Final Exam ResultsPeriod 3: Multiple Choice: 48.4/60 = 81%

FRQ: 14.1/16 = 88%

Period 7: Multiple Choice: 47.7/60 = 80%

FRQ: 15.1 /16 = 94%

Period 8: Multiple Choice: 47.8 /60 = 80%

FRQ: 13.5 /16 = 84%

FRQ #2:The power of the federal government relative to the power of the states has

increased since the ratification of the Constitution.

a. Describe two of the following provisions of the Constitution and explain

how each has been used over time to expand federal power.

The power to tax and spend

The “necessary and proper” or “elastic” clause

The commerce clause

b. Explain how one of the following has increased the power of the federal

government relative to the power of state governments.

Americans with Disabilities Act

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Voting Rights Act of 1965

c. Explain how one of the following has increased the power of the federal

government relative to the power of state governments.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Marybury v. Madison

Brown v. Board of Education

FRQ #1:• The American system of federalism is a complicated structure and unique to

our system of government.

a. Define federalism.

b. Explain how two of the following impacted the federal system

• 14th Amendment

• Categorical Grants to states

• The Civil Rights movement

c. Explain the relevancy of each of these Constitutional provisions as they apply to federalism.

• The Supremacy Clause

• Tenth Amendment

• Necessary and Proper, or “elastic” clause

d. Identify a court case that has strengthened the power of the national government. Explain the significance of the court’s decision.

e. Identify a court case that has strengthened the power of the states. Explain

the significance of the court’s decision

AP Exam Material Covered• Constitutional Underpinnings of the U.S. Government (5-15%)• Civil Rights and Civil Liberties (5-15%)• Political Beliefs and Behaviors (10-20%)

– (We will cover Voting and Elections in this Unit)• Political Parties, Interests Groups, Mass Media (10-20%)• Institutions of National Government (35-45%)• Public Policy (5-15%)

First Semester Units:• I. CONSTITUTIONAL UNDERPINNINGS OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT

• II.CIVIL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES

• III. POLITICAL BELIEFS AND BEHAVIORS

US CONSTITUTIONFederalism

(50 States & 1 National Government)(Legislative, Executive, Judicial)

Makes, Enforces,& Interprets Public Policy

--Public Opinion–--Citizens--

ElectionOf

Candidates

-Interests Groups & Unions

-Political Parties

-Corporations

MASS MEDIA

—mostly ownedby 5 major corporations

MASS MEDIA

INFLUENCES

Public Policies InformationOn Public Policies

INFLUENCES

$$$$$$

$$$$$$

Affects Reported

INFLUENCESContribute to

Second Semester Units:• IV. Linkages between people and Government

– INTEREST GROUPS, POLITICAL PARTIES, ELECTIONS, & THE MASS MEDIA

• V. INSTITUTIONS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT • VI. PUBLIC POLICY --Economic, Domestic, Foreign

US CONSTITUTIONFederalism

(50 States & 1 National Government)(Legislative, Executive, Judicial)

Makes, Enforces,& Interprets Public Policy

--Public Opinion–--Citizens--

ElectionOf

Candidates

-Interests Groups & Unions

-Political Parties

-Corporations

MASS MEDIA

—mostly ownedby 5 major corporations

MASS MEDIA

INFLUENCES

Public Policies InformationOn Public Policies

INFLUENCES

$$$$$$

$$$$$$

Affects Reported

INFLUENCESContribute to

GOVERNMENT—Policy Making InstituionUS CONSTITUTION

Federalism (50 States & 1 National Government)

(Legislative, Executive, Judicial)Makes, Enforces,& Interprets Public Policy

Linkage Institutions: structures within a society that connect the people to the

government in order to influence the policy agenda

THE PEOPLE THE PEOPLE THE PEOPLE

Elections Political Parties

Interest Groups

Media

Policy Outputs Policy Outputs

--Public Opinion– Socialization

--Public Opinion– Socialization

Topics for Class:

• Interest Group Basics: What are interest groups? Examples of interest groups? Value of interest groups?

• Functions of Interest Groups: What do interest groups do?

• Who Joins Interest Groups?

