Final Proposal Defence

8/2/2019 Final Proposal Defence

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MA. Proposal

On

Assessment of the Impact of Small-Scale Irrigation

Development for Household Livelihood and Rural

Transformation: The Case of Gubalafto Woreda, North

Wollo Zone

By

Dereje Mengistie

Advisor : Satya Kurma (PhD)

January, 2012


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Some 17% (250 million hectares) of the worlds

agricultural land are irrigated and account for more

than one-third of global food production (Smith, 1988).

Regarding the total irrigation area, Africa south of the

Sahara irrigates some 5 million hectares (1990) and the

irrigated area has been growing at a rate of 5% per year

in 1965-74 and less than 4 % a year in 1974-1982 (FAO,

1986).


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In Ethiopia, irrigation development is a priority for

agricultural transformation, but poor practices of

irrigation management relegate efforts to improve

livelihoods, and expose people and environment to risks.

Assessing the impact of irrigation development on

people livelihoods is essential to understand the impact

of the irrigation programs on rural livelihood as this can

pave a path for forthcoming irrigation projects

development (IDD, 1992).


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In areas where there is recurrent drought or rainfall is

unreliable, participatory irrigation development,

provision of adequate and sustainable water for

agricultural is a viable option to cope against

climatic externalities and for rural household

transformation and thereby secure food production

(Estifanos, 2010).


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1.2 Statement of the Problem

The economy of Ethiopia and majority of thepeople's livelihoods are dependent on agriculture,

there are also key challenges that need to be

addressed in transforming agriculture byovercoming a multitude of problems in order to

attain the (PASDEP) and sustainable socio-

economic growth of the country (Seleshi, 2008).


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For Ethiopia increasing agricultural productivity,

enabling households to generate more income,

increase their resilience as well as to transform

their livelihoods is the most pressing agenda

now and for the coming decades.

In most parts of Ethiopia, production from rain-

fed agriculture is highly fluctuates

corresponding to the amount and distribution of

rainfall. When there is too little rainfall with

uneven distribution, crop failure is unavoidable.


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Now days, small-scale irrigation is a policy priority in

Ethiopia for rural poverty alleviation and growth as well

as climate change adaptation (MOFED, 2006).

Only around 5% of Ethiopia's irrigable land is irrigated

(WB, 2006), and less than 5% of total renewable water

resources are withdrawn annually (FAO, 2005).

At present, only about 3 to 5% of the irrigable land is

under irrigation while the irrigation potential has

been estimated to be about 4.25 million hectares

of arable land (RiPPLE, 2010).


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Gubalafto is one of the 105 Woredas of the Amhara Region

which persistently affected by recurrent drought also has

many rivers, but they are underutilized by the households.

The large parts of the Woreda's agriculture are increasingly

susceptible to recurrent drought and climatic hazards.

As a result, the peoples are suffering from chronic food

insecurity problem.

Therefore, development of integrated small scale irrigation

projects should be essential in order to reduce the prevailing

chronic food insecurity problems of the people of the Woreda

and to enhance their livelihoods and thereby to transform the

livelihood of the rural community in general .


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Because, small-scale irrigation developments are

essential to:

increase rural peoples asset accumulation,

livelihood diversification,

Access to utility and goods and services,

high productivity and high agricultural intensification,

high employment opportunity,

calorie intake and nutrition, and

income variance and resilience to risk and increase participation

in the community decisions.

Transform the livelihoods of rural community


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Even though practicing of small-scale irrigation activities in the

Woreda go back many years, now a days, there are only few

recently upgraded irrigation schemes with the prime aim ofensuring household food security and improving the living

standard of the farming community of the Woreda.

So far, there are only limited studies on the socio-economic

impact of small irrigation development on household

livelihood and rural transformation in North Wollo Zone in

general and in Gubalafto Woreda in particular.

Therefore, this study will look at the impacts of small-scale

irrigation for household livelihood and rural transformation in

Gubalafto Woreda, North Wollo Zone of Amhara Region.


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1.3 Objective of the Study

1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of this study is to assess the

overall impact of small-scale irrigation development

in ensuring household livelihood and ruraltransformation and to identify major constraints of

small-scale irrigation development conditions of the

rural households in Gubalafto Woreda of NorthWollo Zone.


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1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this study are to:

1) Assess the overall impacts of small-scale irrigation schemes in

relevance with household livelihood and rural transformation in the

study area;

2) Examine the impacts of small-scale irrigation on the socio-economic

conditions of the households;

3) Identify the major constraints encountered in the use of small-scale

irrigation development systems in the study area;

4) Determine the difference in prevalence of poverty between small-

scale irrigating and non-irrigating households; and

5) Identify the efforts to be made to improve the performance of small-

scale irrigation schemes.


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1.4. Research Questions

1. What are the impacts of small-scale irrigation in

achieving household livelihood and rural

transformation?

2. How does the impact of small-scale irrigation on the

socio-economic conditions of the households look like?3. What are the major constraints encountered the use of

small-scale irrigation development in the study area?

4. How is the probability of poverty between small-scale

irrigating and non-irrigating households?

5. What are the efforts made to improve the

performance of small-scale irrigation schemes?


