allowed barbarians to 3. Warmer climate allowed barbarians to stay home (Scandanavia/Greenland)stay home (Scandanavia/Greenland)

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Medieval life is built around war and military service

Feudal ContractFeudal Contract

• Based on relationship between the lord and the Based on relationship between the lord and the vassalvassal

• Public ceremonyPublic ceremony

Lords & VassalsLords & Vassals

LordsLords– Mostly NoblesMostly Nobles– Ruled and protected Ruled and protected

peoplepeople– Controlled landControlled land– Had own coinageHad own coinage– Collected taxesCollected taxes– Subordinates had to Subordinates had to

provide military systemprovide military system– Built and lived in Built and lived in

fortresses (castles)fortresses (castles)– Played war games as Played war games as

well as fought battleswell as fought battles

VassalsVassals

• Served higher lord in Served higher lord in exchange for land and exchange for land and protectionprotection

• Raised own armyRaised own army• Made payments (taxes) Made payments (taxes)

to lordsto lords– Daughter’s marriageDaughter’s marriage– RansomsRansoms– Sons knightedSons knighted

CastlesCastles

• Lived in by noblesLived in by nobles• Stone walls w/ Stone walls w/

lookoutslookouts• MoatsMoats• Drawbridges and iron Drawbridges and iron

gatesgates• Self sufficientSelf sufficient

Role of WomenRole of Womenhumanities.ucsd.edu/courses/images/Image2Hum3.jpghumanities.ucsd.edu/courses/images/Image2Hum3.jpg

• Kept houseKept house• Had and raised Had and raised

babiesbabies• Made clothMade cloth• Defense of the homeDefense of the home

The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood

KNIGHT

SQUIRE

PAGE

KnightsKnightspapayne.rootsweb.com/knight-2.jpegpapayne.rootsweb.com/knight-2.jpeg

• Followed CODE OF Followed CODE OF CHIVILRYCHIVILRY– Honor the following:Honor the following:

• Heavenly lordHeavenly lord• Earthly lordEarthly lord• Chosen ladyChosen lady

• Progression of Progression of KnighthoodKnighthood– Age 7- trained as pageAge 7- trained as page– Age 15 – trained as squireAge 15 – trained as squire– Dubbed as knight when Dubbed as knight when

ready to be a worthy fighterready to be a worthy fighter

ChivalryChivalry• Code of Honor, Ethics, Code of Honor, Ethics,

and Behavior and Behavior for Knightsfor Knights

– Defend Church and Defend Church and defenselessdefenseless

– Treat captives as honored Treat captives as honored guestsguests

– Fight only for Glory (not Fight only for Glory (not reward)reward)

• Why has the proper Why has the proper treatment of women treatment of women been seen as been seen as chivalrous?chivalrous?

Battle of HastingsBattle of Hastings• 1066 – Norman Conquest1066 – Norman Conquest

• William of Normandy defeats King Harold of William of Normandy defeats King Harold of EnglandEngland

• William Crowned king: Merges French William Crowned king: Merges French and English culture, takes first census, and English culture, takes first census,

Doomsday Book, (included people, manors, and Doomsday Book, (included people, manors, and farm animals)farm animals)

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Henry I:

William’s son.

set up a court system.

Exchequer dept. of royal finances.

Henry II:

established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

grand jury.

trial by jury.

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215

King John IKing John I

Runnymeade

“Great Charter”

monarchs were not above the law.

kings had to consult a council of advisors.

kings could not tax arbitrarily.

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

Great Council:

middle class merchants, townspeople were added at the end of the 13c.

eventually called Parliament.

by 1400, two chambers evolved:

o House of Lords nobles & clergy.

o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

Rise of UniversitiesRise of Universities

• First university located in Balogna, First university located in Balogna, ItalyItaly

• Women were unable to attend first Women were unable to attend first universitiesuniversities

• Other universities: Paris, OxfordOther universities: Paris, Oxford

• Approximately 80 universities by Approximately 80 universities by 15001500

What do universities teach?What do universities teach?

• Grammar, math, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, Grammar, math, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomymusic, and astronomy

• Used Lecture (“to read”) method of teaching…Why?Used Lecture (“to read”) method of teaching…Why?

