HUMAN PHHUMAN PH

CIRCULATCIRCULATRESPIRAT

YSIOLOGYYSIOLOGY

TIONTIONTION

UNITUNIT

CIRCUL

T 1T - 1

LATION

HUMANFUNCTLOCATLOCATPARTS

HEARTTIONTIONTIONS

HUMAN HEART

PARTS OFPARTS OF

MEMBRAMEMBRAWALLCHAMBESEPTASEPTABLOOD VVALVES

F HEARTF HEART

ANESANES

ERS

VESSELS

L.S OF HUMMAN HEART

L S OF HUML.S OF HUMMAN HEARTMAN HEART

CARDIACSYSTODIASTPAUSPAUS

C CYCLEOLETOLEEE

CARDIACC CYCLE

CARDIAC

STROKE VOLUM= 70 ml X 72 tim= 5040 ml / minu= 5040 ml / minu

OUT PUT

ME X HEART RATEmes / minuteuteute

DOUBLE CIR

PULMONARY CSYSTEMIC CIR

RCULATION

CIRCULATIONRCULATION

CONDUSYSTEM OSYSTEM O

UCTING OF HEARTOF HEART

BLOOD PRE

DEFINITIOB P IN HEAB.P. IN HEAINSTRUME

SSURE (B.P)

ONALTHY MANALTHY MANENT

SPHYGMOM( WITH MANOME

MANOMETERETER AND CUFF)

HIGH BLOODBP ABOVE 150/90 m

CAUSES: ATHEROSCLKIDNEY DIS

EFFECTS: HAEMORRHBRAIN ANDBRAIN ANDVENTRICUL

D PRESSUREmmHg.

LEROSIS, SORDERS

HAGE IN HEART,D KIDNEY D KIDNEY. LAR HYPERTROPHY.

LOW BLOODBP LOWER THAN 90/

CAUSE: SHOCK, HAEMMYOCARDIAL MYOCARDIAL

EFFECTS DIZZINESS AEFFECTS: DIZZINESS ALEADING TOCONDITION

D PRESSURE/60 mmHg OR LOWER

ORRHAGE, AND INFARCTION INFARCTION.

AND FAINTINGAND FAINTINGO A LIFE-THREATENING

CALLED SHOCK

HEART DDISEASES

MYOCARDIAL HEART A

IT IS THE DEA

HEART A

MYOCARDIAL

CAUSES: CORONARY THCORONARY THARTERIOSCLECORONARY AR

INFARCTION:ATTACK

ATH OF

ATTACK

TISSUE,

HROMBOSISHROMBOSIS,EROSIS OF RTERIES.

BLUE BABYOR CYAOR CYA

TETROLOGY OF FATETROLOGY OF FA

VENTRICULAR SEPVENTRICULAR SEPORIGIN OF AORTA AINTERVENTRICULAINTERVENTRICULANARROWING OF PURIGHT VENTRICULARIGHT VENTRICULA

Y DISORDERANOSISANOSIS

ALLOTALLOT.

TAL HOLETAL HOLEABOVE

AR SEPTA AR SEPTA ULMONARY VALVEAR HYPERTROPHYAR HYPERTROPHY

QUESTIOQUESTIOCIRCUL

ONS ON ONS ON LATION

1 MA1 MAQUESTQUEST

ARK ARK TIONSTIONS

Q. WHERE DO YOVALVE?VALVE?

ANS BETWEEN THEANS: BETWEEN THEATRIA AND VE

OU FIND BICUSPID

E OPENING OF LEFTE OPENING OF LEFTENTRICLE

Q. WHICH BLOODTHROUGH PU

ANS DEOXYGENATANS: DEOXYGENAT

D IS CARRIED ULMONARY ARTERY?

TED BLOODTED BLOOD

Q WHAT IS HEAQ. WHAT IS HEA

ANS: IT REFERS TOANS: IT REFERS TO

HEART BEATS

ART RATE?ART RATE?

O THE NUMBER OF O THE NUMBER OF

S PER MINUTE.

Q. WHAT IS PAC

ANS: THE GROUP OTHAT ORIGINAIS A PACE MAK

CE MAKER?

OF NODAL TISSUE ATES HEART BEAT KER

Q: DEFINE BLOOQ: DEFINE BLOOANS: IT IS THE PRES

CIRCULATING BWALLS OF BLOWALLS OF BLO

D PRESSURED PRESSURESSURE EXERTED BY BLOOD UPON THE

OOD VESSELSOOD VESSELS

2 MARKS QQUESTIONS

Q: WHAT ARE HE

HOW ARE THE

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

TWO HEART STWO HEART S

EART SOUNDS?

