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KAS 3501 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTHSEMESTER 6 2014/2015GROUP 5SAFETY INDEX AND FIRE INDEX GROUP MEMBERSMATRIC NONAZIRAH BINTI TARMIZIUK29498KUAN SHI YUNUK29559NORAIN BINTI ISMAIL@AWANGUK29500SITI HAJAR BINTI MOHD NORUK29557RAFIZAL BIN AB RAHIM @ HASSANUK29318

SAFETY INDEXAT WORKPLACE

WHAT IS WORKPLACE SAFETY?Workplace safety is an important aspect to the success of a company. Keeping employees safe from injuries and health problems while on the job not only makes good business sense, it is required by law. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) enforces rules and regulations to keep workplaces safe. There are several ways to measure work safety with the goal of improving it. Measure work safety by examining the risk of exposure, reviewing the programs and initiatives that are in place, considering the climate and culture of the workplace and identifying safety leaders.

TOP 10 MOST COMMON WORKPLACE ACCIDENTSOverexertionFall on same level surfacesFall to lower levelBodily reactionStruck by an object

6. Struck against an object7. Highway accident8. Caught In/ Compressed By9. Repetitive Motion10. Assaults and violent acts

HOW DO WE MEASURE WORK SAFETY?

1. Assess the exposure to risk.Your working environment and the conditions of the people, equipment and procedures will help you determine whether people are likely to get hurt.Look at the things that might be creating the exposure to risk. For example, if paid sick time is not available at your company, workers might hesitate to stay home when they are infectious, bringing their illness into the workplace.

2. Evaluate the safety programs you currently have in place.Ensure they are having a positive result.Make sure all safety programs and initiatives cover personal safety as well as procedural safety. For example, workers who are trained on how to avoid getting a chemical burn will know how to protect themselves, and how to keep their process free from the risk of a burn.Adjust programs that are not working. If all new employees are trained on how to safely use a specific piece of equipment, but incidents are rising on that machine, something is missing in the safety training.

3. Review your organizational culture to determine whether safety is a priority.Conduct employee surveys to find out if workers feel safe and offer rewards to departments and teams that achieve productivity and success without any injuries.Evaluate the strength of your team. When workers are concerned about the safety of others as well as their own safety, a positive and safe environment is created.Encourage workers to look at safety as something not specific to their own work or department. For example, anyone should be comfortable pointing out a spill or a leak or another safety concern.

4. Determine how safety decisions are madeFor example, staffs might not seem like a safety issue, but it could become one if workers are getting hurt because there is not enough help when it comes to moving heavy items or monitoring a residential environment.

5. Identify safety leaders.These can be supervisors, managers or low level employees. Reward and compensate those who make safety a priority.

6. Conduct inspections and audits.Highlight impressive results and use those high achieving areas as a model for anything that is not working as it should.

7. Put drills and practice sessions into placeHold fire alarms, practice what would be done during a chemical spill or a major accident. This will demonstrate the preparedness of employees and help them feel prepared.

FIRE INDEX

Fuel

Any combustible material solid, liquid or gas

Oxygen

The air we breathe is about 21% oxygen fire needs only 16% oxygenHeat

The energy necessary to increase the temperature of fuel to where sufficient vapors are given off for ignition to occurEach of these three elements must be present at the same time to have a fire. A fire will burn until one or more of the elements is removed.

HOW DO FIRE START?For a fire to start, the three things in the triangle below are needed.FuelFlammable gases, liquids and solids including fine powders and dust.OxygenAlways present in the air. Other sources come from substances which produce oxygen.Ignition sourcesHot surfaces, electrical equipment, static electricity, smoking and naked flames.If any one of these is missing, a fire cannot start. So, taking steps to avoid the three coming together will reduce the chances of a fire happening.

There are 4 classes of fire:Class AOrdinary combustibles or fibrous material, such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and some plastics.Class BFlammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, paint, paint thinners and propane.