Chapter Seven

AKA: Special Interest Groups (SIGS), Advocacy Groups, Lobbying Groups, Pressure Groups

Interest Groups• A group of people who organize in order to influence public policy

(fundamental goal), without trying themselves to get elected to public office.– These and parties are the FACTIONS that Madison wanted to control

• What is Public Policy?

– Actions of state and national government that affect the public.

– All three branches of US government at the state and national level play a role in the creation and implementation of public policy.

– As a result, all levels of government are lobbied by numerous interests groups who have a stake in public policy.

– Many groups have lobbyists who work directly in state capitals and D.C. -- “K Street” in DC…

Examples of Interest Groups

National Right to Life

Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee

National Association of Manufacturers

               

Corporate Lobby

VALUE of INTEREST GROUPS

• Alexis Tocqueville dubbed Americans as “a nation of joiners”

• James Madison: the only way to cure “the mischiefs of factions” was by enabling groups to proliferate and compete with one another

• Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American community—What value does social capital have?

Key Quotes for Fed. #10• Liberty is to faction what air is to fire

• But the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property.

• Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths.

Pluralist Theory

The policymaking process is a competition among diverse groups

whose members attempt to influence policy in numerous settings such as the executive, legislative, and judicial

branches of government.

Elite Theory

A ruling class composed of wealthy, educatedindividuals wields most of the power in

government and also within thetop universities, corporations, the military,and media outlets. These elites use that

power to protect their own economic interests.

Hyperpluralist TheoryGroups are so strong that government is weakened. This is an extreme, exaggerated form of pluralism. Too many groups=gridlock

Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008

Theories of Interest Group Politics

• Pluralism and Group Theory – Groups provide a key link between the people

and the government.– Groups compete and no one group will

become too dominant.– Groups play by the “rules of the game.”– Groups weak in one resource may use

another.– Lobbying is open to all so is not problematical.

Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008

Theories of Interest Group Politics

• Elites and the Denial of Pluralism– Real power is held by the relatively few.– The largest corporations hold the most power.– Elite power is fortified by a system of interlocking

directorates of these corporations and other institutions.– Other groups may win many minor policy battles, but

elites prevail when it comes to big policy decisions.– Lobbying is a problem because it benefits the few at the

expense of the many.

Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008

Theories of Interest Group Politics

• Hyperpluralism and Interest Group Liberalism

– Subgovernments consist of a network of groups that exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas.

• Also known as iron triangles• Consist of interest groups, government agency, and

congressional committees that handle particular policies

– The hyperpluralist critique• Groups have become too powerful as the government tries to

appease every interest.• Many subgovernments (iron triangles) aggravate the process.• Trying to please every group results in contradictory policies.

The Functions of Interest Groups

• Interest groups educate the public about important policy issues

• Interest groups provide average citizens with an avenue of access to activism –Linkage institutions

• Interest groups mobilize citizens and stimulate them to participate in civic and political affairs (grassroots lobbying)

• Interest groups perform important electoral functions

• Interest groups provide vital information and expertise to policymakers (give political cues)

• Interest groups can protect the common good• Interest groups are an integral part of the

government’s system of checks and balances.

Who Joins Groups and Why?

Solidary Incentives

A person who feels of belonging,

companionship, friendship, and the

satisfaction derived from socializing with others.

(Robert Putnam’s idea of social capital)

Purposive Incentives

A person who believes in the group’s cause

from an ideological or a moral standpoint.

(Internet helps)

Economic (Material) Incentives

A person who joins a group because that group

works for policies that will provide them with

economic benefits.

Patterns : Income, Social Class, Education

Topics:

1. What are the different types of interest groups?

2. How do interest groups succeed? (To be continued tomorrow as well!)

• Economic and Business

• Public and Ideological

• Foreign Interests

Types of Interests Groups

Types of Interests Groups• Economic Interests Groups

– Corporate and Business• U.S. Chamber of Commerce, MPAA (Film), PhRMA, Private Companies like

Boeing, Lockheed, Pfizer, Walmart, etc. – Labor

• AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations), SEIU (Service Employees International Union), AFT (affiliated with AFL-CIO), Teamsters (truckers)

– Trade and Professional• NEA (teachers), AMA (doctors) , ABA, American Association of

