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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In human life, generation of waste is an inevitable end result. In unison
with the improvement of quality of the human life is the removal of that waste.
One of the consequences of the global urbanization is increasing volume of solid
waste. The rising urban population is generating solid waste at an ever-faster
rate, it was estimated that about 1.3 billion metric tons of municipal solid waste
was generated globally in 1990 (Beede & Bloom, 1995) and at present the yearly
production of solid waste in the world may be about 1.6 billion metric tons. A
considerable amount of money goes into managing such huge volume of solid
waste. Asian countries alone spent about US$25 billion on solid waste
management per year in the early 1990s; the figure is projected to rise to around
US$50 billion by 2025 (Hoornweg & Thomas, 1999). These figures testify that
solid waste management (SWM) has become a large, complex and costly service.
Cities in developed countries have financial resources and skills to adequately
handle the cost and complexity of SWM which may not be present in developing
countries. It is projected that the world population between 2000 and 2030 will
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be absorbed by urban areas in developing countries (U.N. 2004) and this will
pose big challenges in the Solid Waste Management System.
Solid Waste Management techniques were initially intended to get rid of
waste from the surrounding area of habitable zones in order to maintain public
health. After understanding the hazards of uncontrolled disposal, measures were
created and put into practice, essentially through sanitary land filling.
Reorientation in Solid Waste Management systems toward sustainability is now
a global thrust and Asian countries are deeply involved in this transition,
emphasizing sustainability and economic condition, A.V. Shekdar / Waste
Management 29 (2009).
In the Philippines, it is estimated that roughly 6,700 tons / day of waste is
being generated daily (The Garbage Book, ADB, 2004) of which only ten percent
is being recycled and composted, and ninety percent either hauled to the citys
dumpsite, dumped illegally in rivers, creeks, Manila Bay, or openly burned.
When the municipality of Navotas was converted into a city on June
2007, by R.A. 9003, there was a creation of an office for City Environment and
Natural Resource, whose main task is to look into the citys Solid Waste
Management. The office prepared a 10-year Solid Waste Management Plan in
compliance with R.A. 9003 The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000 and consistent with the National Solid Waste Management framework for
feasible re-use, recycling and composting of wastes.
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The national framework also mandates the city government to identify
the amount of landfill and transportation capacity for those solid wastes which
cannot be re-used, recycled, or composted.
The solid waste management plan of Navotas City identifies the Key
Performance Areas and respective indicators which are supposedly to be
regularly monitored and evaluated for corrective actions and revisions to the
original plan, if needed. The plan has been implemented since January 2008 and
still in place as originally conceptualized. With its 2 years in use, the researcher
will assess the extent of implementation as perceived by the different
stakeholders.
1.2 RESEARCH IMPLICATION
The City of Navotas and its populace are the essential beneficiaries of the
study. The residents of the aforementioned benefit from the information gained
and recommendations from the study. It will also substantiate viability of the
solid waste management plan being implemented by the city government.
The study can also be used by other areas of the government in
comparison to their solid waste management plan and find ideas suitable in
establishing, improving or evaluating their existing solid waste management
plan.
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The study bears constructive information which is ecologically aware,
cost-effective, practicable and workable to make better the present solid waste
management plan. It will be useful for the citys future studies, research and
evaluation on solid waste management system. The results of the study can be
useful in determining, generally the trends of the kind of wastes being produced
by the city in terms of its residential and industrial population and at the same
time are able to educate them in the goal to reduce and act in accordance with
the solid waste management system.
The goal of this study is to identify and be able to highlight the items in
the plan that needs improvement, amendment, deletion and integration, so that,
with todays technologies and advancement, objectives of the plan can be easily
attained.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The following research questions are introduced and presented
correspondingly:
1. What are the present Solid Waste Management Practices of the City with
regards to:
a.) Performance Objectives
b.) Monitoring and Evaluation
c.) Corrective Actions
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2. Are there significant differences on the perceived efficiency of waste
segregation when grouped to Barangays, then further clustered into a.)
Residential b.) Commercial c.) Institutional d.) Industrial?
3. What recommendations are forwarded by respondents to improve the
performance?
4. What can be reworked to improve the existing Solid Waste Management
Plan?
1.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The current condition in solid waste management of Navotas City in its
time frame is on its 2ndphase (Compliance to the Solid Waste Management Act)
transitioning to the 3rd
phase (Medium to Long Term Plan).
Since the start of the implementation of the plan, several factors need to
be considered if execution of the plan is being implemented properly to
determine its effectiveness. Taking into consideration the take-off from
collecting the garbage. The initial part of the system can be greatly affected
starting from its source. Figure 1. shows the flow of the solid waste management
system program.
The success of waste segregation at source and the proper disposal of
segregated waste is the backbone of the program. This will determine if the City
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can adhere to its self designed Solid Waste Management Plan at commencement
and give an affirmative outcome.
Figure 1. Solid Waste Management System Program
Source: 10-year SWM plan of Navotas City 2007
It is expected that the measurement or evaluation on the current Solid
Waste Management Plan of the City may come across areas that may need
improvement, adjustment or even total variation. The Plan, being introduced to
the existing system of the City may be dependent on the type of awareness the
community is familiar of. Although an extensive awareness program is being
provided by certain government agencies, it cannot guarantee the dissemination
Segregation at Source
Transportation:Dump truck equipment or
Pushcarts, Rolling Trash Bins orTrikes/Pedicabs
Materials Recovery andRecycling Facility
CompostingFacility20 25%
Residuals fromMRF and CF
Recyclables/Reusable:
glass, plastic, metal,paper, etc.
Compost
Sanitary Landfill
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of knowledge and information to the general public. Implementing agencies,
manpower, equipment, monetary allotment and the overall enforcement of the
CENRO on solid waste management are aspects on evaluation of the plan.
1.5 RESEARCH SIMULACRUM
R.A. 9003s guiding principle and targets for solid waste avoidance and
volume reduction are through source segregation and waste minimization
measures together with composting, recycling, re-use recovery and other
processes before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and
environmentally sound solid waste management facilities. In the conceptual
framework of RA 9003, it illustrates the roles of municipal government and the
barangay in implementing waste diversion. The barangays are required to
implement mandatory source segregation, establish materials recovery facility,
collect and process the recyclables and biodegradables. The recyclables are
further sorted in the MRF and sold to junkshops while the biodegradables are
processed into composts. The city government, on the other hand, is tasked to
collect and disposed residual and special wastes. For the latter, municipal
governments are required to set-up a separate and contained physical areas in
their disposal facilities, and whenever feasible, encourage take-back schemes by
manufacturers and traders.
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The study focuses on the plans existing measures of the Performance
Objectives, Monitoring and Evaluation, and Corrective Actions as the means to
determine the output quantifying the adherence of the stakeholders and
implementors to the objectives of the plan, based on R.A. 9003s program. These
inputs are assumed to have effect on execution of the plan.
