FINAL KGB SUBMISSION

Constructionarium - Kingsgate Footbridge

Group 1 Page 1

Civil Engineering Fieldcourse

Constructionarium

CRN’s :

20357 (Design Exercise E2.2)

14782 (A2 Structural Design Exercise)

Credit Rating : 10 Credits

Level 5, Semester 2

Group 1

Kingsgate Footbridge Project

Civil Engineering Group

School of Computing, Science & Engineering

College of Science & Technology


Group 1 Page 2

Contents 1 Marking & Feedback : Planning Phase Report ............................................................................... 6

2 Marking & Feedback : Construction Phase Activity ...................................................................... 7

3 Group members ................................................................................................................................... 8

4 Kingsgate Footbridge Introduction .................................................................................................. 9

5 Organisation of the team .................................................................................................................. 12

6 Kingsgate Bridge construction sequence ....................................................................................... 13

6.1 Summary of the activities and machines involved in the construction sequence: ........... 21

7 Environmental impact assessment .................................................................................................. 22

7.1 Pollution. .................................................................................................................................... 22

7.2 Site waste management plan(waste control) .......................................................................... 23

7.2.1 Project aim ......................................................................................................................... 24

7.2.2 Management....................................................................................................................... 24

7.2.3 Distribution ........................................................................................................................ 24

7.2.4 Instruction and training .................................................................................................... 24

7.2.5 Waste management on site .............................................................................................. 24

7.2.6 Segregation ......................................................................................................................... 25

7.2.7 Management....................................................................................................................... 25

8 Health and Safety ............................................................................................................................... 27

8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 27

8.2 Health and Safety & Welfare Risk Assessment..................................................................... 29

8.3 Risk assessment - Surveying .................................................................................................... 34

8.4 Risk assessment - Shuttering.................................................................................................... 36

8.5 Risk assessment - Concreting .................................................................................................. 38

9 Method Statement ............................................................................................................................. 40

9.1 Project Information .................................................................................................................. 40

9.2 Outline itinerary of constructionarium week ........................................................................ 41

9.3 Health Protection ...................................................................................................................... 42

9.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) “at work regulation 1992” ........................... 42

9.3.2 Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)pm ............................................................... 43

9.3.3 First Aid “The Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981” .............................. 43

9.4 Scope of works .......................................................................................................................... 43

9.5 Managing and refueling generator .......................................................................................... 44

9.6 Construction Traffic management/ site access and deliveries ........................................... 45


Group 1 Page 3

9.7 Materials/equipment delivery .................................................................................................. 45

9.8 Detailed construction stages .................................................................................................... 46

9.9 Calculations for the Co-ordinates for Setting out of the foundations............................... 58

10 Lifting plan for positioning the decks ........................................................................................ 96

10.1 Lifting operations - documentation ........................................................................................ 98

11 Calculating the amount of concrete needed ............................................................................ 108

11.1 Volume of concrete for the pile caps: .................................................................................. 108

11.2 Volume of concrete for the decks ........................................................................................ 108

12 Programme of work .................................................................................................................... 109

13 Material List .................................................................................................................................. 110

14 Cost estimation ............................................................................................................................ 112

15 The contract ................................................................................................................................. 114

16 Reflective Writing ........................................................................................................................ 115

17 Critical review ............................................................................................................................... 124

17.1 H&S Critical review ................................................................................................................ 124

17.2 Surveying critical review ......................................................................................................... 126

17.3 Shuttering critical review ........................................................................................................ 126

17.4 Rebar and Concrete critical review ....................................................................................... 126

18 References..................................................................................................................................... 128


Group 1 Page 4

Figure 1 Ove Arup ....................................................................................................................................... 9

Figure 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ 13

Figure 3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 13

Figure 4 ........................................................................................................................................................ 14

Figure 5 ........................................................................................................................................................ 14

Figure 6 ........................................................................................................................................................ 15

Figure 7 ........................................................................................................................................................ 15

Figure 8 ........................................................................................................................................................ 16

Figure 9 ........................................................................................................................................................ 16

Figure 10 ...................................................................................................................................................... 17

Figure 11 ...................................................................................................................................................... 18

Figure 12 ...................................................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 13 ...................................................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 14 ...................................................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 15 Pollution .................................................................................................................................... 23

Figure 16 Site location ............................................................................................................................... 41

Figure 17 pumping the water out ............................................................................................................ 47

Figure 18 Position of stations .................................................................................................................. 49

Figure 19 Setting out the Total Station ................................................................................................... 50

Figure 20 Position for the centre of foundation ................................................................................... 51

Figure 21 Foundation set-up using batter boards ................................................................................. 52

Figure 22 Foundation and pile markings on the board ........................................................................ 53

Figure 23 Locating the position of the pile using strings ..................................................................... 53

Figure 24 Position the pile straight using spirit level ............................................................................ 54

Figure 8 wheelbarrow ................................................................................................................................ 56

Figure 9 shovel ........................................................................................................................................... 56

Figure 10 soil compactor .......................................................................................................................... 57

Figure 25 Setting out the station at station 3 to sight station 8 ........................................................... 58

Figure 26 Setting out the exact positions of the caps ........................................................................... 61

Figure 27 Assembly of the formwork Stage 1 ....................................................................................... 64

Figure 28 Stage 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 64

Figure 29 Stage 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 65

Figure 30 Stage 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 65

Figure 31 Rebar for pile caps ................................................................................................................... 66

Figure 32 Excavating the soil ................................................................................................................... 67

Figure 33 placing the shuttering in position ........................................................................................... 67

Figure 34 pushing piles into the ground ................................................................................................. 68

Figure 35 Base plate ................................................................................................................................... 69

Figure 36 pouring the concrete for the pile caps .................................................................................. 70

Figure 37 lifting the steel legs ................................................................................................................... 71

Figure 38 "V" shaped supports ................................................................................................................ 72

Figure 39 Installation of the supports ..................................................................................................... 72

Figure 40 Mounting the metal plates on the supports.......................................................................... 73

Figure 41 Anchor bolt ............................................................................................................................... 96

Figure 42 Lifting chains ............................................................................................................................ 97


Group 1 Page 5

Figure 43 Anchor bolts positions ............................................................................................................ 97

Figure 44 Assembling the decks ............................................................................................................ 100

Figure 45 Bolted connection between plates and supports ............................................................... 101

Figure 46 Rotation phase ........................................................................................................................ 102

Figure 47 Rotating both sections ........................................................................................................... 102

Figure 48 Fixing the two section of the bridge.................................................................................... 103

Figure 49 Final design ............................................................................................................................. 103

Figure 50 Final construction stage ........................................................................................................ 105


Group 1 Page 6

1 Marking & Feedback : Planning Phase Report

Mark breakdown

Assessment breakdown

Po

ssib

le M

ark

0-1

9%

Ve

ry P

oo

r

20-3

9%

Un

satisf

ac

tory

40-5

9%

Fa

ir

60-7

9%

Ve

ry G

oo

d

80-1

00%

Exc

elle

nt

JBM

Th

rea

d

Introduction and Team Organisation

Explain what the project is and what the construction involves.

Explain how the team are to organised and controlled.

5 D

Construction Sequence

Explain and identify, with the aid of annotated diagrams, what

the key steps in the construction of the project are.

15 D

H

Risk Assessment

Identify and quantify the construction stage health and safety

hazards and associated risks involved in constructing the project.

10 D

H

Method Statements

Propose detailed method statements for each work activity

involved in constructing the project. Identify the materials,

labour and plant required for each activity.

15

D

H

S

Programme

Propose a programme of work which identifies each work

activity, its duration and time location. Produce a labour

histogram.

10 D

H

Material Estimate

Quantify the construction materials and plant required to

undertake the construction of the project. Submitted on time

and adequate for William Pye to purchase.

15 D

S

Cost Estimate

Using the material estimate, quantify the cost of construction

materials and plant required to undertake the construction of

the project.

10 D

S

Critical Review

Provide a review of the processes of preparing for the site works,

and for the site works themselves.

20

D

H

S

Marks Awarded 100

Comments


Group 1 Page 7

2 Marking & Feedback : Construction Phase Activity

Mark breakdown

Assessment breakdown

Po

ssib

le M

ark

0-1

9%

Ve

ry P

oo

r

20-3

9%

Un

satisf

ac

tory

40-5

9%

Fa

ir

60-7

9%

Ve

ry G

oo

d

80-1

00%

Exc

elle

nt

JBM

Th

rea

d

Safety

Has the team successfully implemented their safety plan and

avoided injury.

Is there a culture of safety first.

20 H

Engagement

Does the whole team engage in the success of the project.

Are task equally allotted and undertaken.

20 H

Problem Solving

Are problems identified, discussed and solved in a practical

manner.

Are the team self-sufficient or do they need large amounts of

outside input.

20 D

H

Teamwork

Does the team work as a single cohesive unit.

Are procedures (method statements, programme) followed.

20 D

H

Time keeping

Do all members of the team observe the agreed working hours.

Are all members of the team punctual to arrive morning and

afternoon.

20 H

Marks Awarded 100

Comments


Group 1 Page 8

3 Group members

Roll number Surname Forename

1 @00325464 Abdulghaffar Aya

2 @00317336 Alajmi Falah

3 @00349499 Al-azemi Fahad

4 @00346202 Albusaidi Ahmed

5 @00319009 Alhajeri Rashed

6 @00298888 Ali Dilawar

7 @00370504 Alhazaa Hazaa

8 @00348583 Al-saad Talal

9 @00322389 Alsaleh Asmaa

10 @00300848 Ashraf Bilal

11 @00297204 Ashraf Haroon

12 @00344620 Barari Reshtehroudi

Mohammad mahdi

13 @00324442 Dimitriev Hristo

14 @00331336 Habib Maryam

15 @00325534 Habib Saleh

16 @00300731 Hassan Asna

17 @00333785 Hussain Vasham

18 @00308116 Naji Haider

19 @00304260 Valkov Valentin

20 @00249318 Ba wazir Osamah


Group 1 Page 9

4 Kingsgate Footbridge Introduction

This document constitutes the construction information prepared by Group 1 to execute

the works for Kingsgate Footbridge project at Constructionarium 2014.

Figure 1 Ove Arup

Kingsgate Footbridge was designed by Ove Arup who is an Engineer that is responsible

for the establishment of Arup Group Limited, a multinational corporation that offers

engineering, design, project management, planning, and consulting services for building

systems. Ove Arup is considered to be among the foremost architectural structural engineers of

his time. This bridge was designed in 1963 under Aurp supervision and he considered this his

finest work, as well as being the last structure he designed himself. It crosses the River Wear,

connecting the older collages and new buildings of Durham University, and linking the Elvet area

of Durham with the city’s cathedral peninsula. It was officially opened in 1967, Aurp have

thought about every detail concerning the bridge. The banks of the river are 17m high, the span

106.7m long. The need for scaffolding on the river was eliminated by the casting of the bridge in

two halves, one for each bank. They were then rotated 90 degrees to meet in the middle. The two

halves pivoted on revolving cones, their meeting point marked by an understated bronze

expansion joint. This well-designed example of simple mechanical engineering provided tense

moments for the team while the spans were turned and connected.

Because of Aurp incredible design we have gone forward to create a small replica of the

bridge but with the same principles. Therefore there was a change in dimensions, heights as well

as different ways to execute minor things within the project with different time scales. Although

other things have remained the same and that is the structure and the way it was constructed by

casting each span and then connecting them in the middle. Our project is to be constructed to a

maximum of four days and a half in Bircham Newton near King Lynn, United Kingdom. People

that will be working on this project throughout this period is to an average of 25 personnel’s

except professional


Group 1 Page 10

Basic Structure

The bridge is 10m long with a central span of 5m

The deck is a reinforced concrete U-section spanning at a height of 1.2m

The V-piers are formed of steel box sections

The bases of each pier are supported on rotating steel plate bearings

The bearings are bolted to 1.25m diameter, 0.75m deep reinforced concrete pile caps

Each pile cap connects the tops of 6 No 1.5m steel piles

The earth approach ramps are at a rise of 1:20 and are reinforced with fabric

reinforcement

Site layout at the start of the week

Your site is level with a 0.75m deep Channel running through the middle

You will be provided with a crane to lift the concrete deck onto the steel piers

What you will have to do:

The key positions must be set out

The piles must be driven

The steel in the piles caps must be fixed and then cast

The bearing base plates are to be bolted to the pile caps and leveled

The deck section needs to be cast including the reinforcement fixing

Tests on rotation should be carried out prior to the deck lifting

The deck must be full fixed in position(resin bolted) before the chains are removed

The earthen approach ramps are to be constructed using the geotechnical reinforcement

as provided.


Group 1 Page 11


Group 1 Page 12

5 Organisation of the team


Group 1 Page 13

6 Kingsgate Bridge construction sequence

In Figure 2 it is shown roughly how does the place looks like, and where all

construction works is going to be done.

Figure 2

Cut the river to create dry working space.

Figure 3


Group 1 Page 14

Using total station finding the exact positions of the pile caps.

Figure 4

Excavating the needed amount of soil for the pile caps.

Figure 5


Group 1 Page 15

Placing the shuttering for the caps in position.

Figure 6

Assembling the reinforcement cage, placing it into the shuttering, pushing the piles

into the ground.

Figure 7


Group 1 Page 16

Casting the pile caps.

Figure 8

Installation of the rotating base plate on top of the pile caps.

Figure 9


Group 1 Page 17

Lifting and placing the V piers in position on to the pile caps.

Figure 10

Pour the concrete in the shuttering for the decks.


