Final Project Towed submarine camera

Authors : Ahmed Al Bashooti 201000508 Abdulaziz Al Bufalah 20900035 Supervised by : Polytechnic: Dr.Khaled Eissa Oil Spill: Mr. Richard Sims

2013

Bishouty PC Bahrain Polytechnic

9/23/2013

1 | P a g e

Table of Contents Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. 3

Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 6

Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 7

Research ........................................................................................................................................................ 8

Initial sketches .......................................................................................................................................... 8

Elimination ................................................................................................................................................ 9

The chosen one ......................................................................................................................................... 9

Bio-mimicry ............................................................................................................................................... 9

Shark's body ............................................................................................................................................ 10

Windsocks ............................................................................................................................................... 11

Aerodynamics ..................................................................................................................................... 11

Material selection ................................................................................................................................... 12

Aluminum ............................................................................................................................................ 12

Carbon Steel ........................................................................................................................................ 13

Fiber glass ............................................................................................................................................ 14

Selection process .................................................................................................................................... 15

Product Design Specification Budget ....................................................................................................... 17

Equipment in the workshop .................................................................................................................... 17

Time ........................................................................................................................................................ 18

Safety ...................................................................................................................................................... 18

Knowledge and industrial skill: ............................................................................................................... 18

Environment ........................................................................................................................................... 19

Design and Manufacturing ...................................................................................................................... 20

Communication ....................................................................................................................................... 20

Milestones ............................................................................................................................................... 21

Function ...................................................................................................................................................... 22

Weight ..................................................................................................................................................... 22

Basic structure ........................................................................................................................................ 23

Installations ............................................................................................................................................. 24

2 | P a g e

Planned Preventive Maintenance ........................................................................................................... 25

Fiberglass ................................................................................................................................................ 26

Testing ..................................................................................................................................................... 27

Construction process .............................................................................................................................. 28

Fiberglass ............................................................................................................................................ 30

Resin and Hardener............................................................................................................................. 30

Solid works .................................................................................................................................................. 31

Preparing the model for Ansys simulation ............................................................................................. 38

SolidWorks FloXpress Report .................................................................................................................. 39

Drag force................................................................................................................................................ 40

Ansys Workbench ................................................................................................................................... 41

Inserting the geometry ....................................................................................................................... 42

Geometry ............................................................................................................................................ 42

Mesh ................................................................................................................................................... 43

Setup and solutions ............................................................................................................................. 45

Results ................................................................................................................................................. 47

Discussion.................................................................................................................................................... 51

Conclusion and recommendations ............................................................................................................. 52

Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 53

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 59

3 | P a g e

Table of Figures

Figure 1: The first sketch ( similar to an exixting design) .............................................................................. 8

Figure 2: The second sketch idea take from (wind sovk & shark) ................................................................ 8

Figure 3 : The third sketch ( fish lure shape) ................................................................................................. 8

Figure 4 : Shark body................................................................................................................................... 10

Figure 5 : Wind sock .................................................................................................................................... 11

Figure 6: Aluminum physical properties ..................................................................................................... 12

Figure 7: The Arabian Gulf map. ................................................................................................................. 19

Figure 8: This figure illustrates the product cycle bubble map. (Product cycle ). ....................................... 20

Figure 9: The submarine body sketched by SolidWorks ............................................................................. 22

Figure 10: The body of the vehicle .............................................................................................................. 23

Figure 11: The top dome is where electronics and flash light will be installed and protected from water.

.................................................................................................................................................................... 23

Figure 12 : The rudder is a very important part, where is provides the vehicle with lateral movement ... 23

Figure 13: The bottom dome is where the camera will be installed; the material of this part must be

clear plastic. ................................................................................................................................................ 23

Figure 14: The flaps are also very important parts, where they control the vertical movement of the

vehicle. ........................................................................................................................................................ 23

Figure 15: Fiber glass application ................................................................................................................ 26

Figure 16: This figure demostrates the initiation of the sketch on the front plane ................................... 31

Figure 17: 3D sketch of the submarine outlines ......................................................................................... 31

Figure 18: Lofted body of the vehicle ......................................................................................................... 31

Figure 19: Wing sketch ................................................................................................................................ 32

Figure 20: Flap after extruding feature and chamfering the front edges. .................................................. 32

Figure 21: The top fine sketch..................................................................................................................... 32

Figure 22: The submarine body after extruding the top fine and the wings, where the flap was mirrored

to the opposite side. ................................................................................................................................... 32

Figure 23: Rudder's pivot sketch ................................................................................................................. 33

Figure 24: Pivot body mirrored ................................................................................................................... 33

Figure 25: Mirroring pivot features ............................................................................................................ 33

Figure 26: Top dome sketch, before extruding ........................................................................................... 33

Figure 27: Top dome after extruding .......................................................................................................... 33

Figure 28: Bottom dome, where the same procedure of the top dome was repeated for the bottom. ... 33

Figure 29: the submarin body after hollowing the inner part .................................................................... 34

Figure 30: The sketch of the cowling. ......................................................................................................... 34

Figure 31: The cowling after revolving the sketch ...................................................................................... 34

Figure 32: The wing after cutting the flap part. .......................................................................................... 35

Figure 33: The extruded rear wing .............................................................................................................. 35

Figure 34: The rear wing after cutting feature ........................................................................................... 35

Figure 35: The sketch of the bottom dome cover ...................................................................................... 36

Figure 36: The extruded dome body ........................................................................................................... 36

4 | P a g e

Figure 37: The bottom dome after hollowing the inner part to form a shell ............................................. 36

Figure 38 :The rudder side sketch .............................................................................................................. 36

Figure 39: Rudder after extruding the sketch ............................................................................................. 36

Figure 40: The top dome cover sketch........................................................................................................ 37

Figure 41: The sketch of the top dome after extruding .............................................................................. 37

Figure 42: The sketch of the undesired part to be removed ...................................................................... 37

Figure 43: The top dome after cutting and chamfering.............................................................................. 37

Figure 44: The top dome after hollowing the bottom surface ................................................................... 37

Figure 45: Fluid domain Box (dimensions) .................................................................................................. 38

Figure 46: transfer options for inserting a body ......................................................................................... 38

Figure 47: The body after inserting it into the fluid box ............................................................................. 38

Figure 48: The Body (Void) and the Fluid (Solid) ........................................................................................ 38

Figure 49: The flow stream lines in the submarine hollow interior ............................................................ 39

Figure 50: Isometric view of the velocity streamlines ............................................................................... 39

Figure 51: Drag coefficient for different shapes ......................................................................................... 40

Figure 52: This figure illustrates the similarity between the submarine and the streamlined body shape40

Figure 53: The relation between the Breadth and the Depth of the software .......................................... 41

Figure 54: The analysis systems of ANSYS .................................................................................................. 42

Figure 55: inserting the geometry to the FLUENT ...................................................................................... 42

Figure 56: The generating to upload the geometry ................................................................................... 42

Figure 57: The geometry after uploading to the design modeler .............................................................. 42

Figure 58:Meshing initiation ....................................................................................................................... 43

Figure 59: Mesh options and naming selections ....................................................................................... 43

Figure 60: Body after meshing .................................................................................................................... 43

Figure 61: The figure below is a zoom in on the submarine flap to visualize the fine mesh. ..................... 44

Figure 62: This figure demonstrates the shape and the number for partitions ......................................... 44

Figure 63: Setting up thesimulation ............................................................................................................ 45

Figure 64: The vehicle body wall conditions ............................................................................................... 45

Figure 65: Velocity inlet parameters and conditions .................................................................................. 45

Figure 66: Outlet parameters and conditions ............................................................................................. 45