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1.5 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is to assess the impact of small-

scale irrigation development for household livelihood

and rural transformation, major challenges and

constraints of small-scale irrigation, socio-economic

impact of small-scale irrigation, efforts made in

improving the performance of small-scale irrigation

schemes, and management and operation activities of

irrigation in selected (Sanka, Gimbora and Alwoha)

small-scale irrigation schemes of Gubalafto Woreda,

North Wollo Zone.


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1.6 Significance of the Study

It could be used as an input for other researchers

who are interested to do related with this field.

It attempts to provide realistic information on the

overall impacts of small-scale irrigation

development for household livelihood and rural

transformation.


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1.8 Methodology

1.8.1 Research Design

For this study, descriptive survey method will be

employed.

Instruments such as questionnaires, interviews and

relevant document analysis will also be used.


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1.8.2 Sampling Techniques

For the purpose of this study, three irrigation

schemes will be purposively selected from the six

irrigation schemes of the Woreda.

Namely: Sanka irrigation scheme (Woyneye PA),

Gimbora irrigation scheme (Gedober PA) and

Alwoha irrigation scheme (Alwoha PA).


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For this study, sample households from each irrigation

scheme and kebele will be selected proportionally.The sample populations will be stratified into two groups of

irrigators (treatment) and non- irrigators (control) and they

will be sorted alphabetically to use random tables then the

overall sample size will be determined.

The objective is to carefully examine and compare the

income and poverty level of small-scale irrigation users and

non-users.


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Therefore, in order to select the total sample households, the

researcher will apply the following proportional sample size

determination formula of Yamane (1967); n= N

1+ N (e) 2Where: n= the number of required sample of each irrigation scheme (sample

size)N=total households of each irrigation scheme (population size)e= Confidence level (level of precision i.e. 95%)N= total households of the three irrigation schemes

The required sample households of each irrigation scheme (n)

can be therefore, calculated by using the following formula;n1= N1 (n)N


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As a result of this formula,

SankaIS (Total Population=2014)Irrigator 514 37 144

Non-irrigator 1500 107

Gimbora IS (Total Population=1808)Irrigator 1008 72 129

Non-irrigator 800 57

Alwoha IS (Total Population=1464)Irrigator 1352 97 105

Non-irrigator 112 8

The total irrigator and non-irrigator sample size=206 and 172respectively.

Therefore, the over all sample size households will be 378.


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Finally, the interviewees of the treatment and

control groups will be selected by using systematic

sampling method and the tick point will be

determined by using lottery method.


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1.8.4 Data Collection Instruments and Data Sources

To achieve the stated objectives, data will be collected

from both primary and secondary sources.

The primary data sources will be gathered through

structured and semi-structure questionnaires and

observation from:

sampled farmers who are living in the same kebeles of the

selected irrigation schemes;

Development Agents (DAs) who are working in the woreda;

Agriculture and Rural Development experts who areworking in the selected irrigation schemes;

Village elders of the selected schemes.


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The questionnaires which will be administered to the

irrigator sampled households will be different from

that of the non-irrigator sampled households.

For the sake of checking the reliability few pre-

testing, semi-structured questionnaires will be

administered for the few randomly selected

households of out of the study area.

And based on the results of that, some possible

adjustments on the questionnaire will be made.


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In addition to this;

Transect walks;

Household Survey;

Focus Group Discussion; and

Key Informant Interview, will be applied.

Secondary data Sources will be gathered from published and

unpublished records and reports will be obtained mainly from the

following institutions;

North Wollo Zone of Agriculture and rural development office,

Gubalafto Woreda Agriculture and rural development office,

NGOs working in the study area will be interviewed.

Literatures related to irrigation development and household

livelihood issues from internet , libraries and other institutions

will also be incorporated.


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1.8.5 Methods of Data Analysis and Interpretation

The data generated from primary and secondary sources through

questionnaires, key informant interview, transect walk, observation

and formal and informal discussions will be analyzed and interpreted

qualitatively and quantitatively.

Qualitative data

The qualitative data will be used to explain the relationshipbetween the variables.

And they will be analyzed through systematically organizing

the information and giving attention to local situations,

opinions, perceptions and preferences of households and

institutions operating in the Woreda and the Zone at the study

area.


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Quantitative data

The survey data will be recorded and organized in a Microsoft Excel

spreadsheet.

Analyses will be carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS,

Version-19); Cronbach's alpha test will be used to measure the reliability of

the questionnaire, simple and relevant statistical methods such as average,percentage and frequency distribution, Test Statistics will be used.

In order to see the socio-economic impact of irrigation schemes, comparative

analyses will be made between irrigation and non-irrigation households of the

study area.

The effect of small-scale irrigation on irrigation participating and non-

participating households will be evaluated using descriptive statistics such as

average, percentage, minimum, maximum and frequency distributions.


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In order to characterize the selected small-scale irrigation

systems, the major problems encountered in relation with

irrigation systems, the reason why non-irrigating households donot irrigate will be developed using structured checklists.

And to show to what extent or degree theses major problems

encountered affect households from involving in irrigation

activities, Linear Regression Model (LRM) will be applied.

A print-and-verify method of data entry checking will be

performed to avoid errors in the recording process.

So that the missing values, zeros and inapplicable values willbe identified for verification.


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Thank You !!

Documents

Final Proposal Defence