• No exams after a series of lecturesNo exams after a series of lectures

• Application for degree = oral exam by committee of Application for degree = oral exam by committee of teachers (4 or 6 years of study)teachers (4 or 6 years of study)

• 11stst Degree = Bachelors, 2 Degree = Bachelors, 2ndnd Degree = Masters Degree = Masters

• Could then study: law, medicine, or theology (study of Could then study: law, medicine, or theology (study of religion and God) = may take 10 years or more to earn religion and God) = may take 10 years or more to earn a doctoratea doctorate

Life as a MonkLife as a Monk

• Withdraw from society and temptationsWithdraw from society and temptations

• Serve God through fasting, prayer, and Serve God through fasting, prayer, and self- denialself- denial

• Inflicted suffering on themselves to gain Inflicted suffering on themselves to gain closer relationship with Godcloser relationship with God

Influential Monks Influential Monks

• St. BenedictSt. Benedict– Benedictine Rules of monastic Benedictine Rules of monastic

behaviorbehavior– Vows of Poverty and ObedienceVows of Poverty and Obedience– Time and labor went to monasteryTime and labor went to monastery

• St. Patrick St. Patrick – Brought Christianity to Brought Christianity to

IrelandIreland

• St. AugustineSt. Augustine– Brought Christianity to Brought Christianity to

EnglandEngland

A Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s Day

Political Definitions of the Political Definitions of the ChurchChurch

• Canon LawCanon Law – law of the Catholic Church – law of the Catholic Church

• ExcommunicationExcommunication – expel from the church – expel from the church

• Interdict Interdict – Stop administrating of sacraments – Stop administrating of sacraments in a whole regionin a whole region

• Heretics / HeresyHeretics / Heresy – people who have false – people who have false teaching of the church teaching of the church

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

• Will last hundreds of yearsWill last hundreds of years• Very little accomplished because:Very little accomplished because:

– Weakened by internal divisionWeakened by internal division– Rise of other European powersRise of other European powers– Ambitions of local noblesAmbitions of local nobles

• Power of Holy Roman Emperor Power of Holy Roman Emperor declines to mere figureheaddeclines to mere figurehead

• Creates a close and lasting tie Creates a close and lasting tie between Germany and Italybetween Germany and Italy

Problems of the ChurchProblems of the Church

• Lay investiture – church offices being Lay investiture – church offices being given to non-clergygiven to non-clergy

• Simony – buying of church offices by Simony – buying of church offices by noblesnobles

• Role of church in everyday affairs of Role of church in everyday affairs of the peoplethe people

• Forcing Catholicism on non-Catholics Forcing Catholicism on non-Catholics

Henry IVHenry IVwww.kidprintables.com/coloring/fantasy/crown.gifwww.kidprintables.com/coloring/fantasy/crown.gif

• Gains throne in 1056 Gains throne in 1056 at age of 6at age of 6

• Youth seen as Youth seen as weakness – German weakness – German nobles as well as nobles as well as Pope sees Pope sees opportunity to regain opportunity to regain controlcontrol

• Conflict breaks out Conflict breaks out over…………over…………

New Religious OrdersNew Religious Orders

• Cistercians: formed in 1098, by unhappy Cistercians: formed in 1098, by unhappy Benedictine monks: strict, simple diet, single Benedictine monks: strict, simple diet, single robe, took religion outside monasteryrobe, took religion outside monastery

• Franciscans: founded by Saint Francis of Assisi: Franciscans: founded by Saint Francis of Assisi: vow of poverty, preached repentance, simple life, vow of poverty, preached repentance, simple life, lived in the worldlived in the world

• Dominicans: founded by Dominic de Guzman; Dominicans: founded by Dominic de Guzman; defend Church from heresy, need for spiritual defend Church from heresy, need for spiritual revival, vows of povertyrevival, vows of poverty

Lay InvestitureLay Investiture

• Practice of giving of church offices by Practice of giving of church offices by kings and nobleskings and nobles

• Conflict breaks out over issueConflict breaks out over issue– Pope Gregory VII releases Germans from their Pope Gregory VII releases Germans from their

allegiance to Henry IVallegiance to Henry IV– Pope Gregory VII excommunicates HenryPope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry– Henry fearing rebellion ask Gregory for mercy Henry fearing rebellion ask Gregory for mercy

• Goes to Pope’s winter home in CanossaGoes to Pope’s winter home in Canossa• Gregory makes him wait in freezing cold – forgives Gregory makes him wait in freezing cold – forgives

himhim

Concordat of WormsConcordat of Worms

• Takes place in 1122Takes place in 1122

• Issue of Lay Investiture answeredIssue of Lay Investiture answered– Limits power of Emperor – could appoint Limits power of Emperor – could appoint

Bishop for fiefsBishop for fiefs– Pope had to appoint Bishops with Pope had to appoint Bishops with

spiritual powerspiritual power

How do we deal with heretics?How do we deal with heretics?