Group 1 Page 18

Lifting each deck and placing it into position on top of the V shaped steel legs.

Both sections of the bridge will be parallel to the river.

Figure 11


Group 1 Page 19

90 degree rotation of both sections.

Figure 12

Once the sections are connected we can remove the sand bags from the canal.

Figure 13


Group 1 Page 20

Creating the soil ramps on both sides of the canal. (Chudley & Chudley, 2008)

Figure 14


Group 1 Page 21

6.1 Summary of the activities and machines involved in the

construction sequence:

Monday Induction

Cut the river wit sandbags

Pump the water out, provide dry working

space

Surveying the site

Find the exact positions of the pile caps

Start constructing the formwork for the

pile caps

Start assembling the reinforcement cage for

the pile caps

Water pump

Total station

Heavy tool

machines

Tuesday Excavating the soil for the pile caps

Placing the formwork for the pile caps in

position

Placing the rebar cage inside the shuttering

Insert piles in the ground

Start constructing the formwork for the

decks

Start assembling the reinforcement for the

decks

Hydraulic

excavator

Mobile crane

Heavy tool

machines

Wednesday Cover the inside surface of the formwork

with shuttering oil

Pour the concrete for the pile caps and for

the decks

Vibrate to remove any gaps in the concrete

Cast in element(Anchor bolts, Railing,

Rotating base plate)

Concrete

mixer

Concrete

vibrator

Thursday Start working on both soil ramps

Lift and install the steel supports(Steel

construction)

Check if the rotating mechanism is

working properly

Lift each deck and place it into position

Bolt Each section to the steel legs of the

bridge

Excavator

Mobile crane

Friday Rotate both sections of the bridge 90

degrees

Fix the decks in position

Finish the soil ramps

Soil

compacting

machine


Group 1 Page 22

7 Environmental impact assessment

Environmental assessment is a system that assesses the environmental impact on any

specific project taking place. It can be used on any individual project such as motorway, factory

or even constructing any building. It is the process to see if there are any environmental

influences when taking on a project before it’s carried out and constructed. The main aim when

assessing the environmental impact are to recognise any possible effects, take any measurement

if anything involving harm to the environment occurs, and to predict whether it will have a

massive impact when taking on a project and how to minimise the impact in general if possible.

The main purpose to carry out an environmental assessment is to minimise or even avoid any

ecological effect it can cause. This process should take place in the early stages when a project is

being proposed and this usually happens in the planning stage, (Basics of Environmental

Assessment, 2013).

There are many gains when applying environmental assessment to a project. When

measuring it in the early stages, decision making is more effective and has better results in the

long term run. It avoids any effects that is linked with environment. It can create opportunities

for the public and people can participate as well. Another benefit it includes is it reduces any cost

that is related with the project and delays. It enhances any health protection that humans require.

Another advantage it has is it decreases any dangers that harms the surroundings, (Basics of

Environmental Assessment, 2013).

7.1 Pollution.

It is substances polluting the environment and the surroundings. It is elements that can

harm the surroundings and involves dangerous waste which contaminates the air and water etc.

Pollution comes in many different forms and sources and all have different output as well as

concerns. However all pollution has a negative impact on the environment as well on humans. In

total, there are around 9 known sources of pollution that occurs. I’m just going to discuss some

of the main pollution that has a massive impact on our environment, (What is pollution?, 2008)

Air pollution: It is when the air is polluted by smoke and toxic gases such as sulphur,

nitrogen etc. The air pollution is caused by many sources but it mostly comes from the exhaust

fume from vehicles, burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, crude oil or coal, or even radiation

spills. Overall, it has an enormous effect on the atmosphere. Air pollution is linked to many

health problems. It is associated to the increase occurring nowadays with of people having

asthma, respiratory illnesses etc. Numerous scientist also connected air pollution to global

warming, (Mayntz, 2008-2014).

Water pollution: It is the corruption and polluting any type of water whether is it a lake,

ocean or river. There are many ways to pollute water. It can be done by radiation leak, or illegal

substances being thrown into lakes, or sewage ending up in lakes, rivers. Even nuclear accidents

can be associated with water pollution. It is an environmental pollution that affects anyone’s

health which is extremely dangerous, (7 Kinds of Environmental Pollution, 2009-2013.)


Group 1 Page 23

Figure 15 Pollution

Radioactive Pollution: It is extremely harmful but highly ever happens. However when it

does happen, it can be dangerous and can cause death. Also, this type of pollution, it is hard to

reverse it so there is intense rule when controlling the level of radioactive polluting the air. It can

cause many problems such as cancer, birth defects, etc. and radioactive pollution usually takes

place at a nuclear power plant or through any leakage or uranium mining procedures.

Land pollution: It affects the earth when resources and waste aren’t disposed properly.

Land pollution can be from throwing litter on the side of pavement, dumping waste in natural

habitat, oil spill on fields, or even radiation spill. It is accountable for many things such as

deforestation, harm done to natural resources needed and natural habitat, (7 Kinds of

Environmental Pollution, 2009-2013.).

Noise pollution: it is when loud sound affect humans and animals. It can either be a

helicopter passing by, or when buildings are being constructed nearby or even a concert in the

neighbourhood, or traffic. This affects humans and can be risky to unborn babies, (7 Kinds of

Environmental Pollution, 2009-2013.) The effects can include severe earache, loss of hearing or

can cause anyone to have high level of stress.

7.2 Site waste management plan(waste control)

Waste Management, is a process that comprehends prevention, characterization,

monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and residual disposition of solid wastes. The control of

how to use and reuse resources became very important in the previous recent years. Every part

of the project must have a maximum resources utilization to prevent and maintain the

environment equilibrium. On the Kingsgate bridge project, our intention is to make a Site Waste

Management Plan (SWMP). As it states on the gov.uk website, every waste plan must have the

criteria’s:

1. What kind of waste your site produces 2. How you dispose of the waste, e.g. reuse, recycle, landfill 3. Who your waste carrier is and their registration number 4. The address and environmental permit or exemption number of the site where your

waste is going

On our project, the primary objective is to take care of generated waste on site, once that

university is responsible for disposing and carrying it. For that we need to:


Group 1 Page 24

Separate different wastes

Store waste in a secure place

Use suitable containers and label them clearly

Use covers to prevent waste blowing away

Use a waterproof cover if rain could cause contaminated run-off or prevent the waste from being reused

Use bunds to prevent liquid waste escaping - eg into a drain

7.2.1 Project aim At Kingsgate Bridge we are committed to implement the project environmental plan and

the SWMP so that it is effective, accurate and economical, we are expending time and a lot of

effort to ensure that the procedures put into place are working and are maintained.

7.2.2 Management One person from health and safety group will be the environmental co-ordinator of the

project and as such is responsible for instructing workers, overseeing and documenting all waste

generation and put the results on the SWMP.

7.2.3 Distribution The Health and Safety group shall distribute copies of this plan to the other groups that

are part of the project and are involved on the material use. This will be undertaken every time

the plan is updated.

7.2.4 Instruction and training The Health and Safety group will provide on-site instruction of appropriate separation,

handling, recycling, reuse and return methods to be used by all parties at all appropriate stages of

the Project.

The SWMP will also be mentioned in the site induction process. This will ensure that everyone

feels they are included and that their participation is meaningful.

7.2.5 Waste management on site Waste materials occur from either the materials imported to site or from those generated

on site. Imported materials are those, which are brought to the project for inclusion into the

permanent works. Generated materials are those, which exist on the project such as topsoil, sub-

soil, plants and materials from concrete construction, wood, plastic, nails, etc.

However, there are other considerations to waste management such as waste reduction,

segregation of waste, disposal of waste, monitoring, education and reviewing. This plan outlines

the procedures that have been put in to place and demonstrate how they benefit the

environment, how we can measure the effects and how these procedures and practices are

sustainable.


Group 1 Page 25

7.2.6 Segregation A specific area shall be laid out and labelled to facilitate the separation of materials for

potential recycling, reuse and return. Recycling and waste bins are to be kept clean and clearly

marked in order to avoid contamination of materials. The labelling systems shall be the Waste

Awareness Colour Coding Scheme. If the skips are clearly identified the bulk of the workforce

will deposit the correct materials into the correct skip. Skips for segregation of waste identified

currently are:

Wood

Metal

Rubble/Concrete

General Waste

As works progress and other trades come to site other skips will be placed to enable certain

waste to be removed from site. This is likely to include:

1. Plasterboard 2. Paper and cardboard (bagged up)

7.2.7 Management

Disposal of Waste : All surplus or waste materials fall into three categories for management, these are:

Re-used

Recycled

Landfill

Re-used : If surplus materials can be used in the permanent works they are classified as materials, which have been re-used. If they are surplus to requirements and need to be removed from site and they can be removed and used in their present form, they can be removed from site for re-use.

Recycling : If the surplus material cannot be re-used in its present form but could be used in a different form, it is sent for recycling such as 50x50 timber to make chipboard.

Landfill: If either of the above cannot be satisfied then the only option left is to send the surplus materials to landfill. At Project Y landfill is a last resort.


Group 1 Page 26


Group 1 Page 27

8 Health and Safety

8.1 Introduction

An important part of health and safety is the risk assessment. A risk assessment helps to

outline all the possible hazards that may occur during a project and allows us to see which

hazards are liable to cause harm and how we can prevent or manage this. A hazard is the

situation that is liable to cause harm to workers, the risk is a factor that takes into account the

hazard itself and the severity of the resultant injury, which may be incurred . A risk assessment

outlines these raw hazards and risks and then outlines preventative measures which may be put

in place to reduce the likelihood of such an event happening therefore reducing the residual risk.

A risk assessment is carried out by first identifying the hazards of the project, identifying the

persons who may be harmed and how so, evaluating the likelihood and risks, enforcing

preventative measures and precautions to reduce the risk and, then reviewing and updating if and

when necessary.

Risk of Event

Probability of occurrence Note :

It can be difficult to reduce

the severity of an occurrence,

even when controls are

applied to a process.

High Medium Low

M

Sev

erit

y o

f

occ

urr

ence

High H H

Medium M M L

Low M L L

Medium severity may involve a hospitalising injury

High severity may involve death

Low probability < 25% chance of happening

High probability > 75% chance of happening

It is common to tabulate risk assessment, as shown overleaf. The form is filled in from left to

right:

Identify the hazard.

Identify who is at risk – staff or students.

Identify the probability and severity of the event happening.

Calculate the Raw Risk from the Risk Matrix.

If the risk is Low no further action is needed.


Group 1 Page 28

If the risk is Medium of High you must identify a control measure which will reduce the

risk of an event. This will reduce either the severity or probability, or both. Then

calculate the Residual Risk, this should be Medium or Low (see next section for more

detail).

Approved Codes of Practice (ACoPs) : are documents issued by the HSC that provide

guidance on good practice. ACoPs are not compulsory but they have special status under the law

and represent the minimum standard for compliance with UK health and safety legislation.

Failure to comply with an ACoP may be taken by a court as evidence of failure to comply with

the requirements of the relevant legislation or regulations.


Group 1 Page 29

8.2 Health and Safety & Welfare Risk Assessment

Hazard P

ers

on

s at

Ris

k Raw Risk

Comments or Control Measures Specified by the Assessor

Residual Risk

Pro

bab

ilit

y

of

Occu

rren

ce

Seve

rity

of

Occu

rren

ce

Ris

k

Pro

bab

ilit

y

of

Occu

rren

ce

Seve

rity

of

Occu

rren

ce

Ris

k

Manual Handling,

Deliveries and

materials in

general

Site

Personnel M H H

All workers are trained how to lift properly, Provide banksman for

mechanical lifts. Make sure the route is clear of obstructions. Heavy or

awkward loads should be moved using a handling aid, such as cranes.

Separate work area if necessary. Report damaged components to

supervisor

L L L

Noise from

machinery

Site

personnel H M M

Make sure that all site personnels wear appropriate PPE such as ear muffs

if needed.

Cutters, knives

and sharp tools

(Hand tools)

Site

Personnel H M H

Staff trained to safely use, maintain and store knives. Personal Protective

Equipment (PPE) used. Adequate space for staff to work safely. Remind

staff not to distract colleagues when they are using knives. Check that

workshop first-aiders are trained in first aid for stab wounds. Students to

be supervised when using hazardous equipment. Also trying to minimize

the use of hand tools on the construction site.

M L M


Group 1 Page 30

Working at Height Site

Personnel L M M

Fall of materials and people from scaffolding. Suitable stepladder in good

condition provided, should be secured, footed, erected at the right angle

and staff know how to use it safely. Staff trained and made aware of any

changes to the structure. Boundaries around high walking areas and these

are well identified by hazard colours. Providing handrail and kicker rail.

PPE to be used at all times.

L L L

Electrical Faulty

building wiring,

faulty electrical

appliances.

Site

Personnel M H H

Trained personnel and students told of how to use all the electrical

appliances. Equipment is safe when supplied and maintain it in a safe

condition. Provide enough socket-outlets for equipment in use and avoid

overloading socket-outlets – using adaptors can cause fires. Keep

maintenance to the extent of the law. Any discoloured sockets, defective

plugs; damaged cables should be able to be identified by trained personnel.

In case of an emergency site personnel should be able to locate the

electricity box to turn on/off electricity. Clear access to the fuse box.

Make sure all clothing is out of the way. Follow the manufacturer's

instructions.

L M L


Group 1 Page 31

Cement mixing,

contact with

chemicals.

Site

Personnel L H M

Skin contact with dry and wet cement, which can cause burns as well as

dust therefore a dust mask may be required. Keep hands away from

moving parts, use barrier cream, wash frequently and use PPE at all times.