Figure 67: Surrounding wall Conditions ...................................................................................................... 45

Figure 68: Simulation monitor for drag and lift .......................................................................................... 46

Figure 69: Scaled residuals .......................................................................................................................... 46

Figure 70: Side cross-sectional view of velocity streamlines ...................................................................... 47

Figure 71: Tail cross-sectional view (streamlines) ...................................................................................... 47

Figure 72: Tail top cross-sectional view (streamlines) ................................................................................ 47

Figure 73: side cross-sectional view of velocity vectors ............................................................................. 48

Figure 74: Top cross-sectional view of velocity vectors.............................................................................. 48

Figure 75: Turbulence at the bottom camera dome .................................................................................. 48

Figure 76: Turbulence at the top fin ........................................................................................................... 48

Figure 77: pressure contour (isometric view) ............................................................................................. 49

Figure 78: pressure contour (Face view)..................................................................................................... 49

5 | P a g e

Figure 79: Pressure contour in the hollow interior ..................................................................................... 49

Figure 80 Pressure contour lines (Transparent body) ................................................................................ 49

Figure 81: Forces at the Z axis (the driving axis) ......................................................................................... 50

Figure 82: Forces at the Y axis (the axis vertical to the body) .................................................................... 50

Figure 84: The Inlet diameter of the Submarine ......................................................................................... 53

Figure 83:The picture shows the length of the submarine ......................................................................... 53

Figure 85 : The picture shows the outer diameter of the submarine ......................................................... 54

Figure 86: The picture shows the length of the fin which is equal in both sides (right and left) ............... 54

Figure 87: The picture shows the length of the dorsal fin .......................................................................... 55

Figure 88: The picture shows the height of the dorsal fin .......................................................................... 55

Figure 89 : The picture shows the total length from one side wing of the submarine to the other side ... 56

Figure 90: The picture shows the length of the side fin (wing) .................................................................. 56

Figure 91 : The picture shows the width of the back fin ............................................................................. 57

Figure 92: The picture shows the length of the back fin ............................................................................ 57

Figure 93: The picture shows the length of the place where the flash light and the camera will fixed ..... 58

6 | P a g e

Abstract

This project is a solution to an actual problem that has been given to us by the Oil spill response

company, where they face problems in inspecting the seabed after an oil spill accident occurs.

Usually, some of the oil that gets emulsified with sea water it sinks to the sea bed and

contaminates it. The company usually sends divers to inspect, but this process is very slow.

Therefore, the company requested a submersible surveillance vehicle that can be towed by a

boat.

As a result, we needed to design a submarine that must be remote controlled, simple, light

weighted, strong, hydrodynamic and efficient. Many designs and sketches were carried out to

try to come up with several options before choosing the suitable one with respect to the

anticipated environment. After that, we started eliminating options that were over complicated

or inferior.

The final chosen project is a submarine vehicle that is equipped with camera and flash lights to

monitor the seabed. This submarine is towed by a boat using a steel cable, where this cable

can be fed up to 40 meters depth not length. The submarine will have a remote controlled

rudder and flap to control its vertical and lateral maneuvering. Powerful flash light will be

installed to the bottom of the submarine to shed light on the seabed. All the electronics and the

electrical devices must be waterproofed and can withstand high water pressure.

The project includes the building of a prototype, it was also tested in small water tank and the

results were a satisfactory. In addition, the cost of this project is about 300 BHD.

7 | P a g e

Summary

The objective of this project is to design and manufacture a towed submarine with a surveillance camera

which have to marine up to 40 meters depth. This project will help the company to develop their

equipment that deals with cleaning the oil from the sea. The project should be accomplished at the end

of this semester which is about 12 weeks and it will contain a prototype that used to simplify the

concept of how the project will work. Moreover, proposed designings, Solid works and hydrodynamics,

Material selections, Accessories installation and Testing are the main steps that need to be carried out

to finish the project.

The selected project was a towable submarine with a surveillance camera and that project was finally

chosen after it discussed with the polytechnic supervisor. The goal of this project is to solve the problem

which faced the company to find the places where the oil deposits after it leaks from the ships.

Moreover, it was selected because it gathers the needs of knowledge in theoretical and practical

experience that have been given in the previous semester. Furthermore, it was the most interesting and

challenging project rather than the other three project that given by the company.

The Oil spill Company will greatly benefit from this project, which will save them a lot of effort and time

when they start gathering the oil. In addition, it will be the important part in solving the problem that

they face in when they search for deposits of the oil after period of time. Moreover, it will be a useful

device for the inspection after they finish the cleaning process, so the company can insure that there will

be no more deposits of oil in the seabed.

Bahrain Polytechnic will benefit from this project, which will enhance and increase its reputation.

Moreover, graduate students will represent the polytechnic and expand its reputation in Bahrain and all

the countries of the world. Furthermore, they will be eligible to be part of the internal companies and

industries that required skills and understanding of the concept, coupled with self-directed learning and

these required will found in projects that have the same level of the project which will be given to the

company.

The project should be presented at the end of this semester which is 12 weeks and it will contain a

prototype that used to simplify the concept of how the project will work. The prototype will be

presented and given to the company to be testes as a new technology in order to ensure that it will be

applicable with their requirements and fulfill their needs.

The submarine project is a vehicle which fitted with camera and flash light to be suitable for the

requirement of the oil cleaning process, which is to access the seabed. The device has to reach up to 40

meters depth which is dark area and that why the flash light was installed, which will be at the bottom

of the submarine to give good lightening, so the camera can take a clear picture. Moreover, a steel cable

will be used to tow the device by a boat and this device will be controlled remotely. A remote controlled

rudder will be used to control the lateral and vertical direction of the device, motor or a hydraulic jack

will be used to control the movement.

8 | P a g e

Research

The research consists of studies and creative work in order to expand the stock of knowledge.

This part will consist of research and studies from the internet regarding the project, starting

from geometry to the material.

Initial sketches

The beginning of any design starts by sketching or drawing ideas in mind on a paper, these

sketches are not too detailed, just a simple pencil drawing.

Sketches are very important, where they are based on research done by looking on previous

designs or other stuff that can influence the sketcher.

The submarine project started with 3 primary sketches:

The first sketch idea was taken from a submarine that

was found in internet. The shape of the submarine looks

like a rocket which has good hydrodynamic shape.

The second sketch idea was taken from a shark, where

the outer geometry looks like a shark. The shark has

great stability and maneuvering in the sea, therefore a

shark is a great choice for a submarine's shape.

The third sketch was taken from a lure used in fishing,

where the lure looks like a small fish. This fish has a good

hydrodynamic body which is required to design the project

and it is also towed.

Figure 1: The first sketch ( similar to an exixting design)

Figure 2: The second sketch idea take from (wind sovk & shark)

Figure 3 : The third sketch ( fish lure shape)

9 | P a g e

Elimination

In this stage, the undesired sketches are eliminated due to complication or they are not good

enough.

Regarding the project, the first sketch was eliminated because the body of the submarine is

enclosed and it will require a complicated system to control the air/water ratio inside it which

controls the depth.

The third sketch was also eliminated because the lure fish is designed to dive up to a specific

depth, however it is hard to add a control system of guidance to this design.

The chosen one

The second sketch was the most suitable because of the following two reasons:

Automatic guidance

Efficient lateral control

The hollow shape provides the vehicle with automatic guidance, where the body will directly direct itself

collinearly while driving due to the fluid passing through it. This idea was taken from the windsock that

will be explained onwards.

The hollow shape of the vehicle starts wide and gets narrow gradually; this forces the fluid to accelerate

at the outlet which will provide the rudder with a great working efficiency even if it is driven at low

speed.