EY PRODUCED?

1MARK1MARK

OUNDS 1MARKOUNDS 1MARK

Q WHAT IS A MYOQ. WHAT IS A MYOGIVE AN EXAM

ANS: THE HEART IN ANS: THE HEART IN ORIGINATES THMUSCLE FIBREMUSCLE FIBRE

EX: HUMAN HEART

OGENIC HEART? OGENIC HEART? MPLE

WHICH HEART BEAT WHICH HEART BEAT HROUGH GROUP OF

ESES.

Q. NAME THE INIS USED TO MPRESSURE.PRESSURE.

ANS: SPHYGMOMAANS: SPHYGMOMA

NSTRUMENT THAT MEASURE BLOOD

ANOMETERANOMETER

5 MARKS QQUESTIONS

DRAW A LABELLDRAW A LABELLOF L.S OF HUMADIAGRAM WITH 5 ILABELLED, NAMELCHAMBERS OF HEASEPTABLOOD VESSELS OVALVES OF HEARTVALVES OF HEART

LED DIAGRAM LED DIAGRAM AN HEART

MPORTANT PARTS LY,ART

OF HEARTTT

EXPLAIN THE ORCONDUCTION OCONDUCTION OWITH A LABELED

LABELED DIAGRWITH EXPLANATS.A.NA V NA.V.NBUNDLE OF HISPURKINJE FIBRE

RIGIN AND F HEART BEAT F HEART BEAT D SKETCH

RAMTION

ES

UNITUNITRESPIRRESPIR

T 2T - 2RATIONRATION

RESPIRRESPIRATORY SY

BREATHING

EXCHANGE OF GEXCHANGE OF G

ALVEOLI AND BLALVEOLI AND BL

TRANSPORTATIO

THROUGH BLOO

RATIONYSTEM IN MAN

GASES BETWEEN GASES BETWEEN

LOOD CAPILLARIESLOOD CAPILLARIES

ON OF GASES

OD

RESPIRATORESPIRATOIN MIN M

RY SYSTEM RY SYSTEM MANMAN

RESPIRATOIN M

RY SYSTEM MAN

PHYSIOLOGY OF1 BREATHING1. BREATHING2. EXTERNAL RE3. TRANSPORTAT

BY BLOODBY BLOOD4. CELLULAR RES

F RESPIRATION

SPIRATIONTION OF GASES

SPIRATION

1 BREA1. BREA

INSPIRATION

CONTRACTION OCONTRACTION O

MUSCLES

INCREASE IN THE

OF THORACIC CA

AIR PRESSURE DAIR PRESSURE D

LUNGS

ATHING ATHING

OF RESPIRATORY OF RESPIRATORY

E SIZE

AVITY

DECREASES IN DECREASES IN

BREATEXPIRATION

• THE RESPIRAT• THE RESPIRAT

MUSCLES RE

• CHEST CAVITY

• AIR MOVE OUT

• AIR PRESSUREAIR PRESSURE

INCREASE.

THING

TION TION

LAX

Y DECREASES

T OF LUNGS

E IN LUNGS E IN LUNGS

MUSCLULARIN BREAIN BREA

R MOVEMENT ATHINGATHING

2 EXTERNAL 2. EXTERNAL

EXCHANGE OF

BETWEEN ALV

BLOOD CAPILLBLOOD CAPILL

RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION

F O2 & CO2

VEOLI AND

LARIESLARIES

WHAT IS PARTIAL

IT'S THE INDIVIDUA

EXERTED INDEPENDEXERTED INDEPEND

PARTICULAR GAS W

OF GASES.

L PRESSURE?

AL PRESSURE

DENTLY BY A DENTLY BY A

WITHIN A MIXTURE

PARTIAL PPARTIAL POF O2

AT Alveoli PO2 = 107

Alveolar capAlveolar capPO2 = 40 m

PRESSURE PRESSURE 2(PO2)

mmHg pillaries pillaries mmHg

PARTIAL POF CO2

AT ALVEOLAT ALVEOLCAPILLARIEPCO2 = 45 m

AT ALVEOLPCO 40 PCO2 = 40 m

PRESSURE2(PCO2)

AR BLOOD AR BLOOD ESmmHg

I HmmHg

EXCHANGE OF GEXCHANGE OF GALVEOLI AND BLO

GASES BETWEEN GASES BETWEEN OOD CAPILLARIES

2)TRANSPORTAT)GASES BY BLO

OXYGEN TRANSPOXYGEN TRANSP

1 - BOUND TO HEAMOF ALL OXYGEN OF ALL OXYGEN

2 - DISSOLVED IN TH

TION OF OODPORTATIONPORTATION

MOGLOBIN (98.5% IN THE BLOOD) IN THE BLOOD)

