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AF I N A L
PROJECT REPORTon
Construction of R.C. Slab Bridge At Jajjar Khad For the degree of
B-Tech (Civil) (Construction management) (ET 500)
By
RAJESH KUMAR CHANDEL
Supervisors
Er. Yesh Pal Vasishta Dr. Ajit KumarLocal Supervisor Internal Supervisor
0
I N D E X
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1. TITLE OF THE PROJECT 03
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 03
3. METHODOLOGY OF STUDY 03
4. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 05
5. INPUT DATA / STRUCTURE/ QUESTIONNAIRE 05
6. ANALYSIS / SOLUTION / DESCRIPTION 16
7. FINAL RESULTS 17
8. CONCLUSION 19
9. SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDY 37
10. BIO-DATA OF THE STUDENT 38
1
2
APPROVED SYSNOPSIS
3
APPROVAL OF INTERIM REPORT
4
FINAL PROJECT REPORT
5
HYDRAULIC DATA AND
ANAYLISIS
6
DECK DESIGN
7
ABUTMENT
DESIGN
8
TITLE OF THE PROJECTDesign of R.C. Beam and Slab Bridge at Jhajjar Khad
Name of Bridge Jhajjar Khad Type of bridge T- BeamName of road Chikni Behal Balali RoadCarriage way Two-lane width7.5 mMaterials concrete for slabEffective span 14.0 m
2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Keeping in view the present state of study, the following objectives have been
identified for the study programme.
1) To Study affected area of catchments and placement of bridge at most suited
site.
2) To study the flow of traffic in that area.
3) To design the bridge on the bases of catchments and traffic load.
3.0 METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
1. Contouring of site at Jhajjar Kkhad has been done with help of dumpy
level and required data like contours and H.F.L and L.W.L of the khad is
collected on format which is used in public work department for collection
of hydraulic data for design of substructure of the bridge.
2. Contouring is done with squire method by dividing whole area in squire
and the contours are marked on computer.
3. Method of structure analysis : Discharge of khad is work out by Dichen
Method or formula.
9
4. Method of design of structure element of bridge is done by working stress
method
10
GENERAL INFORMATION COLLECTED FROM SITE
1. Name of Road and its classification. Chikni Behal Balali Road.
2. Mileage / Km & chainage of centre of cross-
ing from start of road. 2/330
3. Name of stream Jajjar Khad.
4. Name of the nearest inhabited/ Identifiable
locality at Either end of crossing on the
Roads leading to the site (Give approx. dis-
tance) Behal 1.30 Km
5. Nearest rail head and its distance from start
of road. Kiratpur Sahib 1Km.
6. What arrangement exist for crossing the
river/ khad at present:
(a) During Monsoon Nil
(b) During Dry Season Kutcha Road through khad
DESIGN PARAMETERS:- Design Discharge 46.56 Cum/Sec
Deck level 600.50 mtr
Founding level 592.80 mtr.
Height of abutment 7.70 mtr.
Depth below lowest level 3.00 mtr.
Proposed span 14.00 mtr.
Carriage way 7.50 mtr.
11
4.0 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The project is proposed to construct a bridge at Jajjar Khad on road Chikni Behal Balali Road
5.0 INPUT DATA / STRUCTURE / QUESTIONNAIRE
PROFORMA FOR COLLECTION OF HYDRAULIC DATA FOR DESIGN OF BRIDGES
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Name of Road and its classification. Chikni Behal Balali Road.
2. Mileage / Km & chainage of centre of crossing
from start of road. 2/330
3. Name of stream Jajjar Khad.
4. Name of the nearest inhabited/ Identifiable locality
at Either end of crossing on the Roads leading to the
site (Give approx. distance) Behal 1.30 Km
5. Nearest rail head and its distance from start of road. Kiratpur Sahib 1Km.
6. What arrangement exist for crossing the river/ khad
at present:
(a) During Monsoon Nil
(b) During Dry Season Kutcha Road
B. CLIMATIC DATA WITH SOURCE OF DATA
1 Temperature :-
(a) Minimum 6° c(b) Maximum 45°c
2 Rain fall:
(a) Max. recorded intensity of rain fall in the Catchments in cm. per hour in the severest storm. 40 M. M Per Hour
12
(b) Frequency of such storms in years. 1800 mm Yearly(c) Other rain fall data to the extent available
monthly or annual.