Justice(lawyers)– Agricultural

• AFBF

National Association of Manufacturers

Types of Interests Groups• Public and Ideological

– Public Good and Single Interest• Common Cause, AARP, NAACP, NRA, ACLU, Planned

Parenthood, NOW, MADD– Consumer

• “Public Citizen” founded by Ralph Nader– Environment

• Sierra Club, Greenpeace– Religious

• Moral Majority, Christian Coalition, National Right to Life Committee

• Free-Rider Problem

Types of Interests Groups• Foreign Interest Groups:

– Israeli Lobby and impact on foreign policy?– Daily Show CLIP

Top 10 Interest Groups in terms of influence according to Forbes Magazine (2005)

1. American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) 2. National Rifle Association (NRA) 3. National Federation of Independent Business 4. American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) 5. AFL-CIO 6. Association of Trial Lawyers of America

Now the American Association of Justice7. Chamber of Commerce 8. National Right to Life Committee 9. National Education Association 10. National Restaurant Association

InterestInterestGroupGroup

SuccessSuccess

Organizational Resources

Membership and Financial Resources

-Strength in numbers, cohesion, intensity, demographics

(AARP 35 million members, BUT

Sometimes large groups are ineffective=free riders)

-Money can buy power, PACS

Organizational Environment

Leadership and Opposition

--Strong, charismatic/”only game in town” or not?!

Topics for Today:

1. What are strategies of interest groups?

2. What are PACS and how do they work?

InterestInterestGroupGroup

StrategiesStrategies

Direct Strategies:• Lobbying

• Issue Networks

• Iron Triangles

• Litigation

• Providing Information and Expert Testimony

Indirect Strategies:

• Public Outreach

• Electionneering

Interests Group StrategiesDirect Strategies:

• Lobbying all branches of government primarily members of Congress and Executive Branch, but also the Courts

– Congress: lobby lawmakers to create favorable legislation (laws), even help draft legislation, testify in congressional hearings and committees (sometimes celebrity “experts”

– Executive Branch: lobby the White House, staffers, and executive departments to get greater (or less) enforcement of laws

– Judicial Branch: file Amicus Curiae briefs “friend of the Court” on behalf of their interests—PRIMARY way the courts are lobbied.

• Direct Litigation—secondary way (lawsuit)

• Issue Networks and Iron Triangles

• Indirect Strategies

– Public Outreach (PR) and Media (education/climate control)

– Electioneering and PACs

• thereby supporting the fundamental goal of political parties (to get elected and gain control of government)

Topics for Today:

• PACS/Money

• Lobbying

• Iron Triangles

PACs

• Political Action Committees• PACs are formed by corporations, interest

groups, unions,• Their goal is to channel $ to the candidate

most likely to support their views • Commerical Ex’s: 1 2

SUPERPAC = 2012 updateSmiling/Restore our Future2012 primary

PAC Contributions to members of Congress

Open Secrets Assignment

Business Groups

Wal-Mart—2006 Contributions

• Wal-Mart Stores $1,440,076

• 29% to Democrats

• 71% to Republicans

Insurance Companies

Pharmaceutical Companies

Labor Unions

Defense Companies

Law Firms

Tobacco Companies

Oil and Gas Lobby

Pro-Environment Groups

Abortion Policy/Pro-Choice:

Gay/Lesbian Rights:

Gun Control Lobby

Top Industries in terms of $$$opensecrets.org

Industry Total

Pharmaceuticals/Health Products $1,760,225,789

Insurance $1,309,425,963

Electric Utilities $1,196,876,051

Computers/Internet $984,913,181

Business Associations $918,177,226

Oil & Gas $873,467,350

Education $840,826,698

Real Estate $781,566,950

Hospitals/Nursing Homes $775,204,790

Health Professionals $690,064,897

Securities & Investment $674,860,601

TV/Movies/Music $664,488,625

Telephone Utilities $567,853,730

Automotive $561,444,723

Defense Aerospac $456,977,267

Criticism of Interest Groups

Negative Perception of Interests Groups

Criticism/Concern of Interest Groups--Case Study:

Prescription Drug Bill: Medicare Part D--2006Medicare (1965) is a singly payer insurance program (entitlement)

administered by the US government that provides health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over, or who meet other special criteria.