Figure 2. Research Simulacrum
R.A. 9003Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
(Sec. 16 Local Government Solid Waste ManagementPlans)
Navotas City
10-Year Solid Waste Management Plan (Plan Features)
Impact and ProcessEvaluation
Proper SegregationCollectionTransportStorageTreatment
Disposal
Inputs
Implementors andStakeholders
Performance ObjectivesMonitoring and Evaluation
Corrective Actions
Outputs
Reduction of Solid WasteEnvironmentalCompliance
Level of Success
Proposed Schemes
Assessment and Evaluation
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1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
To be able to focus on the primary concern of the study, the following areas
were limited to the following:
1. This paper is limited to the assessment of the Solid Waste Management
Plan of Navotas City and will concentrate on the three areas, namely:
a. Performance Objective
i. Massive Information and Education Campaign
ii. Manpower
iii. Equipment
iv. Materials Recovery and Recycling Facility
b. Monitoring and evaluation
i. Monthly Reports from Barangays and Schools
ii. Ocular Inspection and Monitoring
iii. Waste Composition
iv. Collection schedule / Frequency
v. Waste Minimization
c. Corrective Action
2. The respondents represented by the 14 barangays thereat, and by the
officers/staff of the CENRO.
a. San Rafael Village
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b. North Bay Boulevard South
c. North Bay Boulevard North
d. Bangkulasi
e. Bagumbayan South
f. Bagumbayan North
g. Navotas East
h. Navotas West
i. Sipac-Almacen
j. San Jose
k. Daanghari
l. San Roque
m. Tangos
n. Tanza.
3. A survey questionnaire was developed and was the source of primary
data for analysis.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
To understand the key terms being used in this study. These terms are
defined according how they are used in the study in order to make easy
understanding of the problem and avoid ambiguous meaning to terms which can
be otherwise interpreted in different ways.
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CENRO shall refer to the City Environment and Natural Resources Office of the
city.
Collectionshall refer to the act of removing solid waste from the source or from
a common storage point.
Composting shall refer to the systematic decomposition of organic matter by
micro-organism, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product.
Controlled dumpshall refer to a disposal site at which solid waste is deposited in
accordance with the minimum prescribed standards of dumpsite
operation.
DENRshall refer to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or
placing of any solid waste into or in any land.
Disposal site shall refer to a site where solid waste is finally discharged and
deposited.
Ecological solid waste managementshall refer to the systematic administration
of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated
transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment and disposal of
solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm
the environment.
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Environmentally acceptable shall refer to the quality of being re-usable, bio-
degradable, or compostable, recyclable and not toxic or hazardous to the
environment.
Environmentally preferableshall refer to products of services that have a lesser
or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared
with competing products or services that serve the same purpose. This
comparison may consider raw materials acquisition, production,
manufacturing, packaging, distribution, reuse, operation, maintenance or
disposal of the product or service.
Generationshall refer to the act or process of producing solid waste.
Generatorshall refer to the person, entity or institution producing solid waste.
Hazardous waste shall refer to solid waste or combination of solid waste which
because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or infectious
characteristics may cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in
mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating
reversible illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to
human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored,
transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed.
Implementorshall refer to the person, group who implements the program.
Materials recovery facility shall include solid waste transfer station or sorting
station, drop-off center, a composting facility, and a recycling facility.
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MMDAshall refer to the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
Municipal wastes shall refer to wastes produced from activities within local
government units which include a combination of domestic, commercial,
institutional, and industrial wastes and street litters.
NCSWMB shall refer to the Navotas City Solid Waste Management Board
NCSWMP shall refer to the Navotas City Solid Waste Management Plan
Person(s)shall refer to any being, natural or juridical, susceptible of rights and
obligations, or of being the subject of legal relations.
PET Polyethyleen terephthalate-Plastics bottles from soda and water
PIO shall refer to the citys Public Information Office
POSOshall refer to the citys Public Order and Safety Office
Post-consumer material shall refer only to those materials or products
generated by a business or consumer which have served their intended
end use, and which have been separated or diverted from solid waste for
the purpose of being collected, processed and used as a raw material in
the manufacturing of recycled product, excluding materials and by-
products generated from, and commonly used within an original
manufacturing process, such as mill scrap.
Receptacles shall refer to individual containers used for the source separation
and the collection of recyclable materials.
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Recovered material shall refer to material and by-products that have been
recovered or diverted from solid waste for the purpose of being
collected, processed, and used as a raw material in the manufacture of a
recycled product.
Recyclable materialshall refer to any waste material retrieved from the waste
stream and free from contamination that can still be converted into
suitable beneficial use or for other purposes, including, but not limited, to
newspaper, ferrous scrap metal, non-ferrous scrap metal, used oil,
corrugated cardboard, aluminum, glass, office paper, tin cans, plastics
and other materials as may be determined by the Commission.
Recycled materialshall refer to post-consumer material that has been recycled
and returned to the economy.
Recyclingshall refer to the treating of used or waste materials through a process
of making them suitable for beneficial use and for other purposes, and
includes any process by which solid waste materials are transformed into
new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their
identity, and which may be used as raw materials for the production of
other goods or services: provided, that the collection, segregation, and
re-use of previously used packaging material shall be deemed recycling
under the Act.
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Re-useshall refer to the process of recovering materials intended for the same
or different purpose without the alteration of physical and chemical
characteristics.
Sanitary Landfill shall refer to a waste disposal site designed, constructed,
operated, and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control
over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the
development and operation of the facility.
Segregationshall refer to sorting and segregation of different materials found in
solid waste in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to
reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal.
Segregation at source shall refer to a solid waste management practice of
separating, at the point of origin, different materials found in solid waste
in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the
volume of waste for collection and disposal.
Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-
hazardous institutional, ports/harbour and industrial waste, street
sweepings, construction debris, agriculture waste, and other non-
hazardous/non-toxic solid waste. Unless specifically noted otherwise, the
term solid waste as used in the Act shall not include:
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a) waste identified or listed as hazardous waste of a solid, liquid,
contained gaseous or semi-solid form which may cause or contribute
to an increase in mortality or in serious situations, incapacitate or
cause irreversible bodily damage or acute/chronic effect on the
health of persons and other organisms;
b) infectious waste from hospitals such as equipment, instruments,
utensils, and fomites of a disposable nature from patients who are
suspected to have or have been diagnosed as having communicable
diseases and must therefore be isolated as required by public health
agencies, laboratory wastes such as pathological specimens (i.e., all
tissues, specimens of blood elements, excreta, and secretions
obtained from patients or laboratory animals), and disposable fomites
that may harbor or transmit pathogenic organisms, and surgical
operating room pathologic specimens and disposable fomites
attendant thereto, and similar disposable materials from outpatient
areas and emergency rooms; and
c) waste resulting from mining activities, including contaminated soil
and debris
Solid waste managementshall refer to the discipline associated with the control
of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and
disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best
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principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation,
aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also
responsive to public attitudes.
Solid waste management facilityshall refer to any resource recovery system or
component thereof, any system, program, or facility for resource
conservation; any facility for the collection, source separation, storage,
transportation, transfer, processing, treatment, or disposal of solid
waste.
Source reduction shall refer to the reduction of solid waste before it enters the
solid waste stream by methods such as product design, materials
substitution, materials re-use and packaging restrictions.
Source separationshall refer to the sorting of solid waste into some or all of its
component parts at the point of generation.
Special wastes shall refer to household hazardous wastes such as paints,
thinners, household batteries, lead-acid batteries, spray canisters and the
like. These include wastes from residential and commercial sources that
comprise of bulky wastes, consumer electronics, white goods, yard
wastes that are collected separately, batteries, oil and tires. These
wastes are usually handled separately from other residential and
commercial wastes.
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Storage shall refer to the interim containment of solid waste after generation
and prior to collection for ultimate recovery or disposal.