3. Snowfall(a) Monthly and annual snow fall data. Nil(b) Maximum intensity of snow fall. Nil
4. Whether site is affected by avalanches,cloudbursts and land slides? If so, give details. No
C. CATCHMENT AREA
1 Indicate broadly the nature of catchment i. e. whether:-
(a) Steep bare rock and city pavements. 30%(b) Rocky slopes with vegetation and wooded. 40%(c) Plateau, lightly covered, ordinary, bare
ground.(d) Densely built up areas of cities with
metalled roads and paths.(e) Residential areas not densely built up with
Metalled roads.(f) Residential areas not densely built up with
on-metalled roads.(g) Clayey soils, stiff & bare.(h) Clayey soils, lightly covered.(i) Loam, lightly cultivated or covered.(j) Loam, largely cultivated.(k) Suburbs with gardens, lawns &
macadamized Roads.(I) Sandy soils, lightly growth(m) Sandy soils, covered heavy bush.(n) Jungle areas.(o) Parks, lawns, meadow, gardens, Cultivated
area.
2. The possibility of subsequent changes in catch-ment afforestation, deforestation, urban devel-opment, extension or reduction in cultivated area etc. Nil
3. Storage area in catchment such as lakes, reser-voirs etc. their distances from proposed bridge site both NilU/s as well as D/s.(a) Artificial ( Indicate sizes of storage) ----(b) Natural ----
4. Length if catchment in kms. 3.75
5. Width of catchment in Kms. 1.7513
6. Total Area of catchment in Sq. Kms. 6.56
(a) Hilly area in Sq. Kms. 2.30
(b) Plain area in Sq. Kms. 4.26
7. Cross slope of catchment.
8. Longitudinal slope of catchment. 1:7.81
9. Distance from source to bridge site In Kms.
From Topo Sheet (H). 3.75
10. Difference in height between source and bridge
site in metres from Topo Sheet (H). 480 Mtr.
11. Recommended value of rugosity Coefficient
(n). 0.035
12. Recommended value of constant 'C' For
Dicken's formula. 14
D. NATURE OF STREAM
1. Is the stream
(a) Alluvial (with erodible banks) Yes
(b) Quasi-alluvial (with more or Less fixed bed
but erodible banks)
( c ) Rigid (with inerodible banks and bed).
2. Is the stream :
(a) perennial
(b) Seasonal Yes
14
3. Does the stream meander or change Courses ? If so,
the extent of meander experienced in the past
be shown on site plan. No
4. Low water level (L. W. L) at bridge site.
(a) The period of occurrence of L.W.L to
determine the feasibility of C/o intermediate
piers and to examine provision of diversion
during construction. 596.05mtr.
(b) Observed surface velocity at L. W. L. Mtr.
/sec. Nil
(c) Bed slope at L.W. L. 1 in 44.42
4. Ordinary flood level (O. F. L) at bridge Site.
(a) Observed surface velocity at O. F. L.. 5.00 mtr. /sec
(b) Water surface slope at O. F. L. 1:44.42
6. High flood level (H. F. L) at bridge site with
source from which taken. 597.00
(a) Observed surface velocity at H. F. L. 5.00 Mtr. /sec
(b) Water strrface slope at H. F, L. 1:44.42
7. A chart of the period of high flood levels for as
many years as the relevant data has been recorded.
----
8. Afflux, if any, and its influence on area in the
vicinity likely to be affected. Nil
15
9. Linear water way at H.F.L. as per Clause NO. 104
of IRC : 5-1998. 12.20 Mtr.
10. Whether the flood carries big
boulders, trees, bushes etc.? No
11. Are the banks susceptible to scour? If so, indicate
the extent of cutting of banks in the past. No
12. R.L. and location of maximumobserved score below H. F. L. Nil
13. R.L. of maximum anticipated scoure below H. F. L. Nil
14. Is stream navigable? If so, minimum clearance required. NO
15. Are large scale river training works Necessary? If so, give details. Not required
E. FOUNDATION AND SOIL DATA
1. Test results of samples of bores (Log-of-Test Boring), giving there- In the values of the soil available at different depths in respect of the following (The sub-surface exploration for determining the design parameters shall be carried out in accordance with clause no. 704 of IRC-78 and a copy of the test report be attached with the data). site investigation shall be conducted by a qualified Geotechnical Engineer and geologist shall invariably be associated.(a) Mean diameter of particle in mm. 2 mm(b) Value of Lacy's silt factor (Ksf). 9.20(c) Angle of internal friction of soil (0).(d) Cohesion (c).(e) Angle of wall friction (s).(f) Dry density of soil 18 Tonne/m3
(g) Saturated density of soil(h) Allowable/Safe bearing capacity 25.00 Tonne/M2
of soil with R. L. at which calculated for :(i) Left side abutment 25.00 Tonne/M2