• The InquisitionThe Inquisition– Holy OfficeHoly Office– Find and try hereticsFind and try heretics– Often used Dominicans as examinersOften used Dominicans as examiners– If found guilty:If found guilty:

• Forced to perform public penance actsForced to perform public penance acts• Subject to punishments (flogging)Subject to punishments (flogging)• No confession = executionNo confession = execution

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

Control 1/3 of the land.

Limit feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat.

curb heresies (speaking out against church) crusades; Inquisition

tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.

Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

Christian CrusadesChristian Crusades• Purpose: Liberate Holy Land from the Purpose: Liberate Holy Land from the

infidels (non-believers), the Muslimsinfidels (non-believers), the Muslims

• 1096 - Pope Urban II calls on Christians to 1096 - Pope Urban II calls on Christians to start Crusadesstart Crusades

• First Crusades: French warriors push east; First Crusades: French warriors push east; take Holy City from Muslims in 1099, take Holy City from Muslims in 1099, citizens massacred in processcitizens massacred in process

• Second Crusade: 1140’s, Muslims taking Second Crusade: 1140’s, Muslims taking power back – French and German leaders power back – French and German leaders try to push out Muslims (Absolute failure); try to push out Muslims (Absolute failure);

Leaders during Third CrusadeLeaders during Third Crusade

• Frederick Barbarossa (Germany), Richard the Frederick Barbarossa (Germany), Richard the Lionhearted (England), Phillip II Augustus (France)Lionhearted (England), Phillip II Augustus (France)

• 1187 – Muslim leader Saladin, a Muslim, takes 1187 – Muslim leader Saladin, a Muslim, takes JerusalemJerusalem

• 1189: Problems encountered:1189: Problems encountered:

– Barbarossa drowns while swimmingBarbarossa drowns while swimming– France and England successful at sea, but failed as they France and England successful at sea, but failed as they

moved inlandmoved inland– Phillip retreats home, Richard I signs truce with SaladinPhillip retreats home, Richard I signs truce with Saladin– Christians can still go to Jerusalem Christians can still go to Jerusalem

Late CrusadesLate Crusades

• Pope Innocent III – calls for 4Pope Innocent III – calls for 4thth Crusade Crusade

• Constantinople taken in 1204 by Constantinople taken in 1204 by Crusaders, eventually lost in 1261 when Crusaders, eventually lost in 1261 when Byzantine Empire is revivedByzantine Empire is revived

• Other Crusades follow, including a Other Crusades follow, including a Children’s Crusade; 1,000,000 + deadChildren’s Crusade; 1,000,000 + dead

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Effects of CrusadesEffects of Crusades

• Trade increased because of the need for Trade increased because of the need for weapons, food, and other suppliesweapons, food, and other supplies

• Muslim Culture and faith spreadsMuslim Culture and faith spreads

• Kings gain power (so they can prevent Kings gain power (so they can prevent rebellions and other problems)rebellions and other problems)

• Jews are persecuted Jews are persecuted

Agricultural ChangesAgricultural Changes

• Population increases Population increases Food Production Food Production Increases Increases

• Why did food production rise?Why did food production rise?– Climate changeClimate change– Land could be cultivatedLand could be cultivated– Technological innovations were madeTechnological innovations were made

• Carruca (plow)Carruca (plow)• Shift from two-field to three-field system: only 1/3 of Shift from two-field to three-field system: only 1/3 of

land lay fallow instead of 1/2land lay fallow instead of 1/2

– Manorial SystemManorial System• Agricultural estate ran by a lord ond worked by Agricultural estate ran by a lord ond worked by

peasants/serfspeasants/serfs

Two-Three Field SystemTwo-Three Field System

Field One Field One 11stst year – Fallow year – Fallow

22ndnd year – Crop 1 year – Crop 1

Field TwoField Two11stst year – Crop year – Crop

22ndnd year – Fallow year – Fallow

Field OneField One11stst year – Crop 1 year – Crop 1

22ndnd year – Crop 2 year – Crop 2

33rdrd year - Fallow year - Fallow

Field TwoField Two11stst year – Crop 2 year – Crop 2

22ndnd year – Fallow year – Fallow

33rdrd year – Crop 1 year – Crop 1

Field ThreeField Three11stst year – Fallow year – Fallow

22ndnd year – Crop 1 year – Crop 1

33rdrd year – Crop 2 year – Crop 2

Agricultural ChangesAgricultural Changes

• Cycle of LaborCycle of Labor– The peasants cycle of labor explained The peasants cycle of labor explained

peasants job tasks each month of the yearpeasants job tasks each month of the year