SWMP shall refer to the Solid Waste Management Plan
Transfer stations shall refer to those facilities utilized to receive solid wastes,
temporarily store, separate, convert, or otherwise process the materials
in the solid wastes, or to transfer the solid wastes directly from smaller to
larger vehicles for transport. This term does not include any of the
following:
a) a facility whose principal function is to receive, store, separate,
convert, or otherwise in accordance with national minimum
standards.
b) a facility, whose principal function is to receive, store, convert, or
otherwise process wastes which have already been separated for re-
use and are not intended for disposal; and
c) the operation premises of a duly licensed solid waste handling
operator who receives, stores, transfers, or otherwise processes
wastes as an activity incidental to the conduct of a refuse collection
and disposal business.
Waste diversionshall refer to activities which reduce or eliminate the amount of
solid wastes from waste disposal facilities.
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White goodsshall refer to large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and
industrial appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, dishwashers, and
clothes washers and dryers collected separately. White goods are usually
dismantled for the recovery of specific materials (e.g. copper, aluminum,
etc.)
Yard waste shall refer to wood, small, or chipped branches, leaves, grass
clippings, garden debris, vegetables residue that is recognizable as part of
a plant or vegetable and other materials identified by the National Solid
Waste Management Commission (NSWMC).
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter would be discussing comprehension, technologies,
programs, policies, schemes and development from related literatures and
academic journals on the subject of solid waste management and to provide
better understanding on the researchers aim on the study.
2.1 SOLID WASTE / MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Municipal solid waste refers to food, paper, rubbish, packaging and ashes
discarded by households and commercial establishments; non-hazardous and
non-toxic institutional or industrial waste; street sweepings, construction debris,
and agricultural waste. To the ordinary Filipino, solid waste is anything that is
considered basura and there is expectation, especially in the more urban
areas, that it is the responsibility of local government officials to reduce and
control the solid waste problem. The problems of solid waste management
confronting local government units are becoming more complex as population
and local economies grow. LGUs need to continually review and map out short-
term and long-term solutions to effectively deal with them. (Solid Waste
Management: Mapping out Solutions at the Local Level: Service Delivery with
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Impact: Resource Books for Local Government, Philippine-Canada Local
Government Support Program, 2003)
2.2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
A study by Peter Beigl, Sandra Lebersorger, Stefan Salhofer (2006) cited
that: Waste management for municipal waste is considered a public service,
providing citizens with a system of disposing of their waste in an environmentally
sound and economically feasible way. The amount and composition of waste
generated comprise the basic information needed for the planning, operation
and optimization of waste management systems. The demand for reliable data
concerning waste arising (waste generation) is implicitly included in the majority
of national waste management laws. More explicitly, waste legislation requires
assessment of the current waste arising and forecasts, such as in Ireland
(Dennison et al., 1996a) and in Germany, where the competent public
authorities (cities or counties (Kreise)) are required to assure guaranteed
disposal for a period of 10 years in advance (cf. Sircar et al., 2003).
Y. Xu, G.H. Huang, X.S. Quin, M.F. Cao (2009) Municipal solid waste
(MSW) management continues to be a major challenge for urban communities
throughout the world. The rising MSW generation rates, increasing
environmental and health concerns, shrinking waste disposal capacities, and
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varying legislative and political conditions have significant impacts on selection
of best waste-management practices.
Solid Waste Management (SWM) by definition; includes all activities
pertaining to the control, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of
solid wastes in accordance with the best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetic and other environmental considerations.
R.A. 9003 or also known as the Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of 2000 Section 2.b focuses on the avoidance and
volume reduction of waste through source reduction and waste minimization
measures, including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal
process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate
and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with
ecologically sustainable development principles.
2.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT MODELS
Modelling of waste management is not a new idea as discussed by A.J.
Morrissey, J. Browne (2003). In his study he reviewed the different types of
models developed from time to time. Many of the models identified are decision
support models, using a variety of methods and tools, such as risk assessment,
environmental impact assessment, cost benefit analysis, multi criteria decision
making and life cycle analysis, as part of the decision making process. Most
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models identified assume that all options and decision criteria have already been
identified and that the most important stage of the process is the actual
evaluation of the alternatives using one of these tools or methods. The type of
tool selected also depends on the decision being made and on the decision-
makers (Zopounidis and Doumpos, 2002; Guitouni and Martel, 1998; EEA, 2003).
Tools such as these are an important part of the waste management models
identified, but only a part, as the focus of this research is on models for
municipal waste management, and therefore goes beyond the tool used to assist
in the decision making process.
Ka-Mbayu Kapepula, Gerard Colson, Karim Sabri, Philippe Thonart (2006)
described in developing countries, household solid waste management (HSWM)
in large cities is often mismanaged, resulting in severe consequences for the
urban population such as high rates of morbidity, aesthetic degradation,
economic losses produced by flood propagation or simply by the absence of
waste valorisation through recycling and recovery. At the same time, informal
activities are developed around the solid waste activities, which can enrich some
intermediaries working without any official allowance.
This research gave awareness that the rapid population growth produces
more and more urban wastes that are not sorted and are considered as valueless
by inhabitants, except for some small parts purchased by itinerant informal
merchants. This growth is mainly a result of the migration of starving people
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from rural areas to the peri-urban areas, where they build slums with the hope
of improving their situation.
Solid wastes are not always collected and sometimes are thrown
anywhere by the population, resulting in dumps that likewise result to epidemics
and floods.
The collection and the transportation of increasing quantities of waste
are difficult in several unstructured areas of the city given the situation of having
twisted and narrow streets, absence of passable ways and the deterioration of
existing ones. Increasing the public health impacts, all these phenomena are of
increasing concern. Ignoring clever sorting and economic valorisation of wastes,
unfortunately, is perceived by a great majority as pure nuisances as solid waste
are concerned.
In the study of Chung-Chiang Chen (2010) The recycling system, in
general, requires the cooperation from households and the public to separate
their waste into different waste types and not bringing mixed general waste to
the site. Basically, all the local governments regulate that all household solid
wastes should be sorted at home. Otherwise, the collectors have rights to refuse
the unsorted solid wastes. Even though, MSW management authorities still need
to separate the resource recyclables and food wastes from the general waste at
the final disposal plants (incineration plants or landfill sites). All the recyclables,
food waste, and the general waste are collected by the public collecting system
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provided by local authorities. Therefore, the recyclables collected R1 and food
wastes collected R2 are treated as output variables while total waste generated I
and man power M (collectors provided by local authorities) for waste collection
are treated as input variables. In addition, Scott (1999) suggests that old people
are found to be more participative in recycling behaviours to a larger extent than
the young. The age composition of old people is treated as the input variable for
calculating the sorting efficiency. We use the eldness index E as the proxy
variable of the age composition. The eldness index E is defined as ratio of the
number of the aged (65 years old or older) to the children (below 14 years old).
And thus the sorting efficiency Ns is expressed as: Ns = R1R2E / IM
Simon De Jaeger, Johan Eyckmans (2007) made a research to give a brief
introduction to quantitative evaluation techniques that can be used to evaluate
the effectiveness of voluntary policy programs with non-experimental data and
to argue that these are relevant tools for assessing the effectiveness of voluntary
waste management programs. For further research, they believe other
quantitative policy evaluation techniques like matching and instrumental
variables type of estimators could be applied to the Flemish case study. Given
the significant results obtained by the dynamic DiD analysis, to think that these
alternative techniques will not yield different evaluation results in general.
However, some techniques like instrumental variables techniques applied to
panel data would give additional detailed insights into the reasons why
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particular types of subscribers perform less than what could be expected.