Class CEnergized electrical equipment, such as appliances, switches, panel boxes and power tools.Class DCertain combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium, and sodium.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDIndustrial Explosions

Since 1980 there have been over 280 combustible dust explosions, according to a study by The Chemical Safety Board (CSB). The result has been a total of 133 deaths and more than 730 wounded. Most of the workers or their employers do not recognize the hidden dangers of combustible dust in general industry operations.20

Are These Materials Explosive?

sugarmetalplasticwoodcoalmedicines

All these materials have the potential to become combustible dust if reduced to a very fine size and if the other conditions necessary to create an explosion are present (see p. 29)21

Imperial Sugar Company

February 7, 2008

Port Wentworth, Georgia

14 deaths and numerous injured persons

A spark started the fire and explosion of the sugar cloud

The sugar processing plant, 91 years old, was located near the city of Savannah, and processed granulated and powdered sugar. Investigation of the Chemical Safety Board revealed that the initial explosion occurred in a bucket elevator. It is assumed that the silo operations created a buildup of combustible sugar dust suspended on horizontal work surfaces generating the first explosion. The primary explosion generated a fire, caused the partial collapse of the four floor building, and also spread more dust into the atmosphere. The airborne dust generated a series of secondary explosions that advanced rapidly throughout the gallery of the silo and the tunnel. The fire of secondary explosions in turn affect the packing facility, and the inside of adjacent buildings.22

23Fire and Explosion by Metal Powder : IndianaOctober 23, 2003

Huntington Indiana

1 dead, 6 injured

Aluminum powder caught fire in a dust collector, from there the flame spreads generating the explosion

23A disastrous explosion and fire occurred in a cast aluminum automotive parts in Indiana with the consequence one dead and six wounded. The investigation determined that the event's primary explosion occurred because of dust in or near a smelter of aluminum pieces. This was followed by a secondary explosion in the dust collection equipment, causing a fire of great proportions.

February 20, 2003Corbin, Kentucky, 7deaths, several injured

An poorly worked oven lit a cloud of phenolic resin dust, causing the explosion.Fire and Explosion in CTA Acoustics

24

A common work practice in this plant was to use compressed air, electric fans and brooms to remove dust from the day's operations. This generated a dust cloud in the vicinity of the furnace of the production line. It was also common to see small fires ignite by the accumulation of combustible dust near the oven, which operators put out with fire extinguishers or hoses. The day of the accident the furnace was not working properly, the door was open, allowing contact with dust and there were no employees on hand to contain the fire. The first blast of dust and fire triggered secondary explosions in several production lines, which destroyed much of the production area.24

PREVENTING FIRE AT WORKPLACE

A) Controlling sources of ignition

remove unnecessary sources of heat from the workplace.Make sure that your machinery and equipment has been designed to limit the risk of fire and explosions.Make sure that all your electrical equipment is regularly serviced and fit for the purpose it is being used.

b) Limiting the fuel for a fire

Make sure that flammable materials are handled, stored and used correctly.Store flammable substances in their proper storage containers .Do not allow grease, dust or oil to build up around equipment

c) Detecting and warning about fire

Detecting any firesConsider arrangements for detecting a fire.Larger premises may need an electrical alarm system with manual call points.

d) Escaping a fire

Once people are aware of a fire, they should be also to leave the building safely. So the emergency lighting needs to work completely to:Show the escape routes clearly.To allow people to move safely towards the final exits.Make sure that fire call points and firefighting equipment can be found easily.

e) Fire safety information for employessAll employees should get information about:How to escape route to use from where they are workingThe fire warning system used in the area they are working in.

f) Fighting FiresAll workplaces should have equipment for putting out fire such as:Fire extinguishers to tackle a fire in its early stage.Fire blankets have two type which is light duty blanket and heavy duty blanket.Light duty blanket for small fire and heavy duty blanket use for molten material.

NFPA LabelNational Fire Protection Association (NFPA)The higher the number in the red box (max is 4), the greater the fire hazard.

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)MSDS Required by OSHA (29 CFR 1910.1200) for each chemical used Includes name of chemicals, physical hazards, health hazards, exposure routes, permissible exposure levels (PEL), appropriate PPE, handling, storage, spills, transportation, disposal informationMust be readily accessible to all employees in the work area

Fire Protection & Prevention(1926.150 .159)Common OSHA Citations:150(c)(1)(I): 2A fire extinguishers Building Area152(a)(1): Storage of LP Containers153(j): Fire Protection Program/equipment150(a)(1): 10B Fire Extinguisher w/in 50 feet of combustible/flammable liquids150(c)(1)(vi): Approved containers for flammables/combustibles

Remember! Your Safety Comes FirstWhen in doubt,leave the firefighting to the professionals

Think Safety, Not Just Compliance!

THANK YOU FOR LENDING US YOUR ATTENTION