Refer to COSHH Assessment, The COSHH Approved code of Practice

(ACoP) recommends that exposure be prevented by:

Altering work methods so that the task that causes exposure is no longer carried out

Modifying the process to remove Hazardous Substances including by-products or waste

Substituting the hazardous substance with a less hazardous type or form of the substance, e.g. using granules instead of powder to reduce dust levels or a less volatile solvent in a process.

L M L

Slips and trips and

falls

Site

personnel M H H

Site personnel tries to stop debris, cables, electrical appliances getting on

the floor. Leaks on machines are fixed and staff put the materials and

utensils on its appropriated place. Staff and students "clean as they go".

Trailing cables, try to place equipment to avoid cables crossing where

people walk and use cable guards to cover cables where required. Improve

lighting levels and placement of lighting to provide a more even lighting

level over all areas. Ensure workers choose suitable footwear with the

correct type of sole.

L L L

Overall stability Site

personnel M H M

Have to ensure that the bridge is stable after it is constructed and during

construction and that is by testing loading during construction. This is so

we prevent the bridge from collapsing after and during construction.

L M L


Group 1 Page 32

Using crane to

move steel into

place

Site

Personnel M M L

Make sure a professional is operation the crane, make sure everyone is

wearing appropriate PPE such as Hard hat, safety boots, high visibility

vest/jacket, Safety goggles. Make sure warning signs are in place and

personnel not involved should be cleared. Make sure crane drivers have

the appropriate and right instructions.

L M L

Using a crane to

move the deck

Site

personnel L H M

Professionals also should maintain all crane operators should be trained

professionals and have passed the appropriate exams. Make sure that the

crane does not lift more than its ability and make sure of everything before

lifting that its carried out in the right angle with the right height. Loading

area should be marked and separated by ropes, as well as presence of

bench man is essential. Communication in key in lifting so make sure they

are visible.

L M L

Handling and

assembly of

reinforcement bars

Site

personnel M M L

Handle carefully with a proper manner. Make sure all appropriate PPE is

worn such as hard hat, safety boots, high visibility vest/jacket, Safety

goggles. Use power tools in a confined area away from everyone else.

M L L


Group 1 Page 33

Machinery Staff

risk deep cuts,

amputations from

contact with

blades or heavy

machinery in

movement

Site

Personnel M H H

All machines guarded according to manufactures' instruction.

Staff trained in using machines safely, including pre-use checks and safe

systems of work.

Warning signs displayed at machines.

Sufficient space provided for operator around machines.

Apprentice not to use or clean machinery here there is access to moving

parts.

Helmet and plastic goggles, as PPD indicates.

Only authorised personal can make use of the machinery

L L L


Group 1 Page 34

8.3 Risk assessment - Surveying

Hazard P

ers

on

s at

Ris

k

Raw Risk Comments or Control Measures Specified by the Assessor Residual Risk

Pro

bab

ilit

y o

f O

ccu

rren

ce

Seve

rity

of

Occu

rren

ce

Ris

k

Pro

bab

ilit

y o

f O

ccu

rren

ce

Seve

rity

of

Occu

rren

ce

Ris

k

Falling into the water

Site Personnel

H

M

M

All participants who are involved with working close to water body must avoid stepping on loose and unstable ground. Cuts of diseased water leading to Dysentery, Gastro Enteritis, contaminated water in contact with broken skin causing infections or Weils disease, Cryptosporidium or similar. This could be prevented:

Drowning. An action that might mitigate it from the design is by working with dry docks. If this is not possible it could be prevented by the following:

1. Provision of barriers to all deep-water excavations.

2. Provision of life belts adjacent to deep-water excavations.

3. Briefing of site personnel.

4. Students to prepare safe method of working.

L

M

L


Group 1 Page 35

5. Sinking of platform will require works to be carried out in centre of lake from a boat.

Poor weather conditions

Site Personnel

M

M

M

In case of bad weather, all surveying activities must cease. All the equipment should be stored properly to avoid any damage.

M

M

L

Slippery surface

Site Personnel

M

M

M

Participants must observe their steps on slippery surface especially after a heavy down pour. Additional measures can be observed by placing temporary cover by using gravel or aggregate.

L

M

L

Tripping

Site Personnel

M

M

M

Whenever possible, uneven surfaces must be levelled. Care must be observed when setting up the surveying equipment on rough/slippery surfaces or even next to a water body. Also making sure that site personnel not involved should be cleared from site. Make sure they are aware of the setting out lines.

L

M

L

Manipulating the surveying equipment

Site Personnel

L

M

M

Anyone using the surveying equipment should be trained when undertaking the surveying or must have knowledge of how to use it. Care must always be taken whenever the instrument is used to avoid risk of injury. Also make sure that equipment are carried in an appropriate manner.

L

M

L


Group 1 Page 36

8.4 Risk assessment - Shuttering

Hazard

Pers

on

s at

Ris

k Raw Risk


Residual Risk

Pro

bab

ilit

y

of

Occu

rren

ce

Seve

rity

of

Occu

rren

ce

Ris

k

Pro

bab

ilit

y

of

Occu

rren

ce

Seve

rity

of

Occu

rren

ce

Ris

k

Assembly

using

hammers

Site Personnel L L L

Make sure all personnel are trained in the correct way to conduct

oneself with a hammer. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to be

used.

L L L

Slips, trips

and falls Site personnel L L M

Site personnel try to stop debris, cables, and electrical appliances getting

on the floor. Leaks on machines are fixed and staff put the materials

and utensils on its appropriated place. Staff and students "clean as they

go". Trailing cables, try to place equipment to avoid cables crossing

where people walk and use cable guards to cover cables where required.

Improve lighting levels and placement of lighting to provide a more

even lighting level over all areas. Ensure workers choose suitable

footwear with the correct type of sole.

L L L

Using power

tools , i.e.

cutting

timber and

plywood,

circular saw

Site Personnel L L M

Make sure all personnel are trained to correctly use cutting equipment

and close attention is paid whilst cutting the wood. PPE must be worn.

Make sure that the right manner of induction when handling power

tools. Try to do the cutting away from site personnel to reduce pieces of

wood that may fly away and decreasing the number of people in danger.

L L L


Group 1 Page 37

Alkali burns Site Personnel L L H

Suitable PPE (ie. Gloves) must be provided and long sleeves should

always be worn to avoid direct contact with any wet concrete when

removing the formwork. There must be a hand wash station nearby in

case of direct contact with wet concrete.

L L M

Falling

formwork

when lifting

into place


Make sure suitable PPE is worn (ie. hard hats). All personnel should be

properly briefed in the correct lifting procedure. Pay attention at all

times and be aware of formwork being moved around. Stay clear of site

personnel as shuttering is moving. Allocate 3 or more people to move

shuttering safely.

L L L

Injury

caused by

protruding

nails

Site Personnel L L L Suitable PPE should be worn (ie. gloves). Make sure all nails are flush

with the formwork to avoid snagging. L L L

Splinters Site Personnel L L L Suitable PPE must be worn (ie. gloves). Take care at all times when

handling formwork. L L L

Kick-back

from

circular saw


Suitable PPE must be worn (ie. goggles). Make sure to keep a rigid top

arm at all times when using saw and that correct training has been given

to any student using the saw.

L L L

Saw dust in

eyes Site Personnel L L M

Suitable PPE must be worn, goggles must always be worn. Any

personnel not needed to cut the formwork should not be close by at the

time of cutting.

L L L


Group 1 Page 38

8.5 Risk assessment - Concreting

Hazard

Pers

on

s at

Ris

k Raw Risk


Residual Risk

Pro

bab

ilit

y

of

Occu

rren

ce

Seve

rity

of

Occu

rren

ce

Ris

k

Pro

bab

ilit

y

of

Occu

rren

ce

Seve

rity

of

Occu

rren

ce

Ris

k

Concrete plopping

into the eyes.

Site

Personnel M L H

To control the risk, PPE must be worn specially (goggles) and

(Gloves). Personnel pouring should be very careful handling concrete

pouring as well as making sure anyone not involved should be cleared

from site.

M L L

Concrete burns

the skin.

Site

personnel M M M

Wearing the right PPE (Hard hat, safety goggles, safety gloves, high

visibility jacket etc.) to avoid freshly mixed concrete to fall into the

skin. Risk cannot be avoided or substituted. Make sure site personnel

stay away from poring if not involved in the process

L L L

Injury caused by

carrying the

concrete.

Site

Personnel H H H

To control the risk, two or more students should participate when

moving the concrete by using the right equipment to avoid back

injury. Avoid manual handling

M M L

Pumping and

spraying concrete

due to the high

pressure to avoid

eyes and skin

injury.

Site

Personnel H H H

To control and minimise the risk, PPE must wear all the times

including goggles, gloves, long sleeves, long pants and safety rubber

boots.

M L L


Group 1 Page 39

Falling objects on

head.

Site

Personnel M L M

Make sure suitable PPE is worn (hard hats). All personnel should be

properly briefed in the correct lifting procedure. Pay attention at all

times and be aware of pipes being moved during the mix concrete

process

L L L

Placing concrete Site

Personnel M H M

It is very important that professional engineers check the framework

of the structure, to eliminate the possibility of framework collapsing.

Also be careful with lifting the concrete on to the pillars of the bridge

therefore usage of professional machinery.

L M L


Group 1 Page 40

9 Method Statement

9.1 Project Information

Project/Title Kingsgate Footbridge

Group number Group 01

Issue Date 17/03/2014

Company Details/Address CITB Construction Skills

Tel. 01485577775

www.citb.co.uk

Head office Bircham Newton’s, King’s Lynn,

Norfolk, PE31 6RH

Start/Completion Date 17th March 2014/21st March 2014

Site Address Bircham Newton’s, King’s Lynn, Norfolk,

PE31 6RH

University of salford emergency contact

details

43 The Crescent, Salford, Lancashire M5 4WT

Phone:0161 295 5000

Activity To construct 1:10 scaled version of Kingsgate

Footbridge on Bircham Newton

Constructionarium site.


Group 1 Page 41

Figure 16 Site location

9.2 Outline itinerary of constructionarium week

Sunday Load survey equipment Depart at noon From rear of Newton building Arrive NCC approximately 4:00pm, evening meal and safety induction

Monday Breakfast 8am site induction, begin work

Tuesday Breakfast 7:00 - 8:30am Lunch 12:00 - 1:30pm Dinner 5:00 - 6:30pm

Wednesday Breakfast 7:00 - 8:30am Lunch 12:00 - 1:30pm Dinner 5:00 - 6:30pm

Thursday Breakfast 7:00 - 8:30am Lunch 12:00 - 1:30pm Dinner 5:00 - 6:30pm

Friday 8am deposit bags in safe room

Finalise projects and depart at 11 o'clock

Arrive Newton Building approximately 5:00pm

Unload survey equipment


Group 1 Page 42

9.3 Health Protection

9.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) “at work regulation

1992”

● Protective gloves: European Standards EN374-2 and EN374-3 protective gloves are

provided to protect hands from water/wet work and from Substance/Chemicals.

● Protective Clothing: Boiler suits, High-visibility clothing, conventional or disposal

overalls are provided to protect the body from Temperature extremes, adverse weather,

chemical or metal splash, spray from pressure leaks or spray guns, impact or penetration,

contaminated dust, excessive wear or entanglement of own clothing.

● Protective Footwear: Safety boots and shoes with protective toe caps and penetration-

resistant mid-sole, gaiters, leggings, spats are provided to protect leg/foot from Wet,

electrostatic build-up, slipping, cuts and punctures, falling objects, metal and chemical

splash, abrasion.

● Eye Protection: Safety spectacles, goggles, face-shields and visors are provided to protect

eyes from Chemical or metal splash, dust, projectiles, gas and vapour and radiation

during construction.

● Head Protection: helmets, hard hats and bump caps are provided to protect the head

from impact from falling or flying objects, risk of head bumping and hair entanglement.

● Breathing Protection: half or full-face respirators air-fed helmets are provided to protect

breathing from dust and vapour.

● Noise protection: Workers who are working with heavy tools or machines which are

creating louder noise have to be supplied with hearing protection.


Group 1 Page 43

9.3.2 Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)pm

RPE should be used:

● while you are planning to install engineering control

● clearing up a spillage

● maintenance

● emergencies

● cleaning, e.g. pressure washing

● a short term one-off procedure

● whenever required for safe working

NOTE: All Staff/Students to be made aware/Trained of PPE use, when to use and where to

store if not needed. All Equipments are available at the site and all staff/Students are advised to

use them when appropriate. All PPE must be checked before use. All equipment must be stored

in clean dry place when it is not being use; also it should be kept clean and in good repair.

9.3.3 First Aid “The Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981”

First aid kits are carried and must be around at all time (all users are to be aware of their

location). All staff/Students are to be made aware of their location and how to use them in an

emergency situation. Fully trained team is available onsite.

9.4 Scope of works

The Kingsgate Footbridge has been programmed to finish with 4.5 days only. All

materials/Equipments are delivered to site at time by the appropriate team. The project has been

prepared and planned by a group of students and is monitored by head office specialized team

with the help of Salford university specialised teachers, professors and doctors. The Project will

begin by preparing all required machines, plants and materials, After that, concrete will be ready

to cast for pile foundation, preparing holes with the appropriate steel for column finish, next

decking is prepared by constructing the appropriate deck shape/ frame, then it is lifted and put

correctly while also preparing the connections for attaching beams, process is repeated.