However, applications of such techniques require more detailed data, for
instance on municipal waste pricing policies, some of which are currently not
available in Flanders.
The study of the results made by Samonporn Suttibak, Vilas
Nitivattananon (2008), suggest that, in the context of recycling programs
implemented in Thailand, waste recycling systems could be enhanced by
addressing these influencing factors: perception of administrator awareness of
SWM problems, lack of skilled operators and source separation, and reducing
transportation costs, cooperation with NGOs, and provision of free organic
waste bins. In addition, innovative influencing factors that were found in this
study are reducing transportation costs by providing door-to-door services,
providing low investment costs, providing interest, compensatory goods, and
loans for recyclers, and managing the garbage bank program as a cooperative
organization. These factors may be the best approach in areas where the socio-
economic contexts are similar to those of Thailand.
Key points to recommend for development partners who intend to
develop and enhance recycling performance systems include (i) determining the
innovative incentives for recyclers that are suitable for socio-economic context;
(ii) a convenient method to encourage people to participate in recycling; (iii)
mechanisms to reduce transportation costs should be addressed; (iv) introducing
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decentralized recycling programs which succeed with available financial sources;
and (v) subsidization or grants which establish CFs or MRFs on a large scale.
MRFs should be considered and connected with the promotion of other recycling
programs and capacity building. This study contributes to finding the
methodology for identifying the measures related to involving partners, building
capacity, and influencing factors, which may be used in similar situations,
particularly where recycling programs have been implemented and need to
improve their performance. In addition, the systematic approach to finding
management measures which has been used in this study is expected to
contribute and to be applied to other key problems areas.
There are still significant knowledge gaps in the study that needed to be
addressed. Firstly, influencing factors that encompass economic, financial,
technical, and institutional aspects need to be developed as performance
indicators to cope with all management aspects in order to achieve more
sustainable approaches to SWM. Secondly, since this study focuses more on the
implementation phase, the influencing factors should be examined which
respond to planning, ending with monitoring and evaluation phases. Thirdly,
since this study has found different factors influencing recycling performance
than would have been expected from literature review, this suggests that further
study is needed in other areas and other recycling programs that would help in
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understanding the importance of measuring recycling performance through
effectiveness, efficiency, and service ratio dimensions.
M. Melalnen (2002) discussed in his research that there are two major
outcomes determined by his study. Firstly, it appears that the minimizing of
wastes in small and medium sized enterprise (SME)s in Finland is driven more by
the costs of raw materials than by waste costs. To the majority of SMEs, the
waste costs are so insignificant that they provide little incentive to introduce
waste reduction. Waste minimization is, therefore, not guided by waste costs
but by the loss of raw materials. It is thus crucial to find procedures to support
SMEs in upgrading efficiency in their use of materials, which is also a way to
combine competitiveness and sustainability.
Secondly, a classification of SMEs was constructed to describe their
attitudes towards environmental protection. It was discovered that, in general,
innovative and proactive SMEs in Finland build up environmental management
system (EMS)s because of the demand from external stakeholders. An EMS
functions on a topdown principle: customers and directors of corporations
demand that sub-contractors and subsidiary companies implement EMSs. EMSs
appear to have a high instrumental value for entrepreneurs under strong
pressure from stakeholders. However, EMSs do not currently provide much
impetus for SMEs to implement waste minimization. A detailed analysis of the
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observed links between waste minimization and EMSs has been presented
elsewhere by Ilomaki and Melanen (2001).
The result of the study implies that pressure from external stakeholders is
the major stimulus for proactive SMEs to improve their environmental
performance. This finding contradicts the conclusions of many other studies, for
example Clayton et al. (1999), which claim that regulation is the principal
stimulus for firms to improve their performance. In the SMEs of the study, the
direct effect of regulation was small.
The direct influence of public waste regulation also appears to be minor
in large industrial plants, except for the impacts of the municipal waste charge
and the national waste tax, which have prompted waste recovery in some
enterprises.4 Those interviewed in this study also felt that the principal pressure
to upgrade environmental protection and a companys own waste policy comes
from customers.
There are several explanations for this situation. The primary reason is
probably the fact that proactive companies strive to foresee changes of public
regulation and have already achieved the required level when a new obligation
comes into force. Public regulation in this case influences indirectly. The
outcome can also be partly explained by assuming that enterprises face the
demands placed by public regulation through the claims of customers, and their
original source, i.e. regulation, is not identified.
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The waste policy instruments currently used in Finland, at least in the
case companies of the study, do not support waste prevention. Regulation
should thus be markedly tightened if waste avoidance is genuinely regarded as
the first objective in the policy hierarchy. To some extent waste prevention does
take place in enterprises but the motivating factors are other than waste
regulation. If public regulation is to be intensified, the most effective instrument
will probably be taxation implemented on a broad basis.
An extensive study and field survey made by Haskarlianus Pasang,
Graham A. Moore, Guntur Sitorus (2006) identified numerous problems and
constraints that hinder the application of a more sustainable MSW management
in Jakarta. Interestingly, based on direct investigation, they are not so much
related to financial and technical aspects, but rather to vision, commitment and
policy initiatives such as long-term planning, revenue collection, sharing disposal
facilities, level of stockholder participation, and transparency in decision-making.
To foster more sustainable MSW management, there is a need to find
and develop a genuine and realistic solution, including initiating action that fits
with the actual waste generation, composition, and characteristics, as well as the
socio-economic context. Because of the extensive nature of the problems, a new
approach would best be designed to build upon the existing system. It is vital
that there should be a strong community involvement, particularly in source
reduction, and that the system is cost neutral or provides financial benefit to the
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community. As neighbourhood associations already exist within Jakartas formal
government structure and have been an important part of the community for a
long time, they may provide a promising management unit for implementing
alternative solutions.
An experimental study through the Pil-KAB project in Menteng Council,
Jakarta, and field study by the author have demonstrated a range of lessons to
be learned and could be used as the basis of the development of a new approach
in MSW management at the community level. Introducing this approach would
not change the nature of the existing neighbourhood association function, but
could enhance its capacity and position. Among the neighbourhood-based waste
management (NBWM) activities, education, waste collection, fee collection,
recycling, composting, and micro-business would be the drivers of the waste-
management cart to a better service that is available to all levels of households.
The activities could potentially generate money through the selling of recyclable
and compostable materials, as well as compost products. This income could be
used to contribute to the expenses of waste collection and other community
activities, including providing incentives for the community such as waste
containers and additional safety measures. Transportation fees levied by the
Cleansing Department or its contractors for waste cartage from the NBWM
transfer point to a final disposal site might also be paid by the income generated
by the community owned business.
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Potential incentives and benefits for government from the existence of
the NBWM are as follows: (i) reducing the burden of the municipal government
for collection and transportation, enabling the Cleansing Department to focus on
commercial, industrial and hazardous wastes,
as well as transportation and better managed disposal facilities; (ii) reducing the
amount of waste generated, collected, transported and disposed of and, in turn,
reducing environmental impacts; and (iii) increasing revenues from waste.
A promising solution for the massive waste problems faced by the
government, adopting and implementing the NBWM in Jakarta could ease its
burden. However, since there is no single NBWM approach that would fit within
existing systems in the city, careful evaluation, monitoring and adjustment might
be needed to account for the different levels of community involvement, socio-
relationships and leadership across Jakarta. Moreover, considering the expected
outcome of this approach, as well as the changing process within the existing
system, introduction of local policies and regulations and their enforcement are
extremely important. Further investigation of the economic value and economic
scale of the approach, as well as the way to deal with the existing informal
recycling workers, would be needed.