Bio-mimicry

Bio mimicry is a process that studies nature and then

imitates the designs of nature to solve human problems faced in their real life. As an example,

the shape of the plane was taken from the birds.

The proposal of that is nature has already answered many of the problems that faced humans

in their life. The expert engineers of the nature are animals, plants and microbes. After that,

people found what works, suitable and most important things that still here on earth. After a

lot of research and development, they found after 3.8 billion years that everything around us in

the world is the secret to survival. (What is Biomimicry?, 2007/2013) .

10 | P a g e

Looking at Nature as Model and Mentor

Nature as model:

Bio mimicry is a new science, which is the study of the nature models. After that, by simulate

these form and strategies led to solve human problems. The bio mimicry design spiral

developed a practical design tool developed by guild and it collaborators. Moreover, they used

nature as model.

Nature as mentor:

Bio mimicry is a process to observe and assess the nature. It is based on what we can learn not

what we can extract from the nature. (What is Biomimicry?, 2007/2013) .

Shark's body

Body Shape

The body shape of the sharks is normally fusiform body

which is rounded and tapered at both ends. Moreover, this

shape is helpful because it's required minimum amount of

energy to move and swim.

Tail fin (represents the rudder):

The tail fins that the sharks have helps to move downwards and forwards due to the different sizes of

the upper and the lower side (upper side is bigger than the lower side).

Pectoral Fins (represents the wings):

Pectoral fins are located to the side of the front part of the shark where they are rigid and help passing

through the water horizontally. Furthermore, it is provided to move downward and that provide lift to

offset the tail fins.

Dorsal fins (represents the top fin):

Dorsal fin is located at the top of the shark. The stability of the shark is due to the paired pelvic fins.

Moreover, one or two dorsal fins and dorsal fin spines are also help stabilize the shark.

(Sharks Hydrodynamic).

Figure 4 : Shark body

11 | P a g e

Windsocks

Windsocks are simply shaped as cones which attached to fixed

mounts. It was seeded into a tube shape sock material. Moreover,

due to the internal pressure inside, it makes the windsock taper

floating in the air. It is led to lift the wind cone and making wind

socks stretched out like it. However, this is only when there is wind.

Furthermore, it is used in airports, ports and chemical plants which

designed to show the direction and relative wind speed.

(How Do Windsocks Work?, 1999).

Aerodynamics

A windsock aerodynamics is intricate, but mainly it is involves on compressing. Compression is

very small, but it was enough to force the socks pulled up. As the tube becomes smaller, the

pressure and speed of the wind increases. This facilitates the socks to make it stick straight out

of the wall, and it led to have some turbulence that makes the sock flutter. While having a large

inlet and small outlet, the windsock has the ability to look like a funnel for wind. Moreover, the

sock will be inflated by increasing its velocity and force.

(How Does a Windsock Work?, 1999) .

Relation to our project

The wind sock influenced us because of its ability to align collinearly to the wind direction which is an

important requirement for the submarine (auto guidance).

Figure 5 : Wind sock

12 | P a g e

Material selection

The process of selecting material is an important step in the way of achieving a high quality and durable

product. There are three materials that were chosen in the beginning of the material selection process.

The three following materials will be explained in details.

Aluminum

Aluminum was one of three materials that were chosen in the beginning of the

selection process for many reasons, such as;

Corrosion Resistance

The corrosion resistance of aluminum is produced naturally with a protective oxide coating. Moreover,

these properties can be improved with different types of surface behavior. For example, anodizing,

painting or lacquering. It is usually used in some application that required protection and conservation.

Ductility

Ductility and low melting point are the main properties that the aluminum has. It can be processed in

many ways under melt conditions. Its ductility makes aluminum products basically formed to be close

enough to the end of the product design.

Weld ability

The fact that aluminum is weld able is a good point, where it will ease the process of construction and

fabrication. Hence, that welding can be waterproof and strong.

(Aluminium - Specifications, Properties) .

Figure 6: Aluminum physical properties

13 | P a g e

Carbon Steel

Carbon steel was the second choice material that was chosen in the

beginning of the selection process for the following reasons;

Strength

Carbon steel is one of the strongest types of steel which is mostly harder than iron. The reason is

because the iron is the main component of steel that mixed with other alloying materials to produce it.

(About the Properties of Steel) .

Weld ability

The fact that steel is weld able is a good point, where it will ease the process of construction and

fabrication. Hence, that welding can be waterproof and strong.

(Materials Selection for Corrosion Protection Seawater) .

Properties Steel

Density (1000 kg/m3) 7.85

Elastic Modulus (GPa) 190-210

Poisson's Ratio 0.27-0.3

Thermal Expansion (10-6/K) 9.0-15

Melting Point (C)

Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) 26-48.6

Specific Heat (J/kg-K) 452-1499

Electrical Resistivity (10-9W-m) 210-1251

Tensile Strength (MPa) 758-1882

Yield Strength (MPa) 366-1793

Percent Elongation (%) 4-31

Hardness (Brinell 3000kg) 149-627

Table 1 : Steel physical properties

14 | P a g e

Fiber glass

High Strength

High-strength fiberglass requires a high strength weight ratio and minimum weight

to males it an excellent material. Textile form, it allows the design to be flexible and low cost due to the

strength that can be unidirectional or bidirectional.

Chemical Resistance

Fiberglass does not have any effects from most chemicals. Moreover, hydrofluoric, hot phosphoric acids,

and strong alkaline substances are the only chemicals that affect the fiberglass and these chemicals will

not be seen in seawater, so it will be hard to

destroy the fiber.

(Fiberglass) .

Property Minimum

Value (S.I.)

Maximum Value (S.I.)

Units (S.I.)

Density 2.55 2.6 Mg/m3

Compressive Strength

4000 5000 MPa

Ductility 0.026 0.028

Elastic Limit 2750 2875 MPa

Hardness 3000 6000 MPa

Poisson's Ratio 0.21 0.23

Shear Modulus 30 36 GPa

Tensile Strength 1950 2050 MPa

Young's Modulus

72 85 GPa

Table 2: Physical properties of fiber glass

Environmental Properties

Resistance Factors (1=Poor 5=Excellent)

Flammability 5

Fresh Water 5

Organic Solvents 5

Oxidation at 500C 5

Sea Water 5

Strong Acid 5

Strong Alkalis 4

UV 5

Wear 5

Weak Acid 5

Weak Alkalis 5 Table 3 : Environmental properties of fiber glass

15 | P a g e

Selection process

The three materials above were chosen due to some advantages for each of them. In addition, one of

them was selected for the submarine. The materials were discussed why they chosen for this project

and why we choose one of them as a final material.

First of all, fiberglass was chosen as a final material because of its properties and the suitable

specification required to be used in sea water. It was selected due to its strength, corrosion and

chemical resistance. Fiberglass is easy to be shaped on any model you build and the process of doing

that was discussed in the previous part. Moreover, we take an advice from Dr. Kealan about it and he

said that it will be useful to use it rather than aluminum and steel.

Steel is a good materials to use but in our case it will be useless because it will be too heavy and it is not

a corrosion and chemical resistance where we deal with oil and sea water. In addition, aluminum is also

worthless because when we deal with depths in the seas, it is not strong enough to bears the high

pressure.

16 | P a g e

17 | P a g e

Product Design Specification

Budget

There is not specific budget limited for this project, but this project will be built with high quality and

with minimum cost possible. This budget must cover all the materials, accessories, tools and any other

parts related to this project.

The projects building material is fiber glass, its the same material used for boats.