HE PLASMA (1.5%) ( )

CARBON TRANSPOTRANSPO

1 BICARBONATE (1 - BICARBONATE (2 - CARBAMINOHEA3 - DISSOLVED IN T

DIOXIDE ORTATIONORTATION

HCO ) 60% HCO3) – 60% AMOGLOBIN - 30% %THE PLASMA (1.5%)

CO2 TRATHROUGHTHROUGH

ANSPORT H BLOODH BLOOD

DISEASDISEASRESPIRATO

SES OF SES OF ORY TRACT

ASTAST

PERIODIC CONST

O CBRONCHI AND BR

MAKES THE PERSMAKES THE PERS

BREATHE

HMAHMA

TRICTION OF THE

O C O SRONCHIOLES

SON DIFFICULT TOSON DIFFICULT TO

ASTH

CAUSES

TRIGGERED BY A

IRRITANTS SUCHIRRITANTS SUCH

FUMES AND CIGA

AIRBORNE PART

THE PATIENT IS A

HMA

AIRBORNE

H AS CHEMICAL H AS CHEMICAL

ARETTE SMOKE

TICLES TO WHICH

ALLERGIC.

LUNG CIT IS UNCONTROLL

GROWTH IN TISSUE

IF LEFT UNTREATEDIF LEFT UNTREATED

METASTASIS AND IN

TISSUE AND, EVENT

OTHER PARTS OF TOTHER PARTS OF T

CANCER LED CELL

ES OF THE LUNG.

D IT LEADS TO D, IT LEADS TO

NVADE NEARBY

TUALLY, INTO

HE BODY HE BODY

LUNG CCAUSES THE MOST COMMONCANCER IS LONG-TCANCER IS LONG TTOBACCO SMOKELESS COMMON CAUATTRIBUTED TO A CGENETIC FACTORS,AIR POLLUTION INCAIR POLLUTION INCHAND (PASSIVE) SM

CANCER

N CAUSE OF LUNG ERM EXPOSURE TOERM EXPOSURE TOE.USES ARE OFTENCOMBINATION OF , ASBESTOS AND CLUDING SECOND CLUDING SECOND MOKE

QUESTIRESPIRRESPIR

IONS IN RATIONRATION

1 MARK QUUESTIONS

1 DEFINE CELLULA1.DEFINE CELLULA

THE METABOLIC PRTHE METABOLIC PR

AN ORGANISM OBT

REACTING OXYGEN

TO GIVE WATER, CA

AND ATP (ENERGY)AND ATP (ENERGY)

AR RESPIRATIONAR RESPIRATION.

ROCESS BY WHICH ROCESS BY WHICH

TAINS ENERGY BY

N WITH GLUCOSE

ARBON DIOXIDE

))

2 WHAT IS WHEE2. WHAT IS WHEEBREATHING WI

OR WHISTLING

A COMMON SY

ASTHMA

EZING?EZING?ITH A HUSKY

G SOUND,

YMPTOM OF

3.DEFINE SPIROME

IS THE MOST COMM

PULMONARY FUNCT

MEASURING LUNG FMEASURING LUNG F

SPECIFICALLY THE M

THE AMOUNT (VOLU

(FLOW) OF AIR THAT(FLOW) OF AIR THAT

AND EXHALED

TRY

ON OF THE

TION TESTS (PFTS),

FUNCTION, FUNCTION,

MEASUREMENT OF

UME) AND/OR SPEED

T CAN BE INHALED T CAN BE INHALED

WHAT IS RESIDUTHE VOLUME OF

IN THE LUNGS AIN THE LUNGS A

EXHALATIONEXHALATION

UAL VOLUME? AIR REMAINING

AFTER A MAXIMAL AFTER A MAXIMAL

DEFINE ARTIFICIARESPIRATIONIT IS SUPPLY OF AS SU O

WHO HAS STOPPE

BLOWING AIR INTOMOUTH WHILE PE

CARDIOPULMONAC O U ORESUSCITATION (C

AL

AIR TO A PERSONO SO

ED BREATHING BY

TO A PERSON’S O GRFORMING

ARY CPR)

WHAT IS TIDAL VO

IT IS THE VOLUME

OR EXPIRED IN RE

OLUME?