A few general conclusions on SWM service delivery can be drawn from
the study made by Shafiul Azam Ahmeda, Syed Mansoor Ali (2006) on SWM
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service through publicprivatepeople partnership. These are described as
follows.
Firstly, this study found that it is possible to improve SWM service
delivery through publicprivate partnership despite institutional and financial
constraints present in developing countries. This observation is significant
because total reform of the urban service agencies, particularly the public
agencies, may be challenging and time-consuming. The findings of this study
showed that service delivery might be improved markedly within a short period
by developing partnership between the public and the private sector.
Secondly, the study indicated that achieving such partnerships may not
require any radical institutional overhaul. Facilitating agencies with adequate
capacity may enable the public and private sector to forge partnership within
their existing institutional concern or better will, understanding.
Thirdly, the study documented that the financial constraints present in
the urban service sector may be partially offset by untapped resources. It was
found that citizens are willing to pay service charge in addition to regular
municipal taxes provided that the services are of acceptable quality. Financial
limitation should not be considered as an impediment for improving service
level, as citizens may be quite willing to pay enhanced fees for improved service.
Fourthly, it became evident through the study that it is possible to
achieve behaviour and attitude change in people and service agencies. It was
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possible, with assistance from facilitating agencies, to achieve behaviour change
among citizens. People accustomed to throw garbage on the street or into drains
stopped this practice and started to bring their garbage to collection vans.
Similarly, municipal officials started to view NGOs and CBOs as their allies and
not troublemakers. Likewise, the private sector also changed their view of
municipal staff as inaccessible and obstinate.
Fifthly, it was shown that accountability and transparency in urban
service delivery may be improved even without introducing any major
institutional reform. It was documented that accountability and responsiveness
improve significantly when people, politicians and service providers face one
another in discussion platforms. It is possible to achieve such functioning
platforms with assistance by facilitating agencies. The platforms provided an
opportunity for free exchange of views between the service receivers, service
providers and public representatives. This direct interaction transformed the
traditional distant and unresponsive service agencies into more responsive and
accountable agencies. It also improved peoples exercise of their voice to
demand acceptable service and politicians responsibility to ensure delivery of
such services by the service agencies. In essence, a democratization of service
delivery improved accountability.
For further research, the authors recommend investigation into the
following areas (i) This study mainly looked into the outcome of facilitation, and
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not the cost of facilitation. The cost of facilitation in comparison with other
competing models such as purely public or purely private service delivery should
be investigated. (ii) This study indicated a lack of monitoring in service quality,
particularly by the public agency. Further research is needed to develop
monitoring indicators of urban service delivery for developing countries that may
be used to benchmark the public sector, private sector, and PPP. (iii) Reaching
research findings to the relevant users for bringing change in practice is an area
that deserves more attention. Research is needed to develop an effective way to
feed back study findings to policymakers and practitioners of urban service
delivery sector in developing countries.
Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most challenging issues
faced by developing countries that suffer from serious pollution problems
caused by the generation of large waste quantities. This paper presented by
Issam A. Al-Khatib, Maria Monou, Abdul Salam F. Abu Zahra, Hafez Q. Shaheen,
Despo Kassinos (2010), the case Study of SWM in the Nablus district Palestine.
There are 72 localities in the Nablus district and a total population of approx.
336,380 inhabitants in 2006 (projection based on figures from Palestinian Central
Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), 1999).
Joint Councils for Services, Planning and Development (JCSPD) were
formed to create a stronger institutional framework in Nablus, reduce waste
management costs, support sustainable development of communities, improve
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environmental and health conditions and raise the quality and efficiency of
services in rural areas (Ministry of Local Government, 2004). One important
improvement was the allocation of collection services to most localities and
improvement of the existing ones. Moreover, major obstacles to proper MSWM
such as, lack of reliable data and research, shortage of trained manpower,
inadequate legal and regulatory cover, poor institutional and administrative
arrangements, shortage of equipment, financial and technical difficulties and a
serious shortage of competent private operators were improved.
Regarding solid waste treatment and reuse, the Environmental Quality
Authority (EQA) of Palestine suggested that separation and composting of
organic waste, incineration, separation and recycling of certain waste streams
were considered alternatives that depend on the effectiveness of the proposed
collection and landfill measures. The characterization of solid waste streams and
the estimation of solid waste generation rates are critical data required to
propose any sustainable management system and to find the most appropriate
and viable alternative solutions to MSWM. It is one of the greatest challenges
that organizations face today; how to diversify the treatment options, increase
the reliability of infrastructure systems, and leverage the redistribution of waste
streams among incineration, composting, recycling, and other facilities to their
competitive advantage region-wide. Although the main constituents of domestic
solid waste are similar worldwide, the generated quantity, the density and the
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proportion of constituents vary widely, even within a country according to the
level of economic development, geographic location, weather and social
conditions (Sufian and Bala, 2007).
Sustainability is a popular word today. Ashok V. Shekdar (2008),
everyone from commodity manufacturers and service providers to
international policy makers is using the term in one context or another. It is
unclear whether all of these stakeholders understand the term sustainable
development to mean the same thing. It has been estimated that current rates
of resource extraction are ten thousand times higher than rates of natural
resource generation. In the foreseeable future, there is a little chance that this
proportion would change significantly. Moreover, it is unclear whether SWM can
contribute in a meaningful way. Accordingly, it would be best to develop
sustainable SWM rather SWM for sustainable society. The SWM system should
be compatible with both the financial capacity of a given society and with the
assimilative capacity of its adjoining environment.
The Asian continent is a mixture of complex cultures, a mix that is truly
reflected in the MSW systems. Countries like Japan showcase a sustainable
approach through MSW management. Meanwhile, countries like China strive to
meet new demands arising from aggressive development. For every nation, solid
waste management is a vital, ongoing and significant public service system that
needs to be efficiently delivered to the community to maintain aesthetic and
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public health standards. Municipal agencies must plan and operate the system in
keeping with increasing urbanization and population growth. Today, Asian
countries have the potential to demonstrate sustainable SWM systems through
an integrated approach. A systematic effort is necessary to improve various
factors, including policy and legal frameworks, institutional arrangements,
financial provisions, technology, operations management, human resource
development, and public participation and awareness of integrated sustainable
solid waste management (ISSWM) systems.
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the approach, techniques and design created in
the formation of the study. Information on the source of data, respondents of
the study, sampling technique, instruments and other statistical treatments used
in the research are explained.
3.1 METHOD OF RESEARCH
Impact and Process Evaluation shall be used in this research. These
methods would help determine the range and extent of the outcomes of the
plan. This could also aid in the guidance of what needs to be improved on the
current Solid Waste Management Plan.
Impact evaluation is undertaken on programs which are judged to be
settled, or in place. They can be regarded as occurring at some logical end point
of the developmental process. The following are reasons for conducting an
impact evaluation: 1.) know the range and extent of outcomes of the program
under review, and 2.) provide guidance on what to do next.
Process evaluation is concerned with what actually happens in practice.
Three major approaches are used: 1.) studies of program implementation, 2.)
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guidance for refinement of developing programs, and 3.) responsiveness to the
needs of practitioners. The three approaches have different purposes, different
ways in which data are collected and analysed, and different audiences. (Owen,
1993)
3.2 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
3.2.1 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
The primary source of data was acquired through survey questionnaires.