Group 1 Page 44

9.5 Managing and refueling generator

As part of a construction project there are lots of situations where workers might need

electrical power where there is no electrical services. In such cases we are use generators which

give us the opportunity to use heavy tools machines. Generators are machines which work on

petrol and produce electricity. In order to use them we need to be familiarised with the machine

and how it actually works.

Vital steps to keep the generator and yourself in safe working conditions:

Read and understand the owner`s manual before operating the generator. Failure to do

so can result in personal injury or equipment damage.

Operate the generator on a level surface.

When using an extension make sure to use flexible rubber cable.

Never overload a generator. Learn beforehand how much electricity you need and

choose appropriate size generator.

Understanding of how to start and stop a generator.

Generators should not be used in rain or snow.

Generators must never be used inside a house because of the exhaust fumes the machine

produces.

Do not operate the generator while it is on a vehicle.

Do not leave the generator at direct sunlight when it is not used.

Refueling the generator:

Before refueling shut the generator off and check the engine oil level. Use funnel to

eliminate spillage. Never start the generator with fuel cap removed. If there is spillage of

fuel while refueling make sure the machine is properly cleaned before restarting.

Keep away from cigarettes, smoke and sparks while refueling.

The fuel for the generator should be stored in an approved container.

When refueling the generator do not overfill the tank with fuel.


Group 1 Page 45

9.6 Construction Traffic management/ site access and deliveries The site benefits from good transport links and is accessed off Great Bircham street.

Considering the wide roads and the free open area bircham newton can be accessed by a number

of roads like B1155, however it is considered that Great Bircham road running west south would

provide the most appropriate approach for works traffic.

Vehicular and pedestrian access to the site compound will be from Great Bircham Road.

Delivery vehicles will be provided with directions to the site and be required to turn off engines

to control noise around the area, temporary parking spaces are available.

Figure 2 Contructionarium site

9.7 Materials/equipment delivery

NOTE: for safety reasons all materials, equipment, machines and plants are carried and

delivered onto the appropriate location as mentioned previously. All excavators and heavy

plants are to be operated by competent individuals alongside the experienced team and experts.

If needed all training certificate and permits are to be available at any time and that is for safety

and security reasons.

Constructionariu

m site


Group 1 Page 46

9.8 Detailed construction stages

MS Reference Number: 001

Project Title: Kingsgate footbridge Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to:

- Being run over / harmed through activity of

plant by others

Construction Activity: Preparation

Operatives Name(S): Date of activity: 17.03.2014

Personnel Requirement: Activity Details:

All plant to be operated only by trained personnel.

Access routes to be clearly marked out on site and all

visitors to site and site personnel to be briefed prior to

entering site.

Make sure the site is cleared from vehicles, debris and spoils from jobsite. Signs are also put to let any construction crews nearby that they no longer park in the site. Keep curbs and gutters clear of construction debris. Create the appropriate area by create a safe environment for site surveying. Put fences.

Material Requirement:

- No materials required

Plant Requirement:

Stakes

1xtruck

1xcrane

1xexcavator


Group 1 Page 47


Project Title: Kingsgate footbridge

Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: - Risk of working next to water

Construction Activity Putting sandbags, and pumping up the water to create a dry space for working

Operatives Name(S): All 20 people

Date of activity:16.03.2014

Personnel Requirement: -Water pump operator

Activity Details

In order to provide a dry space for working we are going to put sandbags. Once the sandbags are in the water we will pump the water out untill there is a dry space for working.

The pumped water will be stored into a tank which will be provided on site. Once the conctruction works finish the watewr will be poured back into the river.

Figure 17 pumping the water out

Material Requirement -Sandbags

Plant Requirement - Water pump - Water tank


Group 1 Page 48


Project Title Kingsgate footbridge

Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Falling into the river bank

Construction Activity Surveying

Operatives Name(S): Surveying team

Date of activity 17th March 2014 at 8:30-11:30

Personnel Requirement Setting out Engineer and 5 participants

Activity Details First and foremost, before carrying out surveying, the site has to be

cleared from any potential obstacles and water has to be diverted to

allow and create a dry land on the downhill side. It is advisable to make

the site a bit sloppy to drain water off in case of unfavourable weather

conditions.

Set up the total station at one of the stations provided (station 03) as

shown in, and make sure the total station is calibrated accurately so as

to get accurate measurements and to avoid errors when the surveying is

completed.

Material Requirement 12 x Wooden pegs 6 x Batter board 1 x 300mm Spirit Level 2 x Graphite hammer 2 x Club hammer 2 x Pencil 0.5kg 3” nails 100m builder’s line Plant Requirement 1 x Total station 1 x Tripod 1 x Staff prism 1 x Plumb bob 1 x Ranging pole 1 x Level 1 x Staff 1 x 50m Measuring tape 1 x 6m Measuring tape


Group 1 Page 49




Operatives Name(S) Surveying team



Activity Details

Figure 18 Position of stations



Group 1 Page 50




Construction Activity Setting out the total station




Activity Details

Figure 19 Setting out the Total Station



Group 1 Page 51








Activity Details

The azimuth of the total station must be set 0 degrees once everything has been set up properly.

Work out the values for the Northing and Easting provided (see the calculations at the end of MS 01) to get the exact readings for the degree of the location of station 08 and use it as a reference point to locate the positions of the two foundations SO1 and SO2 shown in Figure 20.

Figure 20 Position for the centre of foundation

Turn the total station to the required reading for SO1 and mark it with a peg. Do same with SO2 and make it using a peg.

Once the centre of the foundations has been pegged, move the total station and then set it up on either SO1 or SO2 to locate the centres of the foundation and establish the centre line on a batter board. See Figure 21

Offset the batter boards 1-2m away from the edge of the foundation and must be parallel with the foundation walls. All the batter boards must be at-least 0.5m higher than the maximum foundation elevation.



Group 1 Page 52








Activity Details

Figure 21 Foundation set-up using batter boards

Set up the total station at the position marked either SO1 or SO2. To locate the centre of the foundation use a plumb bob and sight the peg below the total station that must be in-line with the tip of the plum bob. The azimuth of the total stations must be set 0 degrees once the centre of the corresponding foundation has been found, lock the left-right of the total station.

Turn the total station up or down till the top of the batter board has been sighted and ask someone to mark that position with a pencil.

Next, turn the total station at 900 to get the position of the centre of the foundation and mark with a pencil on the batter board.

Then, turn it again at 1800 and same with 2700 and do same with marking on the batter board.

Place the total station on the other part of the foundation and repeat the process again.

Once the centre of all foundation has been established on the board, next is to measure the foundation wall sides by use of tape measure from each size of the centre lines marked on the board and nail it. See Figure 21 and Figure 22 for detail.



Group 1 Page 53








Activity Details

Figure 22 Foundation and pile markings on the board Connect all the marked points together by use of string to produce an outline of the pile caps and foundation wall so that both the pile and the shuttering can be placed correctly. See Figure 23

Figure 23 Locating the position of the pile using strings

Once the shuttering has been placed, place the piles and push it to the ground either by hammer or excavator.

Ensure the piles are pushed vertically straight to the ground by use of spirit level on opposite sides as shown in Figure 24



Group 1 Page 54








Activity Details

Figure 24 Position the pile straight using spirit level

Finally, remove the strings so that bracings and support can be attached to the shuttering.



Group 1 Page 55








Activity Details Levelling

Using ground level as a reference point, set up the level at ground and get the backside of the ground height by using staff, then lock the up-down lock so as to allow the level to move sideways.

Take the staff and place it at the lowest foundation to

get the height and record the readings down.

Then, place the staff to the other foundation and check the reading and see if how much top soil should be excavated.

Finally, the excavation can be carried out. (Moffitt, 1998)

Material Requirement 12 x Wooden pegs 6 x Batter board 1 x 300mm Spirit Level 2 x Graphite hammer 2 x Club hammer 2 x Pencil 0.5kg 3” nails 100m builder’s line

Plant Requirement 1 x Total station 1 x Tripod 1 x Staff prism 1 x Plumb bob 1 x Ranging pole 1 x Level 1 x Staff 1 x 50m Measuring tape 1 x 6m Measuring tape


Group 1 Page 56


Project Title Kingsgate Swing Bridge

Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Back injury, compactor running over foot

Construction Activity Soil compaction

Operatives Name(S) Saleh Habib



Activity Details

Once the two foundations have been excavated, next is to start compacting the soil to required level by either adding or removing soil. First is to identify where the soil can be picked and then ensure the right equipment is available for the transfer of soil from one place to the other such as wheelbarrow (Figure 25) and shovel (Figure 26).

Figure 25 wheelbarrow

Figure 26 shovel

Using a staff and leveller, every time the soil is compacted using compactor “see Figure 27” the level of how deep the foundation can be found, whether we have to raise or reduce the ground by either adding or removing soil as the compaction is going on.

Material Requirement 2-3 Wheelbarrow 4 Shovels Plant Requirement 1 x Soil compactor 1 x Leveler 1 x Staff


Group 1 Page 57


Project Title Kingsgate Swing Bridge

Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Back injury, compactor running over foot

Construction Activity Soil compaction

Operatives Name(S) Saleh Habib



Activity Details

Figure 27 soil compactor

It is crucial to make the ground level and get the exact measurement there it is better to have the four corners of the foundation right as the shutter will rest on this position.

Care must be observed when soil is being transferred from one place to another because the person doing the shovelling and lifting of wheelbarrow can be inflicted with back injury and pain. Is better to lift half full wheelbarrow of soil at a time and during shovelling the person should bend his or her knees rather than bending their back.

Once the soil has been taken where is required the wheelbarrow should be tilted over to remove the soil and then spread to the ground for compaction. These processes should be repeated till the required level is achieved.

Once the activity is done the wheelbarrows and shovels must be cleaned and placed back to the storage area until when is required again.

Material Requirement 2-3 Wheelbarrow 4 Shovels Plant Requirement 1 x Soil compactor 1 x Leveler 1 x Staff


Group 1 Page 58

9.9 Calculations for the Co-ordinates for Setting out of the

foundations

Station Easting (m) Northing (m)

3 434.265 504.833

8 405.516 467.35

STN 3

STN 8

N

β

Figure 28 Setting out the station at station 3 to sight station 8

Station Easting (m) Northing (m) From ST. 03 (E = 434.265 N = 504.833)

WCB

SO1 450.298 461.981 159029’12”

SO2 446.763 458.446 164055’15”

ST. 03 434.265 504.833


Group 1 Page 59

STN 3

SO1

N

β

STN 3

SO2

N

β


Group 1 Page 60

m

(Figure 23)


Group 1 Page 61

Figure 29 Setting out the exact positions of the caps


Group 1 Page 62



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Injuries while hammering Sharp materials (nails). Heavy equipment Sawdust allergies, Splinters Excessive noise, Electrocution

Construction Activity Foundation Pile cap shuttering

Operatives Name(S) Shuttering team

Date of activity 17.03.2014

Personnel Requirement Labour x 6 PPE Adequate cutter

Activity Details

Creating the shuttering for the foundation. Each cap will have two sheets of plywood (0.65m x 1.300m) having 0.025m excess on each side for the timber support, hence timber will have a thickness of 0.025m and two sheet of plywood (0.65m x 1.250m) forming the full 4 sides for each pile cap formwork.

1. Place the plywood on the working table and secure it in a suitable position.

2. Use a measuring tape and mark the dimensions using a pen/pencil

3. Cut the plywood with a chainsaw or a hand saw 4. Cut the 2cm thick plywood to the following dimension

below:

Cut 4 plywood pieces at 0.65m X 1.300m

Cut 4 plywood pieces at 0.65m X 1.250m

Material Requirement 4 x Plywood (0.65m x 1.300m) 4 x Plywood (0.65m x 1.250m) Measuring tape Pen/pencil

Plant Requirement 2 x Chainsaw 4 x Hand saw


Group 1 Page 63



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Injuries while hammering Sharp materials (nails). Heavy equipment Sawdust allergies, Splinters Excessive noise,

Construction Activity: Foundation pile cap shuttering (Part 2)

Operatives Name(S): Shuttering team

Date of activity: 17.03.2014

Personnel Requirement: Labour x 6 PPE

Activity Details: Each pile cap formwork is supported by 4 vertical timber plank support, one at each corner and 3 timber planks on each side in between the vertical planks. Each timber plank will have a dimension of (0.025m x 0.076m) those support will be nailed on each side of the plywood. Each timber support will have 3 nails with 25mm spacing nailed horizontally.

1. Place the 0.025m X 0.076m timber plank on a working table and secure it in a suitable position.

2. Use a measuring tape and mark the dimension on by using a pen/pencil

3. Use a chain saw or a and saw to cut 4. Cut 8 plank of timber at 0.650m 5. Cut 12 plank of timber at 1.1m 6. Then place the timber planks on to the plywood

and mark the positioning. 7. Add wood glue to increase the strength of the join 8. Then use a hammer to nail timber planks onto the

plywood. Nail from inside the plywood sheet to the timber plank.

The formwork will be placed in the 0.65m deep excavated areas and soil is used to surround the caps to create an extra support for the shuttering.

Material Requirement: 116 X Nails 8 X 0.650m X Timber (0.025m x 0.076m) 12 X 1.1m X Timber (0.025m x 0.076m) Wood glue

Plant Requirement: 8 x Claw Hammer 2 x Chainsaw 4 x Hand saw


Group 1 Page 64

Figure 30 Assembly of the formwork Stage 1

Figure 31 Stage 2


Group 1 Page 65

Figure 32 Stage 3

Figure 33 Stage 4


Group 1 Page 66



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Sharp objects Heavy objects Dropping/Falling objects Construction Activity

Assembling the reinforcement cage for the caps

Operatives Name(S): Concreting team


Personnel Requirement PPE

Activity Details

Figure 34 Rebar for pile caps

We will be provided with all elements required for assembling the cage on site Each element will be tied with steel wire until the whole cage is ready. Provided elements

8-T12-01-200 U bars

16-T12-02-200 L bars

4-T12-03 Top hat

4-T12-02-200 L bars The reinforcement cage then will be lifted using crane and placed inside the caps shuttering .