Manufacturing facilities: The fiber glass can't be made at the university workshop; therefore we will

have to give the design to a company that will be able to build the prototype. There are many fiber glass

companies locally such as; Yamal Fiber glass, Al Durazi, Al haramain and many more. Further assemblies

will be performed in the university's workshop.

Project accessories: The accessories that will be installed to the project such as, water proof remote

controlled camera, sensors, electronics, motors and other minor or major parts will cost around 200

BHD approximate.

Equipment in the workshop

The table.4 shows the equipment that are

available at the workshop currently, where this

number can change due to any break down or

usage by other groups or individuals. This major

point must be in account to avoid slowing down

the building process. Therefore, to avoid

wasting time we must not wait for the

equipment to be free but to start something

else that is available.

The big tool box consists of hand tools such as;

Screw driver, Cutters, spanners, drill bits, measuring tapes, rivet gun, claps, Allan keys, jig saw, rulers

and many other tools.

Equipment Available quantity Milling machine 2 Lathe machine 2

MIG welding machine 2 TIG welding machine 2

Tube bender 1 Small crane/lift 1

Vice 6 Tool box (big size) 2

Tube notcher 1 Metal chop saw 2

Angle grinder 3 Drilling machine 1

Table 4 : Equipment available at the workshop and quantity

18 | P a g e

Time The estimated time to finish this project is based on an assumption, where this assumption is the best

case scenario. In this scenario we assumed that:

No causalities or accidents will occur to any member of the group,

Materials will arrive on time,

Availability of all the tools required,

Accessories and electronics will arrive on time,

The polytechnic supervisor is present for assistance.

Working hours:

The work will be divided into self-directing hours and workshop practical hours.

The amount of hours per week = 7 hours of self-directing 7, multiplied by 10 which is the number of

weeks = 70 hours per person.

Number of people in the group: 2

Total working hours: 140 hours

Date on which started: 23rd of September 2013

Date on which expected to finish: 5th of January 2013,

Final submission deadline: 2nd of January 2013.

Safety It is very important for any product to assure and protect the safety of the user. The submarine vehicle must be light in weight where it will be unloaded of the boat and loaded back in by users, therefore any heavy weight might injure their back or pull them off the boat. Another thing that must be taken into consideration is to chamfer any sharp edges to avoid causing cuts to the users that will lift this vehicle. Adding a couple of handles will help avoiding injuries and provide an easy grip.

Knowledge and industrial skill: The current graduation project will require theoretical and practical skills that were gained during the past 3 years of Mechanical engineering degree. There are some courses and knowledge that we think we will require the most in designing and building this project, such as:

Manufacturing mechanical parts, Mechanical practical experience, Engineering design using AutoCAD, Solid Works and ANSYS 14.0, Fluid mechanics, Technical report writing skills and vocabulary, Engineering mathematics, Engineering mechanics, Material selection, Engineering computation.

19 | P a g e

Environment

This submarine will be used by the oil spill company in Bahrain; therefore it has to be built with respect

to the Arabian Gulf sea specifications.

The Arabian Gulf is an enclosed area of water with high rates of evaporation due to the high

temperature in this region. This evaporation increases the salt rates in this sea, with low flow of sea

water from the Strait of Hormuz and the input from the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates.

Table.5 will illustrate the properties of the seawater of the Arabian Gulf (sample taken from Abu Dhabi):

Constituents Arabian gulf

( Abu Dhabi)

Chloride 24 300 Sulfate 3 420

Bicarbonate 200 Sodium 13 900

Magnesium 1 560 Calcium 600

Iron 0.3 Total dissolved solids 43 980.3

pH 7.8

Specific gravity 1.029

Temperature 'C 23

Table.6 to the right shows the comparison between the

sea water, spring water and tap water.

All these information must be taken into account before

selecting the materials that will be exposed to this

environment. (Brown).

Table 5 : The properties of the Arabian Gulf sea water

Measurement Sea Water

Drinking Water

Temperature 'C 23 23 Specific gravity 1.029 1.002

Salinity and NaCl 5.0 0.3 pH 7.80 7.00

Table 6 : Comparison between the sea water and drinking water

Figure 7: The Arabian Gulf map.

20 | P a g e

Design and Manufacturing

The process of designing

The diagram above illustrates the steps that are followed in the designing process of our submarine. The initial phase started by an ideas and needs, where many sketches and ideas were drawn and documented. After that, the research phase was carried out by surfing the internet through websites, articles or pictures that are important and can improve our initial designs. Tutors were also a main part of our research phase, they didnt answer us directly but they would direct you to the correct path. Next, the concept phase starts by eliminating all the over complicated or unwanted designs and keeping the most suitable one. This suitable design is now our concept. Subsequently, this concept is drawn in more details as a draft and wait for the supervisors approval to model it using software. Later, in the model design phase the preliminary design will be sketched in detailed engineering drawing using SolidWorks software. This drawing will consist of dimensions, 3D view of the design and much more details. Afterward, before the manufacturing phase starts the materials that are required to produce the submarine must be listed and ordered based on the engineering drawings. Finally, the construction phase starts after the arrival of the materials.

Design software: Solid Works and Computational Fluid Dynamics.

Communication

The weekly reporting method

The weekly reports are written individually by each member to show the tutors and supervisors of the responsibilities and duties done every week. The communication between the two members of our project is by having a fixed day every week to discuss what have been finished and what problems do we face. However, there is also a specific day every week where we have a meeting with our supervisor to update him with our status and consult him

Figure 8: This figure illustrates the product cycle bubble map. (Product cycle ).

21 | P a g e

if we are facing any problems regarding the project. Each member of the group is allocated with specific parts to work on, these parts has been distributed by the approval of the members and the supervisor. This methodology assists members in managing their time on a weekly basis. Responsibility assignment matrix

A responsibility assignment matrix (RAM) is a table that shows the distribution of work on the group members and what are their roles and responsibilities.

Milestones

Managing the project, time-wise and cost-wise, Choose the best material for the body work, with keeping the availability and processing tools

availability under considerations, Constructing the submarine framework similar to the dimension from the engineering drawings, Purchase the accessories and electrical components. Example: Camera, Flash light, electric

motors and sensors. Assembling and finalizing the minor parts.

Deliverable Task Ahmed Aziz

General research and gathering information Internet websites

x x

Design process

Initial sketches

x x

Detailed 3D Solid Work modeling

x x

Fluid Simulation Ansys simulating x -

Prototype construction Solid works 3D printing

x x

Mathematical calculations Forces x x

Time management x x

Prepare final proposal report and division of work Assemble report and present final idea

x x

Table 7: This table shows the tasks and responsibilities of the two group members.

22 | P a g e

Function

Weight The weight of the submarine is a major consideration, where it should be as light as possible. The fact that people will lift this vehicle to unload it to the sea or load it back to the boat is serious. The framework must be strong to withstand pressure but in the same time it must be light to be easily carried. Weight of the vehicle: 50 Kg using SolidWorks

Chassis material: Fiber glass

Submarine Dimensions

Length

1 m

Width

0.5 m

Table 8: Submarine dimensions

Figure 9: The submarine body sketched by SolidWorks

23 | P a g e

Basic structure

The structure of this project is divided into 5 main parts:

Casing or Body,

Flaps,

Rudder,

Top dome,

Bottom camera dome.

Figure 10: The body of the vehicle

Figure 12 : The rudder is a very important part, where is provides the vehicle with lateral movement

Figure 11: The top dome is where electronics and flash light will be installed and protected from water.

Figure 14: The flaps are also very important parts, where they control the vertical movement of the

vehicle. Figure 13: The bottom dome is where the

camera will be installed; the material of this part must be clear plastic.