Copies of the questionnaires shall be distributed to the fourteen barangays of
Navotas. In these fourteen barangays, a random selection of respondents from
the Residential, Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional groups was made. The
questionnaire contains the following informations: respondents profile,
responses on significant items of the plan with regard to Performance
Objectives, Monitoring and Evaluation, and Corrective Actions being
implemented in the City. The questionnaire was patterned in Likert scale type for
the respondents to be able to rate each item with straightforwardness.
The questionnaire was translated into the local dialect (Tagalog) for
better understanding of the items for the respondents. Back translation was also
done to determine if there would be effect or changes in the intended use of the
questionnaire.
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3.2.2 PRELIMINARY TESTING OF QUESTIONNAIRE
The researcher made a preliminary testing of the questionnaire among
forty (40) respondents who were located in an adjacent city where the study was
conducted to establish its comprehensibility and feasibility.
3.2.3 VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT
The researcher employed Reliability Analysis procedure to calculate the
number of commonly used measures of scales reliability and also provide
information about the relationship between individual items in the scale. Alpha
(Cronbachs) model of reliability measures how well a set of items measures a
single uni-dimensional latent construct. When a data has a multi-dimensional
structure, Cronbachs Alpha will usually be low. Technically speaking, it is not a
statistical test; it is a coefficient of reliability or consistency. It can be written as a
function of the number of test items and the average inter-correlation among
items. Cornbachs alpha is represented by the following formula: (SPSS
www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/faq/alpha.html )
= (N x r) / (1 + (N-1) x r)
where: = the coefficient of reliability
N = number of items
r = the average inter-item correlation among items
The formula above, in conclusion, if the number of items
increases, Cronbachs Alpha also increases. Moreover, if the average inter-item
correlation increases, Cronbachs Alpha increases as well. If the inter-item
correlations are high, then there is evidence that the items measuring the same
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underlying constructs. Thus, defining when an individual claims that they have
high or good reliability.
Cronbachs alpha reliability coefficient normally ranges between 0 and 1.
However, there is actually no lower limit to the coefficient. The closer
Cronbachs alpha coefficient is to 1.0 the greater the internal consistency of the
items in the scale. George and Mallery (2003) provide the following rule of
thumb as shown in Table 3.1
Coefficient Value Interpretation_ > .9 Excellent
_ > .8 Good
_ > .7 Acceptable
_ > .6 Questionable
_ > .5 Poor
_ < .5 Unacceptable
Presented below is Chronbachs Alpha Test for Reliability Result using
SPSS v. 15.0. Table 3.2 presents the Case Processing Summary.
N %
Cases Valid 15 37.5
Excluded(a) 25 62.5
Total 40 100.0
Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Out of the 40
respondents, 15 of them qualify for the Chronbachs alpha test, only 15 was used
in the reliability test. 25 were omitted due to lack of responses or missing data.
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Table 3.3 presents the Reliability Statistics.
Cronbach's
Alpha
N of
Items
.892 46
In order to say that the questionnaire is reliable enough to answer all of
the objectives and all the questions are related to one another, a value more
than .7 or 70% reliability (alpha value) is needed. In this case, the alpha value is
.892 which means that the questionnaire is Good as shown on the
interpretation of Table 3.1.
3.2.4 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORDS
The secondary source of data was obtained from the Citys Chronological
Records being submitted to the EMB pertaining to the policies and objectives of
the Solid Waste Management Act such as solid waste avoidance and volume
reduction.
3.3 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
3.3.1 DOCUMENTARY INVESTIGATION
Interrelated documents were obtained from the different government
bureaus namely: Navotas City Hall, Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, National Solid Waste Management Commission, and Environment
Management Bureau.
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3.4 DATA GATHERING PROCESS
Copies of the questionnaires were handed out to the different
respondents personally by the researcher to be able to administer proper
answering of questions, and clarification on different items in the questionnaires
that the respondents might have difficulty in interpreting.
3.5 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
A follow-up discussion on essential items was done to verify and check on
the responses from the distributed questionnaires. These are the items which
required personal observation to determine if the answers fail to agree with
from the actual setting.
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH LOCALE
Today, Navotas is one of the constituent cities of Metro Manila with 15
other cities and 1 municipality administratively referred to as the National
Capital Region.
The Citys political subdivision was changed to barangays following the
nationwide implementation of the Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP) in the
1970s when the country was under Martial Law. The IRP has increased its
subdivision into 14 barangays, namely: San Rafael Village, North Bay Boulevard
South, North Bay Boulevard North, Bangkulasi, Bagumbayan South, Bagumbayan
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North, Navotas East, Navotas West, Sipac-Almacen, San Jose, Daanghari, San
Roque, Tangos and Tanza moved through history in impact political
developments:
3.6.1 Physical Characteristics
Navotas is a coastal town in the northwest part of Metropolitan Manila.
It is a narrow strip of land with an aggregated shoreline of approximately 4.5 km.
Boundaries
North:Obando Bulacan
South: Manila
East: Daang Cawayan
River, Binuangan River,
Bangculasi River, Dampalit
River, Batasan River, Navotas River, Malabon River.
West: Manila Bay
3.6.2 Location and Topography
Navotas is a small fishing town in the northwest part of Metropolitan
Manila. It is a long island system presenting as aggregate shoreline of
approximately 4.5 kms. fronting Manila Bay.
Towards the North, Navotas shares common border with the town of
Obando, Bulacan, along Sukol Creek. The Eastern boundary of Navotas is a larger
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natural stream of water composed of Binuangan River, the Daang Cawayan
River, the Dampalit River, the Batasan River, the Navotas River, the Bangculasi
Channel, and the Malabon Channel and the Estero de Maypajo.
It also shares a common boundary with Manila in the south. On the
west, the water of Manila Bay washes the seashore of Navotas. It has fourteen
barangays where which eleven are along the coastal area and three (3) are
within interior places.
Navotas is generally a flat land in which most part of it is utilized for
residency. Better residential structures are located in residential subdivision of
Carville and Merville at Barangay Tanza and San Rafael Village.
Shipyards engaged in shipbuilding and repair mostly occupies the
riverbanks. All river that surround this locality were once a very rich fishing
ground but due to heavy population aggravated by silt, marine life within it cease
to exist.
3.6.3 Land Area/Physical Land Use
Navotas has an area of 10.69 sq.kms. or 1,077 hectares of land, which is
distributed mostly to agriculture (fish culturing) and residential use. This
includes the reclaimed area being utilized by the Philippines Fishery
Development Authority.
Limited land resources for industrialization purpose and flooding problem
hindered the development of Navotas.
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No. of Health Personnel : 316
B. Social Welfare
Total No. of Day Care Center : 19
Total No. of Social Welfare Centers : 2
C. Education
No. of Schools Public Private
Elementary 13 2
Secondary 9 3
Tertiary 1 1
D. Peace and Order
Crime Rate (crime occur, per month) : 22.08%
Crime Solution Efficiency : 98.81%
Police to Population Ratio : 1:1,628
II. Economic Profile
A. Trade and Industry
No. of Business Establishments : 2,580
Financial Institutions
Banks : 23
Lending Companies : 16
Manufacturing : 142
Cooperatives : 28
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Tiangges : 6
Baklad/Tahungan : 362
Fishponds : 5
Fishing Corporations : 15
Shipyard Builders : 23
Total : 3,200
[Detailed list of commercial establishments can be found in Appendix XII]
3.6.5 Current Conditions in Solid Waste Management
I. Waste Generation
Current waste generated in the City of Navotas is composed of wastes
from households, commercial, industrial, and institutional establishments in the
fourteen (14) barangays: San Rafael Village, North Bay Boulevard South, North
Bay Boulevard North, Bangkulasi, Bagumbayan South, Bagumbayan North,
Navotas East, Navotas West, Sipac-Almacen, San Jose, Daanghari, San Roque,
Tangos and Tanza.