Material Requirement: Steel wire

Plant Requirement Hammers Cutter Pliers Crane


Group 1 Page 67



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Falling into the excavated area Heavy machinery risk Construction Activity

Excavating the soil to place the shuttering

Operatives Name(S) Excavating team


Personnel Requirement Excavator operator

Activity Details

Prepare the site to dig the foundation base

The foundation base pad dimension is rectangular shape 1250mm by 1250 mm.

Excavators’ machinery will be required to dig the foundation base around the piles.

Dig a rectangular shape hole so that the shuttering can be placed on to the ground.

Figure 35 Excavating the soil

Figure 36 placing the shuttering in position

Material Requirement

Plant Requirement Excavator Shovel


Group 1 Page 68



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Heavy machinery risk Sharp objects Dropping objects

Construction Activity: Pushing the piles into the ground

Operatives Name(S) Competent excavator operator


Personnel Requirement: Excavator operator

Activity Details:

Excavate the area and clean it from rock and make it plain

Place the shuttering for the caps in position

Place the reinforcement inside the shuttering

Push piles into the ground with the help of excavator

6 piles for each pile cap

A person should hold the piles while they are driven into the ground to make sure they go straight down.

Figure 37 pushing piles into the ground

Material Requirement: Steel piles

Plant Requirement: Excavators


Group 1 Page 69


Project Title: Kingsgate Footbridge

Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Falling in the river Dawning Rats

Construction Activity : Installing the base plate



Personnel Requirement: -Competent workers who will connect the base plate to the piles

Activity Details:

The metal base plate have to be rotating in order to move both sections of the bridge 90 degrees so that the assembling can be done.

We have to check if the base plate is working properly before installing.

The rotating base plate mechanism will be casted in the concrete.

We have to put grease on the base plate for easier rotation.

Figure 38 Base plate

Material Requirement: -Bolts -Rotating base plate

Plant Requirements: No plant required


Group 1 Page 70



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: - Risk of working with concrete - Risk of falling in to the excavated hole

Construction Activity : Casting the supporting pads

Operatives Name(S) Concreting team


Personnel Requirement -Excavator operator PPE

Activity Details

For this step all people must be equipped with protective gloves, goggles, safety boots etc.

Clean the soil inside and prepare the concrete pump machine

Cover the inside surface of the formwork with shuttering oil

Pour concrete inside the shuttering for the caps.

Vibrate the concrete to avoid any air gaps when it dries out.

Figure 39 pouring the concrete for the pile caps

Material Requirement Concrete grade C40

Plant Requirement Excavators Concrete mixers


Group 1 Page 71



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Dropping objects Sharp objects Heavy materials

Construction Activity: Lifting the steel supports

Operatives Name(S) Mobile crane operator


Personnel Requirement PPE Crane operator

Activity Details:

Figure 40 lifting the steel legs

To proceed on to the installation of the steel legs we need to be sure that the concrete caps are strong enough

The steel supports will be lifted by mobile crane operator.

During the lifting process all people must stay far from the lifting area(H&S)

The V shaped steel supports will be placed in position and bolted to the pile caps.

Material Requirement 8 x steel socket M24 2x base plate 8x Bolts

Plant Requirement 2 x drills 2 x welding machine 2 x equipment holder


Group 1 Page 72


Project Title : Kingsgate footbridge

Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Heavy objects Sharp objects Heavy machinery risk

Construction Activity : Installation of the V shaped supports



Personnel Requirement: -Competent workers -Mobile crane operator

Activity Details:

The "V" shaped supports are mounted on to the rotating base plate. With the help of mobile crane each support is lifted and assembled.

Figure 41 "V" shaped supports

Figure 42 Installation of the supports

Material Requirement: -Bolts -V shaped supports

Plant Requirement: -Mobile crane


Group 1 Page 73



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Sharp objects Lifting risk Dropping risk

Construction Activity: Installation of metal plates (connection with decks)




Activity Details:

Once the V shaped supports are mounted it is time for metal plates to be fitted on them. These plates will be used for connecting the decks to the columns. The connection will be bolted.

Figure 43 Mounting the metal plates on the supports

Material Requirement: - Bolts -Metal plates

Plant Requirement


Group 1 Page 74



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Sharp equipment Heavy material Splinters, Sawdust allergies Electrocution

Construction Activity : Shuttering for Right hand-side decking



Personnel Requirement: Adequate cutter 6 x labour PPE

Activity Details:

In this process the plywood for the shuttering will be cut to measurement using a chainsaw or a hand saw. 6 people will be working on this process following the steps below. 1. Place the plywood on the working table and secure it in a correct

position. 2. Use a measuring tape and mark the dimensions on the plywood 3. Then cut the 2cm thick plywood to the following dimensions below:

2m X 7m

0.425m X 5.5m

0.425m X 5m

0.425m X 1m

0.425m X 1.6m

Material Requirement: Plywood 2cm thick Tape measure Working table

Plant Requirements: 2 x Chainsaw 4 x Hand saw


Group 1 Page 75



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Sharp equipment Heavy material Splinters, Sawdust allergies Electrocution

Construction Activity : Cutting timber planks



Personnel Requirement Adequate cutter 6 x labour PPE

Activity Details

In this step the timber planks 25mm by 76.2mm will be cut by using a chain saw or a hand saw. The timber will be used for the support of the plywood and to hold the plywood in its position. The timber planks will be placed on a working table and will be cut.

1. Use a measuring tape and mark the dimensions on the timber plank

2. Hold the timber plank in to a correct position to make it easier to cut.

3. Using a chain saw or a hand saw cut the timber plank 4. Cut 13 timber planks of 0.425m 5. Cut 13 timber planks of 0.602m 6. Cut 13 timber planks of 0.425m 7. Cut 3 timber planks of 5.5m 8. Cut 3 timber planks of 5m 9. Cut 3 timber planks of 1m 10. Cut 1 timber plank of 5.3m 11. Cut 1 timber plank of 6.5m

Material Requirement Timber Planks(25mm X 76.2mm) Working Table

Plant Requirement 2 x Chain Saw 4 x Hand Saw


Group 1 Page 76



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Sharp nails Hammering Splinters, Sawdust allergies Construction Activity

Assembling the plywood and timber planks together (Part 1)



Personnel Requirement PPE 6 x labour

Activity Details

In this step the plywood and timber planks will be attached together for the left and right side of the deck shuttering by using nails and glue.

1. First mark up on the 0.425m x 5.5m plywood where the 3 timber planks will be placed horizontally

2. Place the 3 planks of 5.5m in its correct position (top, bottom and middle) on the 5.5m of plywood

3. Increase the strength of the join by adding glue 4. Once step 1 & 2 are complete. You can start to hammer the nails

into timber plank and through to the plywood carefully. 5. 15 nails on each plank to attach the timber plank to the plywood 6. A row of 3 nails every 1.1m 7. Now mark up on the 0.425m x 5m plywood where the planks

will be placed 8. Place the 3 planks of 5m in its correct position (top, bottom and

middle) on the 5m of plywood 9. Once step 6 & 7 are complete. You can start to hammer the nails

into timber plank and through to the plywood carefully. 10. 15 nails on each plank to attach the timber plank to the plywood 11. A row of 3 nails every 0.5m

Material Requirement 0.425m x 5.5m plywood 0.425m x 5m plywood 90 x Nails 4 x Wood Glue

Plant Requirement 4 x Claw hammer


Group 1 Page 77



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Sharp nails Hammering Splinters Sawdust allergies

Construction Activity Assembling the plywood and timber planks together (Part 2)



Personnel Requirement PPE 6 x labour

Activity Details

In this step the front and back plywood will be attached with timber planks using glue and nails.

1. First mark up on the 0.425m x 1m plywood where the 3 timber planks will be placed horizontally

2. Now place the 1m timber planks in its correct position (Top, Bottom & Middle)

3. Add glue to increase strength of the join 4. Once step 1 & 2 are complete. You can start to hammer the

nails into timber plank and through to the plywood carefully. 5. 9 nails on each timber plank to attach to the plywood 6. A row of 3 nails every 0.46m

Material Requirement 54 x Nails Wood Glue

Plant Requirement 4 x Claw Hammer


Group 1 Page 78




Construction Activity Attaching the vertical timber planks to horizontal



Personnel Requirement

Activity Details

In this step the opposite of the triangular support will be attached to the horizontal timber on the plywood.

1. The 0.425m plank will be attached vertically 2. It will cross 3 horizontal 5.5m timber planks 3. Place the 0.425m plank on top of the horizontal plank 4. 4 nails on each plank allowing it to be attached to the horizontal

plank firmly

5. That should be done every 1m on the horizontal planks 6. Repeat this process on the 5m timber planks on the other side

Material Requirement 13 x 0.425m timber planks 156 x Nails 4 x Wood glue

Plant Requirement 4 X Claw Hammer


Group 1 Page 79




Construction Activity Attach the base of the triangular timber plank support



Personnel Requirement PPE Hammer user

Activity Details

In this step the 0.425m plank of timber will be attached to the plywood base.

1. Place the 0.425m plank on the plywood on the ground 2. Use 4 nails to attach the plank to the plywood for each plank 3. To increase the strength add wood glue

4. This will be done every 1m along the plywood

Material Requirement 0.425m timber plank X 13 52 x Nails 4 x Wood glue

Plant Requirement 2 x Chain saw 4 x Hand saw


Group 1 Page 80




Construction Activity Attach the horizontal of the triangular timber plank support



Personnel Requirement

Activity Details

In this process the horizontal of the triangular support will be attached to the timber plank on the side and the base.

1. Place the 0.6m timber plank and attach one side to the top of the side of the decking and the other attach to the end of the ground. Making it in to a right angle triangle.

2. Hammer 2 nails on top and 2 nails on bottom of the plank completing a triangular support.

0.425m

0.602m

Material Requirement 52 x Nails 4 x Wood Glue

Plant Requirement 4 x claw hammer


Group 1 Page 81



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Sharp equipment Heavy material Splinters Sawdust allergies

Construction Activity : Inside shuttering of the decking



Personnel Requirement: Adequate cutter 6 x labour PPE

Activity Details:

In this process the plywood for the inside shuttering will be cut to measurement using a chainsaw or a hand saw. 6 people will be working on this process following the steps below.

1. Place the plywood on the working table and secure it in a correct position.

2. Use a measuring tape and mark the dimensions on the plywood with a pen/pencil

3. Then cut the 2cm thick plywood to the following dimensions below:

0.300m X 4.8m

0.300m X 5.2m

Material Requirement: Plywood 2cm thick Tape measure Working table

Plant Requirements: 2 x Chainsaw 4 x Hand saw


Group 1 Page 82




Construction Activity : Cutting timber planks for the inside shuttering support



Personnel Requirement Adequate cutter 6 x labour PPE

Activity Details

In this step the timber planks 25mm by 76.2mm will be cut by using a chain saw or a hand saw. The timber will be used for the support of the inside plywood of the decking and to hold the plywood in its position. The timber planks will be placed on a working table and will be cut.

1. Use a measuring tape and mark the dimensions on the timber plank with a pen/pencil

2. Hold the timber plank in to a correct position to make it easier to cut.

3. Using a chain saw or a hand saw cut the timber plank 4. Cut 16 timber planks of 0.66m 5. Cut 2 timber planks of 5.2m 6. Cut 2 timber planks of 4.8m 7. Cut 4 timber planks of 1.2m

Material Requirement Timber Planks(25mm X 76.2mm) Working Table

Plant Requirement 2 x Chain Saw 4 x Hand Saw


Group 1 Page 83




Construction Activity : Joining the timber planks and plywood for inside shuttering of decking



Personnel Requirement Hammer user

Activity Details

In this process the plywood and the timber plank support will be joined together using wood glue and nails. 1. Place the one of the 5.2m timber plank on the top side

of the 5.2m long plywood 2. Use wood glue and nails to attach both together firmly 3. Now place the second 5.2m timber plank on the

bottom side of the 5.2m long plywood 4. Use wood glue and nails to attach both together firmly 5. Place the one of the 4.8m timber plank on the top side

of the 4.8m long plywood 6. Use wood glue and nails to attach both together firmly 7. Now place the second 4.8m timber plank on the

bottom side of the 4.8m long plywood 8. Use wood glue and nails to attach both together firmly 9. When this is complete then proceed with the steps

below 10. Now place the 0.66m timber planks between the

5.2m plywood and the 4.8m plywood to the top and bottom timber which is already attached to the plywood

Material Requirement Plywood 5.2m x 0.3m Plywood 4.8m x 0.3m 5.2m timber plank X 2 4.8m timber plank X 2 0.66m timber plank X 16 1.2m timber planks X 4 4 x Wood glue 140 Nails


Group 1 Page 84


11. Once the above step has been completed. The top

timber plank 1.2m can be put in place and hammered using nails. Every 1.1m along the top as shown below


Group 1 Page 85

M S Reference Number: 015


Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Heavy equipment Sharp objects

Construction Activity Placing the mesh in the formwork

Operatives Name(S) Concrete team


Personnel Requirement PPE Appropriate training

Activity Details

This step deals with the mesh cage that is required for the base and that is lowered into the formwork for the deck.