Former Congressman Billy Tauzin, R-La., who steered Medicare Part D bill through the House, retired soon after and took a $2 million a year job as president of Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the main industry lobbying group---EXAMPLE OF WHAT?

Examples of the power of interest groups?

Topics for Today:How interest groups succeed: Lobbying and Iron

Triangles

1. PACS and money

2. What is lobbying?

3. What are iron triangles? (what is an

issue network?)• Explain an example of an iron triangle• What do they have to do with interest

groups and policy-making?

AmericanPresidentVideo

Movie CLIP

PGS. 276-277 of TEXT BOOK

K Street• Often the media and

politicians refer to the lobbyists as K Street, which is major street in the United States capital of Washington, D.C. running parallel to the White House and Capitol Building, known for the location of numerous think tanks, lobbyists, and advocacy groups that exercise influence from this location.

Lobbyist --Jack Abramoff Jack A. Abramoff is a United States political lobbyist, Republican activist, and businessman who is a central figure in a series of high-profile political scandals. He pled guilty on January 3, 2006 to three criminal felony counts in federal court related to the defrauding of Native American tribes and corruption of public officials. On January 4th, Abramoff pled guilty to two criminal felony counts in a different federal court related to fraudulent dealings with SunCruz Casinos. On March 29, 2006, he was sentenced to five years and 10 months in prison -- the minimum allowed per the plea bargain -- and ordered then to pay restitution of more than $21 million.

Video Clip

"A lot of thoselobbyists, whether youlike it or not, representreal Americans, theyactually do," Clintonsaid at the Yearly KosConvention in 2007.

Susan C. Smith a lobbyist

from Florida, who focuses

on health care.

Chris Micheli a lobbyist

from California, who focuses

on tax reform.

Ethics Reforms & Regulation of Lobbyists

• Lobbying is difficult to regulate because it is a fundamental 1st Amendment right

• However, there is a degree of regulation

– All lobbyist must register with the House and Senate

– Twice a year all registered lobbyists must report:

• Client Lists, Expenses, Issues worked on

– Lobbyist cannot give gifts or travel reimbursements for politicians

– Former Congressmen who become lobbyists must now wait (two years for Senate, one year for House) before lobbying their former peers. This limits the so-called “revolving door”

Yes but No Activity• Yes, no, but… • A great way to make people understand from multiple perspectives… (ie. Being a lobbyist is like a ___

but not like a ____).

• Example :Being a lobbyist is like a taco. Lobbyists are made up of a diverse grouping of people, they all have their own identities but work towards a similar goal, and can be very messy at times in the political process. Being a lobbyist is not like a taco because they are not a small portion of the political process.

-Being a lobbyist is like a balloon. They are often filled with hot air, they try to accede to new heights in order to persuade individual politicians, and they are also always on the go. Being a politician is not like a balloon because they can not be popped easily and made go away.

• Being a ___________ is like a….• -Artichoke• -A ride on a roller coaster• -Hurricane• -Magnet• -Corn dog

Yes, but No Activity

• Being a ______________ is like a ___ but not like a ____

• Group 1: Lobbyist

• Group 2: PACS

• Group 3: Political Parties

Topics for Today:How interest groups succeed: Lobbying and Iron

Triangles

1. PACS

2. What is lobbying?

3. What are iron triangles? (what is an

issue network?)

• Explain an example of an iron triangle

• What do they have to do with interest

groups and policy-making?

An Iron Triangle (what is an Issue Network)

• Agriculture: agribusiness (the food industry) is an interest group constituency that seeks to benefit from certain government agricultural policies, such as agricultural subsidies. The U.S. Department of Agriculture services these constituencies. Senators and representatives wield enormous power, and are unlikely to obtain office in agriculture-driven regions if they oppose these policies. The result is agricultural subsidies and thus low agricultural prices.

• MORE EXAMPLES

Military Industrial Complex?

Why We Fight is a series of seven propaganda films commissioned by the United States government during World War II to demonstrate to American soldiers the reason for U.S. involvement in the war. Later on they were also shown to the general U.S. public to persuade them to support American intervention.Most of the films were directed by Frank Capra,

Brief History of American Foreign Policy

• 1917-1918—WWI—America Intervenes in European Conflict• 1918-1938—Isolationism • 1941-1945—WWII—America goes to war against Japan and

becomes involved in Europe’s fight against Fascism. • 1945-1991—Cold War: United States v. Russia (Bi-polar)

– Policy— “Containment” of Communism• 1991-2001—Post Cold War—Uni-polar world• 2001

– 9/11 Radically changed American Foreign Policy

– “Bush Doctrine” of “Preemptive” war• 2009—Obama Foreign Policy?