24 | P a g e

Installations

This vehicle will be equipped with electrical systems; these electrical systems will be powered with a battery. Voltage: 12 volts (standard battery) Amps: the amount of amps depends on the electrical parts requirement. The following components will be installed to the vehicle; their value of amps will be added to get an approximate value. Water proof camera: 7.5W Since, I (A) = P (W) / V (V) 55W/12V: 0.625 Amps.

Remote controlled rotating pan: 10W Since, I (A) = P (W) / V (V) 10W/12V: 0.83 amps

Flash light: 5W Since, I (A) = P (W) / V (V) Two flash lights to be used So, 5W/12V: 0.4 x 2= 0.8 amps

Flap motors: 20W Since, I (A) = P (W) / V (V) so, 20W/12V: 1.6 Amps. The total amount of amps = 4 amps. There are batteries that could supply 12.5 Volts and 4.5 amps in the local market.

25 | P a g e

Planned Preventive Maintenance

Planned maintenance is highly recommended for this vehicle. This plan will help avoiding any problem or malfunction from occurring in the future. This maintenance will be carried out to guarantee that the vehicle is operation properly.

Checklist Action

Cleaning the submarine

The vehicle body must be cleaned from sea water every time after finishing from usage.

Remote controls

The remote control must be inspected before using to prevent facing problems with

guidance.

Camera

Camera lens must be cleaned before loading it to the sea for a clear view.

Flaps and Rudder

The flap and rudder motor must be inspected and maintained every time before and after the process.

Steel cable and

pivots

Have it checked occasionally. The pivots must be well welded and the steel cable

must be safe without any cuts to avoid losing the vehicle due to any collision.

Battery

The battery must be charged every time after it has been used to prevent losing the

control of the maneuvering.

Table 9: This table shows the plan to prevent the vehicle from failures.

26 | P a g e

Fiberglass

Fiber glass or also known as glass reinforced plastic is a strong and lightweight material. The physical

properties such as strength and weight are favorable when it is compared to other metals. In addition,

the fiber glass is an easy forming material and it can be formed using molds. Fiber glass has high

resistance to moisture, where it doesn't absorb moisture and doesn't change physically or chemically

when it is exposed to water. (Fiber glass) .

The table above illustrates the different types of fiber glass and its properties. The highlighted row is

the type that is commonly used in Bahrain and is available locally. The Polyester and Chopped Strand

Mat is the material used in building fishing and sports boats and other sea vehicles. (Fiberglass &

Composite Materials: An Enthusiast's Guide to High Performance Non-Metallic Materials for Automotive Racing and

Marine Use., 1 April 1996. ).

Material Specific gravity

Tensile strength MPa

Compressive strength MPa

Polyester resin (Not reinforced) 1.28 55 140 Polyester and Chopped Strand Mat Laminate 30% E-glass

1.4 100 150

Polyester and Woven Roving Laminate 45% E-glass

1.6 250 150

Polyester and Satin Weave Cloth Laminate 55% E-glass

1.7 300 250

Polyester and Continuous Roving Laminate 70% E-glass

1.9 800 350

E-Glass Epoxy composite 1.99 1,770

S-Glass Epoxy composite 1.95 2,358

Table 10: This table illustrates Fiber glass types and properties.

Figure 15: Fiber glass application

27 | P a g e

Testing

Testing the prototype is an important step before testing it in the sea, where all the electric and electronic parts and devices must be tested. The flap's and rudder's motor must be tested to ensure if it's powerful enough to steer underwater. Visual testing and inspecting is also important, some errors can be discovered visually while the others will be discovered while functioning in the sea. Before giving a final approval, the Following points must be checked and kept under consideration:

Satisfied tolerance values,

Drag force,

Buoyancy,

Sinking weight.

The sinking weight will be added after the submarine is in the sea, where the amount of weight added must pull the submarine exactly under the sea surface, knowing that the body that is made of fiberglass and foam floats. The vehicle must be under the sea surface so its flaps and rudder can function.

Finally, the submarine prototype will be tested in the sea, where it will be towed by a boat and all its functions must be tested to ensure that everything is working properly.

Customers and sponsor

Our customer: Mr. Richard Sims, Oil Spill Regional manager Our sponsor: Bahrain Polytechnic

28 | P a g e

Construction process

There are several steps that will be used to make sure that the fiberglass is well used. Before begin in

the process, some preparations must be consider:

Having the model of the project which will be used as a guidance to coat it with fiberglass and

have the final shape.

Clean the model from dust and dirt.

By using sand paper to clean the surface and have best result will using fiberglass.

The following steps are used for applying fiberglass to a boat and it will be same concept using it the

model of our project:

1) At first, mix resin and hardener in a paint tray. Wait for about 30 minutes to have the best mixture

that will be ready to apply to the model.

2) Use a foam roller (same as the picture below) to put the first coat. This coat known as the seal coat.

Spread the coat on the model equally as possible.

29 | P a g e

3) After adding the first coat, the fiber glass must be ready to apply on the model. By cutting the

fiberglass to the shape needed, its help to be fit without any gaps. After that, fix the fiberglass to the

model using tape or staples.

4) After fixing the fiberglass, wait for it to get hard and then clean the surface and make it tidy with a

grinder or sand paper depends on the hardness of the fiberglass.

5) Next, applying another coat of resin which is called the bond coat. The material used to attach the

fiberglass on the model (tape or staples) must be removed before adding the second coat

completely.

6) After the two coated of resin, a final coat has to be applied. It should be smooth and thick enough to

make sure that when using a sand paper it will not damage and affect the fiberglass.

30 | P a g e

7) Wait for the final coat to dry, better to be overnight. After that, sand it at first using lower grit and

finish it with a higher grit for better results.

8) At the end, paint the model with a protective marine paint. (Fiber-glass-building)

Fiberglass

Fiberglass is an extremely flexible and useful material which comes in different shapes.

Moreover, most of people see the fiberglass insulation and how its affect the skin of the body

when touching it. It's because of the tiny pieces of glass cut and goes into the skin which causes

itchy feeling and irritation.

Resin and Hardener

Fiberglass will not work without resin and it will be ineffective for using it with anything

required rigidity.

Moreover, before using the resin in any purpose to the fiberglass, it has to be mixed with

catalyst which is called hardener. In addition, the mixture between the resin and the hardener

will cause a chemical reaction which led to produce heat. The heat depends on the quantity of

the resin mixture which makes it quit hot to melt plastic. (Fiber Glass).

31 | P a g e

Solid works SolidWorks is program that is used by designers to draw 2D or 3D designs. This program is a computer-

aided design that is developed by Dassault Systems that is used to convert idea into great products and

is mainly used by engineering and designers all over the world. ( "Technical Alerts & News") .

The sketching of the project starts by drawing the skeletal parts or the main parts. Firstly, we start by 3D

sketch on the front plane and from the origin point.

To draw the submarine body, 3 circles must be draw at equal

spacing where they form the body. After that these circles are

connected by four splines where they are the guide lines to

extrude the body; as shown in the figure to the right.

The following feature is then used to extrude the body from

the sketch above to give the following result.

As shown in the figure below.

Figure 16: This figure demostrates the initiation of the sketch on the front plane

Figure 17: 3D sketch of the submarine outlines

Figure 18: Lofted body of the vehicle

32 | P a g e

After finishing from the body, the flaps were sketched on a 2D sketch to one side of the body and were

then extruded using the boss extrude feature. The fillet feature is then used to apply a smooth edge to

the wing face.

The same procedure was also done to form the top fin

of the submarine as shown in the figure to the right.