The mesh should be cut into the required shape using a cropper

The wires should be overlapped with a lap of 350mm long

Every two layers should be strapped together with a tie wire

The mesh should be lowered in to the formwork and supported by concrete spacers. These pad stones should be spaced 600mm apart to carry the mesh wire ensuring it will carry the mesh but not let it drop.

Material Requirement Mesh Cropper Spacers

Plant Requirement Crane


Group 1 Page 86



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Heavy equipment Sharp objects

Construction Activity Assembly of L bars




Activity Details

This step will deal with the assembly and placement of the L bars.

1. The L bars should be lowered in to the mesh using appropriate plant (crane or excavator)

2. As it is being lowered it should be stabilised if needed by trained and competent person(s)

3. The L bars should be threaded through the mesh 4. The bars should be fixed to the meshing using ties 5. Mushroom caps should be placed on each L bar

Material Requirement A393 Mesh MK04 L bar Ties Mushroom caps

Plant Requirement Cutter


Group 1 Page 87



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Heavy objects Sharp objects Sawdust allergies Construction Activity :

Mid-section for left deck shuttering



Personnel Requirement Hammer user 6 x labourer PPE

Activity Details

1. The first step is to fix a 0.020m x 0.076m timber post

0.021m down from the top of the 4.712m long plywood sheet using wood adhesive and nails, three nails should be spread across every 1m of timber. Make sure the post spans the full length of the plywood. This activity will be carried out by 6 people.

2. The next step is to do the same for the 5.288m spanning

plywood sheet making sure the post spans the entire distance of the plywood sheet.

3. Next fix on the upper timber posts for both the plywood

sheets similar to the picture, again applying wood adhesive and nails by three people. Make sure the posts span the entire span of each sheet like the two lower posts.

Material Requirement Wood Glue Nails



Group 1 Page 88







Personnel Requirement 6 x Labour

Activity Details

1. Now the lower perpendicular timber planks can be connected. This is done similarly as shown on the picture, again using the same techniques as the previous connections i.e. adhesive and nails, two nails should be sufficient on each joint. One person will have to provide temporary support while another fixes it in place. Start on a side were both the boards are level and go until you reach the adjacent end of the triangle, as seen on the plan view below. There will be a total of four of these connections each spaced 1.5m from one another.

2. Using the four perpendicular timber planks now connect the two pieces of plywood sheets together with wood adhesive and nails with hammer. This is a job for three people.

3. The next step is to fix on the middle timber plank sitting just above the lower plank sandwiching the perpendicular posts in-between the two, using same methods again.

Material Requirement Timber planks Plywood Nails Wood glue

Plant Requirement 4 x Claw Hammer


Group 1 Page 89







Personnel Requirement 6 x Labour PPE

Activity Details

1. The next step is to fix on the middle timber plank sitting just above the lower posts sandwiching the perpendicular plank in-between the two, using same methods again.

2. The final construction process for this piece is to fix into

place the 1.14m length upper perpendicular timber posts located at the top of this structure as seen on the plan view. Similar and parallel to the lower perpendicular planks there will be four of these timber planks spaced out 1.5m to each other located directly above their lower counterparts. They will be connected using the exact same method as used throughout this whole process.

3. Once the mid-section is constructed lift, place it in position and fix into place using wood adhesive and nails, as seen on the cross-section picture below. This will be done by eight people, four on each side.

For the outer section shuttering for the left deck follow the MS Reference number S003 to S010

Material Requirement Timber planks Plywood Nails Wood glue



Group 1 Page 90



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Possible injuries during the formwork loosening process.

Possible injuring as a result of placing the sharp objects and nails in the wrong location. Construction Activity :

Removal of the timber formwork



Personnel Requirement 6 x Labour PPE

Activity Details

1. The concrete should be completely dry before removing

the formwork, so it will left overnight to get strong and hard enough. Because removing the formwork should not done with a sagging surface.

2. The removal process should be start from the top piece of the formwork to remove nails from the upper support which hold the form together by using hammers.

3. Pulling the form from sides of the concrete by using hands with little force as required. If facing any difficulties to remove the form or it is sticks to the concrete, pry bar can be used to pry the formwork from the ground in upward direction to unfastened the formwork from the concrete. While using the pry bar it is very important to take away the form carefully to avoid any unwanted scratch in the concrete. (1= , 2= )


Plant Requirement 6×Hammers 4×Pry bar


Group 1 Page 91


Group 1 Page 92



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Concrete burns Heavy machines risk

Construction Activity Concrete pour for decks




Activity Details

This step will deal with the concrete pour for the bridge decks.

1. The pumps should be attacked to the concrete wagon 2. The pump is placed in the central area of the formwork for the

deck 3. The pump should be held securely by competent person(s) 4. The pump should be activated 5. Once the concrete reaches the correct level it should be turned

off 6. The pump then moves to the next section (both ends right and

left sides of the deck) and the procedure is repeated

Material Requirement Concrete C40

Plant Requirement Concrete mixer Concrete pump


Group 1 Page 93



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Chemical burns Heavy machinery

Construction Activity Vibrating of concrete




Activity Details

The concrete should be vibrated immediately after it has been poured. Once the concrete has been poured it must be vibrated to give it a higher compressive strength. Properly vibrating concrete will also increase the bonding capacity between concrete and the rebar.

1. Two trained and competent persons should be stood on either sides of the deck (widths)

2. The vibrator should not be turned on outside of the concrete 3. The vibrator should be placed in to the mix vertically to maximise

its effects 4. The vibrator should be held for at least 10 seconds in the

concrete mix 5. The vibrator should be pulled up at an average rate of 3 inches

per second 6. When the concrete mix takes on a sheen the vibrator should be

turned off while still inside the mix 7. As the pour is being done in three different locations, vibration

of the concrete can be done while the pours are being done for the other locations


Plant Requirement Hand tools Concrete vibration poker Hand tools Cable avoidance tool


Group 1 Page 94



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Chemical burns

Construction Activity Levelling of concrete




Activity Details

The poured concrete must be levelled in the central part of the deck.

1. As many people as required should be ready with concrete rakes or other various tools if necessary to level the concrete

2. Each person should stand at the side of the section and rake the concrete evenly up to the marked level

3. Any concrete that is excess should be gathered and then placed down the right and left sides of the deck


Plant Requirement Concrete rake


Group 1 Page 95



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Sharp objects

Construction Activity: Anchor bolts




Activity Details

The Anchor bolts will be used for lifting both sections with a mobile crane and positioned them on top of the steel supports. The anchor bolts will be casted in the concrete They have to connected to the reinforcement inside the concrete.


Plant Requirement Anchor bolts


Group 1 Page 96

10 Lifting plan for positioning the decks

Future Construction Company

Basic Lifting plan

Date lift is being conducted

20.03.2014

What is to be lifted

The objects that need to be lifted are the two sections of the bridge. they need to be positioned on top of the steel supports.

What is the weight of the load to be lifted

1m³x25kN/m³=25kN 25 000/9.81=2548.4kg

What equipment is going to be used

Mobile crane 12t

Safe working load of the crane

The lifting procedure will be done by a crane operator. All people on the construction site must be standing away from the lifting area until the lifting process is finished.

Is there a clear pathway for the movement of the load

The construction side will provide us will enough space so there will be clear pathway for the sections to be placed in position.

Method of lifting procedure

Confirm the the weight of each section is within the capacity of the crane.

Ensure the pathway is clear

When the decks are casted we are going to install anchor bolts, which will be used for lifting points.

There are 4 anchors on each section located in every corner.

Figure 44 Anchor bolt


Group 1 Page 97

The lifting mechanism will be steel chains with attachments in each chain end.

During this step of the project the hazards involved are quite a lot. We have to take them into consideration and try to mininise the possibility of occurrence during the procedure.

Figure 45 Lifting chains

Figure 46 Anchor bolts positions


Group 1 Page 98

10.1 Lifting operations - documentation

Project: Kingsgate Footbridge Date: 21.03.2014

Lifting device/Equipment

Owner, Address: Constructionarium

Owner Technical Representative: Tony Millikin

Equipment Make & Model: JCB JS290LC

Registration and/ or Plant No: JCB JS29DV81421202

Rig configuration: N/A

Special Ballast Required? NO

Site testing required? NO

Name of Driver or Operator CITB CPCS card details Categories held

Peter Bonting Reg No: 00172241/1 Expiry date: 01.2015 Excavator 360 above 10 tonnes - Tracked

4 yr test & thorough examination Reg No: N/A Expiry data: N/A

12 monthly thorough examination Reg No: E28858016181 Cert exp date: 10.05.2014

Weekly inspection YES 14.03.2014

Lifting accessories

Item ID No S.W.L 6 Mthly thorough exam - Expiry date

Bow shackle CNM007 17tonnes Retested 20.03.2014

4 leg chain sling 88479(A Plant) 6.7 tonnes D.O.C 14.51.36 DATE:15.10.2013

Acceptance signature

I confirm that I have checked the above items as indicated, and that to the best of my

knowledge, they are in good order, and that this form is valid until the prescribed date.

Name: Hristo Dimitriev Signature:

Date: 21.03.2014 Form valid until: 21.03.2014


Group 1 Page 99

Lifting operations - USE

Project: Kingsgate Footbridge Date: 21.03.2014

The operation

Brief description of work or activity Lifting decks to permanent position.

Equipment location Mobile

Load weight 2.8 tonnes

Maximum height of lift 2 meters

Maximum radius of lift 9meters

Details of any obstructions None

Ground conditions Good

Details of any voids or traps None

Details of any underground services None

Is a road closure required? No

Access/Route C sketch

Public interface No

Name of individuals within the Specifying Team:

Appointed person: Tony Millikin Crane specifier: Constructionarium

Foundation specifier: Lifting accessory specifier: Constructionarium

Radio communications

Crane to crane radio required: NO Crane to S/S redios required: NO

Temporary works

Outrigger pad size: N/A

Special design: N/A Checked to comply: N/A

Checked by: N/A Checked by: N/A

Lifting operation team

Appointed person: Tony Millikin Crane supervisor: John Williamson

Driver/Operator: Peter Bunting Slinger/Signaller: Joe Chandler

Tony Millikin ____________/Signature/

John Williamson ____________/Signature/

Peter Bunting ____________/Signature/


Group 1 Page 100



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Lifting heavy sections (decks) Dropping objects Sharp objects Construction Activity:

Lifting the decks

Operatives Name(S): Mobile crane operator


Personnel Requirement: PPE -Mobile crane operator

Activity Details:

With the help of highly skilled workers and mobile crane the decks will be lifted and placed into position on to the V shaped supports. Both section of the bridge will be firstly assembled parallel to the river and later on they will be rotated in 90 degreed and fixed to each other.

The process of lifting both decks will be completed with a lifting plan created for this particular case.

Figure 47 Assembling the decks

Material Requirement: -No materials required

Plant Requirement: Mobile crane Chains for lifting the decks


Group 1 Page 101



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Working in heights Dropping objects Sharp objects Construction Activity:

Connecting the decks to the supports

Operatives Name(S): Mobile crane operator


Personnel Requirement: Mobile crane operator

Activity Details:

In the picture is shown how exactly the decks and the supports will be connected. After the assembling process the supporting chains will be removed.

Position the deck above the steel legs

Using bolts connect the sections to the V shaped supports

Remove the lifting chains once the section is placed in position.

Figure 48 Bolted connection between plates and supports

Material Requirement: -Bolts

Plant Requirement: Mobile crane


Group 1 Page 102

MS Reference Number:023


Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Rotating heavy sections

Construction Activity ; Rotating sections in 90 degrees



Personnel Requirement: -Mobile crane operator

Activity Details:

The next and may be most important step is the rotating process of both sections. Since the bridge is spanning 106,7 meters everything needs to be perfect so that the sections meet each other without having problems.

Figure 49 Rotation phase

Figure 50 Rotating both sections

Material Requirement: - No materials required

Plant Requirement: Mobile crane


Group 1 Page 103



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Heavy objects Sharp objects Construction Activity:

Fixing both sections of the bridge



Personnel Requirement: -Competent workers

Activity Details:

Once the sections are rotated and they meet each other then they have to be fixed so that the bridge does not move anymore.

To fix the sections we are going to use a metal plate and bolts.

Figure 51 Fixing the two section of the bridge

Figure 52 Final design

Material Requirement: -Bolts

Plant Requirement: - Mobile crane


Group 1 Page 104



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Heavy objects Dropping objects Sharp objects

Construction Activity: Installing the railing




Activity Details

Each section of the bridge will be provided with railing

The installation process will take place before pouring the concrete in the shuttering

The railing will be casted inside the concrete

Material Requirement Railing

Plant Requirement


Group 1 Page 105



Specify a residual Risk that this MS Relates to: Heavy machines risk

Construction: making up the soil ramps

Operatives Name(S) All members of the group


Personnel Requirement - Excavator operator

Activity Details

Level the area around both sides of the canel

Place the first layer of geotextile on the ground

Start acumulating soil over the geotxtile

The soil must be compacted in order to be strong enogh.

The lenght ot the whole path is going to be around 23 meters and the width is 1meter.

The slope of the soil ramp is 1:20

The construction of the soil ramp starts from ground level, at midheight the ramp is turning 180 degrees until it reaches the deck of the bridge.

Several leyars of geotextile needs to be installed during the compaction process of the soil.