(ii) Right side abutment 25.00 Tonne/M2
16
F. ALIGNMENTAND APPROACHES
1. Is the proposed alignment of the bridge 'SKEW' or
normal to channel ? If skew, give angle of skew. Normal
2. Will approaches be straight? If not, give radii of
curves for: Straight
(a) Right side approach. ---
(b) Left side approach. ---
3. Proposed gradient in approaches for : Near to level
(a) Right side approach. Level
(b) Left side approach. Level
4. Will visibility of the proposed bridge be un-
obstructed upto 50 mtrs. On either side of
bridge? If not give details. Yes
5. Proposed type of surface of approaches. Flexible Pavement
G. MAPS, PLANS, X-SECTTONS AND TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES.
1. An index map to a suitable small Scale (topo
sheets in scale 1cm to 500mtr.) showing the
proposed Location of bridge, the alternative sites
investigated &rejected, the existing means of
communication, the general topography of the
country and important towns &villages etc. In
the vicinity. Attached
.-
2. A contour survey plan of the stream showing
all topographical features and extending
upstream & downstream of the proposed site to
17
the distance shown below. (or such other
greater distances as the design engineer may
feel suitable for design) and to a sufficient
distance on either side to give a clear indication
of the topographical or other features that might
influence the location and design of the bridge
and its approaches. All sites for crossings worth
consideration shall be shown on the plan.
(a) 100 mtrs. For catchment areas less Than
3.00 sq. Km. (scale not less than Attached
(b) 300 mtrs. For catchment areas 3.00 To
15.00 sq. Km. (scale not less than 1/1000). Attached
(c) 1500 mtrs. Or the width between The bank
which ever is more, for catchment areas
more than 15.00 Sq. Km. Attached
3. A site plan, to a suitable scale, showing details
of site selected and extending not less then 100
mtrs. Upstream and downstream from the
centre !ine of crossing and covering the
approaches to a sufficient distance, which in the
case of a major bridge, shall not be less then
500 mtrs. on either side of the channel. In case
the river is meandering in the vicinity of the
bridge site, the vicinity of the bridge site, the
course of the river extending a suitable distance
not less than two loops on either side of the
proposed crossing shall be plotted on side plan.
18
The following information shall be indicated on
site plan :-
(a) The name of the channel or bridge and of
the road with R.D. at the centre of crossing.
Jajjar Khad/ Jajjar Bridge 2/330
(b) The direction of flow of water at maximum
discharge.
(c) The alignment of existing approaches and
of the proposed crossing and its
approaches.
(d) The angle and direction of skew if the
crossing is aligned on a skew. No (Normal Bridge)
(e) The name of the nearest inhabited identifiable
locality at either and of the crossing on roods
leading to the site. Behal & Baloli
(f) Reference and R.L. of permanent stations
and benchmarks used for layout duly
connected to G.T.S. benchmark, wherever
available. G.T.S. Not available, T.B.M taken
(g) The location and identification number of
the cross-section and longitudinal section
taken within the scope of the site plan and
the exact location of their extreme points. 3 X-section & 1 L- Section
(h) The location of trial pits or borings, each
being given an identification number and
connected to the datum. Not required
19
(i) The location of all nullahs, buildings,
places of worship, wells, burial grounds,
outcrops of rocks and other possible
obstructions which may affect the
approach alignment. Shown on counter map
4. Longitudinal section of the channel, showing
the site of bridge with H.F.L., L. W. L. and the
bed levels at suitably spaced intervals along the
approximate centre line of the deep water
channel between the approximate points to
which the survey plan has been prepared. The
horizontal scale shall be the same as for the
survey plan and the vertical scale not less than
1/1000. Attached
5. Longitudinal section of the road in approaches
upto a distance of 300 mtrs. On either side of
the proposed bridge site clearly indicating the
levels, chain age and proposed gradient. Attached
H CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS
1. Recommended type, span and carriage-way of
the proposed bridge. R.C.C. T-Beam Bridge
2. Recommended maximum flood discharge at
bridge Site. 35 Cumecs
3. Recorded traffic census data. 90 Per Day
4. Minimum vertical clearance required. 1.50 Mtr.
5. Recommended deck level. 600.50 Mtr.
20
6. Possibility of constructing intermediate piers. No
7. Possibility of sinking wells and driving piles. No
8. Quantum of de-watering effort required in
Foundation. No
9 Possibility of diversion of traffic during
Construction of proposed bridge. Through dry river bed
10. Type of loading for which the structure is
To be designed. AA class loading
11. Seismic Zone under which the proposed Zone -IV
Bridge falls.
12. Type of foundation recommended whether :
(a) Open foundations. Open foundations
(b) Well foundations.
(c) Pile foundations.