After finishing with the right wing, the feature is then

mirrored to the other side using the mirror feature and

choosing the right plane which passes along the center of

the body.

Figure 19: Wing sketch

Figure 20: Flap after extruding feature and chamfering the front edges.

Figure 21: The top fine sketch

Figure 22: The submarine body after extruding the top fine and the wings, where the flap was mirrored to the

opposite side.

33 | P a g e

Next, the rudder pivots were sketched and extruded at the rear end of

the body. These pivots are the contact point where the rudder will be

joined.

After extruding the feature was then mirrored to the bottom side as

shown in the figures below.

The top dome's base was sketched and then extruded as shown in the following figure.

Figure 23: Rudder's pivot sketch

Figure 24: Pivot body mirrored Figure 25: Mirroring pivot features

Figure 26: Top dome sketch, before extruding

Figure 27: Top dome after extruding

Figure 28: Bottom dome, where the same procedure of the top dome was repeated for the bottom.

34 | P a g e

Following, the submarine body was hollowed from the

inside using the cut loft feature.

Before using the cut feature, the circles and guide lines

that the feature will use must be sketched. The same

basic drawing used in the beginning of the sketch was

used but with an internal offset of 2 mm. The result is

shown in the figure above.

Next, the cowling is sketched on a 2D plane as shown in

the figure to the right. The cowling is the vehicles cover

that is added to reduce the drag force on the body.

After sketching, revolve bass feature was used to rotate

the feature around the circular face to form the cowling as

shown in the figure below.

Figure 29: the submarin body after hollowing the inner part

Figure 30: The sketch of the cowling.

Figure 31: The cowling after revolving the sketch

35 | P a g e

The next step is to start adding more detailed features, firstly we start by removing the flap part of the

wind by sketching on the wing a rectangle shape and using the cut extrude feature to remove it.

The figure below shows the result after removing the part where the flap will be installed. This feature

was then mirrored to the other

wing to ease the process.

After that, the rear wings were sketched on a 2D plane and

extruded towards to body as shown in the figure to the right.

The next step is to cut the extra part by sketching an arc on the

top of the rear wing and use the cu extrude feature to form the

following result as shown in the figure below.

Figure 32: The wing after cutting the flap part.

Figure 33: The extruded rear wing

Figure 34: The rear wing after cutting feature

36 | P a g e

In this step, the bottom dome cover will be formed by

sketching the shape of the dome and then extruding it

using the boss extrude feature as shown in the following

figure.

After that the shell feature was then used to empty

inner part of the extruded body.

Next, the rudder was sketched using splines and lines to draw the outer shape of the rudder (side view).

Then, the boss extrude feature is applied to form the rudder as shown in the figure below.

Figure 35: The sketch of the bottom dome cover

Figure 36: The extruded dome body

Figure 37: The bottom dome after hollowing the inner part to form a shell

Figure 39: Rudder after extruding the sketch

Figure 38 :The rudder side sketch

37 | P a g e

The last step, the top dome was sketched on a 2D

plane by taking the dimensions from the base on the

submarine body. This sketch was then boss extruded

up to 50mm. Then sketching on the side view, this

sketch was the cut extruded.

This step was done to give a smooth hydrodynamic

surface to the top dome.

Finally, the corners were smoothened using the

fillet feature and hollowed using the shell feature.

Figure 40: The top dome cover sketch

Figure 42: The sketch of the undesired part to be removed Figure 41: The sketch of the top dome after extruding

Figure 43: The top dome after cutting and chamfering

Figure 44: The top dome after hollowing the bottom surface

38 | P a g e

Figure 45: Fluid domain Box (dimensions)

Figure 46: transfer options for inserting a body

Preparing the model for Ansys simulation

First of all, the model must be prepared to be inserted

to the ANSYS program. To ease the process of inserting

the geometry and meshing it in the program, the

model must be simplified by sketching the fluid

domain as solid (Boss Extrude) and the submarine

walls as air (void).

The size of the fluid domain must be large enough to

place the whole model into it; the size of the domain is

(1.5m x 1.5m x 4m).

After extruding the fluid domain, the submarine body is inserted into the box

by dragging it into the new drawing (fluid domain sketch), and choose the

inserted body (submarine) as derived part. The program will give transfer

options of the model; however the only option needed is the 'Solid Body'.

Next, click the "Green Tick" sign to insert the body directly into the origin

center, which is the center of the fluid box.

If a problem was faced regarding the position of the model;

Insert>Features>Move/Copy, then choose the body that is to be moved or

rotated.

Finally, go to Insert>Features>Combine and choose the operation

type as "Subtract", the Fluid box as "Main Body" and the

Submarine as "Bodies to Combine". The figure below shows the

result of the Combining feature.

Figure 47: The body after inserting it into the fluid box

Figure 48: The Body (Void) and the Fluid (Solid)

39 | P a g e

SolidWorks FloXpress Report

SolidWorks FloXpress is a first pass qualitative flow analysis tool which gives insight into water flow inside the SolidWorks model. Model: Model Name: Inner submarine shell Fluid:

Water

Type Volume Flow Rate

Faces Big inlet and small outlet

Value Velocity Rate: 2.00 m/s

Environment Pressure 1

Type Environment Pressure

Faces Big inlet and small outlet

Value Environment Pressure: 494000 Pa

Results

Name Unit Value

Maximum Velocity m/s 7.00

This flow simulation was performed to determine the velocity at the outlet of the submarine. The inner shell was firstly designed similar to a wind sock which automatically steers collinearly to the wind even if the wind speed was low; where the fluid accelerates due the change in the cross sectional area. The second idea came from the venture meter that has the same concept of increasing the fluids velocity. The importance of this simulation is to know whether the velocity is high enough to steer the vehicle for laterally. The outlet velocity is nearly four times more than the inlet, which means that the rudders efficacy is tolerable.

Figure 49: The flow stream lines in the submarine hollow interior

Figure 50: Isometric view of the velocity streamlines

40 | P a g e

Drag force

The drag forces on any object the force that is produced by the friction between the objects surface and the fluid. In other terms, it may be known as the resistance of moving through any fluid. (Batchelor, (1967)) .

The main factor that affects the drag force is the drag coefficient; this coefficient is a unit less number that varies from one shape to another. Furthermore, the drag force increases as the objects velocity, size and fluid density increase. Some object relies on the Reynolds number and the dimensions of the object, but some objects dont rely on them. ( Drag Coefficient) ,(Shape Effects on Drag ) .

The following is a fluid dynamic equation that is used to determine the drag force of an object moving through a fully enclosing fluid.

Fd: The drag force (N),

: Fluid density(1000 kg/m3 ),

V: Velocity, A: Area,

Cd: Drag coefficient.

The area varies on which type of drag coefficient is used, where in automobiles the frontal face area is chosen. However, for submarines the reference area is the wetted surface. The towing boat will be running by a speed of 2 to 3 knots, which are 1 to 2 m/s. The drag force for the submarine can be calculated by assuming that the vehicle is very close to the streamed line body. Cd: 0.04 V: 2 m/s A: 2.1 m

2

: 1000 kg/m3

The total wetted area was calculated using area wizard tool in Solid Works. After using the equation above, the drag force is equal to = 190 Newton.

Figure 51: Drag coefficient for different shapes

Figure 52: This figure illustrates the similarity between the submarine and the streamlined body shape

41 | P a g e

Ansys Workbench

Ansys is multipurpose software that is mostly used to simulate interactions of all disciplines of structural,

vibration, fluid dynamics and much more for engineers.