Figure 53 Final construction stage

Material Requirement - Soil - Geotextile

Plant Requirement - Compacting machine


Group 1 Page 106


Group 1 Page 107


Group 1 Page 108

11 Calculating the amount of concrete needed

11.1 Volume of concrete for the pile caps:

11.2 Volume of concrete for the decks


Group 1 Page 109

12 Programme of work


Group 1 Page 110

13 Material List

MS Ref

number

Description Quantity No

Units

Total

Quantity

Units CO2 Cost

(per kg)

Total

CO2

Surveying

002 Sandbags(15kg each) 100 1 100 Nr - -

003 String 30 1 30 m - -

003 Measuring tape 50m

long

1 1 1 Nr - -

003 Lime 1 1 1 kg - -

003 Wooden pegs 12 1 12 Nr - -

003 300mm spirit level 2 1 2 Nr - -

003 Joiners pencil 2 1 2 Nr - -

003 Batter boards 16 1 16 Nr - -

003 Graphite hammer 2 1 2 Nr - -

003 Club hammer 1.8kg 2 1 2 Nr - -

003 Total station 2 1 2 Nr - -

003 Tripod 2 1 2 Nr - -

003 Staff 1 1 1 Nr - -

003 Staff prism 2 1 2 Nr - -

003 Ranging pole 2 1 2 Nr - -

003 Plumb bob 2 1 2 Nr - -

Shuttering

005,014 Plywood (2400x1200mm,

2.5mm thickness)

20 sheets(54m²)

1 20 Sheets m² 4.81 86.58

005,014 Wooden planks (50/100mm)

40 (120m) 1 40 pieces,

3m each

m 4.78 176.86

004,014 3” nails 500 1 500 Nr 0.24 each 120

004,014 1.5" nails 200 1 200 Nr - -

010,017 Shuttering oil 5 1 5 Lit 2.03kg/lit 8.12

005,014 Right angle square 2 1 2 Nr - -

005,014 Evo-stick waterproof

wood adhesive

10 bottles 1 10 Nr - -

Reinforcement/"V" shaped

supports

006 8-T12-01-200 U bars 8 1 8 Nr - 1741.30/

tone

006 16-T12-02-200 L bars 16 1 16 Nr - 1741.30/

tone

006 4-T12-03 Top hat 4 1 4 Nr - 1741.30/

tone

006 4-T12-02-200 L bars 4 1 4 Nr - 1741.30/

tone

010,017 Concrete Spacers 30 1 30 Nr 0.63 18.9

010,017 Clamps 8(1.5m

lenght)

1 8 Nr - 1741.30/

tone

009 8 x M24 bolts 8 1 8 Nr - -


Group 1 Page 111

009 8 x M24 nuts 8 1 8 Nr - -

009 8 x M16 bolts 8 1 8 Nr - -

011 Pre-fabricated steel legs 8 1 8 Nr - -

008 Steel piles 12 1 12 Nr - -

015 Mesh reinforcement A393 2 1 2 Nr - -

Concreting

010,017 Concrete C40

TOTAL(water cement

ration 50% and minimum

cement content 350kg/m²)

5.5 1 5.5 m³ 418.93

CO2kg/m

³

2091.5

010 Concrete C40 for Pile Caps 2.2 1 2.2 m³

017 Concrete for Decks 3.3 1 3.3 m³

Tools/Machines Nr

Claw hammer 15 1 15 Nr - -

5m tape 2 1 2 Nr - -

Steel saw 1 1 1 Nr - -

Steel wire ties 2 1 2 Rolls - -

Rebar caps 60 1 60 Nr - -

Shovel 10 1 10 Nr - -

Buckets 4 1 4 Nr -

Concrete Vibrating machine 2 1 2 Nr 1.15kg/h 3.45

Soil vibrating machine 1 1 1 Nr 1.23kg/h 3.69

Adjustable spanner 4 1 4 Nr - -

Drilling machine 2 1 2 Nr 0.84Kg/h 0.84

220V generator + extension 2 1 2 Nr - -

Hydraulic Excavator 1 1 1 Nr 1.17kg/m³ 2.34

Bar bender 1 1 1 Nr - -

Crawler crane 1 1 1 Nr 2.34gk/h 7.02

Screw driver 8 1 8 Nr - -

Oil/petrol for the generator 5 1 5 lit - -

Steel grinder 1 1 1 Nr - -

Wheelbarrow 4 1 4 Nr - -

Chain/hand saw 2 1 2 Nr - -

Spray paint(red and yellow) 2 1 2 Nr - -

Sledge hammer 1 1 1 Nr - -

Working bench(2m by 2m) 2 1 2 Nr - -

Cro bar tool 2 1 2 Nr - -

Concrete rake 2 1 2 Nr - -

Geotextile 250 1 250 m² - -


Group 1 Page 112

14 Cost estimation

MS Ref

number

Description Quantity Rate(£) Cost(£)

Surveying

002 Sandbags 100 0.56 56

003 String 30m 16.45 16.45

003 Measuring tape 50m long 1 27.65 27.65

003 Lime 1kg 1 8.60 8.60

003 Wooden pegs 12 - -

003 300mm spirit level 2 36.45 72.9

003 Joiners pencil 2 3.45 6.90

003 Batter boards 16 - -

003 Graphite hammer 2 18.40 36.8

003 Club hammer 1.8kg 2 17.99 35.98

003 Total station 2 999.00 1998

003 Tripod 1 59.95 59.95

003 Level 1 119.00 119.00

003 Staff 1 24.95 24.95

003 Staff prism 2 34.50 69

003 Ranging pole 2 10.95 21.9

003 Plumb bob 2 8.48 16.96

Shuttering

005,014 Plywood(2400x1200mm, 2.5mm thickness)

20sheets 36.43 728.6

005,014 Wooden planks 40 (50/100mm)

4.99/m 199.6

005,014 3” nails 500 5.95/kg 29.75

005,014 1.5" nails 200 4.55/kg 13.65

010,017 Shuttering oil 5 lit 20.48 20.48

005,014 Right angle set square 2 21.26 42.52

005,014 Evo-stick waterproof wood adhesive 10 bottles 6.97 69.70

Reinforcement/"V" shaped

supports

006 8-T12-01-200 U bars 8 7.16/m 89.40

006 16-T12-02-200 L bars 16 7.16/m 32.10

006 4-T12-03 Top hat 4 7.16/m 10.30

006 4-T12-02-200 L bars 4 7.16/m 10.30

010,017 Concrete Spacers 30 0.79 23.70

010 8 x M24 bolts 8 3.45 27.6

010 8 x M24 nuts 8 1.60 12.8

010 8 x M16 bolts 8 1.90 15.14

009,010 Pre-fabricated steel legs 8 - -

015 A393 Mesh 2 75.58 151.16

011 Steel piles 12

Concreting

010,017 Concrete C40(water cement ration 1.5 5.5m³ 115.40/m³ 634.7


Group 1 Page 113

and minimum cement content

325kg/m²)

Tools/Machines

Claw hammer 15 33.99 509.85

5m Tape 2 12.94 25.88

Steel saw 1 55.00 55.00

Steel wire ties 2 rolls 10.45 20.90

Rebar caps 60 0.56 33.60

Shovel 10 14.97 149.7

Buckets 4 24.99 99.96

Concrete vibrating machine 2 229.99 459.98

Soil vibrating machine 1 81.40/week 81.40

Adjustable spanner 4 23.95 95.8

Drilling machine 2 34.60/week 34.60

220V generator + extension 2 55.00/week 55.00

Hydraulic Excavator 1 386.70/week 386.70

Bar bender 1 137.40/week 137.40

Crawler crane(20t) 1 980.90/week 980.90

Screw driver 8 9.91 79.28

Water pump 1 111.90/week 111.90

Oil/petrol for the generator 5 lit

Wheelbarrow 4 80.69 322.76

Chain saw 2 34.60 34.60

Spray paint(red and yellow) 2 6.78 13.56

Working bench 2 89.97 179.94

Cro bar tool 2 10.33 20.66

Concrete rake 2 21.90 43.80

Geotextile 2 250 500

Total Cost:£9115.71


Group 1 Page 114

15 The contract

This contract is the agreement between Group 1(Contractor) and The University of Salford Civil Engineering Department (Client) for the construction of the Kings Gate Foot Bridge. Agreement Client requires the construction of the bridge and the Contractor agrees to construct the Bridge in accordance with the design given on page 8 of the Construction Report attached to this Contract as appendix A.

Location The Bridge will be constructed at:

Bircham Newton King's Lynn Norfolk PE31 6RH

Project delivery schedule Construction of the bridge will take place at the Site during the period of 4.5 days allocated for the Constructionarium activities between 16th March 2014 and 21st March 2014. Scope of Works Contractor will carry out the following tasks:

Activity

Surveying

Shuttering

Rebar

Concreting

Tools/Machines

Total amount: £9115.71

Client Responsibilities The required plant work and construction materials shall be supplied by Client by the specified times required, as stated on page 86 of the Report. Signed on this 16 day of March 2014 Contractor Signature: Client Signature ______________________ _________________ Hristo Dimitriev Dr Tahsin Toma Group 1 Project Manager University of Salford

Representive


Group 1 Page 115

16 Reflective Writing

H&S

The importance of health and safety on construction site is to ensure that all members

are wearing all PPEs in every specific part. In my opinion, health and safety was one of the

significant things that all students should pay attention to wear the right PPE and to be careful

of any hazards that might happen as much as they can. It affects the students positively in

case of any harm could happen to avoid and to learn how to avoid it.

Health and safety team was making the other teams working safe in every specific

steps of surveying, rebar, shuttering and concrete. Moreover, there were some issues that

found to discuss about. Every team has a member of health and safety team to see how they

work properly and to wear the PPE all the time. Some students were not paying attention in

rebar and concrete as we asked them to be safe by wearing the right Personal Protective

Equipment at the right time.

Other issues that happened is when pouring concrete and working close to the water.

Students were asked to wear the proper rubber suit in concrete with life jacket close to water.

Also some students did not wear the proper rubber gloves as we asked them to wear the

available ones, others were using the normal ones as we asked them to wash their hand

immediately after finishing pouring.

In rebar, some students were not getting the goggles during working there. As we tried

to avoid of any hazard could happen in any team were working on the site. Finally, health and

safety team is one of the main stages that everyone should be aware of having members to

manage the health of people working on construction site.

Surveying

From the method statement we had created before setting off to Norfolk, the

surveying experience we had was totally different. According to the method statement, the

river was to be cut on Monday morning. However, due to some an unexpected event such as

the crane driver said that he’ll only cut the river once the formwork for the deck was

completed. This therefore led the river being cut on a Tuesday morning.

Apart from the planning process not going as it should have, we also experience some

difficulties which we managed to fix before the end of the day. For instance, due to the long

distance between station 3 to the centre point of the foundation, we had communication

problems. We therefore resorted to using our cell phones to communicate with each other.

This made easier to solve the communication problems as it was difficult trying to

communicate using sign language.

The weather being too windy on that day, we experience a problem of trying to get

the bubble on the pole holding the reflector in the middle, this gave as a few seconds off from

the bearing readings. There was nothing we could have done to solve this issue. The ground

on one side of the river was very soft and saturated, this proved difficult to compact. No


Group 1 Page 116

matter how many times we added layers of soil to compact the ground and bring it to

same level as the other side of the river, the soil just kept slipping away. After about an hour

of trying to add as much soil as possible, we finally managed to compact the ground and bring

to the same level with the other foundation.

Lastly, we had our foundation set out and the parts where the piles would go were

marked out using a builder’s line. The markings were disturbed by the rebar team as they kept

placing the removing the rebar cage from the ground where we had surveyed and marked to

the river bank. This was solely done as the two rebar cages were not of the same measurement

and they were trying to fix the problem. Nothing could have been done to fix the markings as

the concrete truck was already on the site. We however tried to level the two foundations

before the concrete was poured and we also ensure that the two foundations were exactly 5m

apart.

The experience was overall good, as we managed to fix the problems to the best of

our ability by using team work. We all contributed by helping one another to get the work

done and solve problems quicker. Overall, we have learnt not to underestimate any type of

work. And we should always have a critical path in our method statement in the case where

things don’t end up going as planned. We have also learnt to expect the unexpected things

such as bad weather conditions.

If we are to have a situation like this again, we could do things a bit different to help

minimise the problems, for instance, we would use pegs to peg the foundation area rather

than using a builder’s line to make the markings. We would ensure that the river is cut a lot

sooner to allow the ground to dry up a little before surveying begins.

Shuttering

As we joined a crucial team like shuttering, relevant tasks were allocated equally to all

members of my team. In designs like reinforced concrete footbridge, shuttering takes an

important role.

We divided the role into three different parts like materials, method statement and

risks associated with each action. These were shared to the six members involved in the

formwork team. For example, task like assembling the frame for the decks includes:

1. What materials used and how much? 2. What plants needed in order to accomplish those tasks 3. Design/Shape 4. Exterior temporary support like: the triangular shape timber support on the side of

each Deck. 5. Risks and hazards and how could we eliminate/avoid them. 6. How to finish each step with visual images and 3D design. 7. Any unpredicted costs/total C02 cost.

The method statement recognises most of the points mentioned above. It offers all

the essential details for labours (students in this case) to work without ease to finish each task

in the right time and place.