13. Is site safe from slides and falling down of
boulders ? If not, give details. Yes it is safe
14. Is the bridge site safe from slope hazard, soil
liquefaction or poor soil characteristics etc. ? Yes it is safe
Give complete information separately in case
alternative sites fire available. Also attach
comparative statement for all bridge sites including
the all bridge sites including the reasons for selection
of the site finally recommended.
15. Special Requirements :-
(a) Proximity of a bridge to a town or Village and
need for footpaths. Nil
21
(b) Provision on bridge for carrying Utilities such
as telephone / electrical /waterlines etc. Nil
(c) Electrification of the bridge Nil
(d) Special precautions against aggressive
Atmospheres and water etc.
(e) Provision for increasing the bridge length In
future, if required Nil
22
6.0 ANALYSIS/ SOLUTION / DESCRIPTION
A. HYDRAULIC DATA PROCESSING
1. Name of Road and its classification. Chikni Behal Balali Road.
2. Rugosity co efficient 0.035
3. Catchment area 3.50 Sqm.
4. Bed slop of Khad 1:44.42
5. H.F.L. at Bridge Site 597.00
6. L.W.L at Bridge Site 596.00
7. Lowest Bed Level 595.80
8. Proposed Deck Level 600.50
9. Linear water way at H.F.L. 12.20
10. Lacy’s silt factor 9.2
11. Alignment at bridge site Normal to Flow
12. Safe bearing capacity 25 tonne/m2
13. Dicken’s co- efficient 14
14. Proposed foundation Open
15. Type of loading Class AA
B. DISCHARGE CALCULATION (BY AREA VELOCITY METHOD)
1. At 50MTR U/S
A = 10.20
P = 18.20
R = A/P 0.56
Q = (10.20 X (0.56) 2/3 X (0.0258) ½ ) = 29.72 Cum/Sec0.035
23
2. At 0.00 MTR or at Bridge Site
A = 9.30
P = 12.55
R = A/P 0.741
Q = (9.30 X (0.741) 2/3 X (0.0258) ½ ) = 32.64 Cum/Sec0.035
3. At 50MTR D/S
A = 14.30
P = 35.10
R = A/P 0.407
Q = (14.30 X (0.407) 2/3 X (0.0258) ½ ) = 33.69 Cum/Sec0.035
B. DISCHARGE SUMMARY
X- SECTION DISCHARGE
At 50MTR U/S 29.72 Cum/Sec
At 0MTR OR AT BRIDGE SITE 32.64 Cum/Sec
At 50MTR D/S 33.69 Cum/Sec
MAXIMUM DISCHARGE = 33.69 Cum/Sec
DISCHARGE BY DICHENS FORMULA
C = 14
A = 3.5 Sqm.
Q = CA3/4 35.82 Cum/Sec
24
MORE DISCHARGE GIVEN BY DICHEN FORMULA= 35.82SQM
HENCE DESIGN DISCHARGE = 1.30X35.82 = 46.56 Cum/Sec
Abutments of the proposed bridge are to be designed on scour consideration
Normal scour depth (dsm) =1.34(Db2/Ksf ) ¼
Db = Discharge per mtr. Length = Design Discharge (46.56) = 3.81 Linear water way at HFL (12.20)
dsm = 1.34(3.812/9.2 ) 1/3 = 1.56 mtr.
Maximum Scour Depth = d max. 1.27x1.56 = 1.98mtr.
Taking 2.00 mtr. Grip for the proposed abutment foundation
Hence Foundation level = HFL- d max.- 2.00
= 597.00-1.98-2.00 = 593.02
Depth below lowest level = 595.80-593.02 =2.78mtr.
Taking foundation level 3.00 mtr. Below lowest bed level
Proposed founding level = 595.80-3.00 = 592.80 mtr. (for both side abutments)
Height of abutment = 600.50-592.80 = 7.70 mtr.
7.0 FINAL RESULTS
Design Discharge 46.56 Cum/Sec
Deck level 600.50 mtr
Founding level 592.80 mtr.
Height of abutment 7.70 mtr.
Depth below lowest level 3.00 mtr.
Proposed span 14.00 mtr.
Carriage way 7.50 mtr.
25
8.0 CONCLUSION
Detail drawing evolved along with design of deck.
26
9.0 SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDY:-Design of R.C.C. retaining wall for approaches of bridge on both side.
27
10.0 BIO-DATA OF THE STUDENT:-
The student was born in a tiny village Behana Brahman, District Bilaspur (HP) India. He
obtained his Diploma in Architecture Assistance Ship from Government Polytechnic Sundernagar
Distt. Mandi Himachal Pradesh.
At present, he is working as Draughtsman (Civil) in Himachal Pradesh Public Works
Department at Hamirpur.
28