Ansys enables the user to simulate 3D or 2D tests, where it provides the user with the ability to test the

prototype in a virtual environment before production. Furthermore, it helps in determining the weak points

and foreseeing problems.

This software can either draw the structure or import it from other different engineering software that is

compatible. (Ansys) .

Fluent is a part of Ansys Workbench, this program is a very flexible and general purpose computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD is the science of studying fluid flow which uses numerical process to solve mathematical equations. This program provides the user with various details about forces, graphics and animation of streamline, pressure contours and much more. (Ansys Fluent) .

The results generated by the program are used in new ideas and designs, developing a product, troubleshooting or redesign an existing product.

Figure 53: The relation between the Breadth and the Depth of the software

42 | P a g e

Inserting the geometry

First of all, the type of fluid flow software must be chosen from the analysis systems toolbox. The one that will be used for this simulation is FLUENT (as shown in figure.50). To start off with this software there are 5 steps to reach the results, these steps are:

Geometry,

Mesh,

Setup,

Solution,

Results.

Geometry

The geometry step starts by inserting the CAD file that is made by SolidWorks, follow the steps below: Right click on geometry and insert geometry (as shown in the figure below),

Click generate to covert the CAD file into a Design modular file (as shown in figure.52), Close the window and go back to the home back.

Figure 54: The analysis systems of ANSYS

Figure 56: The generating to upload the geometry

Figure 55: inserting the geometry to the FLUENT

Figure 57: The geometry after uploading to the design modeler

43 | P a g e

Mesh

Meshing is the task of dividing a body into simple geometric elements such as tetrahedrons in 3D and

triangles in 2D. Meshing is a critical aspect of simulation, where it has a significant impact on the quality

of the results and CPU time required. There are several types of mesh as uniform and un-uniform,

structured and un-structured or hybrid grids. The un-uniform is the mesh type that is used in the

project,

Mesh is performed so that the solver can calculate various equations as

the model is finitely partitioned into simple shape. (Meshing) , (Ansys

Meshing) .

This step starts by double clicking on mesh to initiate.

After that, left click once on the mesh and go down to the details of inlet

to adjust the size required.

The mesh properties used for the project are:

Relevance center: Coarse,

High smoothing,

Minimum size: 0.0022 m,

Maximum Size: 0.45 m,

Growth rate: 1.2,

Tetrahedron and triangular meshing.

Next, click on generate mesh to finalize the meshing where it

might take a couple of minutes.

Finally to finish this step, named selections must be applied by choosing faces and naming them as

shown in the figure to the right.

The named selection assists the program to recognize

the inlet, outlet, body, and the walls.

Now close the window and right click on the mesh step

and choose Update.

The figure to the right shows the domain after the

meshing process.

Figure 58:Meshing initiation

Figure 59: Mesh options and naming selections

Figure 60: Body after meshing

44 | P a g e

The Following figures illustrates the meshing

on the project body, where the meshing in

un-uniform. This type of meshing will use the

minimum size in curvatures and small areas

to result in an accurate simulation.

Figure 62: This figure demonstrates the shape and the number for partitions

Figure 61: The figure below is a zoom in on the submarine flap to visualize the fine mesh.

45 | P a g e

Figure 63: Setting up thesimulation

Setup and solutions

This step is about setting options and operating conditions.

To start off, we need to check the mesh and report quality to

ensure that the mesh is tolerable.

After that, we jump directly to the materials where the H2O

liquid will be added to the materials by selecting it from the

FLUENT database.

Next, the ell zone condition is where the interior part of the domain is chosen as water liquid and the

operating pressure is changed to 494 Kpa which is the pressure under 40m under sea (desired by the

company).Then, the boundary conditions are chosen to be adjusted.

The inlet, outlet, body and wall were adjusted as seen in the following figures:

The inlet was chosen as velocity inlet with a speed of 2m/s

absolute. The wall was chosen as moving wall with an absolute

speed equal to the inlet and in the Z axis. The outlet was

chosen as a pressure aoutlet and the backflow direction

specification method was chosen as From neighbour cell to

get the reading of pressure from the cell before.

Figure 64: The vehicle body wall conditions Figure 65: Velocity inlet parameters and conditions

Figure 67: Surrounding wall Conditions Figure 66: Outlet parameters and conditions

46 | P a g e

After that, we jump to the solution monitors, where Drag and lift

will be monitored.

Create>Drag and choose the body then tick the Plot and Write and

choose the force vector of the drag by entering 1 in the entire

three axis. This will enable the software to calculate the drag force

during calculations.

Following, head to run calculations and choose 500 iterations as

an initial trial and click calculate.

Finally, the solution converged after 245 iterations.

The iteration is a repetition process of solving an equation frequently until it reaches a desired value.

The scaled residuals plot shows the value versus the number of iteration and when the value reaches a

specified tolerance.

Figure 68: Simulation monitor for drag and lift

Figure 69: Scaled residuals

47 | P a g e

Results

Velocity Streamlines

This part includes the velocity magnitude

formed in lines that shows how will the water

pass through and around the submarine. The

first figure shows that the water slows don

slight in front of the submarine and keeps

slowing as it enters. This reduction in speed is

due to the cone shape of the vehicle, where the

water slows down in the larger cross-sectional

area and increases to the maximum velocity at

the exit.

The streamline proves that the vehicle is a

hydrodynamic body.

Figure 70: Side cross-sectional view of velocity streamlines

Figure 71: Tail cross-sectional view (streamlines)

Figure 72: Tail top cross-sectional view (streamlines)

48 | P a g e

Velocity Vectors

The velocity vector illustrates the speed and

the direction of water as it collides with the

vehicle, this will show the parts that causes

turbulence.

The first figure assures what was

mentioned before that the velocity

increases up to 2.75 at the exit which are

colored in red.

The velocity that is close to the body

decreases slightly due to the body friction,

therefore these results are reasonable.

The two figures below are focusing on the turbulence caused by the geometry. First of all, the top fin

causes some turbulence behind it because of the edge.

Secondly, the bottom casing where the camera and flash light will be installed is creating turbulence

because of the poor its geometry. The angle is very high and flat to the stream.

Figure 73: side cross-sectional view of velocity vectors

Figure 74: Top cross-sectional view of velocity vectors

Figure 75: Turbulence at the bottom camera dome Figure 76: Turbulence at the top fin

49 | P a g e

Pressure contours

The pressure is a continuous force exerted on

the submarine that is in contact with the

water. As seen in the following figures, the

parts that face the stream has high pressure

contoured in red. While the rest of the body

has normal or decreases pressure because it

doesnt face the stream.

Looking at the cross-sectional view, it shows

that the pressure at the inlet is higher than the

outlet which makes sense. This is because; the

narrowing of the internal cross-sectional area

of the vehicle forces the stream to increase

Where 'Bernoulli's Principle' states that (an

increase in velocity causes a decrease in

pressure at the point of restriction').

Figure 77: pressure contour (isometric view)

Figure 78: pressure contour (Face view)

Figure 79: Pressure contour in the hollow interior

Figure 80 Pressure contour lines (Transparent body)

50 | P a g e

Forces

The two forces that were monitored during this calculation are the drag and lift forces.

Z Axis

The following figure shows the drag force provided by the software:

Loking t the figure above, the total force acting on 'z' direction is equal to 256 newtons, and the neative sign define

the direction which is opposite to the driving direction. The theoretical drag force that was calculated previously in

the report is equal to 190 Newtons. The difference between the two results is 25% which might be an error of

assuming the drag coefficient shape.

Y Axis

The following figure shows the lift force that is also calculated by the software, the valuse of the lift is in negative

which means that the vehicle is being force downwards, this is a good result where the sbmarine must dive in

slighlty as the towing starts.