Group 1 Page 117

The team worked very hard from the first minute. First steps were to find the safest

and the most appropriate location for us. Next, was to collect all the materials, including:

plywood and timber planks, needed for each step, which was also to place them in the

appropriate place. For us, the most meaningful experience was in preparing the decks for the

footbridge. We had few significant issues like having to search for used and old materials at

the waste location of the site. At that position, few members were anxious and sceptical about

time and whether the team would accomplish their task as planned. Previously, we thought

essential materials are to be provided by the Constructionarium College. This could be

explained by a real life construction situation where the contractor should make the most out

of the waste materials produced, and is responsible for every extra project cost and carbon

cost related to the project, which is defined in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

This is unlike the piles cap shuttering because we were given new unused materials delivered

to the appropriate location. Ultimately, however, after the concrete was delivered and poured

into place, few unpredicted outcomes were experienced like: bits and pieces of timber found

in the RC, plus, the shape was not perfect, this is probably related to the poor plywood sheets

available. Moving on to the pile caps, in terms of design, unlike the bridge decks, this part had

a better final shape with no internal issues, which is perhaps due to the extra efforts was put

onto the process, which could be explained by the significant development and work

arrangement, plus the hard teamwork organised by the shuttering team manager and all his

team members.

Having applied theory into practice, we now realise how important planning and site work

progression. We have significantly developed independency on site by:

Not relying on advises from the appropriate department

Being in site on time

Studying issues faced into effective solution We have also improved our skills and the ability to:

Self-organisation/team organisation/arrangement.

Work as a team to complete a task.

Turn ideas and solutions into reality.

Avoid any personal problems on site

Rotate tasks and work

Work with heavy/power tools. These skills are fundamentals to us as contractors because they create seamless

environment on site, thus, work accomplishes on time with the least cost. Ultimately, our

group achieved successful outcome but to improve our achievements, we perhaps needed

more organisation and patience with and between other groups and members working at the

project. Few major issues could have been avoided by simply asking for an experienced

advises from an appropriate person like site engineers. In the future, we need to be aware of

the different members abilities, background and standards. Also try to understand and analyse

each steps and problems could be faced with all parties including clients.


Group 1 Page 118

Rebar/Concrete

On the first day when we arrived the concrete mesh was delivered to the construction

site. The mesh was delivered into sheets and we had to cut these sheets into the required

shape needed for the decks. Unfortunately we have ordered a steel cutting blade but was not

delivered in time so we had to cut the mesh with a saw which required for more than one

handy labour to cut it which led to taking more than the required time needed to cut it. After

cutting the mesh we had to connect two sheets of mesh with a steel wire, it was done by tying

knots at each end of both mesh sheets.

When it was ready to lower the mesh into the form work a problem occurred

unfortunately because the mesh was cut manually the dimensions of the mesh were not

accurate to fit in the form work, and the angle at the end of the mesh was supposed to be cut

into a 45˚ but yet again it was inaccurate because it was cut manually. So the mesh was taken

out of the form work and had to be cut again to its accurate dimensions needed and lowered

again into the formwork. Later when it was almost time to pour the concrete a problem was

detected in the form work because of the lowering and pulling of the mesh, the formwork was

damaged. And while the concrete was poured in one of the deck formworks the other side of

the form work was repaired, and yet we managed to get it done in time for the concrete to

pour. There was come chaos while pouring the concrete one instructor gave some directions

and another instructor gave other directions yet us as labours were confused. We were

directed to vibrate the concrete at the walls while other directions were given not to because

as much as we were pouring concrete in the walls with shovels the vibrator made the concrete

sink back again into the deck area, this problem was managed.

The next step was to form the rebar cages for the pile cap. Again with same knot tying

procedure we tied the rebars together using the steel wires. And around the rebars we tied the

L bars. And at the base of the rebar cage we tied spacing caps. After lowering the rebar cage

into the formwork an error was spotted. One of the cages had some difference in dimension

from the other cage, and one cage had perfect dimensions and the other had some flaws, the

base plates were not aligned so we had to manage that problem by sorting the holes of the

plates to be aligned, We had to take out the cage and sort out the problem with L bars by

bending them with hammers and some force. The concrete was then poured into the form

work, it was vibrated and neatly sorted through the formwork, giving excellent results later on.


Group 1 Page 119


Group 1 Page 120


Group 1 Page 121


Group 1 Page 122


Group 1 Page 123


Group 1 Page 124

17 Critical review

In this project there is a lot to be considered as it is an amazing project from all

aspects, that starts with the designer Ove Aurp and the bridge design itself also how it was

considered from structure, innovation and the power of simple mechanical engineering. The

Kingsgate Bridge when first proposed in 1963 it was because it was immensely needed for the

connection of the old collages and Durham university with the city centre. Clearly a river in

the middle did not make it ideal; therefore this was built to help transportation fro one side to

another. This project is a very special project because of the person who designed in who was

one of the pioneers at the time as he was currently working on Sydney’s Opera House which

is one of the most iconic buildings till today. This project to Aurp personally was different

because he was there for every detail and he was the one that managed to create the bridge

without scaffolding.

As the bridge was to be constructed it was not what it was spent on the bridge that

made it so special because in reality it was cheap bridge to construct but as Aurp said it’s the

bridge that gave him most satisfaction as it integrated architecture, structure and method of

construction.

The way that we have prepared for site work is by doing a step by step plan of how

the building was built and how we used that information to prepare for the one that we are

going to built by taking key features of the bridge in Durham and the structure of it and that is

by connecting the two decks together in the middle and precast them before rotation as well

as using the piles to be built on the side and not to be contacted with water and that is

because it stops corrosion and reaction with the water. This is all shown in the construction

sequence of how we expect the project to be constructed on site with the help of the actual

methods of construction that was started on the bridge in 1963. We have then moved further

and to much detail with the help of the sequence and the Gantt chart to provide a precise plan

of how it will be done what are the things needs, what are the steps to be done, with the

machines needed and the professional personnel’s that are needed to do a specific job. Also

not forgetting the risks involved in all the activities that were going to do on site and that’s by

providing a risk assessment of health and safety catered for this project and mentioning it

again on each step in the method statement.

17.1 H&S Critical review

As the health and safety manger there were a lot of things that needed consideration

on first stepping on site. As there were three teams in place and that was shuttering,

concrete/rebar and surveying I had to delegate to people to be part of each team to make sure

the members of those teams are intact and safe.

There were a lot of minor issues that needed to be kept in mind, and that included

when first started to hammer and nail I had to make sure that since it is the first time for

some people to do it, therefore teach them the right way to do it as well making sure that their

hands are not in the way. I had to make sure that the pieces of timber are not lying around

because they will tend to be hazard for tripping over them, therefore the health and safety


Group 1 Page 125

team was constantly keeping them out of way. Also making sure that all members were

wearing the appropriate PPE at all times as there was a lot of moving around with people not

particularly being careful with moving things around or waving things around, therefore if I

saw anyone not complying with the rules I would go and tell them about it.

When it came to rebar and concrete, it was set out in two phases, in the rebar phase as

we were connecting the L bars to the mesh we had to make sure that if they are standing there

is a mushroom head on top of it in case of someone tripping or falling over them, as well as

knocking them down, at the same time had to make sure everyone is wearing their gloves and

gloves are replaced if damaged, because as the L bars were tied into the mesh with wire that

was cut with a sharp edge. With concrete had to make sure everyone is wearing rubber gloves

as well their covered with the suits provided, this was somehow of an issue as when we had

the concrete pour for the whole deck we needed all hands on deck, therefore there were

people who have been assigned previously therefore prepared but the rest was not. We had a

couple of incidences of concrete splashing on the face and people not wearing the right

gloves, when this was noticed I would request for them to wash the area off with water and

soup thoroughly, and the gloves issue was prevented by making people wear disposable gloves

underneath their regular gloves to compensate for the rubber gloves given to the concrete

team, and this was done because not enough were provided. Having the disposable gloves

were more than enough as it prevented concrete passing through to the skin and protected

everyone.

For the surveying team the most important aspect is that they were working with the

mud which has been left behind from cutting the river, and that was sinking their feet so we

made sure that they are always in couples where they are surveying. Also for when putting and

removing the sand bags the person acquired for the job had to wear a life jacket as well as

welly boots. As well as making sure that when hooking the sand bags the 4 leg chain leg does

not come close and injure people at work.

One of the things we had to make sure that we do at the end of each day and after

shuttering was done is to remove all the wood, because we have a responsibility toward our

environment and clearing everything. That was done after shuttering by segregating different

wood sizes and taking the nails out of them and this could be for further use as in recycling.

As well as clearing the area from any pieces for the purpose of eliminating hazards and

making it a clean working environment.


Group 1 Page 126

17.2 Surveying critical review

Specific tasks in the surveying were shared out between members of my team.

Primarily, the tasks were not as difficult as it was expected by all the team members.

Cooperation was the key element between group members.

Eventually, our team members accomplished a successful outcome, but to improve

the process, we perhaps need a proper planning and also enough time to allow the ground to

dry. Furthermore, it might be a good idea to help and encourage the team to cooperate when

tasks is being shared out. In the future team work will be a key at work and I would possibly

suggest following this.

17.3 Shuttering critical review

One of the struggles which occurred while building the shuttering on site was not

having any new material available to produce the shuttering for the bridges decks and its

temporary support. This problem was resolved by going to the timber/plywood scarp yard

which was on site and using the appropriate material which was needed for the job, this way

the economical pillar of sustainability was thought about by reducing the cost of the project

by reusing the material which has already been used for other purposes. Another difficulty

which occurred while developing the shuttering for the deck was the amount of electronic

machinery available on site this problem delayed the process because of having to wait for

other groups to finish using the equipment. This problem could be solved by investing in

some new machinery and having one type of equipment given to all groups; this could speed

up the progression of work within all groups. Another problem which occurred on site was

when putting the rebar into the shuttering and it didn’t fit in one side of the deck this caused a

last minute extension of the shuttering, which caused a lot of hassle as it was being done while

the concrete was being poured into the formwork. This situation could be solved by the rebar

assembling team taking more care when putting it together and also cutting and measuring

everything to scale as the drawings provided by the client. Once the formwork was complete

and used the plywood and timber planks were de-nailed and left in the scrap yard to be used

again by other people on site. The greatest thing about this project was everybody working as

a team and following the instructions given to them to achieve results in a safe and

professional manner and finishing the work before the deadline.

17.4 Rebar and Concrete critical review

There were a number of issues regarding the construction of the rebar cages for the

deck and pile caps and also the concrete pours.

The first issue that presented itself was that there was no steel cutting blade available

for the saw which meant that any cutting of the steel mesh had to be done by hand which

proved to be time consuming, physically laborious and also relatively inaccurate in its

measurements. It would take two to three people to easily cut the mesh using the bolt cutters

and it would take a few minutes for each cut. Each cut that was made was also rather

inaccurate often giving an error of up to 2cm per cut. This may not seem a lot but later it


Group 1 Page 127

would cause issues when we can to lift the mesh into the formwork. This inaccuracy in width

cuttings was later resolved when the blade arrived on the following day which allowed us to

cut the mesh to the appropriate size after we tried and failed to fit it in to the formwork.

The issue with the concrete pour for the decks was that we were not organised well

enough. Also due to the error in the cutting of the mesh when we were putting it in to the

deck, the formwork for the decks was damaged which meant that when the concrete was

ready to pour the end pieces for the formwork was still being repaired. This meant that as the

concrete was pouring the shuttering team was telling us to shovel the concrete to the opposite

side so they had enough time to fix it. The initial problem when the concrete began to pour

was that a number of people were stood idle not doing anything and even people with shovels

were not making use of them. As frustrating as it was initially we managed to get ourselves

organised.

The rebar cages for the pile caps differed in two things. Their overall heights and the

distance (spacing) of the L bars. Although these were very small (terms of centi/millimetres)

these had an impact later when the pile caps would be poured. One rebar cage for the pile cap

was constructed almost perfectly. However as a second team was allocated to begin the

second rebar cage while the first was being finished it meant that there was some slight

differences in measurements and obviously working standards. These problems caused the

rotating base plate to have issues aligning on the cage just before the concrete pour. In the

end we managed to align and fit them by bending the L bars using brute force and hammers.

These issues can be resolved thusly: for the lack of steel blade, ensure that it is

provided when needed. For the inaccuracy in measurements, ensure that the manager double

checks all measurements rather than trusting in other peoples standards of work. The

concrete pour for the pile caps went considerably better as we knew what to expect following

the deck pour, so there was not much improvement needed. If anything we could designate

specific people for shovelling as some people with shovels again seemed not to know what to

do with them. Regarding the pile cap rebar cages this again comes to down to measurements.

The manager should ensure that he double checks all measurements due to differences in

working standards.

Overall I can say that we managed to complete the project. Problems are expected on

site. It is about the ability of the team to work through these problems and find solutions. We

managed to complete the bridge in a safe and professional manner within the deadline.

Results matter.


Group 1 Page 128

18 References

7 Kinds of Environmental Pollution. (2009-2013.). Retrieved March 6, 2014, from

http://www.sustainablebabysteps.com/kinds-of-environmental-pollution.html

Basics of Environmental Assessment. (2013, May 21). Retrieved 03 06, 2014, from

http://www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=en&n=B053F859-1#gen01.

Mayntz, M. (2008-2014). Types of pollution. Retrieved March 6, 2014, from

http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Types_of_Pollution

What is pollution? (2008, July 27). Retrieved March 6, 2014, from

http://premit08.hubpages.com/hub/how-to-prevent-from-pollution

Chudley, R., & Chudley, R. (2008). Building construction handbook. Amsterdam ; London:

Amsterdam ; London : Butterworth-Heinemann. Allen, W. Envelope design for buildings. Architectural Press, 1997. [FOLIO 721.2/ALL]

Bijen, J. Durability of Engineering Structures. Woodhead Publications, 2003. [620.00454/BIJ]

Moffitt, F. H. (1998). Surveying. Menlo Park, Calif. ; Harlow: Menlo Park, Calif. ; Harlow : Addison-Wesley.

Documents

FINAL KGB SUBMISSION