E OF AIR INSPIRED

ELAXED POSITION

DEFINE PULMONDEFINE PULMONVENTILATION

IT IS THE PROCES

IN OF FRESH AIR

S OUNUSED AIR OR B

NARY NARY

SS OF BRINGING

AND TAKING OUT

GBREATHING

IN WHAT FORM H

TRANSPORTS CATRANSPORTS CAIN THE FORM OFIN THE FORM OFHAEMOGLOBIN

(HbCOONH2)

HEAMOGLOBIN

ARBON DIOXIDE?ARBON DIOXIDE?F CARBAMINO F CARBAMINO

WHAT IS METAST

IT IS THE MOVEM

CELLS FROM AFFECELLS FROM AFFE

HEALTHY AREA O

TASIS?

ENT OF CANCEROUS

ECTED AREA TO ECTED AREA TO

OF THE BODY

NAME THE RECENTRE

MEDULLA OBMEDULLA OB

ESPIRATORY

LONGATALONGATA

WHAT IS EXTERRESPIRATION?RESPIRATION?

IT IS EXCHANGE IT IS EXCHANGE GASES BETWEENALVEOLAR AIR

RNAL

OF RESPIRATORY OF RESPIRATORYN BLOOD AND

WHAT IS DYSP

IT IS PAINFUL B

CHARACTERIST

PNOEA?

BREATHING,

TIC OF ASTHMA

WHAT IS SNEEZWHAT IS SNEEZ

ACCUMULATED FOACCUMULATED FO

NEAR NASAL PAS

INITIATES A REFL

A LARGE AMOUNT

THE NOSE WITH F

ING?ING?

OREIGN PARTICLESOREIGN PARTICLES

SSAGE THAT

LEX WHICH PASSES

T OF AIR THROUGH

FORCE.

WHAT IS TIDAL V

IT IS THE VOLUME

OR EXPIRED IN RE

VOLUME?

E OF AIR INSPIRED

ELAXED POSITION

2 MARKS QQUESTIONS

WRITE A NOTE ON

IT IS INFLAMMATIO

MEMBRANE OF THE

CHARACTERISED B

EXCESSIVE NASALEXCESSIVE NASAL

REDDENING AND W

REDDENING OF NO

N RHINITIS

ON OF MUCOUS

E NOSE WHICH IS

BY NASAL ITCHING,

L DISCHARGE L DISCHARGE,

WATERING OF EYES

OSE ETC.

NAME THEINVOLVED IN

• INTERCOST

• STERNUM

DIAPHRAGM• DIAPHRAGM

• ABDOMINAL• ABDOMINAL

E MUSCLES N BREATHING

TAL MUSCLES

MM

L MUSCLESL MUSCLES.

WRITE A NOTE ONWRITE A NOTE ON

THE TERM "DEAD SP

TO A VOLUME IN TH

SYSTEM THAT IS VE

AIR BUT DOES NOT

WITH PULMONARY CWITH PULMONARY C

N DEAD SPACE?N DEAD SPACE?

PACE" REFERS

HE RESPIRATORY

ENTILATED WITH

EXCHANGE GASES

CAPILLARY BLOODCAPILLARY BLOOD.

EXPLAIN CHLORHAMBURGERS P

DURING THE TRANSPDURING THE TRANSP

CARBON DIOXIDE IN T

NaHCO3 AND KHCO3, W

IONS MOVE OUT OF E

CHLORIDE IONS FROM

R B C TO MAINTAIN ELR.B.C TO MAINTAIN EL

THE PROCESS IS CHLO

RIDE SHIFT / HENOMENON.

ORTATION OFORTATION OF

THE FORM OF

WHEN BICARBONATE

RYTHROCYTES, ,

M PLASMA PASS INTO

LECTRONEUTRALITY LECTRONEUTRALITY,

ORIDE SHIFT.

CHLORIDE SHICHLORIDE SHI

H2O + CO2H COH2CO3

HCO3Cl

IFT REACTIONIFT REACTION

H2CO3H+ + HCOH + HCO3

PLASMAR.B.C

5 MARKS QQUESTIONS

DESCRIBE CARBON DTRANSPORTATION TTHREE TYPES OF COTHREE TYPES OF CO2

1. IN THE FORM OF P2. IN THE FORM OF C

COMPOUNDCOMPOUND3. IN THE FORM OF B

NA+ AND K+

DIOXIDE HROUGH BLOOD.TRANSPORTATIONSTRANSPORTATIONS

PHYSICAL SOLUTIONCARBAMINO

BICARBONATES OF

WRITE A NOTE ODEFINITION –LABELLED DILABELLED DIEXPLANATIO

ON BREATHING– 1 mIAGRAM – 2 mIAGRAM – 2 mN – 2 m

WHAT IS HAY FEXPLAIN THE CSYMPTOMS

MEANINGCAUSESCAUSESSYMPTO

FEVER?CAUSE AND

G – 1m2m– 2m

MS - 2m