Figure 81: Forces at the Z axis (the driving axis)

Figure 82: Forces at the Y axis (the axis vertical to the body)

51 | P a g e

Discussion

This part will explain several points regarding our project from difficulties we faced to the benefits of the project on us. In the beginning, the project was a new idea to us from different views, where it is the first time for us to fully design a submarine from the zero point. However, we did not face any major problems getting ideas about the geometry, where various researches and bio-mimicry studies were carried out. After finishing up with the final sketch we faced a major obstacle that impeded our designing process, which was the maneuvering controller system. The submarine had to have a mechanical or electrical controlling system that would provide the users with remote controlling of the submarine for lateral and vertical movement. However, after several researches and ideas from tutors we came up with the flap and rudder control system idea that will be more efficient to drive the vehicle. Subsequently, after closing up with the designing phase and drawing the final 3D sketch on SolidWorks we faced a problem that was immense. The project must be backed up with theoretical or software results to make it officially successful. SolidWorks is a program with a wide range of features that can be used to simulate this project. However, the Flow study of SolidWorks is not available at Bahrain Polytechnic. Therefore, we were advised to use new software which is less complicated than SolidWorks Flow study, this program is ANSYS 14.0. This program is also unavailable at the university, but we managed to get a copy installed in our laptops. The problem did not stop at this point, where we were not able to use the program because we do not have any background about how to use it. After watching videos on YouTube and searching the internet we managed to get a push and get slight knowledge about how to start the program. Though it was hard to use the program, but trial and error was the only way to self-learn how to use it. Dr. Christina was very helpful in giving us more information about the program and the simulation options, where we managed to start getting results from the simulation. After the first simulation, we determined couple of problems regarding the setup options and some geometry defects that disturbs the flow. Nevertheless, these problems were solved and the results were a satisfactory. Time was a critical issue in this project, where more time was needed to get more efficient work done. The program knowledge period wasted a lot of time that could have been used more in improving the current design. Furthermore, it would have been a plus point if we had a water tunnel at the university to test the submarine and get experimental results which are a very reliable back up. This project widened our knowledge sight and increased our experience in designing, researching, 3D sketching, modeling and fluid simulating. The knowledge gained by using the ANSYS 14.0 is a great experience that could open up many doors for further studies. This project did not require any hands-on work, but the benefits were theoretical and program knowledge. Research, Bio-mimicry, 3D modeling, Material selection, Fluid Simulation and Brain storming, all these were the main factors that took this project to higher level and resulted in a successful outcome, educationally and practically.

52 | P a g e

Finally, the work placement was a great chance to get more experience in the oil spill field, the trip to the OSR base in Southampton provided us with a great amount of information about how the organization works. Within the trip to OSR base we also visited VIKOMA which is the company that supplies OSR with oil recovery and containing equipment. The whole trip was a great opportunity to visit OSR and VIKOMA, where they are globally known for their reputation. Visiting VIKOMA which is a production company and getting information about how they produce all their products was beneficiary.

Conclusion and recommendations

In this report, we talked and explained all the requirements needed to achieve our final product which is the surveillance submarine. We start by sketching and designing the final model for our project, and then we used the SolidWorks software to draw the 3D model with the correct dimensions to have it ready for simulation. Furthermore, by using the CFD software which is used to made the fluid simulation and determines if the model was successfully sufficient or not. In conclusion, the aim of the project was achieved and all the results were satisfying because of the hard work and continuous support and feedback that we got from Dr. Khalid and Dr. Christina. However, to get a better result for the future I recommend that the university must have some new courses for our mechanical major. For example, adding a course in CFD software which helps to learn how to deal with fluid simulation problems and a course in aero and hydrodynamics. Moreover, the most important thing is to have a water tunnel to have experiments on how the water flow on any object and study the geometry of it.

53 | P a g e

Appendix

Figure 84:The picture shows the length of the submarine

Figure 83: The Inlet diameter of the Submarine

54 | P a g e

Figure 85 : The picture shows the outer diameter of the submarine

Figure 86: The picture shows the length of the fin which is equal in both sides (right and left)

55 | P a g e

Figure 87: The picture shows the length of the dorsal fin

Figure 88: The picture shows the height of the dorsal fin

56 | P a g e

Figure 89 : The picture shows the total length from one side wing of the submarine to the other side

Figure 90: The picture shows the length of the side fin (wing)

57 | P a g e

Figure 91 : The picture shows the width of the back fin

Figure 92: The picture shows the length of the back fin

58 | P a g e

Figure 93: The picture shows the length of the place where the flash light and the camera will fixed

59 | P a g e

Bibliography "Technical Alerts & News". (n.d.). Retrieved 11 19, 2013, from SolidWorks. :

http://www.solidworks.com/sw/support/CustomerBulletins.html

( 1 April 1996. ). Fiberglass & Composite Materials: An Enthusiast's Guide to High Performance Non-

Metallic Materials for Automotive Racing and Marine Use. Forbes Aird.

Drag Coefficient. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 07, 2010, from Engineeringtoolbox: http://www.

Engineeringtoolbox.com /drag-coefficient-d_627.html

How Biomimicry Works. (1998/2013). Retrieved from science.howstuffworks:

http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/evolution/biomimicry.htm

How Do Windsocks Work? (1999). Retrieved from ehow: http://www.ehow.com/how-

does_4913277_windsocks-work.html

How Does a Windsock Work? (1999). Retrieved from ehow: http://www.ehow.com/how-

does_5062706_windsock-work.html

Biomimicking Sharks. (2007/2013). Retrieved from biomimicryinstitute:

http://www.biomimicryinstitute.org/home-page-content/home-page-content/biomimicking-

sharks.html

What is Biomimicry? (2007/2013). Retrieved from biomimicryinstitute:

http://biomimicryinstitute.org/about-us/what-is-biomimicry.html

Shark Technology -What Can We Learn from Nature's Most Perfectly Honed Creation? (2009). Retrieved

from dailygalaxy: http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/05/shark-

technolog.html#more

Why Not Pedal A Submarine To Bestival? (2011). Retrieved from guerillascience:

http://guerillascience.co.uk/archives/2473

Biomimicry Shark Denticles. (2013). Retrieved from ocean: http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-

photos/biomimicry-shark-denticles

Biomimicry: sharkskin ships and whale flipper wind turbines. (2013). Retrieved from chinadialogue:

https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5566-Biomimicry-sharkskin-ships-and-

whale-flipper-wind-turbines

The Biomimicry Manual. (2013). Retrieved from inhabitat: http://inhabitat.com/the-biomimicry-manual-

what-can-the-whale-teach-us-about-fans-and-filters/humpback_whale_underwater/

The Biomimicry Manual: What can the Sunfish Teach Us About Submarines? (2013). Retrieved from

inhabitat: http://inhabitat.com/the-biomimicry-manual-what-can-the-sunfish-teach-us-about-

submarines/

60 | P a g e

With biomimicry, its worthwhile to swim with the sharks. (2013). Retrieved from

sustainablebusinessoregon: http://sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2013/08/with-

biomimicry-its-worthwhile.html?page=all

About the Properties of Steel. (n.d.). Retrieved from ehow:

http://www.ehow.com/facts_4885616_properties-steel.html?ref=Track2&utm_source=ask

Aluminium - Specifications, Properties. (n.d.). Retrieved from azom:

http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2863

Ansys. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 14, 2013, from Figes: http://www.figes.com.tr/english/ansys/ansys.php

Ansys Fluent. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 14, 2013, from University of Texas Arlington:

http://www.uta.edu/oit/cs/software/ansy