Post WWII Military Involvements:You May have heard about these…

• Korean War—1950-53 (50,000 killed)• Vietnam War—1963-1976 (60,000 killed)• Grenada (1983)• Panama (1989)• Persian Gulf War 1st (Iraq) –1991• Somalia (1992-94)• Yugoslavia (with NATO)—1994,1998• Afghanistan—2001--?• Iraq War 2—2003--?

Battle to Control the Globe

American Military/CIA involvement from 1945-1991

• China — 1945 to 1960s: • Italy — 1947-1948: • Greece — 1947 to early 1950s: • The Philippines — 1940s and 1950s: • Albania — 1949-1953: • Bulgaria 1990 / Albania 1991 • Eastern Europe — 1948-1956: • Germany — 1950s:• Iran — 1953, 1979 • Iraq—1963 • Syria — 1956-1957:• Indonesia — 1957-1958: • Cambodia — 1955-1973:• Laos — 1957-1973: • France/Algeria — 1960s: • The Congo — 1960-1964: • East Timor — 1975• Angola — 1975 to 1980s:• Afghanistan—1980’s

• Ghana — 1966:• El Salvador — 1980-1991: • Haiti — 1986-1994:• Uruguay — 1964-1970: • Chile — 1964-1973:• Ecuador — 1960-1963:• Guatemala — 1953-1954:• Costa Rica — Mid-1950s:• Nicaragua — 1981-1990:• Bolivia — 1964-1975: • Brazil — 1964: • Dominican Republic — 1960-1966: • Peru — 1960-1965: • Cuba — 1959 to 1980s:• Jamaica — 1976-1980:• Zaire — 1975-1978:• Morocco — 1983: • Libya — 1981-1989: • Greece — 1964-1974: • Grenada— 1983• Panama—1989

Military-Industrial Complex

• The mutually advantageous—and potentially corrupting– collusion among the U.S. armed forces, the defense industry, and Congress.

• These three have the potential to develop “unwarranted influence” over foreign policy in general and particularly defense spending

Iron TriangleMilitary

Industrial Complex?

3 PartsMilitary ContractorsDefense Companies

Boeing, Lockheed Martin, etc.

Sells to Pentagon

Congress: CommitteesReviews Budget presented

by the Pentagon

PresidentDepartment of Defense

The Pentagon

Largest Customer of Defense Companies

Lobb

y &

Cam

paig

n $$

$ Proposes Budget

Military Industrial Complex?

Pass

es F

avor

able

Leg

isla

tion

Sells

Buys

Oversight &

Passes Budget

Why We Fight? What should

America’s role be in the world as the

only superpower?

VIDEO 1

VIDEO 2

Why We Fight

• Is American foreign policy dominated by the idea of military supremacy?

• Has the military become too important in American life?

• The documentary asserts that in every decade since World War II, the American public was misled so that the Government (incumbent Administration) could take them to war and fuel the military-industrial economy

maintaining American political dominance in the world.

Iraq Coalition Fatalities by Year

Year US UK Other Total

2003 486 53 41 580

2004 849 22 35 906

2005 846 23 28 897

2006 822 29 21 872

2007 904 47 10 961

2008 314 4 4 322

2009 146 1 0 147

Total 4367 179 139 4685

Iraq Coalition Military Fatalities By Year

Afganistan

Year US UK Other Total

2001 12 0 0 12

2002 49 3 17 69

2003 48 0 9 57

2004 52 1 7 60

2005 99 1 31 131

2006 98 39 54 191

2007 117 42 73 232

2008 155 51 89 295

2009 298 99 87 484

Total 928 236 367 1531

Private Military Corporations

Profits and subsequently stocks of these companies have increased greatly since the war’s start.

Lockheed Martin Stock

Open Secrets: Defense

Study the Chapter:

http://www.mhhe.com/harrison1e