• Medieval dietMedieval diet– Bread (w/ barley, millet, and oats)Bread (w/ barley, millet, and oats)– CheeseCheese– Nuts, berries, fruits, grainsNuts, berries, fruits, grains– Wine Wine

Four Basic Rights of Four Basic Rights of TownspeopleTownspeople

1.1. FreedomFreedom – Anyone lived in town for a – Anyone lived in town for a year and a day was free, including serfsyear and a day was free, including serfs

2.2. ExemptionExemption – Any townspeople were – Any townspeople were exempt from working on a manorexempt from working on a manor

3.3. Town JusticeTown Justice – Towns had their own – Towns had their own courtscourts

4.4. Commercial privilegesCommercial privileges – Townspeople – Townspeople could trade freely in the town market but could trade freely in the town market but outsiders would be taxedoutsiders would be taxed

Major CitiesMajor Cities

ItalyItaly

GenoaGenoa

PisaPisa

VeniceVenice

Northern Northern EuropeEurope

KievKiev

FlandersFlanders

BrugesBruges

GhentGhent

Hanseatic Hanseatic LeagueLeague

BremanBreman

HamburgHamburg

LubeckLubeck

Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds

Guild Guild HallHall

Guild Guild HallHall

Commercial Monopoly:

Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman

Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].

Controlled prices

Benefits of GuildsBenefits of Guilds

1.1. Set wages and paySet wages and pay

2.2. Set standards of qualitySet standards of quality

3.3. Sick pay for members – Sick pay for members – Benevolence packagesBenevolence packages

Frederick I (Barbarossa)Frederick I (Barbarossa)www.bredalsparken.dk/~soren-kretzschmer/Frederick_Barbarossa.jpgwww.bredalsparken.dk/~soren-kretzschmer/Frederick_Barbarossa.jpg

• Rules from 1152 – 1190Rules from 1152 – 1190• Also called the Red Also called the Red

BeardBeard• Wanted to control trade-Wanted to control trade-

rich northern Italy rich northern Italy (Lombardy)(Lombardy)

• City-states of Lombardy City-states of Lombardy unite to form Lombard unite to form Lombard League to stop invasion League to stop invasion of Frederickof Frederick

Battle of LegnanoBattle of Legnanowww.threemonkeysonline.com/images/articles/legnano.jpgwww.threemonkeysonline.com/images/articles/legnano.jpg

• Takes place on May Takes place on May 29, 117629, 1176

• Lombard League Lombard League takes on Frederick takes on Frederick and his forces in and his forces in LegnanoLegnano

• Victory for the Victory for the Lombard LeagueLombard League

Italy divided into three regionsItaly divided into three regions

• Northern Italy – Lombard LeagueNorthern Italy – Lombard League

• Central Italy – Papal StatesCentral Italy – Papal States

• Southern Italy – controlled by SicilySouthern Italy – controlled by Sicily

Attempts to unite Italy and Germany into one empire failed

Pope Innocent IIIPope Innocent IIIwww.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/assets/room1/pope_innocent_iii.jpgwww.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/assets/room1/pope_innocent_iii.jpg

• Pope from 1198-1216Pope from 1198-1216• Saw rulers of Europe Saw rulers of Europe

as servants of the as servants of the churchchurch

• Had major conflict Had major conflict with King Johnwith King John– Places Places interdict interdict on on

EnglandEngland• Closed churches and Closed churches and

withheld sacramentswithheld sacraments

Philip IVPhilip IVwww3.tky.3web.ne.jp/~jafarr/A%20Portrait%20of%20King%20Philip%20IVwww3.tky.3web.ne.jp/~jafarr/A%20Portrait%20of%20King%20Philip%20IV

%202.html%202.html

• To control church goes as To control church goes as far as arresting Pope far as arresting Pope Boniface IIBoniface II

• After Boniface’s death After Boniface’s death (under somewhat (under somewhat questionable questionable circumstances) will circumstances) will influence the election of influence the election of Clement VClement V

• Moves papacy to France Moves papacy to France causingcausing

The Great SchismThe Great Schism

• The Pope, Clement V, supposedly The Pope, Clement V, supposedly fearing violence in Rome moves fearing violence in Rome moves Papacy to Avignon, FrancePapacy to Avignon, France

• Rome then selects another Pope, Rome then selects another Pope, creating two – will eventually have creating two – will eventually have threethree

• Council of Constance forced all three Council of Constance forced all three to resign and appoints oneto resign and appoints one