II. Waste Generation Based on Actual Collection
From 1994 to February 2006, Navotas hired the services of various
contractors and henceforth acquired several waste collection equipment to
manage its waste collection operation by administration. From 2006 to 2007, an
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average of 280 cu.m. or 80 tons/day of waste actually collected were brought to
the disposal site.
Figure 3. Map of Navotas divided into Barangays
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Figure 4. Zoning Map of Navotas
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III. Waste Generation Based on the MMDA/NSWMC Standard
Generation Rate
Based on the projected population of Navotas for 2006, the estimated
waste generation per day is 120.886 tons. Analyzing the amount of waste
brought to the disposal site, the discrepancy of 40.886 tons could be attributed
to the waste collection efficiency and waste reduction effort of the city.
IV. Waste Composition and Characterization
The waste characterization study for the City of Navotas was carried out
in order to:
a.) Establish a baseline data on waste for the city.
b.) Upgrade the present waste management system.
The survey for the quantity of waste was conducted at the former
Transfer Station of Navotas located at Barangay Bagumbayan North from July 16-
30, 2003 for seven (7) days. The prescribed format for the recording of data was
provided and recorded by the assigned team. A regular work schedule was
arranged starting at 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Pre-measurement of the truck
dimension (volume) was determined by the working team composed of ten (10)
personnel.
Classifications of waste materials were based from the format prescribed
by the DENR (see Appendix VII). The following is the resulting summation of
quantity of the samples from general sources:
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Paper - - 16.47 %
Glass - - 3.24 %
Metal - - 3.19 %
Plastic - - 23.50 %
Other organic - - 50.60%
(Biodegradable)
Other inorganic - - 1.00%
(Non-biodegradable)
Hazardous - - 1.00 %
Special - - 1.00%
(White Waste)
Major Sources of waste are:
Households - - 74.00 %
Market - - 4.00 %
Industrial/Commercial - - 16.00 %
Institutions - - 1.00 %
River waste - - 2.50 %
Street Sweeping - - 2.50 %
During the waste composition study conducted, high percentage of mixed
wastes disposal is still very much in practice, recyclables are low due to salvaging
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done by scavengers at pick up points. Absence of recyclable industrial wastes is
noticeable as industries have private haulers with dump facilities to dispose their
wastes.
V. Administrative Systems in Support of Citys Waste Management
Programs
A. Organizational Structure
The Solid Waste Management Programs had historically emanated from,
and was given direction by the Office of the Mayor. The Environmental
Sanitation Office (ESO) which will be upgraded to City Environment and Natural
Resources Office (CENRO) is tasked to oversee the day-to-day activities
associated with waste management concerns, supported by various other
personnel.
The administrative support structure that has continued to prevail over
the Citys SWMP is otherwise housed within what is called the Environmental
Sanitation Office (ESO). While the ESO continues to discharge its duties and
responsibilities, the near-term will see the active involvement of the
reconstituted Solid Waste Management Board as it is specifically tasked under
the provisions of R.A. 9003 for a cohesive and fully-integrated implementation of
the Plan. Over the transition period until its adoption, the Plan shall be under
the ESOs/CENROs administrative jurisdiction.
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The ESOs/CENROs structure is graphically depicted in the following
figure.
Figure 5. Organizational Structure
The ESO/CENRO works closely with the following units or offices in the
City Government of Navotas that includes, among others the: Public Order and
Safety Office (POSO), the City Public Information Office (CPIO) thru TXT TOBY
(principally tasked with and credited for a quick response or action to citizens
concerns or complaints particularly as these relate to solid wastes), the City
Engineers Office, the Legal Office and so on.
B. Equipment and Staff
This section describes the ESO/CENRO in terms of staff complementation,
their training, and related equipment managed. It also mentions the trainings on
solid waste management available to the staff and other employees and the
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public and their sponsors. The information serves as indicators on the capability
of the Office to provide the service.
Table 3.4 Under the City Administration
Personnel Number
Supervisor 1
Dispatcher 3
Area Inspector 2
Driver 17
Waste Collector (Sanitation Crew) 51
Chief Mechanic 1
Assistant Mechanic 1
Welder Mechanic 1
Automotive Electrician 1
Helper/Utility 3
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Table 3.5 Under the Barangay Administration
Personnel Number Sufficiently Trained
Dispatcher 1/Barangay yes
Driver 1/Truck yes
Garbage Collector 3/Truck yes
C. Collection, Transfer and Disposal
This section describes the existing system, service area, collection routes,
and the collection frequency of solid waste in Navotas City
Main Road-Street Sweepings : every day
Barangay/Residential Areas : thrice a week
Business/Industrial Establishments : by schedule (charged w/
special fees)
Public Schools : thrice a week
Private Schools : by schedule (charged w/
special fees)
Markets : daily
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Basically, waste in the 14 Barangays within the city proper are collected
during M-W-F in District-I and T-TH-S in District-II every night and special waste,
recyclables and other residual waste are collected on Sundays. Waste collection
from Schools, Business, Institutions and other establishments who operates
during the day are done during daytime. Generally, the system of collection is
Door-to-Door pursuant to Municipal Ordinance 2003-13 adopted from MMDA
Regulations on Unified Approach of Waste Collection.
Table 3.6 Existing Containment and Collection System from Source
The City Health Officer and the ESO/CENRO shall provide necessary
training to personnel and collectors to ensure that the solid wastes are handled
property in accordance with the guidelines pursuant to the R.A.9003. All
collectors and other personnel directly dealing with collection of solid waste
shall be equipped with personal protective equipment and paraphernalia such
as, but not limited to gloves, marks and safety boots, to protect them from the
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hazards of handling solid wastes. Equipment shall be maintained in good
condition and kept clean to prevent the propagation or attraction of vectors and
the creation of nuisances. For the purpose of identification, vehicles shall bear
the body number, the name and telephone number of the agency collecting solid
waste.
D. Waste Management Facilities
Intermediate Facilities
Navotas City does not have yet elaborate intermediate facilities intended
to receive or accommodate the processing of its solid wastes. What it has are
Barangay and School-based Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in compliance
to RA 9003. The types of waste commonly received in these facilities are dry
recyclables. Composting is practiced in some schools. Some barangays linked-up
with the Junkshops in their localities to serve as extension MRFs for dry
recyclables.
E. Final Disposal
The City of Navotas in collaboration and cooperation with the
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) and Philippine Ecology
Systems (PHILECO) developed and established a DENR-approved Controlled
Disposal Facility (CDF) in Barangay Tanza in 2002 as the final disposal site of the
citys and the City of Manilas waste. In the same year, the existing open
dumpsite of Navotas was closed as required by R.A.9003. Likewise, pursuant to
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R.A.9003, the CDF is closed with a DENR-approved closure plan in 2006 to give
way to an authorized 35 hectare-Sanitary Landfill (see Appendix VII) about 300
meters away from the site.
The Sanitary Landfill located in Barangay Tanza - In 2006 the CDF was
closed in compliance with RA-9003 to give way to the operation of a 35 hectare-
Sanitary Landfill as a requirement by law that all CDFs must be closed within 5
years from the effectivity of the Act pursuant to an approved closure plan from
the DENR developed by private contractor Philippine Ecology Systems
Corporation thru Memorandum of Understanding with the MMDA and the City
of Navotas and thru a Sangguniang Bayan Resolution (see Appendix IX). It is
estimated to receive approx. 2,000 tons/day of residual waste from the Cities of
Navotas, Manila and Malabon for a period of fifteen (15) years since it started
operation in 2006.
3.7 POPULATION AND SAMPLING TEST
The respondents were represented by the 14 barangays thereat, and by
the officers/staff of the CENRO.
The sample of the study consisted of 1.) ESO / CENRO / Barangay staff
(the implementing body), 2.) Household, 3.) Commercial, 4.) Industrial and 5.)
Institutional (stakeholders) respondents.
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ESO / CENRO / Barangay Staff were chosen as respondents in view of the
fact that they are the implementing body in the solid waste management plan.
With this regard, only the workers who have stayed under the management for
at least two years were chosen since the researcher believes that this would be
enough for them to be familiar with the solid waste management practices of
the city.
Random household, commercial, industrial and institutional respondents
were selected for they are the stakeholders of the plan. Each individual is
chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the
same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process, and
each subset of individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the
sample as any other subset of individuals.
The Office of the City Mayor, Office of the City Administrator, City
Planning and Development Office, City Engineers Office and Sangguniang
Panlungsod shall be contacted to secure needed permits for the different
establishments to conduct the study.
Table 3.7 shows the population of the City of Navotas and Table 3.8
shows the population per barangay of the City which were extracted from the
documents obtained from Navotas City Environment and Natural Resources
Office.
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Table 3.7
POPULATION OF RESPONDENTS
Year Population Pop. Growth Rate
2006 268,040 2%
2007 273,400 2%
2008 278,868 2%
2009 284,446 2%
2010 290,135 2%
2011 295,937 2%
2012 301,856 2%
2013 307,893 2%
2014 314,051 2%
2015 320,332 2%
Table 3.8
POPULATION PER BARANGAY (2006 2010)
Barangay Name
Population
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Bagumabyan South 4,227 4,312 4,398 4,486 4,575
Bagumbayan North 3,418 3,486 3,556 3,627 3,700
Sipac Almacen 12,649 12,902 13,160 13,423 13,692
North Bay Blvd. South 79,493 81,083 82,705 84,359 86,046
North Bay Blvd. North 15,831 16,148 16,471 16,800 17,136
Tanza 31,773 32,408 33,057 33,718 34,392
San Roque 18,500 18,870 19,247 19,632 20,025
Tangos 35,657 36,370 37,098 37,839 38,596
Navotas East 2,533 2,584 2,635 2,688 2,742Navotas West 8,841 9,018 9,198 9,382 9,570
San Rafael Village 3,035 3,096 3,158 3,221 3,285
Bangkulasi 7,875 8,033 8,193 8,357 8,524
San Jose 25,882 26,400 26,928 27,466 28,016
Daanghari 18,326 18,693 19,066 19,448 19,837
Total Population 268,040 273,400 278,868 284,446 290,135
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Slovins formula sampling technique was used to determine the number
of samples to be taken from the said population. The formula was used to take
into account confidence levels and margins of error. Nothing about the
behaviour of the sample is known, thus Slovins formula was used.
n = N / 1 + (Ne^2)
where: n = number of samples
N = total population
e = error tolerance
n = 290,135
1 + 290,135 * 0.05 * 0.05
n = 399.44 / 14 (distributed to 14 barangays)
n = 28.532 29
rounded up to 30 respondents per barangay
Stratified sampling was used by the researcher to make certain that the
members of the sample population be proportional to that of the total
population. Table 3.9 shows the designation of each barangays and the number
of assigned respondents.
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Purposive sampling was applied by the researcher to gain access to
particular subset of people. It was used to include people of interest and exclude
those who do not suit the purpose. Design based on choosing individuals as
samples according to the purpose of the researchers at his control.
Table 3.9
DESIGNATION OF BARANGAYS AND SIZE OF RESPONDENTS
Barangay Name Designation Respondents
Bagumabyan South 1 30
Bagumbayan North 2 30
Sipac Almacen 3 30
North Bay Blvd. South 4 30
North Bay Blvd. North 5 30
Tanza 6 30
San Roque 7 30
Tangos 8 30
Navotas East 9 30
Navotas West 10 30
San Rafael Village 11 30
Bangkulasi 12 30
San Jose 13 30
Daanghari 14 30
Total 14 420
Table 3.10 shows the number of questionnaires distributed, targeted and
retrieved per Barangay. The researcher anticipated that some of the
questionnaires distributed would be ignored so it was planned to distribute 45
questionnaires per barangay to have margin for ignored and overlooked
questionnaires. Barangays 3 and 14 were able to go over the targeted number of
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retrieved questionnaires (103% and 133%). Barangay 13 has the lowest
retrieved questionnaires (50%). Taken as a whole, the ratio of retrieved
questionnaire is 93%. Detailed Demographic Profile of Respondents can be found
in Appendix
Table 3.10
NUMBER OF QUEATIONNAIRES DISTRIBUTED, TARGETED AND RETRIEVED PER
BARANGAY
BarangayQuestionnaires
DistributedTarget Retrieved Percentage
Barangay 1 45 30 28 93%
Barangay 2 45 30 29 97%
Barangay 3 45 30 31 103%
Barangay 4 45 30 29 97%
Barangay 5 45 30 28 93%
Barangay 6 45 30 30 100%
Barangay 7 45 30 30 100%
Barangay 8 45 30 30 100%Barangay 9 45 30 28 93%
Barangay 10 45 30 19 63%
Barangay 11 45 30 28 93%
Barangay 12 45 30 27 90%
Barangay 13 45 30 15 50%
Barangay 14 45 30 40 133%
Total 630 420 392 93%
Table 3.11 shows the number of Institutional establishments in the City
categorized in private and public schools and the number of retrieved
questionnaires.
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Table 3.11
NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND RETRIEVED RESPONDENTS
PER BARANGAY
Barangay Private Public Retrieved Percentage
Barangay 1 0 0 0 0%
Barangay 2 0 1 1 100%
Barangay 3 0 0 0 0%
Barangay 4 0 2 1 50%
Barangay 5 0 1 1 100%Barangay 6 0 4 3 75%
Barangay 7 0 2 1 50%
Barangay 8 0 5 1 20%
Barangay 9 0 0 0 0%
Barangay 10 0 0 0 0%
Barangay 11 0 2 1 50%
Barangay 12 0 4 0 0%
Barangay 13 2 2 3 75%
Barangay 14 1 1 2 100%
Total 3 24 14 52%
Table 3.12 shows the number of Commercial establishments in the City of
Navotas. Only the sizeable establishments were taken into consideration and
these respondents were clustered as one group due to the small number per
barangay. Some barangays do not have commercial establishments at all. Only
the medium and large sized enterprises were selected for the study.
Table 3.13 shows the number of respondents retrieved from the
implementers of the SWM plan of the City.
Table 3.12
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NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND RETRIEVED RESPONDENTS
Number of Establishments Target Retrieved Percentage
3200 355 10 3%
Table 3.13
NUMBER OF IMPLEMENTER (BARANGAY) RESPONDENTS PER BARANGAY
Barangay Target Retrieved Percentage
Barangay 1 1 1 100%